Tab 1
MEDIALIT REVIEWER
Topic 1: What is Information and
Communication
MESSAGE - relayed as a piece of
information.
CHANNEL - the media that helps you reach
your intended audience.
RECEIVER - the people who read or listen
to your information.
INFORMATION - A processed, organized
data presented in a given context and is
useful to humans. A group of data that
collectively carry a logical meaning.Plays a
pivotal role in human development.
COMMUNICATION - The act or process of
using words, sounds, signs, or behaviors
to
express or exchange information or to
express your ideas, thoughts, feelings,
etc., to someone else.
SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL OF
COMMUNICATION (1948)
BASIC TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
• Signs
• Symbols
• Colors
• Gestures
• body language
• facial expressions
VERBAL COMMUNICATION
• Oral
• Written
-
Mother of all the communication
model
It requires channels that uses wires
(ex. telephone)
Circular
LASSWELL’S MODEL OF
COMMUNICATION (1948)
—----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS
SENDER - the source of the message.
-
Linear
By Harold Dwight Lasswell
Ex. news, tv, radio, newspapers
5 Types of Analysis
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Control analysis (Communicator)
Content analysis (Message)
Media analysis (Medium)
Audience analysis (Receiver)
Effect analysis (Effect)
OSGOOD-SCHRAMM’S MODEL OF
COMMUNICATION (1954)
-
Like a cycle
Model by Charles Eagerton Osgood
and Wilbur Schramm
WESTLEY AND MCLEAN’S MODEL OF
COMMUNICATION
• Event or Information (X1, X2, X3 and
X4...Xn)
• Feedback (f)
• Advocate (A)
• Channel (C)
• Audience (B)
BERLO’S SMCR MODEL OF
COMMUNICATION (1960)
SOURCE: The source is situated where the
message originates
.
● Communication skills – It is the
skill of the individual to
communicate.
● Attitudes – This includes attitudes
towards the audience, subject and
towards oneself.
● Knowledge– Communicating also
means that the person needs to be
knowledgeable about the subject or
topic.
● Social system – The social system
includes the various aspects of
society like values, beliefs, culture,
religion and a general understanding
of society.
● Culture: Culture of a particular
society also comes under the social
system.
Encoder: The sender of the message, from
where the message originates, is referred to
as the encoder.
MESSAGE:
●
●
●
●
●
Content – The body of a message,
from the beginning to the end,
comprises its content.
Elements – It includes various
things like language, gestures, body
language, etc. They constitute all the
elements of a particular message.
Treatment – It refers to the packing
of the message and the way in
which the message is conveyed or
the way in which it is passed on or
delivered.
Structure– The structure of the
message refers to how it is
arranged; the way people structure
the message into various parts.
Code– The code of the message
refers to the means through which it
is sent and in what form.
●
●
Smelling: Smell also can be a
channel to communicate.
Tasting : The tongue is a muscular
organ used in the act of eat and
taste food.
DECODER:: The person who receives the
message and decodes it is referred to a
decoder.
RECEIVER: The receiver needs to think all
the contents and elements of the source, so
as to communicate/responds to sender
effectively.;
—-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------GRAPEVINE COMMUNICATION
- Is an informal communication,
unorganized and unofficial channel of
communication in an organization.
- Grapevine means a source of secret
information.
TYPES OF GRAPEVINE
COMMUNICATION
CHANNEL:
●
●
●
Hearing: The use of ears to receive
the message. For example, orally
transmitted messages, interpersonal
communication etc.
Seeing: Visual channels, for
example, Watching television so the
message is conveyed through the
scene/film.
Touching: The sense of touch can
be used as a channel to
communicate. For example, we
touch, buy food, hugging our loved
ones,etc.
The Wheel - one person is predominant.
He transmits grapevine to different
persons or group of persons. He is at the
center and various lines of communication
become the stokers of the wheel. Every
person in the wheel becomes the causative
factor for starting another wheel.
The Cluster - The cluster like grapes, have
several groups of people linked together
by a cluster or chain of communication.
The Chain - Chain is the most common
pattern in which information passes through
a series of people linked together in the
organization.
Free Flow - Most of the rumors or idle
gossip is spread by random, free flow or
haphazard network, which includes a
number of people who are not necessarily
linked by any organizational thread.
Topic 2: What is Media and Information
Literacy
Media
- Derived from the Latin word medius,
which means “middle”.
- It helps us spread information in
different forms and devices.
- It also helps improve the way we
communicate with other people,
especially those who are very far
away from us.
- Means of communication
Media – as defined by UNESCO, refers to
sources of credible and current
information created through an editorial
process determined by journalistic
values, whereby editorial accountability can
be attributed to a specific organization or
a legal person.
Information Literacy - The ability to
recognize when information is needed and
to locate, evaluate, effectively use and
communicate information in its various
formats.
Media Literacy
- The ability to read, analyze,
evaluate and produce
communication in a variety of media
forms.
A set of perspectives that people
use actively to expose themselves to
mass media and interpret the
meaning of the messages they
encounter.
Technology (Digital) Literacy
- The ability to use digital
technology, communication tools
or networks to locate, evaluate,
use, and create information.
environment around us. Like
news, it is timely changing and
requires the support of facts and
information.
-
Social networks have become the
central facilitator for daily
communication with peers,family
and acquaintances.
Topic 3: Media and Information Literacy
Media and Information Literacy
-
-
-
Refers to the essential
competencies (knowledge, skills
and attitude) that allow citizens to
engage with media and other
information providers effectively
and develop critical thinking and
life-long learning skills for
socializing and becoming active
citizens.
Concerned with the use of the
message, technology literacy
focuses on the responsible and
effective use of technology, tools,
or networks in accessing,
analyzing, evaluating, and
creating the message.
Promotes critical thinking to
empower citizens to process and
raise questions about the
information they receive, the manner
it was disseminated, and the
purpose for which it was shared.
How is communication affected by media
and information?
-
Communication can be affected by
external factors or from the
Media - the media makes communicating
a lot easier than before, there is an internet
present today which enables chatting with
friends and families through phone screens.
Information - it is the , supply of
communication it makes talking and
sharing opinion with others much more
meaningful and with sense.
Lesson 2: The Evolution of Traditional to
New Media, Internet of Things
PRE-INDUSTRIAL AGE (BEFORE 1700)
People discover fire, developed paper from
plants, and forge weapon and tools with
stone, bronze, copper, and iron.
Cave paintings
- are a type of parietal art (which category
also includes petroglyphs, or engravings),
found on the wall or ceilings of caves.
Clay tablets
- were used as a writing medium, especially
for writing in cuneiform, throughout the
Bronze Age and well into the Iron Age.
Cuneiform characters were imprinted on a
wet clay tablet with a stylus often made of
reed (reed pen).
Papyrus
- is first known to have been used in Egypt
(at least as far back as the First Dynasty),
as the papyrus plant was once abundant
across the Nile Delta. It was also used
throughout the Mediterranean region and
in the Kingdom of Kush.
Acta Diurna
- also called Acta Populi, Acta Publica and
simply Acta or Diurna, in ancient Rome a
sort of daily government gazette,
containing an officially authorized narrative
of noteworthy events at Rome.
Dibao
- literally "reports from the official
residences", were a type of publications
issued by central and local governments
in imperial China.
Maya codices (singular codex)
- are folding books written by the preColumbian Maya civilization in Maya
hieroglyphic script on Mesoamerican bark
paper.
Woodblock printing (or block printing)
- is a technique for printing text, images or
patterns used widely throughout East Asia
and originating in China in antiquity as a
method of printing on textiles and later
paper.
INDUSTRIAL AGE (1700- 1930s)
People used the power of steam
developed machine tools, established
iron production, and the manufacturing of
various products (including books through
the printing press)
The London Gazette
- the official journals of record of the British
government, and the most important
among such official journals in the United
Kingdom, in which certain statutory notices
are required to be published.
Typewriter
- a mechanical or electromechanical
machine for writing characters similar to
those produced by printer's movable type.
Telephone or phone
- is a telecommunications device that
permits two or more users to conduct a
conversation when they are too far apart to
be heard directly.
Motion picture photography
- When the still pictures are projected
progressively and rapidly onto a screen,
the eye perceives motion, hence they
become a motion picture. This is termed
persistence of vision.
Printing press
- a machine by which text and images are
transferred to paper or other media by
means of ink.
Sound film
- is a motion picture with synchronized
sound, or sound technologically coupled
to image, as opposed to a silent film.
The Telegraph
- is a national British daily broadsheet
newspaper published in London by
Telegraph Media Group and distributed
across the United Kingdom and
internationally.
- introduced by IBM in 1954, is the first
mass-produced computer with floatingpoint arithmetic hardware.
Overhead Projector
- is a variant of slide projector that is
used to display images to an audience.
The name is often abbreviated to OHP.
ELECTRONIC AGE (1930s - 1980s)
The invention of the transistor ushered in
the electronic age. People harnessed the
power of transistors that led to the
transistor radio, electronic circuits, and
the early computers. IN this age, long
distance communication become more
efficient.
Transistor Radio
- is a small portable radio receiver that
uses transistor-based circuitry.
Television (TV)
- sometimes shortened to tele or telly, is a
telecommunication medium used for
transmitting moving images in
monochrome (black and white), or in
color, and in two or three dimensions and
sound.
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator
and Computer)
- was amongst the earliest electronic
general-purpose computers made. It was
Turing-complete, digital and able to solve
"a large class of numerical problems"
through reprogramming.
NEW/ INFORMATION AGE (1900s 2000s)
The internet paved the way for faster
communication and the creation of the
social network. People advanced the use
of microelectronics with the invention of
personal computers, mobile devices, and
wearable technology. Moreover, voice,
image, sound and data are digitalized. We
are now living in the information age.
Example Forms of Media:
Web browsers: Mosaic (1993), Internet
Explorer (1995)
Blogs: Blogspot (1999), Wordpress (2003)
Social networks: Friendster (2002),
Multiply (2003) , FB (2004)
Microblogs: Twitter (2006), Tublr (2007)
Augmented Reality/Virtual Reality
Video chat: Skype (2003)
Search Engines: Google (1996), Yahoo
(1995)
IBM 704
Portable computers-laptops (1980),
netbooks (2008), tablets (1993)
Smart phones.
Wearable technology.
Cloud and Big data
Tab 2