Module 3
Part 2: Art History and Development. Mannerism,
Baroque, Romanticism, Modern and
Contemporary Arts
May 1 to 4, 2023
GE 105
Art Appreciation
MODULE 2
INTRODUCTION: This Module deals with the history and development arts. It depicts to the students how the ancient
people attached their beliefs and way of life to arts. Likewise, it aims to improve students’ appreciation and aesthetic skill in
analyzing, interpreting, and evaluating various works of arts. Similarly, this module intends to familiarize the students on the
historical background of arts and the development of various art movements with the prevalent artists.
LEARNING OUTCOMES: By the end of this module, the students will be able to do the following:
 Understand and identify the underlying history, philosophy, psychology, and cultural impact of the different art
movements;
 Understand the various art movements by classifying their distinct characteristics such as subject of art, style,
elements, medium, design, historical background, influential persons, socio-political issues, and prevalent artists;
 Create a timeline about the history of art and the art movements; and
 Cite the significant characteristics of artworks based on the history or art movements.
TOPIC OUTLINE:
Part 2. Art History and Development.
1. Mannerism, Baroque, and Romanticism Art
2. Modern and Contemporary Art
Arts History and Development: Mannerism, Baroque,
Romanticism, Modern and Contemporary Art
Discussion
Time Frame, Prominent Artist, Style and Movement
Mannerism
Time Frame
16th century
Italian art
Baroque
17th and 18th
century art
Romanticism
18th century art
Modern Arts
1870 to 1960
Contemporary
Arts
1960 onwards/
up to the
present time
Prominent Artist
Andrea del Sarto,
Jacopo da Pontormo,
and Michelangelo
Buonarotti
Gian Lorenzo Benini,
Michelangelo di
Caravaggio, and Peter
Paul Rubens
Eugene Delacroix, and
Francisco de Goya
Edourd Manet, Paul
Cezanne, Pablo
Picasso, George
Seurat, Vincent Van
Gogh, Joan Miro and
others
Andy Warhol, Jasper
Johns, Joseph Beuys
and others
Style
Characterized by unusual
effects of scale, lighting, and
perspective, and the use of
bright, often lurid colors.
Characterized by highly ornate
detail and extravagant in style.
Chiaroscuro and Tenebrism
became known in this period.
Characterized the
Enlightenment, which
emphasized inspiration,
subjectivity, and the primacy of
the individual. Often contrasted
with Classicism.
Characterized by various styles
and techniques in presenting
the subject of the artworks.
From Impressionism to the
existence of Surrealism to the
post contemporary arts
Characterized by various styles
and techniques which are
adapted from the modern arts
or may be an exaggeration of
it.
Movement
Mannerism Period
Baroque Period
Romanticism Period
Impressionism, PostImpressionism,
Fauvism, Pointillism,
Expressionism,
Cubism, Futurism,
Surrealism and others
Pop Art, Word Art,
Conceptual Art,
Performance Art and
others
Mannerism Arts
 Mannerism Arts refers to the period
of European arts that emerged from
the later years of the Italian High
Renaissance around 1520 and lasted
until about 1580 specifically in Italy.
This 16th century period of arts were
characterized by unusual effects of
scale, lighting, perspective, and the
use of bright, often lurid colors.
Andrea del Sarto, Jacopo da
Pontormo, and Rosso Fiorentino were
acknowledge as the Early Florencian
Mannerists and Michelangelo
Buonarotti was one of the great
creative exponents of Mannerism.
Madonna of the Harpies
(1517) by Andrea del
Sarto, was one of his
major contribution to High
Renaissance arts. Andrea
del Sarto was born in
Andrea d’Agnolo on July
16, 1486. He was an
Italian painter from
Florence whose career
flourished during the High
Renaissance and Early
Mannerism. Similarly, his
works in Florence were the
fresco cycles in the church
of Santa Annunziata and
the series of grisalles in
the cloister of the Scalzi
(1511-26). As a Florence
mannerist, he was
considered as senza errori
(without errors). Photo
retrieved from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wik
i/Madonna_of_the_Harpies
Visitation of the Virgin and Saint Elizabeth (1514-16) by Jacopo da
Pontormo. This early work (left photo) of Pontomo depicts the influence
of the Renaissance artist like his master, Andrea del Sarto which
underscores the solidity of the figures, the simplicity of their gestures,
and the variety of poses. However, the unusual effects of scale, lighting,
perspective, and the use of bright, often lurid colors are observed in his
painting which are distinct identity of the mannerist painters. Jacopo da
Pontormo was born on May 24, 1494 in Pontorme, Republic of Florence.
Photo retrieved from https://www.theartstory.org/artist/pontormo-jacopoda/artworks/
Pieta by Rosso Fiorentino. Rosso’s Pieta is
more detail as compare to La Pieta
(sculpture) of Michelangelo. In this Pieta,
Jesus Christ as the emphasis was presented
naked and rested on the cushion. Mary, the
mother of Jesus, expressed a feelings of
melancholy and fainting fit. Giovanni Battista
di Jacopo known as Rosso Fiorentino was
on March 8, 1495 in Florence, Italy. He was
one of the early mannerist painter in
Florence and one of the founders of
Fontainebleau school. His training started
with Andrea del Sarto with his contemporary,
Jacopo da Pontormo. Photo retrieved from
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietà_(Rosso_Fio
rentino).
Baroque Arts
Ecstasy of St. Therese (1647-52) and
The Rape of Proserpina (1621-22) by
Gian Lorenzo Bernini. The sculpture
from the left depicts the feeling of Saint
Teresa of Avila when she encounters
the angel. However, the sculpture in the
right depicts the story of Plato and
Proserpina (Roman names of Hades
and Persephone), or the abduction of
Proserpina. These two sculpture are
among the works of Bernini who made
them from Carrara marble. Photos are
retrieved from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rape_
of_Proserpina and
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecstasy_of_
Saint_Teresa
 Baroque Arts refers to
the period of European
arts of the 17th and 18th
centuries that follows
mannerism and it is
distinct with ornate
detail. Gian Lorenzo
Bernini and Versailles
are the leading figure
and renowned
architects in the
emergence of Roman
Baroque architecture.
Michelangelo
Caravaggio and Sir
Peter Paul Rubens are
considered important
baroque artists.
The Judgment of Paris (c.1636) and The Judgment of Paris (1638-39) by Peter Paul Rubens. The paintings above are
two different version of Ruben’s The Judgment of Paris which depict the story of Paris, the son of King Priam who has
been tested by the three goddess, Athena, Aphrodite, and Hera. In both paintings, the goddess are presented nude or
erotic. Photos retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Judgement_of_Paris_(Rubens)
The Calling of Saint Mathew
(1599-1600) and Judith
Beheading
Holofernes(1638-39) by
Michelangelo Caravaggio.
These paintings are among of
the Caravaggio’s works which
depict a certain story in the
Bible. The painting from the
left describe how Mathew is
called by Jesus and from the
right, showing how Judith
beheaded Holofernes of Syria
to liberate her people who lost
their faith to God. Photos
retrieved from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C
aravaggio.
Romanticism Arts
Titanian and Bottom (c.1790)
and The Shepherd’s Dream
(1793) by Henry Fuseli. He
was one of the prominent
figures of the Romantic
movement who was born on
February 7, 1741 in Zurich,
Switzerland. Most of his works
connoted fantasy and dreams
with erotic subjects and some
of his works were based on the
novel of William Shakespeare
and John Milton. The painting
above was based on the work
of Shakespeare’s Midsummer
Night’s Dream which he
presented Queen Titanian in
an erotic character and the
painting below showed a
scene from Milton’s epic poem,
Paradise Lost, Paradise
Regain which he emphasized
the shepherd’s dream and a
mystical scenes. Photos
retrieved from
https://www.theartstory.org/arti
st/fuseli-henry/artworks/
 Romanticism Arts was an art
movement originated in the late 18th
century that emphasized inspiration,
subjectivity, and the primacy of
individual. It was a reaction against
the order and restraint of classicism
and neoclassicism, and a rejection of
the rationalism. Romanticism
incorporates the struggles for freedom
and equality and the promotion of
justice as spurred by the idealism of
French Revolution. Likewise, it
embraced individuality and
subjectivity to counteract the
excessive insistence on logical
thought. Henry Fuseli, Francisco
Goya, Caspar David Friedrich, JMW
Turner, John Constable, Theodore
Gericault, and Eugene Delacroix were
among the greatest Romantic
painters.
Charles IV of Spain and His Family (1800)
and The Third of May (1814) by Francisco
Goya. The painting on the left was one of
Goya’s paintings which depicted the
debonair and elegant of the Royal family in
Spain. However, the painting on the right,
showed the scene how Napoleon Bonaparte
brought end on the reigning of Charles IV
which happened on May 3, 1808. Goya’s
works were mostly characterized by
scenarios from Spain. His style as Spanish
Romantic painter and printmaker reflected
his career as a court painter. Photos
retrieved from
https://www.theartstory.org/artist/goyafrancisco/artworks/
Liberty Leading the People (1830) by Eugene Delacroix. This painting depicted the scenario on July Revolution of 1830
after the French Revolution in 1789. It is contemporary in concept because it depicts women empowerment and expressing
the significant roles of women in the society particularly in Europe. Liberty as the emphasis in the painting led the people to
revolt against the monarchial rule in Europe. Ferdinand Victor Eugene Delacroix was born on April 26, 1798 at Charenton,
France. He is regarded as the leader of the French Romantic school. As the proponent of French Romanticism, he is
known for his use of vivid color, free drawing, and sometimes violent subject matter like the Massacre at Chios (1824).
Photo retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/topic/Liberty-Leading-the-People
Modern and Contemporary Arts
 The Avant-Garde (aväntˈɡärd) originated from the French word, advance guard or vanguard and it was originally
used by French military to refer to a small reconnoitre group which later associated to left-wing by the French
radicals. At the end of the 19th century, the term is used to connote to the idea that art is an instrument for social
change and this aligns the term to cultural and aesthetic issues. Presently, the term, avant-garde refers to new and
unusual or experimental ideas especially in arts.
 Currently, Avant-garde refers generally to the
groups of intellectuals, writers, artists,
architects who express ideas and
experiments with artistic approaches that
challenge current cultural values or norms.
These ideas are tantamount with the
concepts of the modern and contemporary
arts (see the timeline).
Modern Arts
Movement/ Style
Impressionism
Post-Impressionism
Symbolism
Year Started
1870 to 1900
1880 to 1920
1880 to 1910
Fauvism
1905 to 1908
Expressionism
1905 to 1925
Cubism
1908 to 1920
Futurism
1909 to 1918
Abstract Arts
Dada Arts
Precisionism
1910 1916 to 1923
1915 to 1945
Surrealism
1920 -
Art Deco
1920 to 1935
Pop Arts
1956 to 1960
These images were retrieved from www.google.com.
Contemporary Arts
Movement/ Style
Pop Art
Word Art
Conceptualism
Performance Art
Fluxus Art
Installation Art
Year Started
1960 onwards
1960 onwards
1960 onwards
Early 1960 onwards
1960
1960 onwards
Video Installation Art
Minimalism
Photo-Realist Art
Earthworks
Contemporary Photography
Arte Povera
1960 onwards
1960 onwards
1960-1970
1960-1970
1960 onwards
1966-1971
Supports-Surfaces
Feminist Art
Post-Minimalism
Neo-Pop
Chinese Cynical Realism
Stuckism
New Leipzig School
1966-1972
1970s
1971 onwards
Late 1980s
1990s
1999 onwards
2000 onwards
Projection Art
21st Century
Computer Art
21st Century
Modern Arts
The Spanish Singer
(1860) by Edouard
Manet. This painting of
Manet is one of his
earliest works which
gained approval of the
juries in the Salon and
brought better
recognition to the artist
and earned him an
honorable mention.
However, during his
time, his works were not
appreciated because of
his strange and less
precise appearance.
Most of his works were
exhibited in Salon des
Refuses. Retrieved from
https://www.manet.org/t
he-spanish-singer.jsp
Impressionism – a style or movement in painting
originating in France in the 1860s, characterized by a
concern with depicting the visual impression of the
moment, especially in term of the shifting effect of light
and color
� Impressionism (Impressionist painters) – repudiated
both the precise academic style and the emotional
concerns of Romanticism, and their interest in
objective representation, especially of landscape
� Pivotal figure: Edourd Manet (from realism to
impressionism)
� Chief exponents: Claude Monet; Pierre-Auguste
Renoir; Camille Pissarro; Paul Cezanne; Edgar
Degas, and Alfred Sisley
Pointillism – a technique of neo-impressionist painting
using tiny dots of various pure colors, which become
blended in the viewer’s eye
� Pointillism – was developed by George Seurat with
the aim of producing a greater degree of luminosity
and brilliance of color
Expressionism – a style of painting, music, or drama
in which the artist or writer seeks to express emotional
experience rather impressions of the external world
� Expressionism – characteristically rejects traditional
ideas of beauty or harmony, use of distortion,
exaggeration, and other non-naturalistic devices in
order to emphasize and express the inner world of
emotion
� Expressionism – emphasized and insisted on the
primacy of the artist’s feelings and mood, which often
incorporating violence and grotesque (shocking)
� El Greco and Grunewald’s paintings exemplify the
earliest expressionism
� It was first used in the late 19th to 20th century in
Europe and specifically in Germany (German
movement led by Van Gogh, Eduard Munch, and
James Ensor)
Fauvism – from French fauvisme (fauve) refers to a
wild beast
� Fauvism – as a term or name was originated from the
remark of the French art critic, Louis Vauxcelles at the
Salon of 1905
� Fauvism – a style of painting with vivid expressionistic
and non-naturalistic use of color that flourished in
Paris from 1905
� Henri Emile Benoit Matisse was known as the leading
proponent of fauvism
Olympia (1865) by Edouard Manet. Olympia is one the most controversial works of Manet which depicts a nude
woman serving by her servant which seem unacceptable or not decent in the perception of the critics. The woman in
painting is Manet’s wife, Victorine Meurent. Manet’s works are mostly exhibited in the Salon de Refuses. Retrieved
from https://www.manet.org/the-spanish-singer.jsp
“Everything is mere appearance, the pleasure of a passing hour, a midsummer night’s dream. Only painting, the reflection of
a reflection, but the reflection, too, of eternity can record some of the glitter of this mirage” (Edouard Manet)
“Art is a lie that makes us realize the truth” (Pablo Picasso)
Modern Arts
Cubism – an early 20th century style and movement
in the field of visual arts, especially in painting.
� Cubism emphasizes the use of simple geometric
shapes, interlocking planes, and later, collage.
� Cubism is a reaction against the traditional modes
of representation and impressionist concerns with
light and color
� Cubism was inspired by the later work of Paul
Cezanne and by the African sculpture
� Cubism was first named by the French critic, Loius
Vaucelles (1908)
� Cubism was popularized by Pablo Picasso and
George Braque (synthetic cubism and illusory)
Futurism – an artistic movement begun in Italy in
1909 that violently rejected traditional forms which
emphasized and incorporated into art like energy
and the dynamism of modern technology
� Futurism (1909) - launched by Filippo Marinetti
(Italian poet and playwright who exalted
technology; glorified war; and demanded
revolution in the arts).
� Ended in in 1918 but became widely influential,
particularly in Russia on figures like Kazimir
Severinovich Malevich and Vladimir Vladimirovich
Mayakovsky
Les Demoiselles d’Avignon (1907) by Pablo Picasso. This
painting is considered as the most and classic renowned
example of cubism art which likewise depicts Picasso’s style in
presenting the subject. As observed, Picasso painting is a fusion
of distortion and and African art. Retrieved from
https://www.pablopicasso.org
Dadaism – an early 20th century international
movement in art, literature, music, and film,
repudiating and mocking artistic and social
conventions and emphasizing the illogical and
absurd and favored montage, collage, and the
ready-made
� Dadaism – from French Dada, literally means
hobbyhorse (rocking horse) and was launched in
Zurich in 1916 by Tristan Tzara (French poet and
one of the founders of the Dada movement) and
others which soon merged with similar group in
New York
� Leading figures: Jean Arp; Andre Breton; Max
Ernst; Man Ray; and Marcel Duchamp
Surrealism – a 20th century avant-garde movement
in art and literature that sought to release the
creative potential of the unconscious mind (like the
irrational juxtaposition of images)
� Surrealism grows out of symbolism and dadaism,
and was strongly influenced by Sigmund Freud
� It was launched in 1924 by a manifesto of Andre
Breton and having a strong political content
� Notable exponents: Andre Masson, Jean Arp;
Joan Miro; Max Ernst; Man Ray; Rene Magritte;
Salvador Dali; and Luis Bunuel
The Portuguese (1911) by George Braque. Alongside with Pablo
Picasso, George Braque is considered as one of the pioneering artist in
terms of cubism. His style is a combination of abstraction and distortion
that create his own style in cubism. This painting is one of his works
that marks interesting point in the development of his style. Retrieved
from http://www.georgesbraque.org/the-portuguese.jsp
Contemporary Arts
Pop Art is both modernist and contemporary art which
is based on modern popular culture and mass media,
especially as a critic or ironic comment on traditional fine
arts values
 It started out by depicting a more up-to-date reality,
using images of film-stars and other celebrities, as
well as mass-made consumer goods. But this was
rapidly eclipsed by an increasing post-modern focus
on impact and style
 Andy Warhol (Andrew Warhola) – painter, graphic
artist, and filmmaker. A major exponent of pop art,
he achieved fame for a series of silkscreen prints and
acrylic paintings of familiar objects (such as
Campbell's soup cans) and famous people (such as
Marilyn Monroe), that are treated with objectivity and
precision
Loopy Doopy (1999) by Sol LeWitt. This painting is
one of the many abstract line paintings of Sol LeWitt.
As an iconic artist, he is renowned for establishing the
Minimalism and Conceptual Art. Retrieved from
http://www.artnet.com/artists/sol-lewitt/
Word Art is brand new form of painting or sculpture
which used text-based imagery.
 It associated with artist like: Robert Indiana; Jasper
Johns; On Kawara; Barbara Kruger; and Christopher
Wool
 Jasper Johns – a US painter, sculptor, and
printmaker. A key figure in the development of pop
art who depicted commonplace and universally
recognized images. (Flags; Number series; and
Target).
Conceptual art is postmodernist art movement founded
on the principle that art is a concept rather than a
material object (Dada arts/ Marcel Duchamp)
 Art in which the idea presented by the artist is
considered more important than the finished product
(essential component)
 Important exponents: Sol LeWitt; Joseph Beuys;
Felix Gonzales-Torres; Eva Hesse; Jenny Holzer;
Joseph Kosuth; Barbara Kruger; Jean Tinguely; and
Lawrence Weiner
 Joseph Beuys – German artist, one of the most
influential figures of the avant-garde movement in
Europe in the 1970’s and 1980’s. his works consisted
of assemblages of various articles of rubbish
Subway (1956) by Alla Kaprow. Retrieved from
https://www.wikiart.org/en/allan-kaprow
Performance art emerges from America and Europe,
an experimental art form inspired by conceptual art as
well as dada, futurism, the Bauhaus, and Black
Mountain College (America)
 It is an art form that combines visual art with dramatic
performance. It includes events and happenings by
visual artist, poets, musicians, film makers, video
artist, and others
 This art is associated with the genre of: Alla Kaprow
(pioneer); Yves Klein; Joseph Beuys and Nam June
Paik
REFERENCES:
Textbook
Tabotabo, Claudio V. (2010). Art Appreciation: Introduction to the Humanities (Revised Edition). Manila. Mindshapers
Co., Inc.
Marcos, Lucivilla L. (2006). Introduction to the Humanities Visual and Performing Arts. Manila. Mindshapers Co., Inc.
Zulueta, Francisco (2003). The Humanities (Revised Edition). Mandaluyong City. National Book Store inc.
Sanchez, Custodiosa A., Abad, Paz F., & Jao, Loreto V. (2002). Introduction to the Humanities (Revised Edition). Q.C.
Rex Printing Company Inc.
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