lOMoARcPSD|51893025 Lecture-5 - Section A principles of business (St. Andrew High School for Girls) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by tavia tomlinson (taviatomlinson2002@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|51893025 LECTURE 5 THE ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE OF A BUSINESS Divison of Labour: As businesses grow from sole trader to medium size to large different persons had to specialise in different functional departments as follows: Functional Areas in the Operation of Businesses Departments in a business organization are structured according to certain functions. The departments of various organizations will differ depending on the type of business. Production The production department is responsible for transforming raw materials into finished products. They are also responsible for quality control to ensure that required standards are met. - Input to output - Quality control - Purchase and storage of stock - Organising production schedules Finance/Accounts The accounts department makes and receives all payments on behalf of the business and records all financial transactions - Producing end of year financial statements – Annual reports, Balance sheets and Profit and Loss. - Advising Management - Payments and receipts - Managing cash flow Marketing This department creates awareness for the firm products and motivates consumers to buy. They also carry out market research to identify customer’s needs. 1 Downloaded by tavia tomlinson (taviatomlinson2002@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|51893025 - Market research and sales forecasting - Advertising and sales promotion - Distribution of products Human Resources/Personnel The human resource department recruits and selects staff for the business organization. They are also responsible for staff training and welfare. - Hiring and firing - Promotion criteria - Training - Employee record keeping - Interviews - Wage negotiation - Public Relations The Purchasing Department This department is responsible for the purchasing of the firms raw material, stationery and goods for re-sale. Customer Service/ Customer Relations Department This Department bridges the gap between a business and its customers. It deals with customers’ queries, advising and assisting customers to place orders and handling customers’ complaints. Legal Department This department is concerned with legal problems that might arise for the company. For example, compensation for employees and customers, who have brought lawsuits against the company. Research and Development (R&D) This department is involved with research to explore ways of improving the company’s existing products, developing new ones and identifying efficient processes to increase 2 Downloaded by tavia tomlinson (taviatomlinson2002@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|51893025 production. This department works closely with the marketing department as products developed must satisfy consumers’ needs. Organisational Structure- refers to the way a business is structured to achieve maximum efficiency. An organizational structure defines how activities such as task allocation, coordination and supervision are directed towards the achievement of organizational aims Formal Structure - Formal organization is a fixed set of rules of intra-organization procedures and structures. As such, it is usually set out in writing eg. Org Chart. Informal Structure – the unofficial relationships that exist in the firm. Span of Control - refers to the number of subordinates a supervisor has. Factors that influence the span of control - Competence, skill and experience of the workers - The nature of the job i.e. complexity - The actual skill of the manager - How motivated workers are Lines of Communication- this represents the standards and procedures associated with the movement of information Organizational Charts An organizational chart is a diagram of the organization of an enterprise. Its pyramid shape illustrates the hierarchy system that exists in the organization. The most senior position in the organization is placed by itself at the apex. The pyramid gets wider towards the bottom depicting the greater number of workers at its base. 3 Downloaded by tavia tomlinson (taviatomlinson2002@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|51893025 Those who have the power to issue commands have authority in an organization. In the organization chart above the sales manager has the authority in the Sales department. All persons with the same level of authority are placed at the same level on the chart. For example the sales manager and the accounts manager have the same level of authority in their various departments. Responsibility is the capacity to accept duties and to carry out their tasks. For example, both sales supervisors are responsible to the sales manager. The chart shows the following: -each person’s position -the number of levels of managers -to whom each employee is responsible (reports) to -the span of or (area) of control for senior staff members. Types of Organizational Charts 1. Line 2. Staff 3. Functional 4. Committee Line or Direct 4 Downloaded by tavia tomlinson (taviatomlinson2002@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|51893025 The line organizational chart depicts a straight line of command. Authority is said to flow downwards only in the line organization. The line organizational structure is found in schools or in the military. Advantages 1. Simplicity- simple to understand and implement. 2. Responsibility is fixed- Every employee is clear about whom he is answerable to and who is accountable for him. 3. Unified Control – Good control and direction. 4. Quick decisions made. 5. Flexibility- changes to circumstances Disadvantages 1. Overloading of the executive as several duties are managed independently. 5 Downloaded by tavia tomlinson (taviatomlinson2002@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|51893025 2. Lack of Specialisation – because different jobs are supervised. Functional Organizational Chart The Functional organization chart is a diagram of an organization that is arranged by its functions. For example, there is a manager in charge of marketing, and another in charge of production. This type of organization has an advantage over the Line as experts are appointed to run each department. All managers report to the General Manager. The Functional organizational chart combines the straight line of command of the line organization with horizontal dotted diagonal lines representing functional authority. The dotted diagonal lines in the figure above show the authority that the Human Resource Manager has over other departments. The Human Resource Manager is allowed authority in these department over human resource matters only e.g. to hire and fire workers. He therefore cannot give directives on production or marketing matters. Advantages 1. Specialisation – allows for specialisation by function thereby developing their skills. 2. Efficiency and Productivity improved. Disadvantages 1. Lack of Teamwork- difficulty working with other units. 2. Difficult Management Control- Difficult to manage a growing organisation. 6 Downloaded by tavia tomlinson (taviatomlinson2002@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|51893025 Line and Staff Organizational Chart The Line and Staff organizational chart combines the line and functional organization with the addition of staff personnel. Staff workers assist and advise line workers. Staff workers include consultants, advisors, company lawyers, executive secretary, auxiliary workers etc. Staff officers do not have authority, that is, the power to delegate tasks to subordinates in the organization. Their main role is to advise and assist line officers. This is why there are no vertical lines connecting staff officers to any other member of staff on the chart. They are therefore, placed at the side directly below the line officer whom they assist or advise. Advantages 1. Decision efficiency- able to use staff specialist skills without interference of a hierarchy. 2. Expert Advice 3. Productivity increases because line managers can have more free time to focus on other duties. Disadvantages 1. Authority- confusion between the line and staff positions for authority. 2. Decision Making- line position relies heavily on a staff position for decision making. 3. Conflict between staff and line positions. 4. It is more costly to hire staff specialist. 7 Downloaded by tavia tomlinson (taviatomlinson2002@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|51893025 Committee Organizational Chart Committees are advisory bodies. They are usually appointed to advise organizations. Examples of committees include; parent teachers associations and student councils which are committees within a school organization. Committees usually delegate certain duties to subcommittees. For example, an executive committee may appoint a finance committee to advise it on financial matters. Note that an element of the line organization exists in the committee organization as all sub-committees are responsible to the executive committee. Advantages 1. Improved problem solving because of differing ideas. 2. Authority is shared 3. Different interest groups are represented. 4. Assist in coordination amongst various divisions. Disadvantages 1. High cost and long time to make decision. 2. Conflict among members. 3. Dominant members may control decision making. 4. No one particular person can be held responsible. Matrix structure: This is a combination structure that joins functional areas with structures for projects and teams. The functional areas flow vertically down the chain of command. Simultaneously, a worker can be horizontally attached to a project team. Matrix structures offer flexibility for organisation employees to utilize skills and competencies. It is based on the individual having 8 Downloaded by tavia tomlinson (taviatomlinson2002@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|51893025 expertise in functional areas and be able to transfer these skills to projects. Difficulties can occur in areas of control of tasks, role ambiguity and role conflict. Advantages 1. Efficient Information Exchange 2. Increased Motivation – shared decision making encourages employees Disadvantages 1. Internal Complexity- this may cause miscommunication and confusion because of dual authority. 2. Expensive to Maintain and Internal Conflict Chain of Command- The definition of a chain of command is an official hierarchy of authority that dictates who is in charge of whom and of whom permission must be asked. An example of chain of command is when an employee reports to a manager who reports to a senior manager who reports to the vice president who reports to the CEO. Types of Org Charts: 1. Vertical 2. Circular 3. Horizontal Departmentalization- is an aspect of organizational design that includes the subdivision of a business into units based on their function or other criteria. Types of Departmentalization: 1. By Function 2. By Process or Equipment 3. By Geographic Territory 4. By Product 5. By Customer and Client TEAMWORK 9 Downloaded by tavia tomlinson (taviatomlinson2002@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|51893025 Definition of Team: A group of two or more persons interacting regularly and coordinating their work to accomplish a common objective. Role of Teamwork Many firms adopt a teamwork approach to complete tasks more efficiently. For example a major Caribbean airline encourages its workers to work as a team to achieve the main task of having each flight leave on time. Workers therefore move to various positions if needed, to have each flight leave on time. Advantages 1. It improves the working relationship among workers 2. It increases communication 3. Skills and knowledge are passed on through the interaction 4. It satisfies the social needs of workers 5. Ability to solve problems constructively. 6. Ensures continuity, i.e. if one team member is absent the other will complete the task. 7. The quantity and quality of work will improve due to collaboration. Disadvantages 1. Adds unnecessary bureaucracy (slow to make decisions) 2. Only effective with clear objectives 3. Personality clashes (Conflict) 4. Additional cost in terms of time and human resources (training) 5. Unwieldy and Unproductive Groups are formed naturally by persons with similar interest, common goals and similar past experiences in an organization. The establishment of various clubs, work socials and outings will encourage greater interaction among workers, better relationships and a teamwork approach to completing tasks. 10 Downloaded by tavia tomlinson (taviatomlinson2002@gmail.com)
