CHARITY Altruism /ˈæl truˌɪz əm/ Selfless concern for the well-being of others. Christina's altruism inspired her children to grow up to be active contributors to society. Kindness The state or quality of being kind. /ˈkaɪnd nɪs/ I'm very grateful for the kindness shown to me by the nurses who looked after me. Philanthropy /fɪˈlæn θrə pi/ Altruistic concern for human welfare and advancement, usually manifested by donations of money, property, or work to needy persons. The research program for this rare illness has been funded by several philanthropies. Benevolence /bəˈnɛv ə ləns/ Desire to do good to others; goodwill. Some depended on small donations, others on the benevolence of wealthy patrons. To care /tə/ /kɛər/ To be concerned about. My grandma truly cares about me. To donate /tə/ /doʊˈneɪt/ To make a gift, grant, or contribution of something. I donate $100 to the Red Cross every month. Generosity /dʒɛn əˈrɒs ɪ ti/ The spirit and action of freely and frequently giving to others. Sometimes Paula's colleagues take advantage of her generosity and good nature. To raise money /tə/ /reɪz/ /ˈmʌn i/ To attempt to accumulate some amount of money, either through work or donation, in order to fund someone or something. We're selling cookies to raise money for our youth group. Sponsor /ˈspɒn sər/ A person, organization who vouches or is responsible for a person or thing. We can be your sponsor for the charity event. Support /səˈpɔrt/ To bear or withstand (pressure, weight, etc). The support of her friends helped her through the divorce. Association /əˌsoʊ siˈeɪ ʃən/ A group of people having a common purpose or interest. Our university offers several courses in association with other universities from all over the world. A person, organization who vouches or is responsible for a person or thing. Selfless concern for the well-being of others. Altruistic concern for human welfare and advancement, usually manifested by donations of money, property, or work to needy persons. To be concerned about. Desire to do good to others; goodwill. association Our________________lasted for 50 years because our companies had a lot to offer to each other. altruism One answer is compassion, obviously, which is a key driver of ______________. philanthropy It was created through a combination of _______________ and support from a range of nations in order to provide this well-proven public-health tool of vaccines to the poorest countries of the world. How many have had their hearts warmed by the practical exercise of benevolence ________________? sponsor I have faith that he will have a good ____________ who is going to help him. - Altruism Sponsor tion Associa ance Benevol py Philantro IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS HEART OF GOLD A person who is kind, caring and generous. My son has a heart of gold. He always gives his lunch to any stray dogs he sees when he walks to school. GO BETTER To improve. He promised everything would go better once he found a job. ARMCHAIR CRITIC A person who offers comment or criticism on a subject of which he or she has little or no practical knowledge or experience. The country needs more problem solvers, not armchair critics. It’s so irritating to read comments on Social media! Everyone talks armchair critics like an expert when they’re really just ______________________! heart of gold Alex has a ___________________ and always thinks of other before himself. go better I wish you happiness and I hope everything __________________ from now on. heart of gold He helped me when I most needed. He is a ______________________. You don´t know how much it cost do all the work, you only are an armchair critic ____________________ and you don’t know any. tter - Go be ritic hair c c m r A old g f o t r a - He A: Hey ____! How are you doing these days? B: I’m doing great, thanks. I’ve been helping my friend Sandra supporting the local animal home. A: That’s sounds wonderful! B: Yeah, you know that my friend Sandra has a heart of gold! Last weekend she stood outside in the cold for 6 hours collecting money for the local animal home." A: Wow! I’m pretty sure that you both have a heart of gold. Things will go better for the local animal with people like you two. B: Thanks, but the way there are always people who are armchairs critics about the activities we do. A: Don’t worry. The country needs more problem solvers, not armchair critics. Speaking THE CONDITIONALS In English, there are 4 different conditionals, let’s review first and second conditional… FIRST CONDITIONAL The first conditional indicates something that may happen in the future. It is used for things that will possibly happen in the future if a condition is met. It is common when we are talking about possible plans, promises, warnings, threats or for persuading someone. It has a two-clause structure. This includes an if clause and the main clause. If I go to Italy, I’ll visit the Coliseum. STRUCTURE If it rains, I won't go to the park. There are two forms to make sentences using the first conditional. 1. If + present simple, future simple. (If + condition, result) The condition is: if it rains. This is an if-clause because it begins with IF. What is the result of this if-clause? The result is: I won’t go to the park. Also, we have to use a comma at the end of an if-clause, when an if-clause comes at the beginning of the sentence. I will visit my grandma if my sister comes. 2. Future simple + if + present simple. (Result + if + condition) The condition is: if my sister comes. This is an if-clause because it begins with IF. What is the result of this if-clause? The result is: I will visit my grandma. Note that with this order, we do NOT use a comma between the clauses. COMPLETE THE SENTENCES 1. If we ______ travel to Spain, we _________ will visit Granada. (travel / visit) will play with us if she ______ comes early. (play / come) 2. She ________ will do the dishes. (cook / do) 3. If you ______ cook dinner, I ______ get a good job. (buy / get) will buy a new car if I ______ 4. I _______ have a cold, you ________ will stay in bed. (have / stay) 5. If you ______ buy her some flowers. (be / buy) will be very happy if you ______ 6. She ______ don’t play with us. (not win / not play) 7. We _________ won’t win the match if you _________ work fast. (finish / work) will finish if they ______ 8. They _________ don’t add more chocolate. (taste / not add) 9. The cake _________ will taste bad if you _________ 10. My parents ______ will be angry, if I ______. smoke (be / smoke) LET’S TALK ABOUT POSSIBILITIES If it’s sunny this 1 weekend… If you practice English 2 everyday… If I’m 3 tired… My mom will be 4 if… angry If I get a new 5 job… If you don’t do your 6 homework… I’ll take my pet to 7 if… the vet You’ll be in big 8 if… trouble If you don’t take 9 an umbrella… If you invite me to your10 house… You’ll be very 11 if… healthy If I have some free time 12 tomorrow… MATCH THE PICTURES QUESTION CHAIN Student A: Choose one of your classmates and ask the question that appears on the screen. Student B: Answer the question following the first conditional structure. Then, choose another person and repeat the process. USE FIRST CONDITIONAL TO TALK ABOUT THE FUTURE THE SECOND CONDITIONAL It is used to talk about a present situation which is impossible or very unlikely to happen. There are two forms to make sentences using the second conditional: 1. If + past simple, would/wouldn’t + verb in base form. (If + condition, result) 2. Would/wouldn’t + verb in base form + if + past simple. (Result + if + condition) Both have the same meaning, just remember to use simple past in the condition clause. If I were the president, I would lower the taxes. I would travel the world if I had more free time. GIVING ADVICE USING THE SECOND CONDITIONAL We often use this form to give advice, especially if we want to be polite or professional. If I were you, I would … *Do you notice the use of were with I, not was? This is the correct form of the Second Conditional when giving advice! • If I were you, I would be honest about what happened. • If I were you, I would study a little bit every day. You’ll be more likely to succeed on the exam if you do. • If I were you, I would tell them that we cannot negotiate on the costs – it just isn’t possible. FORMS FORM AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE EXAMPLES 1. If I won the lottery, I would buy a big house. 2. If my brother paid more attention in class, he would pass his exams more often. 1. If we didn’t eat so much fast food, we would be in better shape. 2. If you went to bed early each night, you wouldn’t wake up feeling so tired every morning. 1. What would you do if you won half a million dollars in the lottery? 2. What would your father say if he discovered you? IMPORTANT ASPECTS If the ‘if‘ clause comes second, there is no need for a comma. They would stay longer if they had more time. Use ‘should’, ‘could‘ or ‘might’ in place of ‘would‘. If I had more free time, I could travel around the world. If I won a million dollars, I could stop working. Whatever the subject, the verb form is “were”, not “was”. If I were you, I would quit smoking. LET’S TALK ABOUT IMAGINARY SITUATIONS Discuss with your partner the questions on the screen. 1. If you could be anyone in the world, who would you be? 2. If you were an animal, what animal would you be? 3. If you went back in time, what year would you go to? 4. If you had a special power, what would you be able to do? 5. If you could make one change to the world, what would you do? 6. If you could change something about your past, what would you change? 7. What would you like to do if you were a member of the opposite sex for one day? 8. If you had billions and billions of dollars, how much would you give to charity, and which charities? 9. If you could go on a date with anyone in the world, who would it be? 10.If you stopped studying English, would your life change? GIVE ADVICE TO A FRIEND Read the following statements and give advice to your friend using “If I were you, I would…” I just found a tarantula in my bathroom. I lost my cellphone. My daughter started smoking. My son crashed my car. My boss asked me to stay the night working. I found a gold watch on the floor. I broke my mom’s expensive vase. I dropped my purse on my way home. Someone stole my wallet. DOMINOES I THINK YOU WOULD… If I were a boy Even ____ for a day I'd roll ____ bed in the morning And throw on what I wanted and go Drink beer with the guys And ____ after girls I'd kick it with who I wanted And I'd never get _______ for it Cause they'd ___ ___ for me If I were a boy I would turn off my phone Tell everyone it's ______ So they'd think that I was _______’ alone I'd put myself first And make the ______ as I go Cause I'd know that she'd be ______ ______' for me to come home To come home If I were a boy I think I could understand How it feels to love a girl I swear I'd be a _____ ____ I'd listen to her Cause I know ____ ___ hurts When you lose the one you wanted Cause he's taken you for _______ And everything you had got destroyed If I were a boy I think I could understand How it feels to love a girl I ______ I’d be a better man I’d _____to her Cause I know how it ______ When you lose the one you wanted 'Cause he's taken you for ______ And everything you had got ______ • How would you describe the mood/atmosphere of the music video? Does it align with the words? • What does the line “take for granted” mean? THE THIRD CONDITIONAL USE The third conditional is used to express a past event that never happened. We use it to talk about unrealistic situations in the past and the hypothetical results. We usually use it to: • Express regrets: If I had been smarter, I would have taken more time off! • Give criticism and feedback: Your party would have been better if you had invited more people. • Reflect on the past: If I hadn’t spent a year abroad, I wouldn’t have had so many awesome adventures. STRUCTURE We use past perfect for the condition clause and would have + past participle for the result clause. Like with the other conditional structures, we can reverse the order of the clauses with no change in meaning. Example: If I had been smarter, I would have taken more time off. I would have taken more time off if I had been smarter. FORMS FORM AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE EXAMPLES 1. If I had gotten a raise, I would have bought a car. 2. If my daughter had paid attention, she would’ve passed the test. 1. If she hadn’t eaten that much, she wouldn’t have gotten a stomachache. 2. You wouldn’t have been late if you hadn’t woken up at 8:00 am. 1. What would you have done if you had finished on time? 2. Would you have supported your father if you had found out about his divorce? IMPORTANT THINGS TO REMEMBER When the if-clause comes first, it is followed by a comma. When the order is reversed, we do not use a comma. Example: If I had been more confident, I would have made more friends. (comma after if-clause) I would have made more friends if I had been more confident. (no comma) We often use the modal verbs could and might instead of would in the third conditional. Example: If you had asked me, I could have helped you. I might have graduated sooner if I hadn’t done a gap year. COMPLETE THE SENTENCES had looked (look) more carefully, you _______________ 1. If you ____________ would have found (find) your house keys. had been would have eaten (eat) if he _____________ 2. Don’t worry, the dog _______________ (be) hungry. had waited would have burned (burn) the 3. If we _____________ (wait) any longer, we ________________ cookies. have thought (think) the same if you 4. It was definitely a UFO! You would ________________ _____________ (see) it too! had seen would have said (say) no if you _____________ had asked 5. I think she ______________ (ask) her on a date. hadn’t died (not/die) . would have called (call) if his phone ____________ 1. He _______________ had known (know) about 2. I __________________ wouldn’t have offered (not/offer) to pay for it if I ____________ all the problems. had remembered (remember) the 3. We ________________ wouldn’t have been (not/be) late if James ______________ tickets. would have bought (buy) the dress if it ____________ hadn’t been (not/be) so expensive. 4. I ________________ would have stayed (stay) out all 5. If the bar ____________ hadn’t closed (not/close) at 12, we ________________ night! would you have stayed (you/stay) in had had 1. If you ____________ (have) the option, ___________________ Paris for longer? had negotiated (negotiate) a bit, _____________________ would have they reduced (they/reduce) 2. If we _____________ the price? would you have told (you/tell) the had known 3. If you ____________ (know) about the crime, _________________ police? had met would we have been (we/be) 4. If we ____________ (meet) 20 years ago, _________________ friends? Would she have left (she/leave) if we ____________ had tried 5. _________________ (try) harder? IF THINGS WERE DIFFERENT… Read the statements, think about what would have happened if things had been different. Use third conditional to express your ideas. Example: 0. Last week, I lost my passport at the airport and couldn't board the plane to go on vacation. 0. If you hadn't lost your passport at the airport, you would have been able to board the plane and go on vacation. Now, it’s your turn… 1. Last week, you injured your neck in a car accident because you weren't wearing a seatbelt. 2. Last week, you quickly paid the bill at a restaurant and later discovered the restaurant had overcharged you. 3. Last week, you became sick because you didn't take an umbrella when it was raining outside. 4. Last week, you had a good idea for a new product and got promoted. 5. Last week, you forgot to water your plants and they died. 6. Last week, you found $200 on the street and bought a new mobile phone. 7. Last week, you parked your car on the high street but didn't see the 'No parking' sign and received a parking fine. 8. Last week, you took a taxi from the airport to the city center. You found out later that the bus was a lot quicker and cheaper. 9. Last week, you didn't make an appointment with the dentist and later you had a terrible toothache. 10. Last week, you had a fight and got a black eye. 11. Last week, you were invited to a party. At the party, you met your favourite actor. 12. Last week, you fell asleep in class and got detention. LET’S TALK ABOUT If I had known that, I would have… • What are Human Rights? • What is an activist? • Do you know any Human Rights Activist? • What are the minorities which human rights activists fight for? • • • • • • • • Who was Malala? Where was she born? Do most Pakistani girls attend school? What did the Taliban force girls to do? How did she make herself heard? What was she fighting for? What happened to her on a bus in 2012? What has she won and why is it so special? Write a paragraph to answer each question… • If it is sunny tomorrow, what will you do? • What would you do if you won the lottery? • If you could have studied something else, what would that have been? Aim A result that your plans or actions are intended to achieve. My main aim in life is to be a good husband and father. Twofold Having two parts. The problem is twofold. Worse off Poorer or in a more difficult situation. If Rick loses his job, we'll be even worse off. Worldwide Existing or happening in all parts of the world. The company has a worldwide reputation for quality. Less fortunate People who are poor. The organization is collecting canned food to help the less fortunate. UN – United Nations An international organization that was established in 1945 and aims to solve world problems in a peaceful way. The UN is the world's largest intergovernmental organization. FILL THE GAPS worse aim darker heighten take more highly encourage Come on everybody. Get up and do something. December the 5th is International Volunteer Day. highly This ____________ important day was started by the United Nations in 1985. Its ____________ is twofold: first, to thank volunteers around the world for giving their aim encourage other people to do voluntary time to help others; and second, to ____________ work. worse Without volunteers, many people around the world would be ____________ off. In fact, the whole world would be a ____________ darker place. Volunteers help other people and help animals, the countryside, the environment and many ___________ things more that are so important to us. The UN urges governments around the world to ____________ measures to take heighten awareness of the important contribution of volunteering. ____________ DISCUSS WITH A PARTNER Ø Why do people volunteer? Ø Would you like to work as a volunteer? Ø Have you ever done any volunteer work? Ø Is volunteering worth the time it takes? Ø Why would you enjoy volunteering? Ø Do you know anyone who has done volunteer work? Ø Where and why did they volunteer? Ø Could you and would you like to work as a volunteer in the same way?
