Blood
supply
Palate
Arterial supply of the palate:
1. Greater palatine artery (branch from the maxillary artery).
2. Ascending palatine artery (branch from the facial artery).
3. Palatine branch of ascending pharyngeal artery.
Venous drainage of the palate: Through pterygoid and pharyngeal plexuses of veins.
Lymphatic drainage of the palate:
1. The hard palate drains into submandibular lymph nodes.
2. The soft palate drains into upper deep cervical and retropharyngeal lymph nodes.
Nerve supply of the palate
A-Sensory nerve supply:
Hard palate:
1. Greater palatine nerve.
2. Nasopalatine nerve
Soft palate:
3. Lesser palatine nerve.
4. Glossopharyngeal nerve.
Secretomotor fibres to the palatine glands:
The facial nerve through its greater petrosal nerve relays in the sphenopalatine
ganglion. Postganglionic fibers reach the palatine glands through the lesser palatine
nerves.
Taste sensation:
Taste fibers reach the inferior surface of the palate through the lesser palatine
nerves.
B-Motor nerve supply:
All the muscles are supplied by the cranial part of accessory nerve except the tensor
palati muscle which is supplied by the mandibular nerve.
Tongue
Arterial supply of the tongue:
1. Lingual artery. ( From external carotid artery)
2. Tonsillar branch of facial artery.
3. Ascending pharyngeal artery.( External carotid artery )
Venous drainage of the tongue:
Lingual vein which drains into the internal jugular vein.
Lymphatic drainage of the tongue:
1- The tip and frenulum of the tongue drain into submental lymph nodes.
2- The peripheral lymphatics from the anterior two thirds pass to the submandibular lymph
nodes. Some pass directly to the upper and lower deep cervical lymph nodes.
3- The central lymphatics from the anterior two thirds drain mainly to the deep cervical
lymph nodes and few pass to the submandibular lymph nodes. They drain to both sides.
4- Lymphatics from the posterior third of the tongue drain into deep cervical lymph nodes
of both sides.
Nerve supply of the tongue:
1- Sensory nerve supply:
General sensation:
It is through the lingual nerve to the anterior two thirds of the tongue. The posterior
third is supplied by the glossopharyngeal nerve.
Taste sensation:
It is carried by the chorda tympani to the anterior two thirds, and by the
glossopharyngeal nerve to the posterior third. General and taste sensations of the
most posterior part of the tongue are carried by internal laryngeal branch of vagus
nerve.
2- Motor innervation:
All muscles of the tongue are supplied by hypoglossal nerve, except the
palatoglossus muscle which is supplied by cranial part of accessory nerve through
the pharyngeal plexus.
Parotid gland
Blood supply:
The external carotid artery and the terminal branches within the gland, namely,
superficial temporal and maxillary arteries, supply the gland.
The veins drain into retromandibular vein.
Lymph drainage:
The lymph vessels drain into parotid lymph nodes and the deep cervical lymph nodes.
Nerve supply:
Parasympathetic: the fibres pass through the glossopharyngeal nerve. They leave
the nerve in its tympanic branch; which reach the tympanic cavity where it breaks into
the tympanic plexus. The fibers leave the plexus through lesser superficial petrosal
nerve which leaves to the infratemporal fossa through foramen oval then relay in the otic
ganglion. Postganglionic fibers reach the gland through auriculotemporal nerve.
Sympathetic fibers: reach the gland as a plexus of nerves around the external carotid
artery.
Sensory:
For the capsule... Great auricular nerve.
parenchyma ...Auriculo-temporal nerve.
Submandibular gland & sublingual
Blood supply: It is supplied by branches of the facial and lingual arteries.
Venous drainage the facial and lingual veins.
Lymph drainage: Lymph vessels drain into the submandibular and deep cervical
lymph nodes.
Nerve supply:
Parasympathetic secretomotor supply passes through the seventh cranial nerve
(facial nerve) via the chorda tympani nerve with Relay in submandibular ganglion
and Postganglionic fibers ( lingual nerve) go to submandibular and sublingual
salivary glands
Tonsils
Arterial supply of the tonsil:
1) Tonsillar artery (from facial artery), which pierces the superior constrictor muscle.
2) Ascending palatine artery (from facial artery).
3) Lingual artery (from external carotid artery).
4) Ascending pharyngeal artery (from external carotid artery).
5) Twigs from greater palatine artery (from maxillary).
Venous drainage: Paratonsillar vein.
Nerve supply of the tonsils:
1.Glossopharyngeal nerve.
2. Lesser palatine nerve.
The glossophryeal nerve supplies the middle ear so pain of tonsillitis refers to the ear.
Lymphatic drainage of the tonsil: Deep cervical lymph nodes (mainly the jugulo- digastric
nodes).
Pharynx
Arterial supply
Ascending pharyngeal artery.
Ascending palatine artery and tonsillar from facial.
Maxillary and lingual arteries.
Venous drainage : It is drained by pharyngeal plexus of veins which drains into the internal jugular
vein.
Lymphatic drainage:
Deep cervical lymph nodes.
Retropharyngeal lymph nodes.
Paratracheal lymph nodes.
Nerve supply of the pharynx:
It is supplied mainly by the pharyngeal plexus which is composed of:
1. The glossopharyngeal nerve.
2. The pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve (carrying fibres of cranial accessory nerve).
3. Branches of the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion.
Motor nerve supply:
Through the pharyngeal plexus (by cranial part of accessory nerve) except the
stylopharyngeas muscle which is supplied by the glossopharyngeal nerve.
Sensory nerve supply:
• Mucous membrane of the nasopharynx is supplied by Maxillary nerve.
Mucous membrane of the oropharynx is supplied by Glossopharyngeal nerve.
• Mucous membrane of the laryngopharynx is supplied by internal laryngeal branch of the
vagus nerve.
Esophagus
1- Cervical part:
Aretrial supply : Inferior thyroid artery
Venous drainage: inferior Thyroid vein
2. Thoracic part:
Arterial supply: Bronchial arteries and descending thoracic aorta.
Venous drainage: Azygos and hemiazygos veins.
3. Abdominal part:
Arterial supply : Left gastric artery
Venous drainage : Left gastric vein.
Anterior Abdominal Wall:
Arterial supply
1. Superior epigastric artery (from the internal thoracic artery).
2. Musculophrenic artery (from the internal thoracic artery).
3. Lower two posterior intercostal and subcostal arteries (from the descending thoracic
aorta).
4. Inferior epigastric artery (from the external iliac artery).
5. Deep circumflex iliac artery (from the external iliac artery)
6. Superficial branches of the femoral artery which are superficial epigastric artery,
superficial circumflex iliac artery, and superficial external pudendal artery.
7. Lumbar arteries (from the abdominal aorta).
Lymphatic drainage:
• Lymphatics from the region above the umbilicus are drained into the axillary lymph
nodes.
• Lymphatics from the region below the umbilicus are drained into the superficial
inguinal nodes
Nerve supply:
• Lower five intercostal and subcostal nerves
• Iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves (L1)
Stomach
Arterial supply :
These are derived from the branches of the coeliac trunk.
a. Left gastric artery arises from the coeliac artery.
b. Right gastric artery arises from the hepatic artery.
c. Short gastric arteries arise from the splenic artery.
d.Left gastroepiploic artery arises from the splenic artery.
e. Right gastroepiploic artery arises from the gastroduodenal branch of the hepatic artery.
Venous drainage:
•The left and right gastric veins drain directly into the portal vein.
•The short gastric veins and the left gastroepiploic vein join the splenic vein
• The right gastroepiploic vein joins the superior mesenteric vein.
The right gastric vein is connected to the right gastroepiploic vein through the
prepyloric vein of Mayo.
Lymphatic drainage: celiac lymph nodes.
Nerve supply:
1- Sympathetic : from celiac plexus around celiac trunk. It causes relaxation of the wall
and contraction of pyloric sphincter. It carries also pain sensation.
2- Parasympathetic: from anterior and posterior gastric nerves (vagus). It is secretory to
the glands of the stomach, inhibitory to the pyloric sphincter and motor to the wall.
Duodenum
Arterial supply
1- Supra-duodenal artery: from the hepatic artery proper (celiac trunk).
2. Superior pancreatico-duodenal artery: from gastro-duodenal (celiac).
3. Inferior pancreatico-duodenal artery: from superior mesenteric artery.
Venous Drainge:
The veins follow arteries and end in portal circulation
Lymphatic drainage:
into the coeliac and superior mesenteric lymph nodes.
Liver
Arterial supply
It receives blood from two sources:
1 - Hepatic arteries which divides into right and left branches.
2 - Portal vein which divides into right and left branches.
• The venous drainage is by three hepatic veins which terminate in the inferior vena cava
(right, left, middle).
Lymphatic drainage :
The liver is drained by portal lymph nodes then into the coeliac lymph nodes except bare area
of the liver drains into subphrenic lymph nodes, or Posterior mediastinal lymph nodes.
Pancreas
Arterial supply:
1 - Superior, inferior pancreatico-duodenal arteries: to the head.
2 - Pancreatic branches of splenic artery: to the rest of pancreas.
Venous drainage: To splenic vein and portal vein.
Lymphatic drainage:
1. To the left of the neck: Drains into the pancreatico-splenic lymph nodes.
2. The upper part of the head: Drains into the coeliac lymph nodes.
3. The lower part of the head: Drains into the superior mesenteric lymph nodes.
Caecum
Arterial supply: anterior and posterior caecal arteries from ileocolic artery which is a
branch from superior mesenteric artery.
Venous drainage: into superior mesenteric vein then into portal vein.
Appendix
Arterial supply: appendicular artery from the posterior caecal artery from ileocolic
artery.
Venous drainge: into superior mesenteric vein.
Ascending Colon
Arterial supply: From superior mesenteric artery
1- Ileocolic artery
2- Right Colic artery
Venous drainage: It drains into veins corresponding to the arterial supply.
Transverse Colon
Arterial supply:
1. Right 2/3 by right and middle colic arteries of superior mesenteric artery.
2. Left 1/3 by ascending branch of left colic artery from inferior mesenteric artery.
Venous drainage: It drains into the veins corresponding to the arterial supply.
Descending Colon
Arterial supply
Upper left colic and lower left colic of inferior mesenteric artery
Sigmoid Colon
Arterial supply: sigmoid branches of the inferior mesenteric artery.
Venous drainage: It drains its venous blood into the veins corresponding t
the arterial supply.
Rectum
Arterial supply
Venous drainage
1. Superior rectal artery:
1.Superior rectal vein continues up as
inferior mesenteric vein which drains into
the Splenic vein. (Portal circulation).
-It is the continuation of inferior
mesenteric artery.
-It suppliesn the rectum and upper half
of anal canal.
2. Middle rectal vein:
Drains into internal iliac vein (Systemic
circulation).
3. Inferior rectal vein:
Drains into internal pudendal vein
(Systemic
circulation).
2. Middle rectal artery:
It arises from the anterior division of
Lymph drainage:
internal iliac artery.
1- Upper half drains to the para rectal
L.Ns which drain to the inferior
mesenteric L.Ns.
3. Inferior rectal artery:
It arises from internal pudendal artery.
2- Lower half drains to the internal iliac
lymph nodes.
Anal canal
Arterial supply
Upper half
Lower half
It is supplied by superior
rectal artery.
1-Middle rectal artery of
internal iliac artery.
2- Inferior rectal artery of
internal pudendal artery.
Venous drainage
It is drained by superior
rectal vein (portal
circulation).
The corresponding veins
drain into internal iliac
vein (systemic
circulation.)
Nerve supply
Above pectinate line by
autonomic nerve.
fibers.Insensitive to pain 8
touch
Below pectinate line by
inferior rectal nerve
(Sensitive to pain, touch).
Lymphatic drainage
Above pectinate line into
internal
iliac LNs.
Below the pectinate line
into superficial inguinal
LNs.
Abdominal aorta
Inferior Vena Cava
Tributaries of I.V.C:1. Two common iliac veins
2. Two pairs of lumbar veins 3rd, 4th
3. Two renal veins (Rt. & Lt.).
4. Two inferior phrenic veins.
5. Two hepatic veins.
6. Right gonadal vein.
7. Right suprarenal vein.
8. Median sacral vein.
Celiac
trunk
Pancreatic
branches
Splenic artery
Left gastric
artery
Left
gastroepiploic
artery
Short gastric
branches
Hepatic artery
Right gastric
artery
Termination: It divides into right and left hepatic
arteries, the right hepatic artery which gives the cystic
artery to the gall bladder.
Gastroduodenal
artery
Right
gastroepiploic
artery
Superior
pancreatico
duodenal artery
Superior mesenteric
artery
Ileal branch
Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
Posterior caecal
artery
Appendicular artery
Ilieo-colic artery
Jejunal and ileal
arteries
Anterior caecal
artery
Colic branch
Right colic artery
Middle colic artery
Inferior
mesenteric
artery
Left colic
artery
Sigmoid
arteries