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Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Every child has the right to health, education, family life, play and recreation,
an adequate standard of living, and to be protected from abuse and harm
(Children’s Rights Alliance, 2016). These rights are crucial for they allow children
to reach their full potential, through having access to education, health care,
participate in society, protection from violence and abuse, etc. However, child labor
tends to steal these rights from the children. According to the United Nations
Children's Fund (UNICEF, 2021), child labor may lead to an extreme bodily and
mental harm, and even death. It can direct to slavery and sexual or economic
exploitation. And in nearly every case, it cuts children off from schooling and health
care, restricting their fundamental rights and threatening their futures.
Child labor has been an alarming controversy both national and global
setting. Recently the International Labour Organization (ILO, 2013 as cited by
Osment, 2014) estimated there are around 215 million children between the ages
five to fourteen who works worldwide. They are often mistreated and work for
prolonged hours, in very bad conditions. This can affect their health physically,
mentally and emotionally. These children do not have the basic rights like access
to school or health care.
Millions of children in the Philippines are forced to work at young ages. Child
labor is one of the Philippines' most urgent problems and stems from a range of
social factors. Unless something is done to stop child labor, the issue will continue
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to affect the lives of many families across the country. Some children have jobs
that place them in immediate physical danger. These risks include exposure to
potentially harmful chemicals or sharp tools, and other dangers that may be less
obvious but no less risky. Children are often forced to work long hours with few
breaks, which takes a toll on their physical development. Others are abused by
their employers, both physically and psychologically. As with many threats to
children's development and well-being, poverty is a root cause of child labor.
Families struggle to make ends meet and face hard decisions when it comes to
sending their children to work. Without immediate action, the problem will continue
to grow.
Lagsa (2022) states that among the country’s 17 regions, Northern
Mindanao accounted for the largest share of the country’s child laborers at 13%.
DOLE-Northern Mindanao identifies Bukidnon, Misamis Oriental, Lanao del Norte,
and Misamis Occidental as the provinces in the region where child labor remains
prevalent. Despite the government’s campaign to end child labor, the Department
of Labor and Employment (DOLE) estimated that there are at least 20,000 children
across Northern Mindanao who are still forced to do hazardous work because of
poverty. Poverty is the number one driving force of child labor, with the agriculture
industry as the highest user of child laborers in the region.
Child labor is a far-reaching and complex problem. Despite the fact that
there are some researchers that have already studied about the child labor.
However, there has no study in the local setting yet, which focuses on the lived
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experiences of the children under child labor. Hence, the researchers are enticed
to conduct a phenomenological study among children under child labor.
Research Questions
1. What are the lived experiences of children under child labor?
2. How do the children under child labor cope with their struggles?
Theoretical Lens
This study is supported by the viewpoints of International Labor Rights
Forum (ILRF, 2011) which stated that child labor affects children’s social
development for a reason that they spend time doing labor instead of with peers in
social play, learning how to socialize in a proper way. In addition, the risks also
impact their educational development as they are more likely to perform poorly in
school and drop out of the little education that they acquire. Moreover, ILRF (2011)
accentuated that children who work also experience isolation and depression,
which often prevents them from continuing to develop healthy emotions as they
grow, and can lead to many physical effects. Lastly, these children often suffer
from malnutrition which leads to other serious health and mental conditions later
in life.
Significance of the Study
The result of the study is deemed beneficial to the following:
Parents. The result of the study will assist the parents for they will know
the impact of child labor to children. With this guide and send their children to
school so that they can improve and gain knowledge.
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Child laborers. This study is indeed beneficial to child laborers for this will
drive them to gain benefits from the policies and actions implemented by the
government.
Government. This study is paramount to the government for this will serve
as a guide for them to know the struggles of child laborers. With this, they will have
a notion and be persuaded to address the asserted matter.
Future researchers. This study will be beneficial to future researchers for
this will serve as their literature review when they will conduct a corresponding
study.
Scope and Delimitation
This research will be focusing on the lived experiences of children under
child labor and the strategies on how they cope with their struggles through
qualitative phenomenological study. Moreover, this research shall purposively
select five (5) identified 10 to 17-year-old child laborers as the participants.
Furthermore, the participants shall be coming from Cateel, Davao Oriental and this
will be conducted from September 2022 to January 2023. Consequently, we will
use an in-depth interview and focus group discussion to gather data.
Definition of Terms
Rough Hands, Shattered Dreams. In this study, it is operationally defined
as the excessive work of the children that makes their dreams shattered.
A Phenomenological of Child Labor. It is operationally defined as the the
qualitative study that focuses on the lived experiences of children under child labor
and how they cope with their struggles.
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Child labor. This is operationally defined as the undue work of children
that eventually affects their overall development.
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Chapter 2
Review of Related Literature
Introduction and Historical Fact
Beck (2021) states that the industrial revolution was a major event in world
history and had a profound effect on societies around the world. In particular, the
industrial revolution impacted the lives of working class, people and the children of
industrial societies. Child labor was a common feature in industrial societies as
children as young as four years old were often employed in the factories and mines
that developed during the time. This was particularly true in Britain, where the
industrial revolution first began in the 1700s. Child labor is an old problem well
rooted in human history; children were exploited to various extents during different
periods of time. The problem was common in poor and developing countries.
In addition, Hansan (2011) asserts that children from poor families were
expected to participate to the family income, and sometimes they worked in
dangerous conditions in 12-hour shifts. In particular, child labor was rife during the
American Industrial Revolution (1820-1870) industrialization attracted workers and
their families from farms and rural areas into urban areas and factory work in
factories and mines, children were often preferred as employees, because owners
viewed them as more manageable, cheaper, and less likely to strike.
Moreover, History.com Editors (2022) state that children less than 14 years
old worked in agriculture, factories, mining, and as street vendors. In the 1900's,
in England, more than a quarter of poor families lost their children to diseases and
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death, endangering their extra financial support. Schuman (2017) mentioned that
in 1900's, 25,000 of the nearly 100,000 textile workers in the South were children
under 16 by 1904, overall employment of children had increased to 50,000, with
20,000 children under 12 employed the family, particularly the women and
children, was central to mill operation. The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica
(2022) states that child labor is far more prevalent in developing countries, where
millions of children some as young as seven still toils in quarries, mines, factories,
fields, and service enterprises. They make up more than 10 percent of the labor
force in some countries in the Middle East and from 2 to 10 percent in much of
Latin America and some parts of Asia.
Lastly, Mapa (2021) asserted that the total population of children 5 to 17
years old was estimated at 31.17 million in 2020. This was higher than the total
number of Filipino children 5 to 17 years of age registered in 2019 at 30.50 million
of the estimated 31.17 million children 5 to 17 years old in 2020, 872 thousand or
2.8 percent were working. This was lower than the proportion of working children
5 to 17 years old in 2019 estimated at 3.4 percent. ILO (2021) states that in the
Philippines, there are 2.1 million child laborers aged 5 to 17 years old based on
the 2011 Survey on Children of the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) about 95
percent of them are in hazardous work.
Poverty and Child labor
Previous research has briefly explored the main reason for the rampant
child labor. A case study in Babati town, Tanzania conducted by Johansson (2009)
in which this study aims to find the underlying causes behind child labor among
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boys in Babati Town, both from the researcher’s and the children’s own
perspective. From the child laborer’s perspective was poverty the underlying cause
for their laboring. Poverty on its own was though, from the researcher’s
perspective, found to be insufficient to explain the prevalence of child labor. The
problem of child labor is massive due mainly widespread poverty but also due the
social context and its traditions, insufficient funding, school policies and inadequate
implementing of important regulations as the Convention on the Rights of the Child.
Also, in a journal of Kaur (2019) states that due to extreme poverty, parents are
unable to invest not only in the development of their children, they are also
reluctant to support them and want them to become a source of income for the
family as soon as possible. Poverty causes diseases or other forms of disabilities,
which often causes imbalances in family budgets and forced poor parents to send
their children to work.
Another study conducted by Akarro and Mtweve (2011) aims to present the
state of child labor and factors behind this, citing one of the most prevalent areas
for child labor in Tanzania known as Njombe. Major finding emanating from this
study is that child labor is a reflection of poverty and therefore tackling poverty will
have a positive impact on child labor. This suggests that policies such as a ban on
child labor in rural areas could have an adverse effect as child labor decisions are
more likely a response to poverty and subsistence requirements. Other research
also conducted by Edmonds (2005) shows that it is not inevitable that the need for
additional income will dominate even among the very poor households.
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An article by Darling Selvi and Veilatchi (2020) found out that poverty is
one of the crucial factors to make the children as labor. The result reveals that the
children have come from different family backgrounds, work experiences, and
situations. The factor analysis applied to bring out the reasons for child labor
reveals that thus it is understood that it is a poor family background, which leads
to Poverty Stricken, thereby find it challenging to find the livelihood options.
Though, there are number of Laws enacted to control and to eradicate the child
labor, there are children who need to work for their livelihood and to look after the
families out of some compelling factors. Also, in a study conducted by Naeem,
Shaukat and Ahmed (2011) they found that children work mainly due to poverty.
Poor parents are forced to send their children to work instead of school.
Lastly, a study conducted by Osment (2014) illustrates how both India and
Nigeria have adopted laws and regulations to eliminate child labor. However,
despite all the efforts, child labor and the factors that influence the incidence of
child labor continues to be prevalent. It concluded that the problem of child labor
appears in severe form and various factors are involved. The reasons for the
incidence of child labor in both countries are complex and deeply rooted into the
society. Poverty seems to be the main cause. In general, poor children contribute
to household income. Child labor can be found in urban and rural areas. However,
the vast majority of child labor occurs in rural areas since poverty is more rampant.
Although, many poor rural families struggle for a better life in urban areas, this
pushes families to force their children to work in order to increase the family income
and ensure survival.
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Child labor and Physical Health
A study conducted in Pakistan by Ali et al. (2004 as cited by Ibrahim et al.,
in 2018) reported that child labor is associated with wasting, stunting and chronic
malnutrition. A similar study conducted by Ambadekar et al. (1999 as cited by
Abdalla et al., 2018) compared physical growth and genital development between
working and non-working children and reported that child labor is associated with
lower BMI, shorter stature and delayed genital development in working boys, while
no significant differences were found among females.
Concerning work-related illnesses and injuries, a study conducted in
Bangladesh by Ahmed and Ray (2014) reported that there is a statistically
significant positive association between child labor and the probability to report any
injury or illness, tiredness/exhaustion, body injury and other health problems.
Number of hours worked and the probability of reporting injury and illness were
positively correlated. Younger children were more likely to suffer from backaches
and other health problems (infection, burns and lung diseases), while probability
of reporting tiredness/exhaustion was greater in the oldest age group.
Furthermore, the frequency of reporting any injury or illness increases with the
number of hours worked, with significant variation across employment sectors.
Similarly, Hosseinpour et al. (2014) reported that industrial workrooms were the
most common place for injury (58.2%). Falling from heights or in horizontal surface
was the most common mechanism of injury (44%). None of the patients was using
a preventive device at the time of injury. Cuts (49.6%) were the most commonly
reported injuries.
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Other studies that investigated the prevalence of general symptoms in
working children in Pakistan, Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan and Indonesia reported that
child labor is negatively associated with health (Ibrahim et al., 2018). Watery eyes,
chronic cough and diarrhea were common findings, in addition to history of a major
injury (permanent loss of an organ, hearing loss, bone fractures, permanent
disability). One study, conducted by Tiwari and Saha (2014) reported that working
children
suffered from anemia, gastrointestinal tract
infections,
vitamin
deficiencies, respiratory tract infections, skin diseases and high prevalence of
malnutrition. Another study administered by Daga and Working (2000 as cited by
Jafer et al. 2018) of poor quality in India reported that child labor was associated
with higher incidence of infectious diseases compared to non-working children.
However, only a few studies focused on specific diseases. A study of Fassa
et al. (2005), which compared the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain between
working and non-working children, found that the prevalence of pain in the neck,
knee, wrist or hands, and upper back exceeded 15%. Workers in manufacturing
had a significantly increased risk for musculoskeletal pain and back pain, while
child workers in domestic services had 17% more musculoskeletal pain and 23%
more back pain than non-workers. Awkward posture and heavy physical work were
associated with musculoskeletal pain, while monotonous work, awkward posture
and noise were associated with back pain. Another study conducted by Corriols
and Aragon (2010) in Nicaragua, which focused on children working in agriculture,
reported that child labor in agriculture poses a serious threat to children’s health;
specifically, acute pesticides poisoning.
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Moreover, Tiwari (2013) reported that the prevalence of eyestrain in child
laborers was 25.9%, which was significantly more than the 12.4% prevalence in a
comparison group. Prevalence was higher in boys and those who work more than
4h daily. Similarly, a study conducted by Saha et al. (2009) documented that the
difference between working and non- working children in the same area in
respiratory morbidities (TB, hilar gland enlargement/calcification) was statistically
significant.
Furthermore, a study of Foroughi et al. (2016) in Iran explored the
prevalence of viral infections (HIV, HCV and HBV) in working children. The study
reported that the prevalence among working street children was much higher than
in general population. The 4.5% of children were HIV positive, 1.7% were hepatitis
B positive and 2.6% hepatitis C positive. The likelihood of being HIV positive
among working children of Tehran was increased by factors like having experience
in trading sex, having parents who used drugs or parents infected with HCV.
Lastly, one study of Hughes (2017) was a meta-analysis conducted on data
of working children in 83 low-and-middle-income countries (LMIC) documented
that child labor is significantly and positively related to adolescent mortality, to a
population’s nutrition level, and to the presence of infectious diseases.
Child labor and Mental Health
A study conducted in Jordan by Hamdan-Mansour (2013) reported a
significant difference in the level of coping efficacy and psychosocial health
between working non-schooled children, working school children and non-working
school children. Non-working school children had a better performance on the
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strengths difficulties questionnaire (SDQ) scale. Coping efficacy of working nonschooled children was lower than that of the other groups. A study conducted in
Pakistan by Bandeali et al. (2008) reported that the prevalence of behavioral
problems among working children was 9.8%. Peer problems were most prevalent,
followed by problems of conduct. A study from Fekadu et al. (2006) reported that
emotional and behavioral disorders are more common among working children.
Moreover, studies from psychology show that being exposed to adverse
events in childhood can harm a child’s mental well-being, and that the effects can
be persistent (Hammen 2005; Kendler et al. 1999). Frequent and prolonged
exposure to adversity inevitably leads to toxic stress. This in turn adversely affects
the development of the brain leading to mental health disorders (Franke 2014).
Similarly, according to Compassion (2022), poor children also experience
higher levels of anxiety and depression and often develop a sense of helplessness
and hopelessness. As teenagers, and on into adulthood, children with low selfesteem and self-confidence can become disconnected, isolated, angry and
desperate. They often lose hope and become easy targets of abuse an
exploitation.
However, another study in Alem et al. (2006) reported a lower prevalence
of mental/behavioral disorders in child laborers compared to non-working children.
The stark difference between these two studies could be due to the explanation
provided by Alem et al., i.e., that their findings could have been tampered by
selection bias or healthy worker effect.
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Similarly, study conducted by Oncu et al. (2013) in Turkey documented that
62.5% of the child laborers were subjected to abuse at their workplaces; 21.8%
physical, 53.6% emotional and 25.2% sexual, 100% were subjected to physical
neglect and 28.7% were subjected to emotional neglect.
One study by Audu et al. (2009) focused on sexual assault among working
females in Nigeria. They reported that the sexual assault rate was 77.7%. In 38.6%
of assault cases, the assailant was a customer. Girls who were younger than 12
years, had no formal education, worked for more than 8 h/day, or had two or more
jobs were more likely to experience sexual assault.
Lastly, the majority of studies concluded that child labor is associated with
higher prevalence of mental and behavioral disorders, as shown in the results.
School attendance, family income and status, daily working hours and likelihood
of abuse, in its different forms, were found to be associated with the mental health
outcomes in working children. These findings are consistent with previous studies
and research frameworks. (Daga et al. 2000, as cited by Abdalla et al. 2019)
Child labor and Educational Aspects
Child labor is a pervasive problem prevalent in the developing world. Not
with standing international regulations restricting the type of permissible activities
and participation age, progress towards its eradication has been slow. Khanam
and Ross (2011) found a negative association between child labor and both school
attendance and grade attainment for children aged 5-17 in rural Bangladesh. The
aforementioned studies treated child labor as exogenous results from studies
endogenizing child labor are not however more conclusive. Ray and Lancaster
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(2005) found robust evidence that child labor hours have a strong negative impact
on the educational variables from the moment a child enters the labor market,
following a multi-country study on Sri Lanka, Portugal, Belize, Cambodia, the
Philippines, Namibia and Panama. Phoumin (2008) however, found grade
attainment in Cambodia to be adversely affected only by work beyond 22 hours
per week. Hyder, et al. (2015) states that in households of rural Malawi, one of the
poorest countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Both individually-reported and
community-level shocks are investigated. There is evidence that community-level
shocks negatively impact the school enrolment of children. The point estimates
suggest that this effect is larger when shocks and school enrolment are reported
by men as compared with women.
Gunnarsson et al. (2006), which investigated the impact of child labor on
mathematics and language test scores using data on third and fourth-year primary
school students in nine Latin American countries. Controlling for endogeneity, they
found scores to be adversely affected; even children who worked ‘only
occasionally’ attained on average 7.5% less in math and 7% less in language tests
than those not working. Bezerra et al. (2009), employing data from urban Brazil on
school achievement tests in Portuguese and mathematics for 4th and 8th grade
primary school students, and for 3rd year high-school students. Treating child labor
as endogenous, they found that it adversely affected achievement, both across all
three grades and across the two examined subjects. 4th graders who worked
attained a mathematics score of nearly 10 points lower than those who did not; the
equivalent impact was a reduction of 8 point in the 8th grade and 12 points in the
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3rd year of high-school. Further, a one-hour increase in the amount of work was
associated with a score reduction in the Portuguese exam of points for 4th graders
and 7 points for 12th graders. They also found that the effect varied by type of
work; the effect was greater for work undertaken outside the household.
Baland and Robison (2000 as cited by Oni, 2018), note that when parents
are altruistic toward their children, have the ability to leave a bequest to their
children, and have free access to capital markets, then investment in their
children’s education will be efficient.
Child Labor and Coping Mechanism
Even if our fate does not want to be kind to us, let us continue to look for
the ray of hope that will lead us to happiness. A youngster who uses his or her
affect as a coping method is reliant on the ability to express or ventilate through
emotion (NASP, 2021). He or she will need opportunities to express anxiety, fears,
anger, sorrow, and grief, as well as having those feelings acknowledged by adults
in his or her life. According to a GMA News documentary from 2015, the children's
coping method at the time was to trade or labor, and by assisting and earning
money, they were able to reach out to their families.
With that attitude and action by these child laborers, it becomes the only
means for them to survive their daily struggles in life. According to Sarkhedi (2020),
a positive attitude entails more than constantly wearing a smile on your face at all
times. It is about maintaining an optimistic mindset and attitude even when
everything around you are in disarray. These thoughts will matter and by feeding
your mind with positive thoughts, you will notice incredible changes all around you.
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In the study conducted by Eriksen (2021), child laborers’ free time is used
for necessary activities like washing clothes and domestic work. They also relax
and engage in social activities such as visiting families, spending time with friends
or going to church or the mosque. Work makes an important and necessary part
of their everyday life. As a matter of fact, despite the limited space and time for
play, even the children in the category leisure for necessity, manage to play.
Similarly, Gusso (2010), in his study from Brazil, argues that play is found
in all societies and, with cultural variations, all children play. Additionally, in the
study conducted by Jirata and Kjørholt (2015) in South Ethiopia, found that children
combined work with play. In addition, despite of poverty and combining school and
work, some children manage to find time for leisure or define leisure in a way that
suits their lives.
Furthermore, in the study conducted by Hinayon-Alarte (2019), children
have developed resiliency. It is the ability of the children to persevere and adjust
when faced with life’s adversity. A trait Filipinos are noted for by the whole world,
the ability to smile when faced with different challenges. But analyzing deeper on
the context of the children’s perspective, they became resilient because they have
to be able to survive; they have no choice, because the duty bearers leave them
with no choice. Moreover, according to Merida (2015), in times of unhealthy
physical condition, the child laborers mentioned that they just do self-medication,
giving massage to oneself, and sometimes asked parent to accompany them for
check-up, but above all these strategies is the endurance to injuries and pains
when accidents occurred.
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On the other hand, HBR (2015) states that by seeking advice from right
people and on the right ways you can develop smarter solutions to problems, and
deepen your decision making.
Furthermore, cooperation in the workplace can mean many things. It
involves the level which employees work together to resolve problems, and how
all levels of the organizations work together to achieve common goals
(TeamBonding, 2022). Additionally, according to Indeed Editorial Team (2022),
getting along with colleagues at work is important for inspiring teamwork and
creating a healthy work environment, knowing when and how to offer support to
colleagues at work can be a challenge, but helping others encourages a
collaborative work environment. They can also help a work colleague by means of
boosting their confidence, time spirit, recognizing their challenges, giving advice,
offering praise, and inspiring positivity which can greatly help a worker especially
a child laborer when they are having a hard time.
Lastly, Mayo Clinic (2022) states that friends can also help you celebrate
good times and provide support during bad times. Friends can prevent isolation
and loneliness and give you a chance to offer needed companionship, too. Friends
can also increase your sense of belonging and purpose. Moreover, Dalmacio
(2022) asserted that also having cooperation in family to have common goal, which
to survive these struggles in life, allows the participants to strength to survive.
Previous Studies about Child Labor
Children may be driven into work for various reasons. According to World
Vision (2022), children went to work to earn money to pay for their food and help
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their family. Similarly, according to UNICEF (2021) child labor occurs when families
face financial challenges or uncertainty – whether due to poverty, sudden illness
of a caregiver, or job loss of a primary wage earner. Consequently, child labor can
result in extreme bodily and mental harm, and even death. It can lead to slavery
and sexual or economic exploitation. And in nearly every case, it cuts children off
from schooling and health care, restricting their fundamental rights and threatening
their futures.
In the recent study conducted by Devi and Roy (2008) entitled “Study of
Child Labor Among School Children in Urban and Rural Areas of Pondicherry”, it
was observed that more children from families from the lower socioeconomic
stratum went to work. However, the study showed that irrespective of whether the
children came from families in poverty or otherwise, in the rural areas the children
went to work. This may also be because the quantification of the income of the
parents in the rural area is difficult; and therefore, it appears that regardless of the
total household income, the child has to engage in some work. Finally, the study
revealed that in both the rural and urban areas, working children spent less time
studying as compared to their nonworking counterparts.
Furthermore, another study administered by Momen (2020) results that in
poor countries or poor families in developed economy, children are often forced to
be employed that is physically and emotionally damaging to them. On the other
hand, children who are free from child labor are able to fully utilize their
opportunities, after attending their school enrollment, thus providing the essential
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foundation for broader socioeconomic development, poverty eradication, and
promoting human rights across the world.
Moreover, a study conducted by Holgado et al. (2014) finds that 28 percent
of the youth interviewed had failed a grade, and 26 percent had failed at least one
of the complete basic subjects. Other academic performance variables taken into
account included having quit school before completing the year (7.3 percent), not
having matriculated while having passed the previous year (6 percent), having
stopped studying during the year (5 percent), and having been expelled from
school for one month or longer (3 percent). In the case of not studying, the reasons
given were that the child had to carry out tasks or occupations in the family home
(65.7 percent), that the child had mothered or fathered a baby at an early age (13.5
percent), that the child needed to take over family responsibilities (9.1 percent),
and that the costs of education were too high (3.6 percent), among other reasons.
Further, a study of Zarif et al. (2013), which focuses on the reasons of child
labor in a developing economy, finds that children were working mostly at autoworkshops, tea shops, general stores, etc. The children that were interviewed were
mostly boys with age 5 to 10 years and some were between 11 to 15 years. In
almost all the cases, the children indicated that they had around 7 to 8 siblings
while even the least number of siblings was 6. Most of the children were illiterate
or had studied primary only. According to them, this was so because of low family
income and strictness at school or the general environment of the school. Most of
the children also expressed that their parents were not literate and their income
could not suffice their needs and could not even provide for three meals for a day.
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These were some of the reasons due to which the children were obligated to work
even when they wanted to get education instead of labor.
Taking everything into account, child labor is more rampant in developing
countries, more specifically from families from the lower socioeconomic stratum.
Children are even often forced to be employed that is physically and emotionally
damaging to them. Also, they were obligated to work even when they wanted to
get education instead of labor. Consequently, child labor negatively affects the
entire educational aspect of the children. On other side, some children still went to
work irrespective of whether they came from poor families or otherwise. All in all,
no matter what the reasons are, child labor is clearly harmful to children.
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CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the research methodology that will be used in this
study. This shall include research design, research locale and duration, research
participants, research instruments, data collection method, data analysis, role of
the researchers, trust worthiness and authenticity and ethical consideration.
Research Design
This study will use a qualitative phenomenological research design since it
aims to explore and cognize the lived experiences of children under child labor.
According to Bhandari (2022), qualitative research involves collecting and
analyzing non-numerical data to understand concepts, opinions, or experiences,
which can be used to gather in-depth insights into a problem or generate new ideas
for research. In addition, qualitative research is described as an unfolding model
that occurs in a natural setting that enables the researcher to develop a level of
detail from high involvement in the actual experiences (Creswell, 1994).
Phenomenological research, on the other hand, is defined as a qualitative
research approach that seeks to understand and describe the universal essence
of a phenomenon. The approach investigates the everyday experiences of human
beings while suspending the researchers’ preconceived assumptions about the
phenomenon. In other words, phenomenological research studies lived
experiences to gain deeper insights into how people understand those experiences
(Delve & Limpaecher, 2022). Similarly, Martins and Bicudo (1989) describe
phenomenology as a distinct approach to scientific investigation, replacing
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statistical relationships with individual descriptions and interpretations that result
from lived experience.
Furthermore, this research will use triangulation method so as to acquire a
rich, exact data needed for the study. In order to achieve triangulation, the study
will have an in-depth interview, focus group discussions, and observational
evaluation.
Research Locale and Duration
This research will be conducted at Poblacion, Cateel, Davao Oriental,
Region XI, Philippines. The Philippines is an archipelagic country in Southeast
Asia, situated in western Pacific Ocean, which specifically consists of around 7,
641 islands that are broadly categorized into three main geographical divisions
from north to south: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao.
In particular, Mindanao is considered to be the secondary largest and
southernmost major island in the Philippines. Moreover, one of the provinces of
Mindanao is Davao Oriental. It is a province located in the Davao Region in
Mindanao. Its capital is Mati and the borders are Compostela Valley to the west,
and Agusan del Sur and Surigao del Sur to the north. Furthermore, Davao Oriental
is the easternmost province of the country with Pusan Point as the easternmost
location. More specifically, Davao Oriental is comprised of one city and ten
municipalities. One of its municipalities is Cateel which consists 16 barangays,
including Poblacion. Also, Cateel is divided into two school districts: Cateel District
I and Cateel District II. Figure 1 shows the map of Davao Oriental, highlighting the
Municipality of Cateel.
24
Figure 1. Map of the Philippines highlighting the Province of Davao
Oriental and Municipality of Cateel
25
On the other hand, the data will be collected from September 2022 to
January 2023. This is the duration of this study for this covers the whole semester
of the school year 2022 to 2023.
Research Participants
In this study, the participants will be determined using the purposive
sampling techniques. According to Robinson (2014), purposive sampling is
intentional selection of informants based on their ability to elucidate a specific
theme, concept, or phenomenon. Additionally, Nikolopoulou (2022) states that
purposive sampling refers to a group of non-probability sampling techniques in
which units are selected because they have characteristics that you need in your
sample. In other words, units are selected “on purpose” in purposive sampling.
To be part of the study, the participants must be engaged in child labor at
the age of ten (10) to seventeen (17) years old, does not studying anymore and
lived at the municipality of Cateel, Davao Oriental. These set of participants will be
chosen because of their shared experience of being in child labor and they can
share their knowledge using the dialect that they feel they are comfortable to use
with. Participation in the study will be voluntary and the participants may end their
participation in the study at any time without risk or harm.
According to Dworkin (2012), an extremely large number of articles, book
chapters, and books recommend guidance and suggest anywhere from 5 to 50
participants as adequate. With this, the study will have five (5) participants for both
in-depth interview and focus group discussion.
26
Research Instruments
This research will be using in-depth interview, focus group discussion, and
observational evaluation as the research instruments. In-depth interviews are a
qualitative data collection method that allows for the collection of a large amount
of information about the behavior, attitude and perception of the interviewees.
During in-depth interviews, we, the interviewers and participants have the freedom
to explore additional points and change the direction of the process when
necessary. It is an independent research method that can adopt multiple strategies
according to the needs of research.
On the other hand, focus group discussion are generally used to gather
people’s opinions, ideas, and beliefs on a certain topic or product. We, the
interviewer will allow the participants to agree or disagree with each other so that
it provides an insight into how a group thinks about an issue, about the range of
opinion and ideas, and the inconsistencies and variation that exists in a particular
community in terms of beliefs and their experiences and practices.
Moreover, observational evaluation involves researchers observing
participants in projects to record their activities, behaviors, emotions, interactions,
themes and so on, to get a sense of how people experience your project. We, the
researcher will observe the participants and phenomena in their most natural
settings. This enables researchers to see their subjects make choices and react to
situations in their natural setting, as opposed to structured settings like research
labs or focus groups.
27
Lastly, Dworkin (2012) states that an extremely large number of articles,
book chapters, and books recommend guidance and suggest anywhere from 5 to
50 participants as adequate. Therefore, this study will have participants five (5)
participants for both in-depth interview and focus group discussion. By doing so,
the researchers will provide an interview guide that will undergo validity testing.
Data Collection Procedures
This proposed research will be using an in-depth interview, focus group
discussion and observational evaluation to gather perceptions, expectations,
beliefs and other important data of the target participants.
Firstly, the conduction of the research involved the use of semi-structured
interview which will serve as a validated interview guide for the researcher during
an in-depth interview. Some certain questions are already prepared, so as for the
researcher to guide the interview towards the satisfaction of research objectives
that but additional questions will be constructed during the interviews to clarify the
data and to acquire a richer information.
Secondly, we will bring the participants into the focus group discussion
which is useful to confirm insights obtained through the in-depth interview.
Thirdly, the observational evaluation will follow in which the data will be
collected through keen observation on the chosen participants, note taking and
recording. It allows us, the researchers, to directly see what people do rather than
relying on what people say they did to add more information.
Thereafter, once the data are collected, we will saturate and transcribe all
the answer of the participants. After the transcription, we will then analyze the data,
28
categorizing the information by identifying any patterns representing concepts the
participants represented during the discussion.
Roles of the Researchers
According to Creswell (2003), the researcher plays a pivotal role in the
process of qualitative research. Additionally, it reinforced the introspection and
acknowledgement of biases, values, and interests of the researcher. The
researcher should avoid unfairness and prejudice. In this study, the roles of
researchers are as interviewer, inquirer, transcriber and an analyst. As an
interviewer, we will be the one to select the participants of this study and inform
them about the central phenomena of this research.
Moreover, during the conduct of the research, we, as an interviewer, will be
the one to ask questions written in the interview guide questionnaire. Further, the
interviewer will provide translated questions for the participants to express
themselves while answering the interview to help facilitate better the conduct of
interviews. The responses of the participants will be cited, compared, interpreted,
analyzed, and synthesized to fulfil the research questions.
After compiling all the data, we, the researchers as transcriber, will saturate
the compiled data and transcribe all the answers of the informants. We will then
identify and scrutinize the core ideas and, eventually, the themes. The conclusions
from the findings would be used to offer recommendations.
Ultimately, after the data will be finalized, we will discuss them, come up
with a recommendation, present the implications of the study and give concluding
remarks.
29
Data Analysis
To analyze the data, the Miles and Huberman framework for qualitative data
analysis will be utilize. Data analysis technique is the process of collecting data
systematically to facilitate researchers in obtaining conclusions. Conclusions will
be easily obtained when the data analysis technique is correct.
According to Miles & Huberman (1994) analysis consists of three activities
that occur simultaneously: data reduction, data display, conclusions drawing/
verification. Regarding the three lines will be discussed further as follows:
Data reduction. It is the organizing and summarizing of data, and omitting
irrelevant information gathered from interview, field's notes and observations. At
this stage, we, the researchers shall refer to the research questions first to pick
responses that answer the question. All throughout the analysis, we will go back
to the research questions of the study as a guide, thus file sorting method will be
utilized.
Data display. It is an organized, compressed assembly of information that
permits conclusion drawing and action. Also, data display is the way that we will
present the conclusions in every research question. The participants’ responses
will have an assigned code.
Conclusion, Drawing, and Verification. This will be guided by the
research questions and the existing data that are already summarized and sorted
as themes. When in the midst of data collection, we, the researchers had a brief
conclusion. To draw conclusions, of course it cannot be done haphazardly, it must
go back to see the data to be verified. The final conclusions do not only occur at
30
the time of the data collection process, but need to be verified so that they are truly
accountable.
Trustworthiness and Authenticity
The findings if the study is based on participants' responses and not any
potential bias or personal motivations of the researcher. The researcher makes
sure that research bias does not skew the interpretation of what research
participants said to fit a certain narrative. The researchers will make sure that this
study have credibility, dependability, confirmability, and transferability.
Credibility. It is defined as the quality of being trusted, as stated by
Momentrix Test Preparation (2022). In order to achieve credibility, we will use
triangulation, prolonged engagement with data, persistent observation, negative
case analysis, member checks, and referential adequacy.
Dependability. It is defined as the system property that integrates such
attributes
as
reliability,
availability,
safety,
security,
survivability,
and
maintainability (Avizienis et al.,2001). In order to achieve dependability, we will
start by tracking the precise methods we use for data collection, analysis and
interpretation and providing adequate contextual information about each piece, so
that the study could theoretically be replicated by other researchers and generate
consistent results.
Confirmability. It means as the degree to which the outcomes could be
confirmed or corroborated by other people (Universal Teacher, 2022). Moreover,
we will achieve confirmability by checking and re checking the data throughout
data collection and analysis to ensure results would likely be repeatable by others.
31
Transferability. Coghlan & Brydon-Miller (2014) affirms that the
transferability of a research finding is the extent to which it can be applied in other
contexts and studies. It is thus equivalent to or a replacement for the term’s
generalizability and external validity. In order to achieve transferability in this study,
we will utilize thick description, which involves providing adequate details on the
site, participants and methods or procedures used to collect data during our study.
Consequently, this will help other researchers evaluate whether the results are
applicable for another situation.
Ethical Considerations
Qualitative research, especially studies in educational contexts, often brings
up questions of ethics because the study design involves human subjects, some
of whom are under age (Dooly et al., 2017). According to Singh (2019), research
ethics are moral principles that guide researchers to conduct and report research
without deception or intention to harm the participants of the study or members of
the society as a whole, whether knowingly or unknowingly. Moreover, Parveen and
Showkat (2017) states that the researchers have to take care of various other
issues at different stages of the research process. Both the researcher and
participants have an important role to play. Ones' rights are the others' obligations.
Researchers have to take care of the participants’ right and must consider their
research from participants' perspective.
This study will follow the elements of ethics, which are clearly stated in the
National Ethical Guidelines for Health and Health- Related Research 2017. It will
consider the following: social value; informed consent; vulnerability of research
32
participants; risks, benefits, and safety; privacy and confidentiality of information;
justice; and transparency.
Social Value. The participation of human beings in research can only be
justified if the study has social value. Social value refers to the relevance of the
study to an existing social or health problem such that the results are expected to
bring about a better understanding of related issues, or contribute to the promotion
of well-being of individuals, their families, and communities.
In addition, the significance of the study shall be clearly described in a
separate section of the protocol with an accurate and updated description of the
status of social or health problem, and how the study will help arrive at a solution.
The study design, methodology, and data collection, overall, should be able to
generate information supportive of the objectives of the study. Social value can
only be realized if the study is scientifically valid. Furthermore, in order to achieve
social value, we shall have a dissemination plan for the study results which shall
be included in the protocol.
Informed Consent. It is a decision of a competent potential participant to
be involved in research after receiving and understanding relevant information,
without having been subjected to coercion, undue influence, or inducement. To
obtain informed consent, we shall have the duty to avoid deception, undue
influence, or intimidation by ensuring that the prospective participant will
adequately understand the information and by giving each one the full opportunity
to ask questions, and should answer them honestly, promptly, and completely.
33
Vulnerability of Research Particpants. Vulnerable participants shall
require special protection because of certain characteristics or situations that
render them as such. Vulnerable participants are those who are relatively or
absolutely incapable of deciding for themselves whether or not to participate in a
study for reasons such as physical and mental disabilities, poverty, asymmetric
power relations, and marginalization, among others and who are at greater risk for
some harms. In order to achieve this, we shall provide competent advice and
assistance to participants who, by virtue of social, economic, political or medical
disadvantages, are liable to give consent under duress or without the benefit of
adequate information. Caution shall be exercised in obtaining informed consent for
a research project if the research participant is in a dependent relationship with the
researcher (e.g., as a research participant) to ensure that the consent is not given
under duress or undue influence.
Risks, Benefits and Safety. Research is justified if there is a reasonable
likelihood that the population from which the participants are derived stand to
benefit from the research. All research involving human participants shall be
preceded by a careful assessment of predictable risks, burdens, and foreseeable
benefits to the research participant or to others. In order to achieve this, we shall
observe every precaution to minimize the negative impact of the study on the
research participant’s wellbeing and by conducting only if there is an acceptable
positive benefit-risk ratio. Therefore, we shall endeavor to ensure the reasonable
availability and accessibility of favorable research outcomes to the community.
34
Privacy and Confidentiality of Information. Researchers shall adhere to
the principles of transparency, legitimate purpose, and proportionality in the
collection, retention, and processing of personal information (Data Privacy Act of
2012). Researchers must respect participants’ right to privacy. Unless required by
law, the confidentiality of information shall at all times be observed. Records that
link individuals to specific information shall not be released. This requirement shall
be included in the informed consent form. To achieve privacy and confidentiality of
information, we shall refrain from identifying individuals or groups when release of
information about them can expose them to possible harm or social stigma unless
required by law.
Justice. In research involving human participants the principle of justice
refers primarily to distributive justice, which requires the equitable distribution of
both the burdens and the benefits of participation in research. In order to achieve
justice, we shall be providing appropriate care to research participants regardless
of their economic status, gender, race, or creed. And also, we shall have
compensation for harms brought about by participation in the research.
Transparency. Ethical research shall be characterized by transparency. It
is imperative for all parties to be transparent about matters relating to their
involvement. Transparency is not diametrically opposed to privacy. On the
contrary, transparency is an element of ethical research that promotes confidence
in the research enterprise, even when privacy and anonymity need to be preserved
about sensitive matters. The need for transparency also entails disclosure of
research results. To be able to obtain transparency, we will be transparent about
35
aspects of a study that may have an impact on the rights, health, and safety of
participants, or in respect to information that may have a bearing on the decision
of participants to give or withhold their informed consent.
36
CHAPTER 4
RESULTS
This chapter discusses the findings on the lived experiences of child
laborers and how they cope up with their struggles. The order of subsequent
presentation is the same as how the research questions are presented in Chapter
1.
The in-depth interviews and focus group discussions were recorded using
smartphones, then we also conducted an observational evaluation wherein taking
notes was applied. In addition, all the data that were collected from the responses
of the participants were being saturated and transcribed. We utilized pseudonyms
to hide the participants’ identity and not expose them to possible harm or social
stigma unless required by law. These were all done so that they could
subsequently be turned into worksheets for the thematic analysis.
The said worksheets were read a lot of times to ensure that research fact
does not skew the interpretation of what research participants said to fit a certain
narrative for the theme analysis. Then we analyzed the data and categorized the
information by identifying any patterns. Moreover, we identified and scrutinized the
core ideas and eventually the themes.
Finally, the accumulated data were evaluated by the analysts to show the
responses to the research questions. Consequently, we, the researchers identified
the lived experiences of child laborers and their coping mechanism towards their
struggles.
37
Profile of the Participants
In presenting the findings of the study, the participants identity was strictly
kept confidential. Therefore, codes were assigned to the participants. For
participant one, the assigned code was P-01; for participant two, the code was P02; P-03 for participant three; P-04 for participant four; and for the participant five,
the assigned code was P-05.
There were five (5) participants involved in the study. They were child
laborers from Cateel, Davao Oriental.
Table 1. Profile of the Participants
Code of the
Age
Gender
Address
Participants
P-01
16
Male
Cateel, Davao Oriental
P-02
17
Male
Cateel, Davao Oriental
P-03
16
Male
Cateel, Davao Oriental
P-04
17
Male
Cateel, Davao Oriental
P-05
17
Male
Cateel, Davao Oriental
Lived Experiences of Children under Child Labor
Table 2 shows the major themes and core ideas of the lived experiences of
children under child labor: could hardly understand topics in school and eventually
stopped studying, forced by poverty, have experienced extreme exhaustion and
eventually got sick, and lastly, have experienced depression and almost lost hope
and went crazy. The complete list and distribution of themes discovered and
examined in the data are discussed below:
38
Table 2. Major Themes and Core Ideas of Lived Experiences of the Children Under
Child Labor
Theme
Core Ideas
Have stopped studying since grade
school
Have stopped going to school when
Could hardly understand topics in
they were just junior high school
school and eventually stopped
students
studying
Have given up studying at a very
young age
Could hardly understand topics in
school
Worked because of unreliable parents
Worked overtime to earn more money
Started working as a part-timer
Forced by poverty
Forced to work because of poverty
Worked to support their other siblings
Worked to sustain their family needs
Working at a young age is exhausting
Have experienced extreme exhaustion
Child laborers’ physique could hardly
and eventually got sick
endure the difficulties in working.
Experienced having body pain
Got sick due to hard work
Almost lost hope
39
Have experienced depression and
Almost went crazy
almost lost hope and went crazy
Experienced depression
Could hardly understand topics in school and eventually stopped
studying. Participants shared that they have already stopped studying since grade
school, while some have stopped when they were already in high school. Also,
they added that they were having a difficulty in understanding discussions in school
because it was hard for them to study and work at the same time. With that, they
choose to stop studying and work instead.
P-01 stated that:
Oo, gatrabaho ako. Ngawong grade 3 pa ako, mintin da daan
ako motabang kanilan Papa sang uma nami. Tapos mintin da
isab ako moabsent kay magtrabaho, amo agaw imbes, na
kuan… ngiyang mo eskwela gani ako, di kay ako halos
mosabot ng iklase kay wa ako kasayud. Hantod ngawong
pagka grade 4 ko, yaundang da ako pag-eskwela agaw
gatrabaho da ako mintin.
(Yes, I am working. When I was just in Grade 3, I’d already
helped my father in the farm. Then I always skipped classes
and when I returned to school, I could hardly understand the
topic because I didn’t know it. Till when I reached Grade 4, I
stopped going to school and so I’ve been working since then.)
P-02 also said that:
Oo. 2019 ngawng ga skwela pa daan ako ag da daan ako
sidto mag sideline hantud na iganahan da ako pagtrabaho kay
awn ma income ko amo yaundang dalang ako pag skwela.
(Yes. Way back 2019, when I was still studying, I already had
a sideline till I enjoyed working because I can earn money. For
that reason, I chose to stop going to school.)
P-03 additionally stated that:
Oh. Grade 5 pako nagtrabaho nako. Edad nako mga— 10
years old siguro nya karon grade 11 nako, 16 years old.
40
(Yes. I was only in Grade 5 when I started working. I was just
10 years old that time and then now I’m supposed to be a grade
11 and also 16 years old.)
Forced by poverty. Participants shared that they work because of unreliable
parents and they have several siblings plus their parents are unemployed, thus
they entered to part-time jobs or sidelines. With that, they can be able to support
their siblings and sustain their family needs. Further, participants mentioned that
they are forced to work due to extreme difficulty and/or poverty. They even work
for longer hours in order to earn more money.
P-01 states that:
Yaang, Daigay man gud kami maglumon tapos
malisuday yang kanami kahimtang. Si Mama ampan
trabaho tapos si Papa, panagsa lang makatrabaho.
(It’s just that I have several siblings and our situation is
extremely difficult. My mother doesn’t get a job then my
father works only seasonally.)
P-02 also states that:
Ag sagud ako maglisuday pagsabot ng mga eklase
nami
sng eskwelahan tapos ngidto man gud na time ag da
daan ako mag sideline agaw ag ako maka absent.
Hantud na kuan iganahan da ako pag trabaho kay awn
makwarta ko di man gud isab ako usahay nilan mama
pagka hatagan ng baon kay daigay isab kami
maglumon pyaskwela nilan agaw tungod ng kalisud
ipili dako lamang moundang hw magtrabaho.
(It’s because I struggled a lot understanding our
lessons in school and that timeI already had a sideline
that’s why I oftentimes skipped classes. Until I enjoyed
working because I can earn money and my parents
wasn’t able to give me allowance because I have other
siblings who are still studying. And due to poverty, I
chose to stop going to school and decided to work
instead.)
41
Ahm tungod ng kalisud kay daig sagud mga lumon ko
na gaskwela tapos yang income ni papa gamay lang
dida maigo sang kanami mga panginahanglan agaw
gapadayun da lang ako para makatabang ako sang
kanak ginikanan sang pagsuporta sang kanak mga
lumon.
(Because of poverty, considering that I have other
siblings that are still studying and my father income is
not enough to sustain our needs. Because of that, I
continue working to help my parents in supporting my
siblings needs.)
P-04 additionally stated
Gusto nako tabangan si papa pagbuhi sa pamilya. Nya
mas giprioritize nako nga maka eskwela akong-- akong
manghud, para-pahumanon nako tong isa para
makatabang tabang pud pag human niyag graduate nya
sya nasad ang motabang sunod.
(I want to help my father financing my family needs and
I also prioritize supporting my sibling in her studies
because I wanted her to graduate first so that, at least
in the future, she will be a big help for us to support our
family.)
P-05 stated that:
Usahay maga overtime kami, pabuntagay pagka alas
sais dili da maka trabaho matulog da lang nay para
makakuan ng kakapoy ma wawa. Biskan makapoy,
gatrabaho ako para makasuporta ng kank mga manghod
daw unan pa yang kailanganon kay wa man sila mama
haw papa maka suporta amo gatrabaho dalang ako
bahala gamay yang sweldo.
(Sometimes we would have an overtime all night until the
morning and we wouldn’t work the next day; we just
sleep to reduce fatigue. Even its dreary, I still work in
order to support the needs of my siblings, because my
parents can’t afford to support my siblings alone, that`s
the reason why I work even the salary is just small.)
Have experienced extreme exhaustion and eventually got sick. Participants
shared that working at a young age is extremely exhausting; child laborers’
42
physique could hardly endure the difficulties in working. They also shared that they
usually got sick because of undue work and basically felt austere body pain.
P-01 states that:
Para kanak, malisuday gayud magtrabaho ya labi na iso
pa agaw ako. Ilabi na ngawong pirmiro pa ako gatrabaho
sang kontraksiyon, makapuyay mang-alsa ng semento,
mga hollow block tapos graba. Yalala pa gayud tungod
mainitay isab yang suga, makapuyay gayud.
(For me, it’s extremely hard to work especially that I am
just a kid. More especially the time that I was just a
beginner working in a construction, it was so tiring to lift
cement, hollow blocks and gravels. Worsened by the
heat of the sun, it was indeed exhausting.)
P-01 additionally states that:
Oo uyy. Bisan iso pa ako, kinahanglan ko gayud mangalsa ng mga mabug-at na mga butang. Tapos need ko
isab makipagsabayan sang mga bagas da na kaiban ko.
Tapos halos mintin pa gayud ako madaut sauna tungod
ng sobra na trabaho, masakitay yang kanak kalawasan.
Tapos awon pa gayud time na yasamad yang ako ngani
gani(pointing his left foot) samtang gatrabaho ngawong
yaigo ng pala yang kanak siki.
(Yes, of course. Although I am still young, I have to lift up
heavy things. I also need to keep pace with other(adult)
workers. Then I almost always got sick before because
of undue work; my physique was in excruciating pain.
And there was also a time that I was wounded here
(pointing his left foot) by a shovel while I was working.)
P-02 also states that:
Oo madaigay gani, kuan mentin ako kasakitan ng kanak
bukton hw likod, ah usahay ag ako lagnaton, usahay
magka di batok yang kanami pagkaan tapos ngawng
yatakdag ako sang kabaw na isakyan ko pakadto sang
basakan HAHAHAHA kay gamiton gawo nami pag
balsa, pers taym ko man gud ngidto.
(Yes, actually a lot. I usually feel muscle pain and back
pain; sometimes I get fever; we don’t eat at the right time.
Then the time that I fell off from the carabao that I was
43
riding to the farm (laughs) because it would be used in
farming and also, it was my first time.)
P-03 additionally states that:
Oh, like maglisud ko una ug alsa kay nabag uhan akong
lawas, kainit sa adlaw nga masinati while ga trabaho
mosakit gud akong ulo, mga unsa pa diha labi na sad
magkamali sad ko sa akong gi trabaho grabi dayon ilang
baba sa akoa, ratratan dayon kog balikas mga ana gud,
mao na akong mga challenges nga gi-naagian sa akong
pagpanarbaho.
(Yes, like I’m having a hard time lifting loads because my
body wasn’t yet used to it. The heat of the sun that I’ve
even experienced having a headache while working.
Anything, and also when I made a mistake in my work,
their mouth, they’d shout a curse at me, like that. Those
were the challenges that I’ve even experienced in my
work.)
P-04 stated that:
Oo, kay, awn sagud isab yaencounter ko na mga
trabaho, yaang ngiyang, ahh, kanak amo, yaang, ag ako
kalipasan ng gutom, ag da ako mapasmo, tapos ag ako
sakitan ng lawas, sakit yang O ko tungod ng kakapoy ng
kanak trabaho, ikaya da ko lang, para matapos ngiyan
na mga trabaho. Ngiyan gaw na mga trabaho, dili pa gaw
angay kanak, kay, kay yaang kuan, iso pa, naman kay
needed da ko ng kwarta para sang kanak pamilya, amo,
ikaya da lang para sang kanak, para awn, masuportahan
yang kanak pamilya, kuan ginikanan.
(Yes, there are also jobs that I encountered, this, that,
my boss, I would get hungry, then my body would hurt,
my head would hurt because of the tiredness of working.
I just endure it, so that I could finish those jobs. Those
jobs are not suitable for me yet, because, because I'm
still young, but because I needed money for my family,
so I just managed it for me to have, to support my family,
my parents.)
P-05 also states that:
Oo usahay sakit ang lawas sakit yang, daw unan man
masakit yang oh, sakit yang unan pa yaan na usahay
magahubo sa gayud ka saan ng simento, masakit yang
mga bukton, mga muscles mo kay mangusog kaw sa
44
gayud pag alsa saan. So nam kay yangita kita agaw ng
paraan daw kin o makahanap ng kwarta baliwaon mo
gayud yang kasakit para agaw makaplait ng bisan unan
gusto mo na mapalit di sa gayud laong na unn pa yaan
kanilan lang gayud hurot yang gusto ko pamaliton awn
isab time na kailangan mo mapalit yang unan gusto mo
makaan, masuot daw unan pa yang gusto mo.
(Yes, sometimes I experience body pain, headache.
When I poured cements, I suffer muscle pain because I
exert much effort and strength to lift it. Since we are
looking for ways to earn money, we should just neglect
the pain just to purchase what you want you eat and what
you desire to wear.)
Have experienced depression and almost lost hope and went crazy.
Participants stated that they were extremely depressed that they have become
emotionally destroyed. They even shared that they also experienced having an
austere difficulty that almost made them lose hope and go crazy.
P-01 states that:
…yagkasakit ako; grabe na kakapoy na ibati ko; halos pa
gani magkabuang da ako
(…I got sick; I experienced extreme exhaustion; I almost even
went crazy.)
P-04 also states that:
Kyaapektohan yang kanak emosyon, kibali kyasakitanay
gayud ako sidtu na mga time, usahay, maisip ko na what if
bawusan ko ngiyan na mga utaw?
(My emotion is affected, like I was really hurt that time,
sometimes, I thought of, what if I will revenge to those people?)
P-02 additionally states that:
…Naka apekto sad to sa mga kuan mga ka- ngaa
maluyahan na unta ko dli nako ma balik sa trabaho…
45
(…It also affected me that made me lose hope; I’m not
encourage to go back to work anymore because it’s
tiring…)
Based on the interview conducted by the researchers, as shown in Table 2,
the majority of the child laborers have negative experiences in working. The
participants shared that they already stopped studying at an early age in order to
assist their parents and prioritize their siblings in their studies. They were forced to
work because of poverty, in fact, they work overtime to earn more money.
However, working at an early age is relatively difficult; it affects their physical and
mental health. Participants stated that they were extremely depressed, and they
almost even lost hope and went crazy. Further, participants said that they usually
got sick because of undue work and basically felt austere body pain.
However, participants are working to help their parents in raising their
family. They prioritize supporting their siblings in their studies and they assist their
parents in buying their necessities. So even if it is hard to be a child laborer, still,
they continue working to support and help their family.
Coping Mechanism of Child Laborers
Table 3 shows the major themes and core ideas of the coping mechanisms
of child laborers: Inspired and motivated by their family, sought advice and asked
help from people close to them, motivated and cheered themselves to combat
against trials, and spent time for leisure activities. The complete list and distribution
of themes discovered and examined in the data are discussed below:
Table 3. Major Themes and Core Ideas of the Coping Mechanisms of Child
Laborers
46
Thought
Inspired and motivated by their family
of
their family as their
inspiration
Motivated by their family
Felt happy when they see their family
happy
Sought advice and asked help from
Sought advice from family
people close to them
Asked help from friends
Being advised by their co-laborers
Motivated and cheered themselves to
combat against trials
Motivated themselves to fight against
trials
Cheered themselves to face problems
Played basketball with friends
Spent time for leisure activities
Hung out with friends
Have had a leisure time to face
problems
Inspired and motivated by their family. Participants shared that they
thought of their family as their inspiration that enable them not be defeated by the
predicaments. They further revealed that amidst of predicaments, they are able to
cope with everything because they have been motivated by their family. Lastly,
they stated that by just seeing their family happy, they also become happy and it
made them forget their tiredness.
P-03 states that:
Kuan gibaliwala lang nako ang mga kalisud mas giisip
nako ang kapakanan sa akong pamilya nga makasig—
47
makaginhawa gamay kaginhawa gamay sa kalisud sa
kinabuhi. Sa, sa ilang kalipay nga akong makita pag
makapalit kog lami nga sud-an pagting sweldo mga ana
gud.
(I just ignore the difficulties; I think more about the sake
of my family so they can be able to breathe a little bit
from the hardships of life. Also, as I see their happiness
on their faces when I buy them delicious viand during
payout period, like that.)
P-02 also remarked that:
Kuan ihuna-huna ko lang ngiyang aw ngining mentin ko
lang ing butang sang utok ko na para ngini sang pamilya
ko agaw anay unan kalisud kanak kayanon kay
pinanggaay ko gayud yang kanak pamilya di gayud silan
ingka kambyo agaw galaong gayud ako na samtang
makaya ko, mag trabaho gayud ako. Anay pasa haw
daw mamatay da ako ng kakapoy dik muondang kay
awn kanak pamilya na gusto tabangan.
(I just bear in mind that it’s for my family because I love
them so much. They are irreplaceable, that’s why no
matter how hard it is, as long as I can manage to work, I
will work. Even though I feel like I’m dying due to extreme
exhaustion, I will not stop because I have a family that I
want to support.)
P-04 said that:
Ihimo ko na motivation yang kanak pamilya, taliwala
sang kanak experiences, biskan malisud, ikaya ko
gihapon yang tanan, kung makita ko yang kanak
pamilya, ag da ko dayun, yang mubalik yang kanak
kusog, ag ako dayun kuan, ma motivate dayun, ahhh
ganahan dayun ako pagtrabaho balik.
(I make my family as my motivation, amidst of
predicaments. Although it was difficult, I was able to cope
with everything, when I see my family, my strength
returns, I will be motivated, and I will love to work again.)
P-05 explained that:
Ama ng maga unan lang padala lang sang kalipay
matanaw ko lang malipay mga manghod ko knk makita
madjaw yang nawong nilan kank yang unan pa agaw
48
nilan makita ko lang silan na malipayon ok da yaan kank
y da saan kakapoy kank.
(Just seeing my siblings happy makes me happy too and
makes me forget my tiredness.)
Sought advice and asked help from people close to them. Participants
mentioned that they sought advice from their family; it lessens the pain that they
have felt. They have also asked help from their friends; it abates the sadness in
their life. And they further stated that they have been advised by their co-laborers.
All those things truly helped them not to be greatly baffled in times of difficulties,
knowing that there is someone who will be there for them.
P-01 said that:
…Silan Mama isab, ag ako lang-an na magdaya mintin
sang trabaho tapos pag ngiyang mooli ako sang bay ag
ako hiluton ni Mama. Tapos ag nilan isab ako payuan na
dapat dili magpakapuyay sang trabaho.
Hmm! Tungod sadto ama ng ag ako maka-gingawa
gamay(laughs). Ngiyang kuan gani, ama ng kabawasbawasan yang sakit na ag ko bation.
(…My parents also, they would tell me to be always
careful as I work and if I’d return home, my mom would
massage me. And they would also advise me to not to
really enervate myself to work.
Hmm! Because of those, I feel like I can breathe a little
bit (laughs). It’s just that, it’s like it would lessen the pain
that I’ve felt.)
P-04 said that:
Oo, yangayo ako ng tabang.
Ag ako lang on ng kanak ina na sige lang nak,
pagtrabaho lang kay pag madayaw ako, ako da isab
yang magtrabaho para kanmo, para makatapos kaw pag
eskwela, agwanta lang napa doon na mga panahon.
Ya motivate ako. Yang, yang mga yatabang kanak, mga,
ina ko, mga lumon, mga barkada, yaang kanak mga
katagsa tapos mga kila
49
Imotivate isab ako nilan, para kanak, para ganahan ako
pagtrabaho. Ag isab nilan ako lang an na sagdai yaang
mga yag daog daog kanmo, Ginoo da kuman yang
matigam kanilan.
(Yes, I asked for help. My mother will tell me "it's okay
son", just work because if I get better from my illness, I
will work for you again, just be patient for now.
It makes me motivated. Those who helped me were my
mother,
brothers,
friends,
cousins
and
my
acquaintances.
They motivate me to love working. They will also tell me
to leave those who belittled you, Lord will take care of
them.)
P-05 explained that:
..usahay barkada ko ag mangutana unan problema
amasaan usahay gayud ampan.
Itambagan ako nilan na maningkamot lang naan gadi
samtang wa pa silan usahay magapadala silan usahay
dili.
Usahay magpadala agaw si mama ng kwarta. Usahay
utan-utang usahay silan nanay mo tabang kanami.
Silan nanay yang mga silingan nami usahay silan Jay-jay
yang mga amigo ko pati parents ko.
(…Sometimes my friends ask me about my problems
and sometimes, no one.
They give advice to me to strive more while they are not
with us. They only send us money, sometimes.
Sometimes my mother would send us money.
Sometimes they borrow and sometimes my grandmother
would help us.
My grandmother, neighbors, sometimes Jay-jay, my
friends and my parents.)
P-02 also commented that:
Ahm ngawng kuan agaw itambagan ako nilan ng kanak
mga kaibanan sang trabaho tapos pag-uli ko ngadto bay
kay silan mama mabati gayud nilan haw awn kanak
problema. Agaw sige silan mangutana kanak pero dik
mag tug an agaw ag dlng ako nilan payo-payoon tapos
yng mga lumon ko ag ako nilan jokjokan hantud na
manag hinikoway da kami na ngiyang amasian na
50
pamaagi ag da dayun ako malipayay labi na ikita ko isab
silan na yanag hiko ag dalang dayun ako makalingaw ng
kanak mga kalisud haw problema.
Yakatabang gayud ngiyan kanak kay kuan haw iyan ako
sang kalisud amanang dida dayun ako maproblemahay
kay yasayud da man ako na iyan mga utaw sang luyo ko
na mutambag kanak.
Yang unang-una na yakatabangay gayud kanak kay
syempre yang kanak pamilya tapos kuan yang kanak
mga kaibanan sang trabaho apil da isab yang kanak mga
barkada.
Amo agaw ngawng laong ko gaina na pamaagi ng
pagtambag tapos kuan ngining pagpabati nilan kanak ng
kanilan suporta haw pag pangga labi na yng kanak
pamilya.
(That’s when my co-laborers advised me and when I
reached home, my parents could feel that I have a
problem. Consequently, they kept on asking me but I
wouldn’t tell them my problem that’s why they would just
caress me and my siblings would joke at me until we
laugh together. In that way, they can make me happy
and whenever I see them smiling, I forget all the
problems and difficulties I’m facing.
It truly helped me especially when I’m in difficulty. I will
not be greatly baffled because I know that there is
someone behind me that will always be there for me.
The first one who helped me was of course my family,
then my work colleagues, and my friends also.
As what I have said earlier, in a way of giving me an
advice, then making me feel their support to me and the
love coming from my family.)
Motivated and cheered themselves to combat against trials.
Participants expressed that they just motivated themselves to fight against trials
because they need to survive and because they have a family that they want to
support. Also, they just cheered themselves to face problems and not be defeated
by those trials because they have nobody that they can rely on and have no choice
but to keep on working.
51
P-01 stated that:
Hmm, yaang... ilakasan ko lang gayud yang loob ko ya. Iremind ko mintin yang sarili ko na dapat magpadayun ako
sang pagtrabaho para mabuhi.
(Hmm, it’s... I just really fortify myself. I always remind
myself that I should keep on working in order to survive.)
P-05 also said that:
Yang amasaan maglaong ako na malampasan ko sa
gihapon ngini.
(Of all those struggles, I told myself that I can surpass all
these.)
Spent time for leisure activities. Participants shared that playing
basketball with friends allows them to forget the worries for the meantime. Also,
they said that they hung out with their friends just to help themselves forget all the
problems and tiredness; it made them happy. Lastly, they mentioned that by having
a leisure time helps them surpass their problems.
P-03 stated that:
Kanang magdula ko ug basketball sa mga barkada unsa
pa diha mga lingaw lingaw namo. Nakatabang to sa akoa
para makalimot kadali sa problema para dili ra kayo ko
lulong sa akong sarili sa problema kay makatigulang sad
nang stress oii, ng makatigulang man jud nag nawong jud
labi nag kanang permi kuan perme stress imong
hunahuna unya kalabad pa jud sa ulo.
(I just play basketball with my friends, other fun things we
have.They help me forget, for the intervening time, the
worries because too much stress can make us look old, it
will really make us look old, especially when you’re
always thinking of stress and can also cause you a
headache.)
P-04 also mentioned:
Ag da lang ako musabay sang kanak mga barkada, para
yang kakapoy. Yaang magbasketball adtu yang kakapoy
ma wa da, tapos yang mga, yang kank sarili ag da
52
kalingawan, I mean ag da malingaw yang sarili ko tapos
kalingawan da ko yang kanak mga problema.
(I'll just go with my friends, play basketball there then I
can already make myself entertained and forget my
problem.)
P-05 said that:
Oo mag inom manigarilyo para ma wa lang yang kanmo
ka laay haw awn problema mo makatog kaw lang ng sayu
amasaan. Lipay-lipay kaiban barkada, inom, sigarilyo
manghanap ng lingaw parehas ng basketball daw unan
da kuman pero matarong na binuhatan dili lang haw mga
maraat na trabaho yang kalipyan lang gud nami.
(Yes, I drink alcohol and smoke cigarettes in order to
reduce boredom and forget my problems. Also, I could
sleep early that way. We would hang out, drink and
smoke. We would look for a happiness such as playing
basketball and others. But it’s not detrimental, it’s just for
our happiness.)
The presentations above were the results from the data gathered for the
second research question focusing on the participants’ coping mechanisms in
dealing challenges within their work. Participants stated that they thought of their
family as their inspiration which serves to be one of their coping mechanisms. In
addition, participants mentioned that they are being helped by people whom they
are close to such as friends, family members and co-laborers, by means of giving
them an advice, motivation and inspiration. Lastly, participants concluded that all
throughout their arduous situation while working, they still find ways to have a
leisure time; they make ways to enjoy life. The abovementioned statements have
served to be to the support system and coping mechanisms of child laborers.
53
CHAPTER 5
DISCUSSION
This chapter discusses the major findings and conclusions of this study
conducted among child laborers. This is based on the themes from the data
analysis in this study. Further, this presents the lived experiences of child laborers
and how they cope with their struggles.
Lived experiences of child laborers
Below are the major themes that emerged regarding the experiences of
child laborers. The participants’ response was based on their individual
experience. Thus, the revealed theme was discussed with the aid of additional
related literature that supports the study we have conducted.
Could hardly understand topics in school and eventually stopped
studying. Participants shared that they were having a difficulty in understanding
discussions in school because it was hard for them to study and work at the same
time. With that, they choose to stop studying and work instead due to hardships
and also because of poverty. This finding supports the study of Khanam and Ross
(2011) which they found a negative association between child labor and both
school attendance and grade attainment for children aged 5-17 in rural
Bangladesh.
In addition, Ray and Lancaster (2005) found robust evidence that child labor
has a strong negative impact on the educational variables from the moment a child
enters the labor market, following a multi-country study on Sri Lanka, Portugal,
Belize, Cambodia, the Philippines, Namibia and Panama. Phoumin (2008)
54
however, found grade attainment in Cambodia to be adversely affected only by
work beyond 22 hours per week.
Forced by poverty. Participants stated that their parents could no longer
support their other siblings and could not fully sustain their family needs because
they are financially struggling. Hence, these push the children to work at a young
age in order to help their parents. This finding aids the study of Kaur (2019), which
states that due to extreme poverty, parents are unable to invest not only in the
development of their children, they are also reluctant to support them and want
them to become a source of income for the family as soon as possible. In fact,
according to World Vision (2022), children went to work to earn money to pay for
their food and help their family. Similarly, according to UNICEF (2021), child labor
occurs when families face financial challenges or uncertainty – whether due to
poverty, sudden illness of a caregiver, or job loss of a primary wage earner.
Poverty causes diseases or other forms of disabilities, which often causes
imbalances in family budgets and forced poor parents to send their children to
work. Moreover, an article by Darling Selvi and Veilatchi (2020) found out that
poverty is one of the crucial factors to make the children as labor. The result
reveals that the children have come from different family backgrounds, work
experiences, and situations. The factor analysis applied to bring out the reasons
for child labor reveals that thus it is understood that it is a poor family background,
which leads to Poverty Stricken, thereby find it challenging to find the livelihood
options. Though, there are number of Laws enacted to control and to eradicate the
child labor, there are children who need to work for their livelihood and to look after
55
the families out of some compelling factors. Also, in a study conducted by Naeem,
Shaukat and Ahmed (2011) they found that children work mainly due to poverty.
Have experienced extreme exhaustion and eventually got sick.
Participants imparted that they got sick due to hard work, have experienced body
pain, and their physique could hardly endure the difficulties in working that made
them extremely exhausted in working at a young age. In the study conducted in
Pakistan by Ali et al. (2004 as cited by Ibrahim et al., in 2018), child labor is found
to be associated with wasting, stunting, and chronic malnutrition.
In addition, a study conducted in Bangladesh by Ahmed and Ray (2014)
reported that there is a statistically significant positive association between child
labor and the probability to report any injury or illness, tiredness/exhaustion, body
injury and other health problems. Number of hours worked and the probability of
reporting injury and illness were positively correlated. Younger children were more
likely to suffer from backaches and other health problems (infection, burns and
lung diseases), while probability of reporting tiredness/exhaustion was greater in
the oldest age group. Furthermore, the frequency of reporting any injury or illness
increases with the number of hours worked, with significant variation across
employment sectors.
Have experienced depression and almost lost hope and went crazy.
Participants shared that they experienced depression, and almost went crazy and
lost hope. There are various study showing how working at a young age affects
child’s mental health. As a matter of fact, according to ILRF (2011), children who
work experience isolation and depression, which often prevents them from
56
continuing to develop healthy emotions as they grow, and can lead to many
physical effects. In addition, a study from Fekadu et al. (2006) reported that
emotional and behavioral disorders are more common among working children.
Moreover, studies from psychology show that being exposed to adverse
events in childhood can harm a child’s mental well-being, and that the effects can
be persistent (Hammen 2005; Kendler et al. 1999). Frequent and prolonged
exposure to adversity inevitably leads to toxic stress. This in turn adversely affects
the development of the brain leading to mental health disorders (Franke 2014).
Similarly, according to Compassion (2022), poor children also experience
higher levels of anxiety and depression and often develop a sense of helplessness
and hopelessness. As teenagers, and on into adulthood, children with low selfesteem and self-confidence can become disconnected, isolated, angry and
desperate. They often lose hope and become easy targets of abuse an
exploitation.
Coping mechanisms of child laborers
Inspired and motivated by their family. Participants shared that they were
motivated and inspired by their families and every time they see their families
happy, they would also feel happy because everything that they are doing is for
their family. According to a GMA News documentary from 2015, the children's
coping method at the time was to trade or labor, and by assisting and earning
money, they were able to reach out to their families. Furthermore, Dalmacio (2022)
asserted that having a cooperation in family to have common goal, which to survive
these struggles in life, allows the participants to have strength to survive.
57
Sought advice and asked help from people close to them. Participants
stated that they find comfort from people close to them and even with other
laborers, by means of receiving advices and emotional support. Based on the
study conducted by Indeed Editorial Team (2022), getting along with laborers at
work is important for inspiring teamwork and creating a healthy work environment,
knowing when and how to offer support to fellows at work can be a challenge, but
helping others encourages a collaborative work environment. They can also help
a laborer by means of boosting their confidence, time spirit, recognizing their
challenges, giving advice, offering praise, and inspiring positivity which can greatly
help a worker especially a child laborer when they are having a hard time.
Moreover, Mayo Clinic (2022) states that friends can also help you celebrate
good times and provide support during bad times. Friends can prevent isolation
and loneliness and give you a chance to offer needed companionship, too. Friends
can also increase your sense of belonging and purpose.
Motivated and cheered themselves to combat against trials.
Participants shared that they just motivated and cheered themselves to fight
against trials that they face, remained resilient and strived more in life. This finding
aids the study of Hinayon-Alarte (2019), which states that children have developed
resiliency. It is the ability of the children to persevere and adjust when faced with
life’s adversity. A trait Filipinos are noted for by the whole world, the ability to smile
when faced with different challenges. But analyzing deeper on the context of the
children’s perspective, they became resilient because they have to survive; they
have no choice, because the duty bearers leave them no choice.
58
Spent time for leisure activities. Participants shared that, oftentimes, they
do leisure activities to enjoy themselves so that--for the mean time--they can forget
their problems. According to Eriksen and Mulugeta (2021), child laborers’ free time
is used for necessary activities like washing clothes and domestic work. They also
relax and engage in social activities such as visiting families, spending time with
friends or going to church or the mosque. Gusso (2010), in his study from Brazil,
argues that play is found in all societies and, with cultural variations, all children
play. Additionally, in the study conducted by Jirata and Kjørholt (2015) in South
Ethiopia, found that children combined work with play. In addition, despite of
poverty and combining school and work, some children manage to find time for
leisure or define leisure in a way that suits their lives.
Implication for Practice
Every child deserves to be properly nurtured, be given equal opportunity for
healthcare and education, be provided with food, be given with time to grow, and
be provided with other necessities that they should have. However, child laborers
seemed to be excluded from the aforementioned rights and benefits that they
should have had. With that, parents need to strive as far as they could to send their
children to school, provide children their needs, and let them develop their holistic
well-being.
Nevertheless, in the absence or lacking of support from parents and
guardians who are supposed to properly raise their children, the government must
take the role to help children thrive. Extending support and expanding programs to
help child laborers, together with their family, shall be taken into consideration.
59
This includes implementing stricter policies, ordinance and laws to eradicate the
case of child labor. Also, creating programs such as completely free education for
all, enough cash assistance for the needy, livelihood programs, and the like are of
great importance to reduce issues with regards to child labor.
In a nutshell, all children should be properly raised, acquiring—if possible—
everything they need. Parents and the government must work together in order to
diminish the case of child labor. With that, every child will be able to gain equal
opportunity for healthcare and education, be provided with their necessities, and
eventually experience and enjoy their rights.
Recommendations to the future researchers
This study will be beneficial to future researchers for this will serve as their
literature review when they will conduct a corresponding study. Future researchers
may use this as a reference to study more about child labor. This research will
serve as revenue to generalize the study findings. Other researchers may
undertake a new study to assess whether the result of this study has changed over
time. In addition, researchers can also use this information for further investigation
into similar issues child labor.
Concluding Remarks
This study reveals significant underlying facts regarding child labor; this
unveils the lived experiences of children under child labor; and it also highlights
the coping mechanisms of child laborers. All throughout the whole semester, our
journey upon doing this study is quite exhaustive. We have faced numerous
obstacles which tried to hamper us; problems that somehow made us stronger.
60
Since day one, we have been battling against trials. And our difficulties
eventually become worse as we dig deeper into our research, specifically when
we began doing an in-depth interview which entails hectic succeeding steps.
Consequently, we experience having sleepless nights, mental breakdown,
financial problems, exhaustion, and anxiety. Also, we struggled upon looking for
our participants which would perfectly match to the study that we are conducting.
Nonetheless, despite of the struggles that we have encountered,
everything is paid off after finishing the manuscript. We are thankful to our parents
who help us financially so as to continue and finish our paper. Also, we are grateful
to our research adviser who teaches and guides us in doing our research. Above
all, we cannot thank God enough for He enables us to surpass all the challenges
in conducting this research, by means of bestowing his guidance, knowledge and
wisdom to us in accomplishing our study. Furthermore, the findings of our study
leave us an astonishing viewpoint which helps us to immensely appreciate the
value of conducting a research. These also open our minds that we are somehow
fortunate to be sent by our parents to school, and be provided with our necessities.
Lastly, doing research is quite challenging and requires an ample time
and serious attention to be finished. However, everything will be recouped at the
end of it. Subsequently, the findings of our study make us realized that we can do
everything through Christ who gave us the strength, courage and wisdom.
61
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APPENDIX A
INTERVIEW GUIDE
69
70
71
APPENDIX B
INFORMED CONSENT FORM
72
73
74
APPENDIX C
ARCHIVAL LOG
75
Major
Specific
Code
Code
P-01
P-02
P-03
P-04
P-05
Interviewer/Facilitator
Date of Interview
RQ1
Rodemel C. Anat
December, 11, 2022
RQ2
Rodemel C. Anat
December, 11, 2022
RQ1
Glaiza Kaye A. Abalos
December 12, 2022
RQ2
Glaiza Kaye A. Abalos
December 12, 2022
RQ1
Priscill Joy C. Cainoy
December 12, 2022
RQ2
Priscill Joy C. Cainoy
December 12, 2022
RQ1
Jona Mae P. Balase
December 14, 2022
RQ2
Jona Mae P. Balase
December 14, 2022
RQ1
Louie Jay B. Colimod
December 15, 2022
RQ2
Louie Jay B. Colimod
December 15, 2022
76
APPENDIX D
TRANSCRIPT
77
Participant’s
Main Question
1.
What
are the lived
experiences of
children under
child labor?
Guide
Probing
Participant’s
Translated
Questions
Question
Answers
Answers
1.1.1. When
did you stop
going to
school?
P-01. Wala da agaw.
Ngawong grade 4 pa
ako. kuan hmm... 10
ka tuig pa lang ako
sidto.
P-01. Not anymore.
Since I was only in
grade 4. Hmm... I
was just 10 that
time
P-02. Wada agaw
yaundang da ako.
2019, ngawong
kuan… Grade 9 pa
man ako sidto…
inday daw unan
ngawn na buwan
wada ako maka
hinumdum basta
wapay COVID sang
awn. 14 pa lang ako.
P-02. Not anymore,
I’ve already
stopped.
It was 2019, when I
was just in Grade
9. I didn’t know
what specific date it
was but it was
before the
pandemic. When I
was just 14 years
old.
P-03. Wala na lagi.
Mihunong kog skwela
mga grade 5 palang
ko nya senior high na
unta ko ron. Kanang
kuan man gud nang
wa-walay kwarta
pampa skwela sako.
Dili na kaya labi nag
si papa lang
nagtrabaho. Dili pa
jud sapat ang trabaho
usahay. Nya c mama,
gipili niya nga mag
stay lang sa balay
para ma-maatiman
nya’kong duha ka
manghud.
P-03. Not anymore.
I stopped going to
school when I was
only in Grade 5 and
supposedly I am
now in senior high
school. It’s just that
my parents couldn’t
afford my studies
anymore because
my father is the
only one who works
for our family.
Consequently, his
income is basically
not enough for our
daily necessities.
Then, my mother
chose to stay at
home to do
household chores
and nurture my two
younger siblings.
1.1. Are
you still
studying?
78
1.2. Are you
working?
1.2.1. When did
you start
working?
What drives
you to work?
P-04. Wa da. Grade
7, kay, grade 12 da
sa gaw ako doon kay
tungod ng kuan,
ngiyang di maka
afford yang kanami
ginikanan, amo gusto
ko para makatabang
sang kuan, ginikanan
kay (coughing), mga
tiguwang da, tapos
dili, di da nilan
pwede, angay na
magtrabaho so kami
da lamang
magakuan.
P-04. Not anymore.
When I was in 7th
grade. I am
supposed to be in
Grade 12 now, but
because my
parents couldn’t
afford to send us to
school anymore, I
am working so that
I can help them. My
parents are already
old, and they are
not supposed to
work anymore.
P-05. Wa da agaw.
Ngini lang gihapon na
buwan, yagawas man
gud si mama walay
halos ka suporta
kanami.
P-05. Not anymore.
Just this month, my
mother went
abroad and she
has almost nothing
to support us.
P-01. Oo, gatrabaho
ako. Ngawong grade
3 pa ako, mintin da
daan ako motabang
kanilan Papa sang
uma nami. Tapos
mintin da isab ako
moabsent kay
magtrabaho, amo
agaw imbes, na
kuan… ngiyang mo
eskwela gani ako, di
kay ako halos
mosabot ng iklase
kay wa ako kasayud.
Hantod ngawong
pagka grade 4 ko,
yaundang da ako
pag-eskwela agaw
gatrabaho da ako
mintin.
P-01. Yes, I am
working. When I
was just in Grade
3, I’d already
helped my father in
the farm. Then I
always skipped
classes and when I
returned to school,
I could hardly
understand the
topic because I
didn’t know it. Till
when I reached
Grade 4, I stopped
going to school and
so I’ve been
working since then.
P-02. Oo. 2019
ngawng ga skwela pa
daan ako ag da daan
ako sidto mag
sideline hantud na
iganahan da ako
pagtrabaho kay awn
ma income ko amo
P-02. Yes. Way
back 2019, when I
was still studying, I
already had a
sideline till I
enjoyed working
because I can earn
money. For that
reason, I chose to
79
yaundang dalang ako
pag skwela.
stop going to
school.
P-03. Oh. Grade 5
pako nagtrabaho
nako. Edad nako
mga— 10 years old
siguro nya karon
grade 11 nako, 16
years old.
P-03. Yes. I was
only in Grade 5
when I started
working. I was just
10 years old that
time and then now
I’m supposed to be
a grade 11 and
also 16 years old.
P-04. Oo. Ahh, kuan,
katorse. Mga…
disye-syete da ako
doon, 3 years da ako
yagakuan, gatrabaho
P-05. Oo, ay duon wa
agaw kay ga tambay
way may project ni
Aristotle. Kuan agaw
mga petsa 3 unay di
da kasayudan kay
tungod agaw ng
kadugayon da ng
buwan daw kan-o da
gasugod yang project
ng barangay road.
Ngawn na time
katorse.
1.3 How much
time do you
spend working?
1.3.1. What
kind of jobs do
you work?
Which of these
jobs do you
usually work?
P-04. Yes. When I
was just fourteen
years old. I am 17
now, I have worked
for 3 years
P-05. Yes, but for
now I`m just
hanging on
because Aristotle
has no project yet.
About the third day
of this month
(November). I could
no longer
remember because
it was a long ago
already, since the
project in barangay
road started.
That time, I was
only 14.
P-01. Hmm
kuan...ahhh mga tag8 ka oras gayud kay
alas 8 kami
magsugod tapos
matapos alas 12
tapos magtrabaho da
sab kami ng ala 1
hantud alas 5.
P-01.
Approximately 8
hours because we’ll
start at 8; we’ll end
at 12; then we’ll
work again from 1
to 5.
Yaang usahay ag ako
magtrabaho sang
basakan, usahay isab
sang kontraksiyon,
tapos usahay ag isab
Sometimes I’ll work
in a farm,
sometimes in a
construction, then
sometimes I’ll go
get crabs.
80
ako mangamang ng
kagang.
kuan yang pag...
yang kontraksiyon
gayud yang halos
mintin ko trabahuon
doon.
P-02. 8 ka oras
usahay 12 gayud ka
oras kay kuan man
mag overtime kami
para mas bagas yang
kanami makwarta.
Usahay mag driver,
mag kopras, usahay
isab magbasak tapos
mag-alsa ng mga
saging dahon ngadto
sang packing area.
Ngiyang hmmm magalsa ng mga saging
sang sagingan kay
mas bagas yang
kanak ma kwarta labi
na haw mag overtime
kami.
P-03. Halos sad mga
intiro adlaw pero sa
usa ka adlaw daghan
na ana akong
mahuman nga
trabaho sa lain lain
nga amo. Mag start
kog labas sa kuan
kay 6- mga alas sais
sa buntag tapos
makauli ko mga alas
syiete sa gabie na.
Kargador like karga
ug palkata, bisan
unsa nga—bis-bisan
unsa pa nga
kargahon. Magtanom
ug- magtanom sa
basakan kung naay
magpatanum. Ang
halos nako nga
gitrabaho is kargadag
palkata, ug pagtanum
sa basakan.
Construction is
what I really usually
work for now.
P-02. Most of the
time 8 hours but
when we do
overtime it will take
12 hours to earn
more money.
Sometimes being a
driver, harvesting
coconut,
sometimes I do
farming, and lifting
bananas to the
packing area. It’s
lifting bananas from
the plantation
because I earn
much more money
especially when we
do overtime.
P-03 Almost a
whole day but in a
day, I can finish a
lot of work for
different employers.
I start going out at
around six o’clock
in the morning; I
get home at around
seven in the
evening.
A porter, like
porting a falcata
and any other
things to lift.
Planting on the rice
field if someone
hires rice planter.
What I mostly work
on lifting a falcata
and rice planting.
81
P-04. Mga alas 7
tapos-ssss
(prolonging the word
tapos) yang break
time nami kay kuan,
ngiyang, alas 12 pag
mubalik kmi ala ona
pag, ngiyang,
pagbalik nami, ay,
pag undang nami
pagtrabaho alas 3:30.
P-04. Around 7:00
o’clock in the
morning, and our
break time is at
exactly 12:00 noon,
then we would back
at 1:00 P.M., then
we will end at 3:30
P.M.
Mga kuan, yaang
kargador, labor, tigmasa, tapos
(prolonging the word
tapos) yaang tigkuan
ng mga rabbit, tapos,
tigbasak, yaang
tigbao, mga, tigtanom
(laughing), yaang,
tigpanik ng--mamanik ng niyog,
unan pa na mga
trabaho. Kuan,
yaang, tigbasak,
tapos, tigkuan ng
mga niyog, tigpanik.
Just like, being a
porter, laborer,
planisher, then...
doing (something)
with the rabbits,
then farming,
manipulating a
rotor, rice planting
(laughs). Then,
climber— climbing
a coconut
tree(harvesting),
and other works to
do. Farming, then
climbing a coconut
tree.
P-05. Usahay
magsugod kami ng
alas syete tapos out
alas onse sugod ay
pahuway isa ka oras
tas sugod ala una
sunod out da isab
alas singko kung awn
mga kaiban makaya
pa ng trabaho.
Usahay maga
overtime kami,
pabuntagay pagka
alas sais dili da maka
trabaho matulog da
lang nay para
makakuan ng
kakapoy ma wawa.
P-05. Usually we
would start at 7:00
A.M. and would
end at 11:00 A.M.
in the morning.
Then rest for an
hour and start
again at 1:00 P.M.
and end at 5:00
P.M. in the
afternoon. Together
with my coworkers,
sometimes we
would have an
overtime all night
until the morning
and we wouldn’t
work the next day;
we just sleep to
reduce fatigue.
Construction usahay
mga unan pa yaan
sang Pan de Pane,
Operator, Driver,
unan pa yaan yang
I work as a
construction
worker, sometimes
at Pan de
Pane(bakery), as
82
1.4. How hard it
is to be a child
laborer? Can
you cite
specific
examples?
1.4.1. What
made you
decide to
continue
working?
panday bisan unan
basta makitaan lang.
Ay unan pa yaan
yang kang Aristotle
sa lang ako yatigam
ansaan ako usahay
amohan ansaan
kasaligan usahay. Oo
ansaan gayud ako
gadugay na
gatrabaho kay kung
wa katapos yang
kanang barangay
road awn pa gaw
duon trabaho nami
duon naman kay
yatapos da man yang
barangay road inday
pa ng digos kay
mobalik man kuno ng
trabaho
an operator, a
driver and any
other job where I
could earn money.
In Aristotle’s job,
it’s where I learned
and sometimes it is
where I gained
trust. Yes, I stayed
there for a long
time and probably
worked a lot. If the
barangay road
hadn`t been
finished yet, I
should’ve still had a
job today.
P-01. Para kanak,
malisuday gayud
magtrabaho ya labi
na iso pa agaw ako.
Ilabi na ngawong
pirmiro pa ako
gatrabaho sang
kontraksiyon,
makapuyay mangalsa ng semento,
mga hollow block
tapos graba. Yalala
pa gayud tungod
mainitay isab yang
suga, makapuyay
gayud.
P-01. For me, it’s
extremely hard to
work especially that
I am just a kid.
More especially the
time that I was just
a beginner working
in a construction, it
was so tiring to lift
cement, hollow
blocks and gravels.
Worsened by the
heat of the sun, it
was indeed
exhausting.
Sang tinood lang
gayud, gustuhay da
ko gayud gawo
moundang
pagtrabaho tungod
kay sobra yang
kakapoy. Kaso yaisip
ko, if moundang isab
ako pag-trabaho,
mosamot yang
kanami kalisud. Daan
pa ampan trabaho ng
mga ginikanan ko,
tapos ako alangan
ampan isab. Tapos
yaisip ko isab if di da
ako motrabaho,
Honestly, I really
want to stop
working already
because of
excessive
prostration. But I
thought, if I’d stop
doing a job, our
sufferings would
become worse.
Knowing that my
parents are jobless,
then should I also
be? And I also
considered that if
wouldn’t work, I
would never have
83
ampan da kanak
gayud pag-asa sang
kinabuhi; ampan man
gud isab kaasahan
sang kanami pamilya.
any hope in my life;
I couldn’t just rely
on my family.
P-02. Yang pag
trabaho labi na sang
amasan e na edad
malisuday gayud kay
kinahanglan mo
mapag sabayan sang
kanmo mga kaiban
na mas tiguwang pa
kanak. Example
ngadto sang kuan
ngining sang
sagingan pag magalsa kami ng mga
saging tungod ng
kabug-at ag ko
usahay kabuhian o
mabundak sng lupa
yang mga saging. Ag
usahay mangka
hakad mas malala
ngawng yagka dunotdunot gayud ngawng
kyabuhian ko na
saging. Istriktohay
yang kanami amo,e
minus dayun naan
yang kanak damage
sang kanak sweldo
amo gamay da
kuman yang kanak
yadawat na sweldo
amo galisuday ako
kay kuwang da yang
kanak kwarta sang
pagpalit ng kanami
mga panginahanglan.
P-02. Working at
this age is really
hard because you
need to keep pace
with your
coworkers who are
older than me.
Example in the
banana plantation,
when we lift
bananas, due to its
heaviness, it would
oftentimes slip out
of my hands and
fell on the ground.
Sometimes it would
be scattered and
the worse is when it
was broken down
into pieces. Our
employer is very
strict; he
immediately
deducted the
casualties to my
salary that I
received littler
wage. That’s why I
struggled a lot
because my money
wasn’t enough to
sustain our needs.
Ahm tungod ng
kalisud kay daig
sagud mga lumon ko
na gaskwela tapos
yang income ni papa
gamay lang dida
maigo sang kanami
mga panginahanglan
agaw gapadayun da
lang ako para
makatabang ako
sang kanak ginikanan
Because of
poverty,
considering that I
have other siblings
that are still
studying and my
father income is not
enough to sustain
our needs.
Because of that, I
continue working to
help my parents in
84
sang pagsuporta
sang kanak mga
lumon.
supporting my
siblings needs.
P-03. Oo lisud jud
sya labi nag bata
paka, dili kaya sa
lawas pero
nagkadugay,
nasanay naman
hinoon akong kuan—
sarili.
P-03. Yes, it’s
really hard
especially when
you are just young.
My body can’t
handle it, but as
days go by, I got
used to it.
Ang ga kuan ga tulak
sa akoa kuan judgatulak jud nako
magtrab-magtrabaho
is lagi gusto nako
tabangan nakong
kuan papa sa
pagbuhi samong
pamilya labi nag
tigulang tigulang na
sad sya.
The thing that really
drives me to
resume working is
that I want to help
my father in raising
our family,
especially as he is
getting old.
P-04. Malisud, kay
daan, yang ginikanan
ko kay dapat
paeskwelahon gaw
ako nilan, pakuanon,
yaang, yaang yabali
da hinuon kay daan
ahhh, way da gaw
(laughing), ako gaw
angay nilan buhion,
pero, silan da hinuon
yang ibuhi ko amo
gatrabaho ako,
yaningkamot ako
yaang--- yaningkamot
ako pagtrabaho para
kanilan, para maka
(stuttering),
makatabang. Kung
isipon ko isab,
masakitay yaan na
part kanak na ako---,
ako yang mubuhi
sang kanak pamilya,
kay usahay, pag
makit-an ko yang lain
na mga, kuan, kanak
kaedad, kaedad ko
na isuportahan ng
madyaw ng kanilan
pamilya, tas ibuhi
P-04. It’s hard
because my
parents are
supposed to send
me to school but
turned out it
becomes reversed
because instead
that they are
supposed to feed
me, I become the
one to feed them
and thus I work. I
persevere to work
for them
(stuttering), to help
them. If I’ll think
about it, it’s anxious
in my part— I am
the one who
supports my family
because
sometimes,
whenever I see
others my age,
children my age
who are being
supported well by
their family, then
they are being fed
well, then I, I feel
85
silan ng matarong,
na, ako, mafeel ko
isab na selos, pero
makit an ko na---,
yang kahimtang ng
knk pamilya, ag ako
malouy, tas, himuon
da ko lang ngiyan na
motivation silan kay
love ko man silan,
kay, of course,
pamilya ko gud.
jealous but I see—
the situation of my
family, I
empathized, then I
just make it as a
motivation because
I love them
because—of
course—they’re my
family.
Kay, haw kuan, tapos
yaang kuan,
yacontinue sab ako
pagtrabaho, para,
ahhh, para continue
isab yang tabang ko
sang kanak pamilya,
tapos, maka, para
makaipon ako,
mubalik isab dayun
ako ng pag eskwela,
tapos para maabot ko
yang kanak mga
pangarap, tapos para
mapa-ahon ko yang
kanak mga pamilya,
uswagon ko yang
kanami kinabuhi.
Because when,
then, I continued to
work so that I can
continue to help my
family, then, so that
I can have savings,
and I will go back to
school so that I can
reach my dreams,
then I can raise my
family, I will
improve our life.
P-05. Aw makapoy
gayud kay kung di
kaw gayud maka
alsahay manghanap
pa kaw ng kaiban mo
para magpatabang.
Na kanami ngadto
gatrabaho kaw was a
gayud di kaw sa
gayud pwedi
magpatabang pag
alsa ng simento
ngadto daw unan pya
assign kanmo na
trabaho. Pero kung
gatarong kaw ng
pagskwela, ballpen
gayud pyaga
hawidan manangkay
amasid-e yang
yahimo nami wa sa
gayud, mahadlok
gayud kami mo sud,
amo yahimo nami
P-05. Obviously, it
is very exhausting,
if you can’t carry
something heavy,
you will find
someone to help
you. In our job, we
have different work
to do, you can’t ask
someone to help
you. If you study
well, you will be
holding a ballpen
but since, this is
what we chose to
do, we stayed
working and it’s
hard to be just a
bystander.
86
yang pagtrabaho
malisud haw maga
tambay.
1.5. Have you
ever
encountered
challenges in
working at a
young age?
1.5.1. What
was the most
difficult
challenge you
have
encountered
while working?
Can you
elaborate it
further?
How did those
challenges
affect you?
How did
Ngiyan agaw kay
awn kanmo mga
manghod, na!
binuwan baya
magpada yang
kanmo ginikanan.
Makalong kaw gayud
na di kaw gayud
mintin magsalig sang
unan pa yaan
ginikanan kay pra
kung magka uno-uno
di ma alanganin yang
ginikanan mo mag
laong kanmo na
hanap kaw ng kwarta
kay awn da sa daan
iipit mo na kwarta.
Makapalit kaw gayud
kay awn kanmo
trabaho yaka
sideline-sideline kaw
awn kwarta mo kay
kung y trabaho mom
aga alanganin gayud
ginikanan mo magka
utang-utang tas
usahay di pa gayud
kami pagpa utangon.
It is because I have
siblings who need
financial support
and because my
parent would just
send us money
once a month. You
can really say that
you shouldn`t
depend on your
parents; you need
to find ways on how
to survive and earn
money to sustain
your needs.
P-01. Oo uyy. Bisan
iso pa ako,
kinahanglan ko
gayud mang-alsa ng
mga mabug-at na
mga butang. Tapos
need ko isab
makipagsabayan
sang mga bagas da
na kaiban ko. Tapos
halos mintin pa
gayud ako madaut
sauna tungod ng
sobra na trabaho,
masakitay yang
kanak kalawasan.
Tapos awon pa
gayud time na
yasamad yang ako
ngani gani(pointing
his left foot) samtang
P-01. Yes, of
course. Although I
am still young, I
have to lift up
heavy things. I also
need to keep pace
with other(adult)
workers. Then I
almost always got
sick before
because of undue
work; my physique
was in excruciating
pain. And there
was also a time
that I was wounded
here (pointing his
left foot) by a
shovel while I was
working.
87
gatrabaho ngawong
yaigo ng pala yang
kanak siki.
Umm... ahh... kuan...
kuan ngawong
ilagnatay ako na
gatrabaho kami sang
kontraksiyon. Amo
agaw ngawon,
ilagnatay ako tapos
ampan pa gayud
makatabang kanak
kay syempre wala
silan Mama tapos
yang kaiban ko sang
trabaho, awon isab
trabaho nilan. Ako
lamang gayud yang
adto bang house; ako
da yang yaningkamot
para mokaan tapos
moinom ng tambal.
Pero ipalitan hinoon
ako ng kanami
porman ng tambal
para mainum ko.
Amo lamang ngiyan.
And it’s when I got
a severe fever as
we were working in
construction. That
was it, I got a
severe fever and
no one’s around to
help me because of
course my parents
weren’t there for
me and my
coworkers were
also working. I was
alone at the bang
house; I plodded to
take medicines
myself. But at least,
our foreman still
bought me
medicines to take.
That’s it.
Kuan... bagasay
gayud yang apekto
kanak sidto na mga
kalisud. Kay bisan
grabe yang ibati ko:
yagkasakit ako;
grabe na kakapoy na
ibati ko; halos pa gani
magkabuang da ako.
Kuan gihapon, yang
ihimo ako sidto na
kusgan. Tapos
yakatabang isab
ngiyan kanak para
mas maging palaban
gani sang kinabuhi.
Agaw dili da ako
basta-basta malisang
sang mga ginagmay
na problema
Those challenges
have affected me a
lot. Because
although I have an
austere experience:
I got sick; I
experienced
extreme
exhaustion; I
almost even went
crazy. It’s still, it
has made me
strong. Then it’s
also helped me
become more
positive in life.
That’s why I will be
easily boggled by a
simple problem
anymore.
P-02. Oo madaigay
gani, kuan mentin
ako kasakitan ng
kanak bukton hw
likod, ah usahay ag
P-02. Yes, actually
a lot. I usually feel
muscle pain and
back
pain;
sometimes I get
88
ako lagnaton, usahay
magka di batok yang
kanami pagkaan
tapos ngawng
yatakdag ako sang
kabaw na isakyan ko
pakadto sang
basakan HAHAHAHA
kay gamiton gawo
nami pag balsa, pers
taym ko man gud
ngidto
fever; we don’t eat
at the right time.
Then the time that I
fell off from the
carabao that I was
riding to the farm
(laughs) because it
would be used in
farming and also, it
was my first time.
Ngawng yahog ako
sang kabaw
HAHAHAHA. Way
yakatabang kanak
kay way kanak
kaibanan sang awn
tapos pag uli ko sang
bay way utaw kay
adto tanan silan
mama sang bay ng
kanaan lumon
yabisita buko ako
lang yang
yaningkamot na
makapalit ng tambal
tapos paghikay ng
pagkaan.Tapos
yakadto dayun ako
sang manambalay,
gapatambal ako kay
masakitay gayud
yang ibati ko tapos
laong ng
mananambal yalisa
kuno ako agaw wada
isab naa ako maka
trabaho ng pila ka
adlaw kay laong ng
gahilot kanak
magpahuway naa
ako pero wa gihapon
kay wasay kaibanan
ko, ako yang galihok
sang bay kay wa man
silan mama sang
awn.
When I fell off from
the carabao
(laughs). Nobody
was able to help
me because I just
alone there. When I
returned home, no
one was there
because all of them
visited at my aunt’s
house, that’s why I
myself persevered
to buy medicine
and prepared meal
for me. Then, I
went to the healer
because I felt too
much pain and the
healer told me that
I got sprained and
thus I wasn’t able
to work in a few
days because the
healer said that I
need to take a rest.
However, it was no
use because I was
alone at that time
so I had to prepare
meals for myself.
Kuan ahm mahinaay
ako sauna muharap
sang kanak mga
problema, mga ibati
ko na kasakit sang
lawas tapos di dayun
Before, I was too
weak dealing with
my problems, the
pain that I feel
physically, then I
wouldn’t
89
ako mag isip ng
solusyon. Pero doon
tigam da ako uno-uno
labanan yang kanak
mga problema sang
trabahuan haw sang
kinabuhi. Dida ako
magpa pildi dayun
sng kanak mga
problema tapos salig
lang gayud mentin
sang ginoo anay unouno kalisud kay
tabangan gayud naan
kita.
immediately think
of a solution. But as
of the moment, I
can now be able to
face my problems
in the workplace
and in life. I should
not be defeated by
my problems
anymore and just
have faith in God
despite of the
hardships because
he will always help
you.
P-03. Oh, like
maglisud ko una ug
alsa kay nabag uhan
akong lawas, kainit
sa adlaw nga
masinati while ga
trabaho mosakit gud
akong ulo, mga unsa
pa diha labi na sad
magkamali sad ko sa
akong gi trabaho
grabi dayon ilang
baba sa akoa,
ratratan dayon kog
balikas mga ana gud,
mao na akong mga
challenges nga ginaagian sa akong
pagpanarbaho.
P-03. Yes, like I’m
having a hard time
lifting
loads
because my body
wasn’t yet used to it.
The heat of the sun
that
I’ve
even
experienced having
a headache while
working. Anything,
and also when I
made a mistake in
my
work,
their
mouth, they’d shout
a curse at me, like
that. Those were
the challenges that
I’ve
even
experienced in my
work.
Ang kuan jud ang
pinaka lisud jud nga
akong nasinati is
katong ga kargadkargador kog palkata
kay ulan ulan, ulan
ulan pa, ulan ulan pa
jud to unya na slide
pa jud ko imbes kay
tabangan, gibalikas
na hinoon nya pag uli
nako gikalintura pa
jud ko pila—pila ko
ka adlaw naglubog ko
sa higdaanan unya
no work, no pay pa
gyud ko ato nga time.
The most difficult
challenge that I’ve
experienced is
when I was lifting
falcata and it was
raining that time
and thus I slipped
down and instead
of receiving a help,
they cursed me.
When I reached
home, I got a fever.
In few days, I
stayed in my bed
due to fever. And
without me
working, I had no
salary to receive.
90
Nakaapekto jud to sa
akoag dako tong sa
labi na sakong kuan
lawas. Nipayat ko
atog taman pero
mibalik raman hinoon
p- wa madugay.
Naka apekto sad to
sa mga kuan mga kangaa maluyahan na
unta ko dli nako ma
balik sa trabaho kay
kapoy pero sapag
isip nako sa akong
pamilya, laban lang
gihapon.
It really affects me
a lot, especially my
physique. I lost
weight but
eventually it came
back to normal. It
also affected me
that made me lose
hope; I’m not
encourage to go
back to work
anymore because
it’s tiring. However,
when I’d think
about my family, I
tend to feel like
continue fighting.
P-04. Oo, kay, awn
sagud isab
yaencounter ko na
mga trabaho, yaang
ngiyang, ahh, kanak
amo, yaang, ag ako
kalipasan ng gutom,
ag da ako mapasmo,
tapos ag ako sakitan
ng lawas, sakit yang
O ko tungod ng
kakapoy ng kanak
trabaho, ikaya da ko
lang, para matapos
ngiyan na mga
trabaho. Ngiyan gaw
na mga trabaho, dili
pa gaw angay kanak,
kay, kay yaang kuan,
iso pa, naman kay
needed da ko ng
kwarta para sang
kanak pamilya, amo,
ikaya da lang para
sang kanak, para
awn, masuportahan
yang kanak pamilya,
kuan ginikanan
P-04. Yes, there are
also jobs that I
encountered, this,
that, my boss, I
would get hungry,
then my body would
hurt,
my
head
would hurt because
of the tiredness of
working.
I
just
endure it, so that I
could finish those
jobs. Those jobs
are not suitable for
me yet, because,
because I'm still
young, but because
I needed money for
my family, so I just
managed it for me
to have, to support
my
family,
my
parents.
Isa isab sang
pinakalisod na
kyadamnan ako ng
kanak amo, kay
bahala da masakitay
dang lawas ko, tapos
abay pa gayud ako
lang an ng masakit
na mga istorya, yang
One of the hardest
was when my boss
vituperated me,
even though my
whole body was in
pain. Then he
threw me hurtful
words, just like
“pist*”, and he
91
mga pist*, ag ako
lang an ng y*wa, uli
ngadto mga patay
gutom, tapos, wa
isab naan ako itrato
na utaw tapos ilang
an pa gayud ako
naan na basura,
tapos amo yaan na
rason na yapanaw
ako kanaan, kay
yang kanaan mga
pyaniyab, maraat
kanami na pamilya
na ilang an kami ng
kuan, na mga patay
gutom, na mga
basura, pist*, mga
yaw*. Awn isab amo
ko na, ilang-an ako
na kawatan, isampalo
ako, idemanda da
gaw ako, kay ngiyan
agaw yangawat, awn
paratang kanak na di
haw amo, ngiyang,
biskan wa ko gud
himoa, ako yang
pyasanginlan na ako
kuno yang gakawat.
Awn isab time na
masakitay lawas ko
na ilugos ako ng
kanak amo pag,
pagpatrabaho, tapos
pag abot adtu sang
itrabahoan ko, tungod
da ng kakapoy ng
kanak lawas
ikuyapan, ida gayud
nilan, tapos
kyadoctoran,
pagkakisom
kyadamnan pa gayud
ako kay kanaan kuno
kwarta yagastos
kanak, amo laong
naan kanak na
magtarong da kuno
ako pagtrabaho, di da
haw amasidto yang
himuon ko, di da
kuno pwede
magpaluya-luya,
tapos, susihon ko
kuno yang kanak
called me “yaw*”,
“go back there
beggar.” And he
didn’t treat me as a
person and he
even called me a
garbage, then
that’s the reason
why I resigned,
because his words.
It’s offensive in my
family’s part to be
called that way,
such as “pataygutom”, “garbage”,
“pist*”, yaw*. I also
had an employer
who called me
thief, slapped me,
and even almost
filed a case against
me for robbery; he
falsely accused me
even though I did
not do it. There was
also a time that I
felt so much body
pain but I was still
forced by my boss
to work, then when
I reached the
workplace, and
because of extreme
exhaustion, I
passed out. They
then brought me to
a doctor and after
that day, he was
yelling at me
because he spent
his money for me.
That’s why he told
me that I should
work carefully next
time, not like before
anymore, I
shouldn’t be weak,
then, I should have
felt my body,
whether okay or
not, before working,
knowing that he
was the one who
forced me to work
that made me sick.
92
lawas, daw, daw
okay, daw wa, bag o
mutrabaho pero yaan
yang dahilan pero,
yaan yang dahilan
pero yaan yang
dahilan, ipugos ako
pagpatrabaho, na
yadaot ako
Kyaapektohan yang
kanak emosyon,
kibali kyasakitanay
gayud ako sidtu na
mga time, usahay,
maisip ko na what if
bawusan ko ngiyan
na mga utaw?
Maraatay gayud para
kanak na madungog
ngawn na mga
istorya pero ag da
lang ako i-cheer yang
kanak sarili. Kibali
tungod sian na mga,
mga masakit, kasakit,
feeling ko na, feeling
ko yabag o yang
kanak sarili, usahay,
matigam da ako
magdumot sang lain
na utaw, which is
sayud ako na maraat,
pero di ako, ahh
kapigilan na
magdumot kanilan.
My emotion is
affected, like I was
really hurt that time,
sometimes, I
thought of, what if I
will revenge to
those people? It’s
really bad for me to
hear those words
but I just cheer
myself. So,
because of those,
the agonies, I feel
like, I feel my life is
changed,
sometimes, I can
already harbor a
grudge to other
people, which is I
know that it’s bad,
but I can’t help
myself to harbor
grudge to them.
P-05. Oo usahay
sakit ang lawas sakit
yang, daw unan man
masakit yang oh,
sakit yang unan pa
yaan na usahay
magahubo sa gayud
ka saan ng simento,
masakit yang mga
bukton, mga muscles
mo kay mangusog
kaw sa gayud pag
alsa saan. So nam
kay yangita kita agaw
ng paraan daw kin o
makahanap ng
kwarta baliwaon mo
gayud yang kasakit
para agaw makaplait
P-05. Yes,
sometimes I
experience body
pain, headache.
When I poured
cements, I suffer
muscle pain
because I exert
much effort and
strength to lift it.
Since we are
looking for ways to
earn money, we
should just neglect
the pain just to
purchase what you
want you eat and
what you desire to
wear.
93
ng bisan unan gusto
mo na mapalit di sa
gayud laong na unn
pa yaan kanilan lang
gayud hurot yang
gusto ko pamaliton
awn isab time na
kailangan mo mapalit
yang unan gusto mo
makaan, masuot daw
unan pa yang gusto
mo
Ngawng unan pa
yaan ya hog ko yang
isa ka simento sang
unan pa yaan kanal
na yahubo hurot amo
yang pinaka lisod di
da gaw ako
magatrabaho kay
grabi yang kadaman
kank.
Usahay yang unan
pa yaan yang mga
drive kay maka
gasgas kaw, maka
hubo kaw ng krodo.
Yaan kay di ko gayud
yaan pagauman
kanilan kay grabi
dayung yang
kadaman dayun nilan
saan kank amo
usahay kung gusto
ko gaud, ioman da ko
lang bisan maraat
yang pyagatiyab
kank. Bisan unan na
mangka raat na
paniyab madaig ra ba
yang mga utaw na
maga tanaw kanmo.
Usahay di da kaw
lang magatiyab kay di
mo gusto kasipgan.
Kung di mo isab
itiyab yaan,
popotbolon kaw
gayud isab saan
nilan, pahawaon kaw
nilan sang trabaho
haw maga tago kaw
ng sala. Mas
madayaw dalang haw
When a cement
that I was lifting fell
off the canal, I had
planned not to go
to work anymore
because of what
they had told me.
Sometimes, when I
am driving, I can
accidentally scratch
the vehicle and spill
the crude oil. I don’t
want to tell them
what happened
because they will
immediately get
angry. Sometimes,
I tell them even
though they would
say hurtful words
towards me.
Because if they find
out what happened
in the end, they will
fire you from work.
That’s why it’s
better to let them
know your
mistakes.
94
e uman da mo lang
yang knamo sala.
Usahay aw
maapektuhan kay
kung unsa mana jud
ka palusot lusoton
nalang jud nimo ang
kasaba nila.Oo lang
on kaw sa gayud
saan silan na langalanga unan pa yaan
lutaw amasaan na
maraat baya yaan
panaligahan na
amasianon kaw daig
baya mga unan pa
yaan example
kyadamnan kaw
laong pa ng kanmo
mga kaibanan
magbantay da kaw
gayud daw ga unan
kaw kay yang mga
amo nami usahay
kay madaman.
Oo kay maraat baya
istoryahan kaw ng
mali, mali pa gayud
na pagka istorya lang
on kaw nilan na ay da
pagtiyab usahay mag
chaho dalang usahay
ma pungot kaw
kanilan kay tungod
ng mali na storya
dungag-dungagan
nilan amasaan di kaw
sa gayud makatiyab
kay yanarbaho kaw
lang.Usahay maka
huna-huna na mo
undang naman kay
manghod mo agaw
way halos maga
suporta ikaw da
kuman maga suporta
kanilan amasaan di
da lang mo undang
pero kung
makapadala si mama
usahay kana usahay
mo out kog tres(3) ka
adlaw duha(2) kay
awn kwarta pero
kung tanawon nato
Sometimes, it
affects me but I let
it all go out of the
other side of my
ears.
Yes, because they
will throw me
hurtful words like
clumsy, which is
not good to hear.
Example, my
coworkers, they will
give me advice to
be careful next time
so that I will not be
scolded next time.
Yes, because it`s
not good to hear
hurtful words, they
will tell you not to
talk back, so you
will just cry.
Sometimes, you
can`t voice out you
grievances
because you are
just their worker.
Sometimes, I
thought of giving up
but for the sake of
my siblings, no one
would support them
aside from me,
that’s why I told
myself to continue.
But if my mother
sends money to us,
I will take a rest for
two to three days.
But if I noticed that
we ran out of foods,
I would go back to
work.
95
na wa na mi makaon
mubalik n apud kog
trabaho.
2.How do the
children under
child labor cope
with their
struggles?
2.2. As a child
laborer, how
did you deal
with the
challenges
within your
work?
2.2.1. Did you
ask for
assistance?
What
kind of support
system did
you get to
overcome
those
conflicts? How
did it help
you?
Who are the
people who
helped you? In
what way do
they help you?
P-01. Hmm, yaang...
ilakasan ko lang
gayud yang loob ko
ya. I-remind ko mintin
yang sarili ko na
dapat magpadayun
ako sang pagtrabaho
para mabuhi.
P-01. Hmm, it’s... I
just really fortify
myself. I always
remind myself that I
should keep on
working in order to
survive.
Ahh... doon da...
oo, yangayo ako ng
tabang sang
ginikanan ko apil
sang mga amigo ko.
Kay ngawong time na
yasamad ako,
itabangan ako ng
mga amigo ko tapos
ag isab ako nilan
lang-an na
motrabaho gihapon
bisan malisud. Silan
Mama isab, ag ako
lang-an na magdaya
mintin sang trabaho
tapos pag ngiyang
mooli ako sang bay
ag ako hiluton ni
Mama. Tapos ag
nilan isab ako payuan
na dapat dili
magpakapuyay sang
trabaho.
Hmm! Tungod sadto
ama ng ag ako makagingawa
gamay(laughs).
Ngiyang kuan gani,
ama ng kabawasbawasan yang sakit
na ag ko bation. Kay
yang amigo ko
tabangan isab nilan
ako na maglipay-lipay
kay usahaay pag
ampan trabaho nami,
ag kami magduwa ng
basketball ug usahay
molaag kami. Agaw
tungod sian
Ahh... wait... yes, I
asked help from my
parents and also
from my friends.
Because the time
that I was
wounded, my
friends helped me,
then they would
also tell me to keep
working even
though it’s relatively
hard. My parents
also, they would tell
me to be always
careful as I work
and if I’d return
home, my mom
would massage
me. And they would
also advise me to
not to really
enervate myself to
work.
Hmm! Because of
those, I feel like I
can breathe a little
bit (laughs). It’s just
that, it’s like it
would lessen the
pain that I’ve felt.
Because my friends
would also help me
to rejoice because
sometimes if we’re
don’t have work,
we would play
basketball and
sometimes we’d
hang out. That’s
why because of
96
kabawas-bawasan
yang kaguol ko sang
kinabuhi.(laughs)
Amo agaw ngawon,
kiyatabangan ako ng
ginikanan ko ug ilabi
na yang mga amigo
ko. Kay silan mama
ag isab ako payuan
na dili
magpakapuyay;
paniidan ko kuno
yang lawas ko; tapos
dili dapat motrabaho
pag-awon maraat na
ibati. Tapos yang
amigo ko ag ako
usahay alalayan sang
trabaho, tapos
tabangan isab ako
nilan na malipay kang
amo agaw laong ko
ag kami magduwa ng
basketball tapos
usahay mosoroy
kami.
those, it abates the
sadness in my
life.(laughs) That
was it, my parents
helped me and
more especially my
friends. Because
my parents would
also advise to not
to exhaust myself
that much; I
should’ve felt my
body; then I
shouldn’t have to
work if I feel
something bad.
Then my friends
would sometimes
assist me in work,
and they would
also help me be
happy because as I
said, we would play
basketball and
would sometimes
hang out.
P-02. Kuan ngining
haw kyalisudanay da
ako wada ako
sasabot ng kanak
ibati pisikal haw
emosyonal usahay
mag chaho ako
usahay isab ag ako
mangayo ng tambag
sang kanak mga
kaibanan tapos ag
dako lamang isipon
na gatrabaho ako
para sang kanak
pamilya agaw di
dapat ako magpa
pildi sang mga
kalisud.
P-02. When I
struggled a lot and I
couldn’t understand
what I felt
physically and
emotionally,
sometimes I would
just cry and seek
advice from my
coworkers. Also, I’d
just think that I
work for my family
so I should not be
defeated by the
predicaments.
Oo kay haw ngiyang
ako-ako lamang
ngining sarilihon ko
ba mabuang unay
ako.
Ahm ngawng kuan
agaw itambagan ako
nilan ng kanak mga
kaibanan sang
trabaho tapos pag-uli
Yes, because if I’d
keep it myself, I
might go crazy.
That’s when my
coworkers advised
me and when I
reached home, my
parents could feel
that I have a
problem.
97
ko ngadto bay kay
silan mama mabati
gayud nilan haw awn
kanak problema.
Agaw sige silan
mangutana kanak
pero dik mag tug an
agaw ag dlng ako
nilan payo-payoon
tapos yng mga lumon
ko ag ako nilan
jokjokan hantud na
manag hinikoway da
kami na ngiyang
amasian na pamaagi
ag da dayun ako
malipayay labi na
ikita ko isab silan na
yanag hiko ag dalang
dayun ako
makalingaw ng kanak
mga kalisud haw
problema.
Yakatabang
gayud ngiyan kanak
kay kuan haw iyan
ako sang kalisud
amanang dida dayun
ako maproblemahay
kay yasayud da man
ako na iyan mga
utaw sang luyo ko na
mutambag kanak.
Yang unang-una
na yakatabangay
gayud kanak kay
syempre yang kanak
pamilya tapos kuan
yang kanak mga
kaibanan sang
trabaho apil da isab
yang kanak mga
barkada.
Amo agaw
ngawng laong ko
gaina na pamaagi ng
pagtambag tapos
kuan ngining
pagpabati nilan
kanak ng kanilan
suporta haw pag
pangga labi na yng
kanak pamilya.
Consequently, they
kept on asking me
but I wouldn’t tell
them my problem
that’s why they
would just caress
me and my siblings
would joke at me
until we laugh
together. In that
way, they can
make me happy
and whenever I see
them smiling I
forget all the
problems and
difficulties I’m
facing.
It truly helped
me especially when
I’m in difficulty. I will
not be greatly
baffled because I
know that there is
someone behind
me that will always
be there for me.
The first one
who helped me
was of course my
family, then my
work colleagues,
and my friends
also.
As what I have
said earlier, in a
way of giving me
an advice, then
making me feel
their support to me
and the love
coming from my
family.
P-03. Nakapabag-o
to o kuan gibaliwala
P-03. I just ignore
the difficulties. I
98
lang nako ang mga
kalisud mas giisip
nako ang kapakanan
sa akong pamilya
nga makasig—
makaginhawa gamay
kaginhawa gamay sa
kalisud sa kinabuhi.
Sa, sa ilang kalipay
nga akong makita
pag makapalit kog
lami nga sud-an
pagting sweldo mga
ana gud.
think more about
the sake of my
family so they can
be able to breathe
a little bit from the
hardships of life.
Also, as I see their
happiness on their
faces when I buy
them delicious
viand during payout
period, like that.
Sa akong huna-huna
nangayo kog tabang
pero dili nako
mabungat sa akong
baba kay musanto
dayon sakong
hunahuna nga dili
nalang kay mag
worry pa sila kay
gusto nako kalipay ra
jud dapat ilang
mahunahunaan.
Unya sa Ginoo
nalang ko mangayog
tabang nga
dungagan pa niya
akong kusog para
maka trabaho pa
para matabangan
nako si papa dili sya
maglisud pa sa
iyahang kuan trabaho
In my mind, I want
to ask for help but I
can’t speak it out of
my mouth. I would
immediately realize
not to say it
anymore for it will
just make them
more worried. And I
just want them to
think only of
happiness and then
I will just seek help
from God that He
will add me more
strength so that I
can work to help
my father then he
will not struggle on
his job anymore.
P-04. Ihimo ko na
motivation yang
kanak pamilya,
taliwala sang kanak
experiences, biskan
malisud, ikaya ko
gihapon yang tanan,
kung makita ko yang
kanak pamilya, ag da
ko dayun, yang
mubalik yang kanak
kusog, ag ako dayun
kuan, ma motivate
dayun, ahhh ganahan
dayun ako
pagtrabaho balik.
P-04. I make my
family as my
motivation, amidst
of predicaments.
Although it was
difficult, I was able
to cope with
everything, when I
see my family, my
strength returns, I
will be motivated,
and I will love to
work again.
99
Oo, yangayo ako ng
tabang.
Ag ako lang on ng
kanak ina na sige
lang nak, pagtrabaho
lang kay pag
madayaw ako, ako
da isab yang
magtrabaho para
kanmo, para
makatapos kaw pag
eskwela, agwanta
lang napa doon na
mga panahon.
Ya motivate ako.
Yang, yang mga
yatabang kanak,
mga, ina ko, mga
lumon, mga barkada,
yaang kanak mga
katagsa tapos mga
kila
Imotivate isab ako
nilan, para kanak,
para ganahan ako
pagtrabaho. Ag isab
nilan ako lang an na
sagdai yaang mga
yag daog daog
kanmo, Ginoo da
kuman yang matigam
kanilan.
Yes, I asked for
help. My mother
will tell me "it's
okay son", just
work because if I
get better from my
illness, I will work
for you again, just
be patient for now.
It makes me
motivated. Those
who helped me
were my mother,
brothers, friends,
cousins and my
acquaintances.
They motivate me
to love working.
They will also tell
me to leave those
who belittled you,
Lord will take care
of them.
P-05. Ama ng maga
unan lang padala
lang sang kalipay
matanaw ko lang
malipay mga
manghod ko knk
makita madjaw yang
nawong nilan kank
yang unan pa agaw
nilan makita ko lang
silan na malipayon ok
da yaan kank y da
saan kakapoy kank.
P-05. I will just
make myself
happy. Just seeing
my siblings happy
makes me happy
too and makes me
forget my tiredness.
Oo normal gayud
yang mangayo ng
tabang kay awn
gayud time na di
gayud nato makaya
yang isa ka trabaho
kanato example
maga alsa kaw ng
sinako
Yes, normally we
need help from
other people,
example when you
are holding a sack
of cement and you
can’t carry it by
your own obviously
100
2.3. How do
you keep
yourself brave
despite those
struggles?
2.3.1. Do you
have personal
coping
mechanisms
that helped
yourself? What
are those?
How did those
techniques
specifically help
magapatabang kaw
sa gayud saan so
normal gayud na
magapatabang kita.
Usahay mag ingon ra
ko usahay baliwala ra
man usahay mag
ingon akoang
manghod daw unan
kank mga problema.
Ay awn usahay wa
silan kasayud na
ihilantan yang kank
mga manghod ag ako
kanilan mangayu ng
tabang pangpalit ng
tambal, sud an.
Usahay ako ang
moingon usahay
barkada ko ag
mangutana unan
problema amasaan
usahay gayud
ampan.
Itambagan ako nilan
na maningkamot lang
naan gadi samtang
wa pa silan usahay
magapadala silan
usahay dili.
Usahay magpadala
agaw si mama ng
kwarta. Usahay utanutang usahay silan
nanay mo tabang
kanami. Silan nanay
yang mga silingan
nami usahay silan
Jay-jay yang mga
amigo ko pati parents
ko.
you will ask for
help.
Sometimes I told
them but
sometimes they will
just ignore me.
Also, sometimes
my siblings would
ask me about my
problems.
Sometimes if they
did not know that
my siblings are
sick, I would ask
money from them
to buy medicine for
my siblings and
also for our viand.
Sometimes, I would
tell them myself.
Sometimes my
friends ask me
about my problems
and sometimes, no
one.They give
advice to me to
strive more while
they are not with
us. They only send
us money,
sometimes.Someti
mes my mother
would send us
money. Sometimes
they borrow and
sometimes my
grandmother would
help us. My
grandmother,
neighbors,
sometimes Jay-jay,
my friends and my
parents.
P-01. Kuan agaw,
abay ko lang gayud
lang-on yang sarili ko
na samtang buhi
dapat motrabaho.
Dapat di ako
magpapildi sang mga
problema, kay —
syempre—way
kanami mahimo sang
kinabuhi, agaw no
P-01. It’s, I just
always tell myself
that while I’m still
alive I should work.
I should not be
defeated by
problems because
— of course — we
don’t have
something in life,
that’s why I have
no choice but work.
101
you? Can you
elaborate it
more?
choice ako kundi
motrabaho.
Hmm... parehas
siang ibalanse ko
yang oras ko ya...
ngiyang ag gani ako
mag-alarm para di
ako ma-late sang
trabaho, ug dili
kakaltasan sweldo
ko. Ug mintin ko
gayud lang-on sarili
ko na dapat kayahon
ko yang mga
pagsulay sang
kinabuhi. Dili dapat
ako magpapuluhopuluho; dapat
motrabaho ako bisan
malisud.
Hmm... just like
when I balance my
time that I’d set an
alarm so I won’t be
late in work and my
salary won’t be
deducted. And
also, I always tell
myself that I must
endure all trials in
my life. I shouldn’t
act lazy; I should
work although it’s
difficult.
Syempre yakatabang
ngawon kanak na dili
ma-late sang
trabaho. Ug ianad
isab sidto yang sarili
ug yang lawas ko na
momata ng sayo.
ahh... kuan ya
syempre, yakuan
yang sarili ko,
ngiyang mintin ko
isipon na di dapat
ako magpaluhopuluho(laughs).
Yaang kuan gud,
hmm... imbes na
kapuyon ako, ama ng
kabawas-bawasan
tungod man gud sian
na mindset ko. Dapat
yang kakapoy normal
da kuman kanak,
dapat makahanap
ako ng rason na
magpadayon. Agaw
amo ngawon dili
dapat ako
magpinuluho sang
trabaho.
Of course it help
me not to be late in
work. And it train
myself and my
body to wake up
early.
ahh... of course,
myself become, it’s
I always think I
shouldn’t be lazy
(laughs). It’s just
that, hmm... instead
of being extremely
exhausted, it’s like
it’d be lessened
because of that
mindset of mine.
Being tired should
just be normal for
me, I should find
reason to keep
going. That’s why I
shouldn’t be
indolent in work.
P-02. Kuan ihunahuna ko lang ngiyang
aw ngining mentin ko
lang ing butang sang
P-02. I just bear in
mind that it’s for my
family because I
love them so much.
102
utok ko na para ngini
sang pamilya ko
agaw anay unan
kalisud kanak
kayanon kay
pinanggaay ko gayud
yang kanak pamilya
di gayud silan ingka
kambyo agaw
galaong gayud ako
na samtang makaya
ko, mag trabaho
gayud ako. Anay
pasa haw daw
mamatay da ako ng
kakapoy dik
muondang kay awn
kanak pamilya na
gusto tabangan.
They are
irreplaceable, that’s
why no matter how
hard it is, as long
as I can manage to
work, I will work.
Even though I feel
like I’m dying due
to extreme
exhaustion, I will
not stop because I
have a family that I
want to support.
Oo awn. Ay kuan
ngining haw masipog
ako paglapit sang
kanak mga kaibanan
sang trabaho ubin
kalang mama ag
dalang ako mag
basketball, manalinga
ng musik, mag ampo
tapos biskan ag ako
maglisud pagbasa ag
gihapon ako
magbasa ng bibliya
kuan mga pulong ng
ginoo kay sang
amasian na pamaagi
usahay mapagaan
yang kanak ibati
tapos makalingaw
ako ng kanak mga
problema.
Yes, there is. When
I’m shy to approach
my work colleagues
or even my
parents, I just play
basketball, listen to
music, pray, and
read bible even
though I have a
difficulty in reading
because with those
ways, it helps me to
ease my feelings
and make me
forget my
problems.
Ahm kuan
kyatabanganay ako
sian labi na sang
kanak emosyonal na
kuan kay ngining haw
wapa inday siguro
dugay da ako
yabigay sang
kinabuhi, siguro
yagpa pildi hmm
yagpada da ako sang
mga problema di
gawo ako
makasugakod.
It really helped me
especially in my
emotional aspect
because if I didn’t
have it, perhaps I’d
given up in life
already; I might ‘ve
been defeated by
my problems and
maybe I wouldn’t
surpass it.
103
P-03. Ano lang nang
para sa pamilya nga
dili na kayo hago si
papa. Magtabang
tabangan nako siya
sa iyang mga kuan
para mabayran ang
utang. Nang ingon
ana gud mabayran
ang utang,
pangkonsumo sa
balay.
P-03. Just for the
family so my father
will not be much
exhausted
anymore. I can be
able to help him
pay our debts, also
our household
needs.
Kanang magdula ko
ug basketball sa mga
barkada unsa pa diha
mga lingaw lingaw
namo.
I just play
basketball with my
friends, other fun
things we have.
Nakatabang to sa
akoa para makalimot
kadali sa problema
para dili ra kayo ko
lulong sa akong sarili
sa problema kay
makatigulang sad
nang stress oii, ng
makatigulang man
jud nag nawong jud
labi nag kanang
permi kuan perme
stress imong
hunahuna unya
kalabad pa jud sa
ulo.
They help me
forget, for the
intervening time,
the worries
because too much
stress can make us
look old, it will
really make us look
old, especially
when you’re always
thinking of stress
and can also cause
you a headache.
P-04. Ibutang ko lang
sang huna huna ko
na makatabang ako
sang kanak, pamilya
ko, Kung makita ko
silan na malipay,
malipay da isab ako,
ana.
P-04. I just put in
my mind that I can
help my family. If I
see them happy,
I'm happy too, like
that.
Ag da lang ako
musabay sang kanak
mga barkada, para
yang kakapoy. Yaang
magbasketball adtu
yang kakapoy ma wa
da, tapos yang mga,
yang kank sarili ag da
kalingawan, I mean
ag da malingaw yang
I'll just go with my
friends, play
basketball there
then I can already
make myself
entertained and
forget my problem.
104
sarili ko tapos
kalingawan da ko
yang kanak mga
problema.
Sang kanak agaw
itiyab, ag ko
kalingawan yang
kanak problema,
malingaw ko isab
yang kanak sarili, ag
ako makafeel ng knk
kalipay, biskan
makapoyay, ag
gihapon ako
makafeel ng kalipay
tungod sang kanak
mga barkada. Ag
isab ako (laughing)
ag isab ako lang an
nilan mama na dili
lang puros trabaho
yang kanak isipon,
kondili, palipayon
isab yang kanak
sarili.
As I said, I will
forget my
problems, I can
make myself
happy, I can feel
satisfaction, even
when I'm tired, I
can still feel
satisfaction
because of my
friend. Mom also
told me that I
should not only
think about work,
but also make
myself happy.
P-05. Yang amasaan
maglaong ako na
malampasan ko sa
gihapon ngini.
P-05. Of all those
struggles, I told
myself that I can
surpass all of
these.
Yes, I drink alcohol
and smoke
cigarettes in order
to reduce boredom
and forget my
problems. Also, I
could sleep early
that way.
We would hang
out, drink and
smoke. We would
look for a
happiness such as
playing basketball
and others. But it’s
not detrimental, it’s
just for our
happiness.
Oo mag inom
manigarilyo para ma
wa lang yang kanmo
ka laay haw awn
problema mo
makatog kaw lang ng
sayu amasaan.
Lipay-lipay kaiban
barkada, inom,
sigarilyo manghanap
ng lingaw parehas ng
basketball daw unan
da kuman pero
matarong na
binuhatan dili lang
haw mga maraat na
trabaho yang
kalipyan lang gud
nami.
Example jamming
maghinikuhay da
lang para ma yang
problema haw
Example jamming
to make everyone
laugh and forget all
the problems and
105
kakapoy lipay-lipay
kakantahay.
tired. We enjoy
singing.
106
CURRICULUM VITAE
RODEMEL C. ANAT
Cateel, Davao Oriental
Call number: 09702709967
E-mail address: rodemelanat@gmail.com
PERSONAL INFORMATION
NICKNAME:
BIRTHPLACE:
BIRTHDATE:
AGE:
SEX:
NATIONALITY:
RELIGION:
CIVIL STATUS:
FATHER'S NAME:
MOTHER'S NAME:
Demdem
Cateel, Davao Oriental
July 01, 2004
19
Male
Filipino
Roman Catholic
Single
Melchor D. Anat
Rodelyn C. Anat
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
ELEMENTARY:
JUNIOR HIGH:
SENIOR HIGH:
Poo Elementary School
San Antonio National High School
Cateel Vocational High School
SKILLS






Presentation/Public speaking skills
Critical thinking skills
Analytical skills
Literature review skills
Communication skills
Teamwork skills
107
CURRICULUM VITAE
LOUIE JAY B. COLIMOD
Poblacion Cateel Davao Oriental
Call number: 09631914480
E-mail address: colimodlouiejay@gmail.com
PERSONAL INFORMATION
NICKNAME:
BIRTHPLACE:
BIRTHDATE:
AGE:
SEX:
NATIONALITY:
RELIGION:
CIVIL STATUS:
FATHER'S NAME:
MOTHER'S NAME:
Jay²
Poblacion Cateel Davao Oriental
January 13, 2004
19
Male
Filipino
Roman Catholic
Single
Luisito A. Colimod
Elsie B. Colimod
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
ELEMENTARY:
JUNIOR HIGH:
SENIOR HIGH:
Cateel Central Elementary School
Cateel Vocational High School
Cateel Vocational High School
SKILLS






Social skills
Computer skills
Graphic design skills
Literature review skills
Referencing skills
Teamwork skills
108
109
CURRICULUM VITAE
GLAIZA KAYE A. ABALOS
Poblacion Cateel Davao Oriental
Call number: 09632895775
E-mail address: glaizakayeabalos@gmail.com
PERSONAL INFORMATION
NICKNAME:
BIRTHPLACE:
BIRTHDATE:
AGE:
SEX:
NATIONALITY:
RELIGION:
CIVIL STATUS:
FATHER'S NAME:
MOTHER'S NAME:
Gling
San Alfonso, Cateel Davao Oriental
November 07, 2005
17
Female
Filipino
Roman Catholic
Single
Almario A. Abalos
Aileen A. Abalos
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
ELEMENTARY:
JUNIOR HIGH:
SENIOR HIGH:
Cateel Central Elementary School
Cateel Vocational High School
Cateel Vocational High School
SKILLS






Presentation skills
Analytical skills
Literature review skills
Social skills
Referencing skills
Teamwork skills
110
CURRICULUM VITAE
JONA MAE P. BALASE
Poblacion Cateel Davao Oriental
Call number: 09664887635
E-mail address: balasejonamae@gmail.com
PERSONAL INFORMATION
NICKNAME:
BIRTHPLACE:
BIRTHDATE:
AGE:
SEX:
NATIONALITY:
RELIGION:
CIVIL STATUS:
FATHER'S NAME:
MOTHER'S NAME:
Mimi
Poblacion, Cateel Davao Oriental
November 24, 2003
19
Female
Filipino
Christian (non-denominational)
Single
Jonathan P. Balase
Raquel P. Balase
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
ELEMENTARY:
JUNIOR HIGH:
SENIOR HIGH:
Cateel Central Elementary School
Cateel Vocational High School
Cateel Vocational High School
SKILLS






Critical thinking and problem-solving skills
Creativity Skills
Communication skills
Literature review skills
Referencing skills
Teamwork skills
111
CURRICULUM VITAE
PRISCIILL JOY C. CAINOY
Poblacion Cateel Davao Oriental
Call number: 09816079570
E-mail address: priscilljoychavezcainoy@gmail.com
PERSONAL INFORMATION
NICKNAME:
BIRTHPLACE:
BIRTHDATE:
AGE:
SEX:
NATIONALITY:
RELIGION:
CIVIL STATUS:
FATHER'S NAME:
MOTHER'S NAME:
Pret-Pret
Poblacion, Cateel Davao Oriental
April 13,2005
18
Female
Filipino
Christian (non-denominational)
Single
Eduardo G. Cainoy
Josephine Chavez Cainoy
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
ELEMENTARY:
JUNIOR HIGH:
SENIOR HIGH:
Cateel Central Elementary School
Cateel Vocational High School
Cateel Vocational High School
SKILLS






Analytical skills
Interpersonal skills
Inventive thinking skills
Literature review skills
Referencing skills
Teamwork skills
112
CURRICULUM VITAE
MARK ANGELOU DECLARO
Sibajay Boston Davao Oriental
Call number: 09552160718
E-mail address: markcabantoc123@gmail.com
PERSONAL INFORMATION
NICKNAME:
BIRTHPLACE:
BIRTHDATE:
AGE:
SEX:
NATIONALITY:
RELIGION:
CIVIL STATUS:
FATHER'S NAME:
MOTHER'S NAME:
Angelou
Sibajay Boston Davao Oriental
February 23, 2002
22
Male
Filipino
Foursquare
Single
Lito G .Declaro
Marivel C Declaro
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
ELEMENTARY:
JUNIOR HIGH:
SENIOR HIGH:
Sibajay Elementary School
Cateel Vocational High School
Cateel Vocational High School
SKILLS




Social skills
Cooperation skills
Teamwork skills
Initiatives skills