NATIONAL TEXTILE UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Department of Textile Engineering
Lab Manual
Mechanical Engineering Fundamental
ME-2112
Student Name
Registration No.
Submitted To
Muhammad Bilal
22-NTU-KC-TE-017
Engr. Haroon Shoukat
Fall 2023
http://www.ntu.edu.pk/kc
NATIONAL TEXTILE UNIVERSITY
KARACHI CAMPUS
DEPARTMENT OF TEXTILE AND CLOTHING
COURSE CODE: ME-2122
SUBJECT: Mechanical Engineering
Fundamental (MEF)
SUBMITTED BY: Muhammad Bilal
ROLL NO.: 22-NTU-KC-TE-017
SUBMITTED TO: Engr. Haroon
Shoukat
LAB NO: 01
To study the introduction to engineering workshop laboratory.
THEORY
Engineering workshop is the laboratory which provides both the area and tools (or
machinery) that may be required for the manufacture or repair of manufactured
goods.
EQUIPMENT
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Hand-drilling machine
Bench type drilling machine
Welding machine
Wood planning machine
Open hearth furnace with motor
Power hacksaw machine
Buffing machine
BENEFITS OF ENGINEERING WORKSHOP
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Workshops enhance problem solving.
Improve group dynamics.
Improve creativity.
Raise the confidence.
Solidify the leadership.
Build effective communication.
Leadership skills.
Increase productivity.
Teaches teamwork.
PROCEDURE
Safety measures:
The first step is to implement safety measures to ensure the safety of the students
and staff. Students must be taught the importance of wearing protective equipment
such as gloves, goggles, and lab coats.
Introduction:
The next step is to introduce the tools, equipment, and materials available in the
workshop laboratory. The students need to be familiarized with different machines
and their functions.
Practical training:
After introduction, students should undergo hands-on training on different machines
and tools. They should be taught the basic techniques of using machines and how to
operate them safely.
Project work:
Students can be given project work to aid in their understanding of machine
operation. This will enable them to apply the theoretical knowledge learned in the
classroom to practical situations and give them hands-on experience.
Maintenance and servicing:
Students should be taught how to maintain and service machines. This will help in
prolonging the lifespan of the machines and preventing any unexpected breakdowns.
Record-keeping: Keep a record of all the machines and equipment. This will make it
easy for the lecturer to monitor the condition of the machines and ensure that they
are well maintained.
Clean up and storage:
After completing the practical work students should always clean-up machines and
tools properly. Finally, the tools and machines should be stored in their respective
cabinets to prevent damage or theft.
PRECAUTION IN ENGINEERING WORKSHOP
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Dress for The Occasion.
Vision Protection.
Keep Your Workshop Clean.
No Drugs, Alcohol or Other Impairments Please.
Please Read the Book.
Keep Tools and Equipment Sharp.
Avoid Unnecessary Distractions.
Use Safety Tools to Assist You.
Inspect Timber for Nails, Knots or Any Imperfections.
NATIONAL TEXTILE UNIVERSITY
KARACHI CAMPUS
DEPARTMENT OF TEXTILE AND CLOTHING
COURSE CODE: ME-2122
SUBJECT: Mechanical Engineering
Fundamental (MEF)
SUBMITTED BY: Muhammad Bilal
ROLL NO.: 22-NTU-KC-TE-017
SUBMITTED TO: Engr. Haroon
Shoukat
LAB NO: 02
To study the introduction to bench hand tools and their
applications and uses.
THEORY
Bench hand tools are those tools that are used while the worker is seated at a
workbench or a tabletop. These tools can be used for a variety of tasks, from cutting
and shaping materials to fastening and joining them.
APPLICATION OF BENCH HAND TOOLS
Bench hand tools are commonly used in various industries and applications. Here are
some of the common applications of bench hand tools:
Woodworking: Bench hand tools such as saws, chisels, planes, and rasps are used in
woodworking to shape, cut, and join wood.
Metalworking: Bench hand tools such as hammers, pliers, files, and wrenches are
used to cut, shape, and assemble metal parts.
Automotive repair: Wrenches, pliers, and screwdrivers are commonly used in
automotive repair to remove and install parts.
Jewelry making: Pliers, cutters, files, and saws are used in jewelry making to cut and
shape metal, as well as to attach clasps and other findings.
Plumbing: Wrenches, pliers, and pipe cutters are used in plumbing to install and
repair pipes, fittings, and valves.
Electronics: Pliers, cutters, and screwdrivers are commonly used in electronics to
assemble and repair electronic components.
Leatherworking: Bench hand tools such as knives, awls, and punches are used in
leatherworking to cut, shape, and assemble leather pieces.
Construction and home improvement: Bench hand tools such as hammers,
screwdrivers, and hand saws are commonly used in construction and home
improvement projects to assemble and install materials.
USES
There following are the different equipments which is used in different platform.
Chisels: Chisels are a type of cutting tool that are used to remove material from a
workpiece. They can be used to shape and smooth wood, metal, or stone.
Hand saws: Hand saws are used to cut through wood, plastic, and other materials.
They come in a variety of shapes and sizes, including crosscut saws, rip saws, and
back saws.
Hammers: Hammers are used to drive nails and other fasteners into materials. They
can also be used to remove them.
Screwdrivers: Screwdrivers are used to turn screws and other fasteners. They come
in a variety of sizes and types, including flathead, Phillips, and torx.
Pliers: Pliers are used to grip and manipulate materials. They can be used for a
variety of tasks, from bending and shaping wires to pulling nails.
Files: Files are used to smooth and shape surfaces. They come in a variety of shapes
and sizes, including flat, round, and half-round.
Clamps: Clamps are used to hold materials in place while they are being worked on.
They come in a variety of sizes and types, including C-clamps, F-clamps, and bar
clamps.
NATIONAL TEXTILE UNIVERSITY
KARACHI CAMPUS
DEPARTMENT OF TEXTILE AND CLOTHING
COURSE CODE: ME-2122
SUBJECT: Mechanical Engineering
Fundamental (MEF)
SUBMITTED BY: Muhammad Bilal
ROLL NO.: 22-NTU-KC-TE-017
SUBMITTED TO: Engr. Haroon
Shoukat
LAB NO: 03
To study the introduction to semi precision tools and their
applications.
THEORY
Semi-Precision measuring devices are for measurements of accuracies up to
1/64", .5mm, or 1 degree. Examples of Semi-Precision measurement devices are
rules/scales, adjustable squares, and protractors.Precision measuring devices are for
measurements of accuracies around .001"-.0001", .01mm-.002mm, or 1/10 of a
degree. Examples of some precision measurement devices are Straight Edges,
Pin/Plug Gauges, Gage Blocks, Surface Plates, Solid Squares, Micrometers, Calipers,
Height Gauges, and many others.
CONSTRUCTION
The construction of the radius gauge consists of two gauges having a number of steel
strips or blades screwed together in one single holder. The screw is known as the
lock screw. The radius measurement is usually in metric form and measured in
mm(millimeter).
WORKING PRINCIPLE
A radius gauge works as a concave and convex referencing device. It is used to clarify
how close the radius in question (on a work piece) compares to the precisely
machined radii on the gauge. A light source should be placed behind the object being
measured to help identify any gaps between the surfaces.
PROCEDURE
Step 1 – Select radius gauge set
Step 2 – Decide radius type
Step 3 – Select blade
Step 4 – Light object
Step 5 – Light object
Step 6 – Check blade radius
Step 7 – Match blade to object surface
Step 8 – If necessary, adjust surface
Step 9 – Measure object radius
APPLICATION
Radius gauges are used to measure existing radii as part of pattern making, precision
machining, layout creation and part inspection. They are used on a vast range of
objects including hinges, buckets, tools, taps and dies.
NATIONAL TEXTILE UNIVERSITY
KARACHI CAMPUS
DEPARTMENT OF TEXTILE AND CLOTHING
COURSE CODE: ME-2122
SUBJECT: Mechanical Engineering
Fundamental (MEF)
SUBMITTED BY: Muhammad Bilal
ROLL NO.: 22-NTU-KC-TE-017
SUBMITTED TO: Engr. Haroon
Shoukat
LAB NO: 04
To study the introduction to precision tools and practice of
Vernier height gauge, Vernier caliper and universal bevel
protractor.
THEORY
In short, a measurement (or in our case, the estimate from a survey) is precise if it
obtains similar results with repeated measurement (or repeated surveys).
 Vernier height gauges are used in metrology and metalworking to detect or
measure vertical distances.
 The core use of Vernier Calipers is for measuring the distance between two
opposite sides of a surface.
 A bevel protractor is an instrument that is graduated spherical protractor with
one pivoted arm that we use for making off the angles.
CONSTRUCTION
Vernier Height Gauge is a measuring device which is used for measurement of height
of any object and marking done by help of scriber. It is based on the principle of
"Difference between main scale and Vernier scale like "Vernier Caliper". Its least
count is 0.02 mm or 0.001".
Typical Vernier calipers consist of a steel strip which is generally marked in
centimeter and millimeter along its lower edge this is a fixed scale called the main
scale. The end of the main scale is provided with a fixed jaw forming external jaw on
the lower side and internal jaw on the upper side.
Vernier bevel protractor is an angle measuring micrometers used to layout or check
an angle of up to 5 minutes precision. Its design consists of a fixed stock and an
adjustable blade with a graduated dial. Graduations are made from 0 ° to 90 ° or 0 °
to 180 °.
WORKING PRINCIPLE
The Vernier caliper works on the principle of the alignment of certain numeral lines,
giving an accurate reading of the measurement. The Vernier calipers have two scales
that coincide according to the size of the object, which is placed between two
holders of the instrument.
Unlike a normal protractor, we adjust a bevel protractor for fitting an angle. Its base
is present on the bottom side of the angle, whereas the blade moves to match the
opposing side. Various bevel protractors will have a Vernier scale on them that
normally exists underneath the degree scale.
PROCEDURE
 A measurement is made with a Vernier caliper by closing the jaws on the object
to be measured and then reading the position where the zero line on the
Vernier falls on the main scale. The measurement is incomplete until an
additional fraction of a main scale division is determined.
 Firstly, unscrew the large clamp on the front part of the protractor. It loosens the
blade so that we can swivel it.
 Align the base of the protractor on one side of an angle, and then swivel the
blade for making the other side of the angle.
 Tighten the huge clamp.
 Spot the zero on the Vernier scale. The Vernier scale is smaller on the inner side
of the protractor.
 Read the number of the degrees present on the main scale, directly above the
zero present on the Vernier scale. For example, the zero that is on the Vernier
scale lines up with the mark of 85 degrees.
APPLICATION
Precision Measuring Instruments are tools or devices used for directly measuring
physical quantities, or obtaining measurements indirectly by making calculations on
real-world objects in such a manner that one can get precise values.
NATIONAL TEXTILE UNIVERSITY
KARACHI CAMPUS
DEPARTMENT OF TEXTILE AND CLOTHING
COURSE CODE: ME-2122
SUBJECT: Mechanical Engineering
Fundamental (MEF)
SUBMITTED BY: Muhammad Bilal
ROLL NO.: 22-NTU-KC-TE-017
SUBMITTED TO: Engr. Haroon
Shoukat
LAB NO: 05
To study the cutting practice of metal with hacksaw and
preparing a job.
THEORY
A hacksaw is a type of hand tool designed specifically used in this experiment for
cutting steel. Hacksaws supply firm and precise cutting power, ideal for a wide range
of projects and application.
EQUIPMENTS
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Hacksaw.
Metal Piece.
Scale.
Pencil.
Grinder.
Drill Machine.
DIMENSIONS
PROCEDURE:
Inspection and preparation of the materials: Before commencing with metal cutting
procedures, ensure that the materials are safe to use and follow necessary safety
measures. The surface of the metal should be free from dirt and debris, and any rust
should be eliminated using a wire brush.
Marking the metal: Use a pencil and ruler to mark the area that will be cut to ensure
consistency and precision in the cutting process.
Securing the metal: Utilize a clamp to secure the metal on a bench, making sure that
it is stable and does not move during the cutting process.
Selecting a Hacksaw: Choose the right blade for the hacksaw depending on the
thickness of the metal and the intended use of the cut-piece. A fine-toothed blade is
best for cutting thin metal sheets, while a coarse blade is more suitable for thicker
materials.
Starting to cuts metal: Position the hacksaw blade to the metal and start to cut by
pushing the blade back and forth with even pressure. Ensure that the blade follows
the marked line to achieve the intended shape and size.
Cooling and lubrication: To protect the hacksaw blade from overheating, consider
using coolant or lubricating oil like cutting fluid. This will also reduce friction and help
to prolong the blade's lifespan.
Finishing the cut: Once the cutting process is complete, use a file to smoothen the
burrs or irregular edges on the cut-piece.
Cleaning: After finishing the cutting process, clean the metal surface and
surrounding area to remove any loose materials or debris that might pose a risk of
injury.
Disassembling and presenting the job: Remove the clamps and present the job.
SAFETY PRECUATIONS
Marking the metal: Take a permanent marker and use it to mark the area that needs
to be cut. Ensure that the markings are clear and visible.
Clamping the metal: Use a metal clamp to secure the metal to the workbench. Make
sure the clamp is tightened securely to avoid movement during cutting.
Choosing the correct blade: Select the appropriate blade for the metal being cut. For
instance, a blade with fewer teeth is suitable for cutting thicker metals, while blades
with more teeth are used for thinner materials.
Inserting the blade into the hacksaw: First, ensure that the blade teeth face forward.
Secondly, loosen the wing nut or lever on the hacksaw to open the blade holder.
Insert the blade correctly and tighten the wing nut or lever.
Cutting: Hold the hacksaw firmly with both hands. Place the hacksaw blade above
the markings on the metal at an angle of 45 degrees. Start cutting by pushing the
hacksaw forward while applying downward pressure. Remember to maintain a
steady speed and apply gentle pressure to avoid breaking the blade.
Finishing: Once the cut is complete, it is important to remove any sharp edges using
a metal file or sandpaper. This ensures a smooth and safe finish.
NATIONAL TEXTILE UNIVERSITY
KARACHI CAMPUS
DEPARTMENT OF TEXTILE AND CLOTHING
COURSE CODE: ME-2122
SUBJECT: Mechanical Engineering
Fundamental (MEF)
SUBMITTED BY: Muhammad Bilal
ROLL NO.: 22-NTU-KC-TE-017
SUBMITTED TO: Engr. Haroon
Shoukat
LAB NO: 06
To study the cutting practice of metal with hacksaw and
preparing a job.
THEORY
A hacksaw is a type of hand tool designed specifically used in this experiment for
cutting steel. Hacksaws supply firm and precise cutting power, ideal for a wide range
of projects and application.
EQUIPMENTS






Hacksaw.
Metal Piece.
Scale.
Pencil.
Grinder.
Drill Machine.
DIMENSIONS
PROCEDURE:
Inspection and preparation of the materials: Before commencing with metal cutting
procedures, ensure that the materials are safe to use and follow necessary safety
measures. The surface of the metal should be free from dirt and debris, and any rust
should be eliminated using a wire brush.
Marking the metal: Use a pencil and ruler to mark the area that will be cut to ensure
consistency and precision in the cutting process.
Securing the metal: Utilize a clamp to secure the metal on a bench, making sure that
it is stable and does not move during the cutting process.
Selecting a Hacksaw: Choose the right blade for the hacksaw depending on the
thickness of the metal and the intended use of the cut-piece. A fine-toothed blade is
best for cutting thin metal sheets, while a coarse blade is more suitable for thicker
materials.
Starting to cuts metal: Position the hacksaw blade to the metal and start to cut by
pushing the blade back and forth with even pressure. Ensure that the blade follows
the marked line to achieve the intended shape and size.
Cooling and lubrication: To protect the hacksaw blade from overheating, consider
using coolant or lubricating oil like cutting fluid. This will also reduce friction and help
to prolong the blade's lifespan.
Finishing the cut: Once the cutting process is complete, use a file to smoothen the
burrs or irregular edges on the cut-piece.
Cleaning: After finishing the cutting process, clean the metal surface and
surrounding area to remove any loose materials or debris that might pose a risk of
injury.
Disassembling and presenting the job: Remove the clamps and present the job.
SAFETY PRECUATIONS
Marking the metal: Take a permanent marker and use it to mark the area that needs
to be cut. Ensure that the markings are clear and visible.
Clamping the metal: Use a metal clamp to secure the metal to the workbench. Make
sure the clamp is tightened securely to avoid movement during cutting.
Choosing the correct blade: Select the appropriate blade for the metal being cut. For
instance, a blade with fewer teeth is suitable for cutting thicker metals, while blades
with more teeth are used for thinner materials.
Inserting the blade into the hacksaw: First, ensure that the blade teeth face forward.
Secondly, loosen the wing nut or lever on the hacksaw to open the blade holder.
Insert the blade correctly and tighten the wing nut or lever.
Cutting: Hold the hacksaw firmly with both hands. Place the hacksaw blade above
the markings on the metal at an angle of 45 degrees. Start cutting by pushing the
hacksaw forward while applying downward pressure. Remember to maintain a
steady speed and apply gentle pressure to avoid breaking the blade.
Finishing: Once the cut is complete, it is important to remove any sharp edges using
a metal file or sandpaper. This ensures a smooth and safe finish.
NATIONAL TEXTILE UNIVERSITY
KARACHI CAMPUS
DEPARTMENT OF TEXTILE AND CLOTHING
COURSE CODE: ME-2122
SUBJECT: Mechanical Engineering
Fundamental (MEF)
SUBMITTED BY: Muhammad Bilal
ROLL NO.: 22-NTU-KC-TE-017
SUBMITTED TO: Engr. Haroon
Shoukat
LAB NO: 07
To study the cutting practice of metal with hacksaw and
preparing a job.
THEORY
A hacksaw is a type of hand tool designed specifically used in this experiment for
cutting steel. Hacksaws supply firm and precise cutting power, ideal for a wide range
of projects and application.
EQUIPMENTS






Hacksaw.
Metal Piece.
Scale.
Pencil.
Grinder.
Drill Machine.
DIMENSIONS
PROCEDURE:
Inspection and preparation of the materials: Before commencing with metal cutting
procedures, ensure that the materials are safe to use and follow necessary safety
measures. The surface of the metal should be free from dirt and debris, and any rust
should be eliminated using a wire brush.
Marking the metal: Use a pencil and ruler to mark the area that will be cut to ensure
consistency and precision in the cutting process.
Securing the metal: Utilize a clamp to secure the metal on a bench, making sure that
it is stable and does not move during the cutting process.
Selecting a Hacksaw: Choose the right blade for the hacksaw depending on the
thickness of the metal and the intended use of the cut-piece. A fine-toothed blade is
best for cutting thin metal sheets, while a coarse blade is more suitable for thicker
materials.
Starting to cuts metal: Position the hacksaw blade to the metal and start to cut by
pushing the blade back and forth with even pressure. Ensure that the blade follows
the marked line to achieve the intended shape and size.
Cooling and lubrication: To protect the hacksaw blade from overheating, consider
using coolant or lubricating oil like cutting fluid. This will also reduce friction and help
to prolong the blade's lifespan.
Finishing the cut: Once the cutting process is complete, use a file to smoothen the
burrs or irregular edges on the cut-piece.
Cleaning: After finishing the cutting process, clean the metal surface and
surrounding area to remove any loose materials or debris that might pose a risk of
injury.
Disassembling and presenting the job: Remove the clamps and present the job.
SAFETY PRECUATIONS
Marking the metal: Take a permanent marker and use it to mark the area that needs
to be cut. Ensure that the markings are clear and visible.
Clamping the metal: Use a metal clamp to secure the metal to the workbench. Make
sure the clamp is tightened securely to avoid movement during cutting.
Choosing the correct blade: Select the appropriate blade for the metal being cut. For
instance, a blade with fewer teeth is suitable for cutting thicker metals, while blades
with more teeth are used for thinner materials.
Inserting the blade into the hacksaw: First, ensure that the blade teeth face forward.
Secondly, loosen the wing nut or lever on the hacksaw to open the blade holder.
Insert the blade correctly and tighten the wing nut or lever.
Cutting: Hold the hacksaw firmly with both hands. Place the hacksaw blade above
the markings on the metal at an angle of 45 degrees. Start cutting by pushing the
hacksaw forward while applying downward pressure. Remember to maintain a
steady speed and apply gentle pressure to avoid breaking the blade.
Finishing: Once the cut is complete, it is important to remove any sharp edges using
a metal file or sandpaper. This ensures a smooth and safe finish.
NATIONAL TEXTILE UNIVERSITY
KARACHI CAMPUS
DEPARTMENT OF TEXTILE AND CLOTHING
COURSE CODE: ME-2122
SUBJECT: Mechanical Engineering
Fundamental (MEF)
SUBMITTED BY: Muhammad Bilal
ROLL NO.: 22-NTU-KC-TE-017
SUBMITTED TO: Engr. Haroon
Shoukat
LAB NO: 08
To study the cutting practice of metal with hacksaw and
preparing a job.
THEORY
A hacksaw is a type of hand tool designed specifically used in this experiment for
cutting steel. Hacksaws supply firm and precise cutting power, ideal for a wide range
of projects and application.
EQUIPMENTS






Hacksaw.
Metal Piece.
Scale.
Pencil.
Grinder.
Drill Machine.
DIMENSIONS
PROCEDURE:
Inspection and preparation of the materials: Before commencing with metal cutting
procedures, ensure that the materials are safe to use and follow necessary safety
measures. The surface of the metal should be free from dirt and debris, and any rust
should be eliminated using a wire brush.
Marking the metal: Use a pencil and ruler to mark the area that will be cut to ensure
consistency and precision in the cutting process.
Securing the metal: Utilize a clamp to secure the metal on a bench, making sure that
it is stable and does not move during the cutting process.
Selecting a Hacksaw: Choose the right blade for the hacksaw depending on the
thickness of the metal and the intended use of the cut-piece. A fine-toothed blade is
best for cutting thin metal sheets, while a coarse blade is more suitable for thicker
materials.
Starting to cuts metal: Position the hacksaw blade to the metal and start to cut by
pushing the blade back and forth with even pressure. Ensure that the blade follows
the marked line to achieve the intended shape and size.
Cooling and lubrication: To protect the hacksaw blade from overheating, consider
using coolant or lubricating oil like cutting fluid. This will also reduce friction and help
to prolong the blade's lifespan.
Finishing the cut: Once the cutting process is complete, use a file to smoothen the
burrs or irregular edges on the cut-piece.
Cleaning: After finishing the cutting process, clean the metal surface and
surrounding area to remove any loose materials or debris that might pose a risk of
injury.
Disassembling and presenting the job: Remove the clamps and present the job.
SAFETY PRECUATIONS
Marking the metal: Take a permanent marker and use it to mark the area that needs
to be cut. Ensure that the markings are clear and visible.
Clamping the metal: Use a metal clamp to secure the metal to the workbench. Make
sure the clamp is tightened securely to avoid movement during cutting.
Choosing the correct blade: Select the appropriate blade for the metal being cut. For
instance, a blade with fewer teeth is suitable for cutting thicker metals, while blades
with more teeth are used for thinner materials.
Inserting the blade into the hacksaw: First, ensure that the blade teeth face forward.
Secondly, loosen the wing nut or lever on the hacksaw to open the blade holder.
Insert the blade correctly and tighten the wing nut or lever.
Cutting: Hold the hacksaw firmly with both hands. Place the hacksaw blade above
the markings on the metal at an angle of 45 degrees. Start cutting by pushing the
hacksaw forward while applying downward pressure. Remember to maintain a
steady speed and apply gentle pressure to avoid breaking the blade.
Finishing: Once the cut is complete, it is important to remove any sharp edges using
a metal file or sandpaper. This ensures a smooth and safe finish.
NATIONAL TEXTILE UNIVERSITY
KARACHI CAMPUS
DEPARTMENT OF TEXTILE AND CLOTHING
COURSE CODE: ME-2122
SUBJECT: Mechanical Engineering
Fundamental (MEF)
SUBMITTED BY: Muhammad Bilal
ROLL NO.: 22-NTU-KC-TE-017
SUBMITTED TO: Engr. Haroon
Shoukat
LAB NO: 09
To study the introduction to filling, its operation and
preparing job
THEORY
Fill is a material that is used to fill in a depression or hole in the ground, create
mounds or otherwise artificially change the elevation of the ground. Filling is used
for finishing operation such as sealing products into final user containers with sterile
procedure. Its main parts are as follows:
 Handle
 Tang
 Face
 Heel
 Edge
 Tip or point
WORKING PRINCIPLE
Filling is a material removal process in manufacturing. Depending on use, to both
sawing and grinding in effect, it is functionally versatile, but used mostly for finishing
operations. Filling operations can be used on a wide range of materials as a finishing
operation.
PROCEDURE
 Filing helps to achieve work piece function
 By removing some excess material and deburring surface.
 Sandpaper may be used as filing tool for other materials such as wood.
USES
 Used to remove some excess material and deburring the surface.
 It is used to cut, smooth and fits the metal piece.
 It is used to trim and give shape to the metal piece.
NATIONAL TEXTILE UNIVERSITY
KARACHI CAMPUS
DEPARTMENT OF TEXTILE AND CLOTHING
COURSE CODE: ME-2122
SUBJECT: Mechanical Engineering
Fundamental (MEF)
SUBMITTED BY: Muhammad Bilal
ROLL NO.: 22-NTU-KC-TE-017
SUBMITTED TO: Engr. Haroon
Shoukat
LAB NO: 10
To study the introduction to precision tools and practice of
micrometer screw gauge, inside micrometer and depth
micrometer.
THEORY
 In short, a measurement (or in our case, the estimate from a survey) is
precise if it obtains similar results with repeated measurement (or repeated
surveys).
 A micrometer is a measuring device used to measure flat surfaces or different
geometries. For example, the inner diameter or thickness of a pipe.
 It inside micrometer is the most direct measuring tool used for
inspection (Figure 1). The total length of the inside micrometer is itself the
overall length being measured.
 Mechanical depth micrometers are used to measure the depth of holes, slots,
shoulders, and other projections. They're operated with a high-precision
ratchet thimble
CONSTRUCTION
A micrometer works on the principle of a screw and a nut. It allows you an axial
rotation of the barrel-like structure, also known as Thimble, which is used to
measure the distance of the object. The screw of a micrometer is attached to the
thimble, which is a concentrated cylinder, attached to the micrometer.
WORKING PRINCIPLE
The basic operating principle of a micrometer are as follows: The amount of rotation
of an accurately made screw can be directly and precisely correlated to a certain
amount of axial movement (and vice versa), through the constant known as the
screw's lead.
PROCEDURE
To hold the micrometer, hold the heat-resistant plate on the frame with the thumb
and index finger on your left hand, and pinch the thimble between the thumb and
index finger on your right hand. Grip the target between the anvil and the spindle,
turn the ratchet stop until it slips, and then read the value.
APPLICATION
Precision Measuring Instruments are tools or devices used for directly measuring
physical quantities, or obtaining measurements indirectly by making calculations on
real-world objects in such a manner that one can get precise values.
NATIONAL TEXTILE UNIVERSITY
KARACHI CAMPUS
DEPARTMENT OF TEXTILE AND CLOTHING
COURSE CODE: ME-2122
SUBJECT: Mechanical Engineering
Fundamental (MEF)
SUBMITTED BY: Muhammad Bilal
ROLL NO.: 22-NTU-KC-TE-017
SUBMITTED TO: Engr. Haroon
Shoukat
LAB NO: 11
To study the introduction to lathe machine, its parts,
operations and preparing a job.
THEORY
In the Mechanical Engineering field Lathe machine plays an important role in
Manufacturing. In this article, I am going to discuss the Lathe machine in detail.
 A lathe is a machine tool which is used to remove unwanted metals from the
work piece to give desired shape and size.
 Lathe machine is one of the most important machine tools which is used in
the metalworking industry.
 It operates on the principle of a rotating work piece and a fixed cutting tool.
 The cutting tool is feed into the work piece which rotates about its own
axis causing the workpiece to form the desired shape.
 It is also known as ” the mother/father of the entire tool family”.
EQUIPMENT
Lathe Machine
DEFINITION OF LATHE MACHINE
The machine tool that’s used to remove unwanted metals from the work piece to
give the desired shape and size so called” Lathe machine
FUNCTION OF LATHE MACHINE
 The main function of Lathe machine is to remove excess material in the form
of chips by rotating the work piece against a stationary cutting tool.
 This is accomplished by holding the work securely and rigidly on the machine
and then turning it against cutting tool which will remove metal from the
work.
 To cut the material properly the tool should be harder than the material of
the work piece, should be rigidly held on the machine and should be fed or
progress in a definite way relative to the work.
MAIN PARTS OF LATHE MACHINE
In a lathe machine every individual part performs an important task. Some important
parts of a lathe machine are as follows:
Bed
 The Bed forms the base of a machine.
 It is mounted on the legs of the lathe machine, which are bolted to the floor.
 It is made up of cast iron and its top surface is machined accurately and
precisely.
Head Stock
 Head stock is an important part of a lathe machine, which is mounted
permanently on the inner guide – ways at the left hand side of the bed.
 It consists of a main spindle, a chuck fitted at spindle nose, back gear drive
and all gear drive.
Main Spindle
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A main spindle is a hollow cylindrical shaft.
It’s face has a standard moarse taper.
It is used for holding the live Centre or collet.
The spindle rotates on two large bearings housed on the head stock casting.
The front end of the spindle is threaded, those are used for holding the chuck,
face plate, driving plate and catch plate.
 It is know as a spindle nose.
Tail Stock
 A tail stock is located on the inner guide – ways at the right side of the bed
opposite to the head stock.
 The body of the tail stock is bored and house the tail stock spindle.
 The spindle moves front and back inside the hole.
 It has a taper hole to receive the dead Centre or shunk of tools such as drill or
reamer.
 It’s body made up of cast iron.
Lead Screw
 It is used to transmit power to carriage through gear and clutch arrangement
in the carriage apron.
Live Center
 A Live Center is mounting on bearings and rotates with the work.
 Live centers are using to hold or support a work-piece.
Dead Center
 A dead center may be use to support the work piece at either the fixed or
rotating end of the machine.
 Dead centers are typically fully harden to prevent damage to the important
mating surfaces of the taper and to preserve the 60° angle of the nose.
Carriage
 A carriage is located between the head stock and tail stock on the lathe
bed guide – ways.
 It can be moved along the bed either towards or away from the head stock.
 It has several parts to support, move and control the cutting tool.
Feed Mechanism
 There are several mechanisms to make the carriage and cross slide move
automatically to change the direction of their movement.
WORKING
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It holds the work between two supports so call as centers.
Face plate or Chuck are using for holding the work.
Face plate or Chuck are mounted on the machine spindle.
The cutting tool is holding with the help of Tool post.
The movement of the job is rotating about the spindle axis.
Against the revolving work, the tool is feed.
The tool moves either parallel or inclination to the work axis.
CONCLUSION
A lathe is a machine tool that rotates a workpiece about an axis of rotation to
perform various operations such as cutting, sanding, knurling, drilling, deformation,
facing, and turning, with tools that are applied to the workpiece to create an object
with symmetry about that axis.
NATIONAL TEXTILE UNIVERSITY
KARACHI CAMPUS
DEPARTMENT OF TEXTILE AND CLOTHING
COURSE CODE: ME-2122
SUBJECT: Mechanical Engineering
Fundamental (MEF)
SUBMITTED BY: Muhammad Bilal
ROLL NO.: 22-NTU-KC-TE-017
SUBMITTED TO: Engr. Haroon
Shoukat
LAB NO: 12
To study the practice of internal threading by using hand
tapes.
INTRODUCTION
Taps and dies are tools used to create screw threads, which is called threading. Many
are cutting tools; others are forming tools. A tap is used to cut or form
the female portion of the mating pair (e.g. a nut). A die is used to cut or form the
male portion of the mating pair (e.g. a bolt). The process of cutting or forming
threads using a tap is called tapping, whereas the process using a die is
called threading.
THEORY
A tap cuts or forms a thread on the inside surface of a hole, creating a female surface
that functions like a nut. The three taps in the image illustrate the basic types
commonly used by most machinists:
Bottoming tap or plug tap
The tap illustrated in the top of the image has a continuous cutting edge with almost
no taper — between 1 and 1.5 threads of taper is typical. This feature enables a
bottoming tap to cut threads to the bottom of a blind hole. A bottoming tap is
usually used to cut threads in a hole that has already been partially threaded using
one of the more tapered types of tap; the tapered end ("tap chamfer") of a
bottoming tap is too short to successfully start into an unthreaded hole. In the US,
they are commonly known as bottoming taps, but in Australia and Britain they are
also known as plug taps.
Intermediate tap
The tap illustrated in the middle of the image has tapered cutting edges, which assist
in aligning and starting the tap into an untapped hole. The number of tapered
threads typically ranges from 3 to 5. Plug taps are the most commonly used type of
tap. In the US, they are commonly known as plug taps, whereas in Australia and
Britain they are commonly known as second taps.
Taper tap
The small tap illustrated at the bottom of the image is similar to an intermediate tap
but has a more pronounced taper to the cutting edges. This feature gives the taper
tap a very gradual cutting action that is less aggressive than that of the plug tap. The
number of tapered threads typically ranges from 8 to 10.[2] A taper tap is most often
used when the material is difficult to work (e.g., alloy steel) or the tap is of a very
small diameter and thus prone to breakage.
Power taps
The above taps are generally referred to as hand taps, since they are manually
operated. During operation, the machinist must periodically reverse a hand tap to
break the chip (also known as swarf) that forms from cutting. This prevents the cut
material from crowding and breaking the tap.
Forming tap
A quite different kind of tap is a forming tap. A forming tap, aka a fluteless tap or roll
tap, simply forcefully displaces the metal into a thread shape upon being turned into
the hole, instead of cutting metal from the sides of the hole as cutting taps do. A
forming tap closely resembles a cutting tap without the flutes, or very nearly just like
a plain thread. There are lobes periodically spaced around the tap that actually do
the thread forming as the tap is advanced into a properly sized hole.
MACHINE TAPPING
Tapping may either be achieved by a hand tapping by using a set of taps (first tap,
second tap & final (finish) tap) or using a machine to do the tapping, such as a lathe,
radial drilling machine, bench type drill machine, pillar type drill machine, vertical
milling machines, HMCs, VMCs. Machine tapping is faster, and generally more
accurate because human error is eliminated. Final tapping is achieved with single tap.
COMMON REASONS FOR TAP BREAKAGE ARE:
 Tap-related problems:
 Wearing of tap cannot be easily quantified (use of worn-out taps)
 Use of tap with improper tap geometry for a particular application.
 Use of non-standard or inferior quality taps.
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Clogging with chips.
Misalignment between tap and hole.
Over- or under-feeding the tap, causing breakage in tension or compression.
Use of improper and/or insufficient cutting lubricant.
Absence of a torque limiting feature.
Improper or zero float for use with screw machines (recommended feed .1
slower to establish float for 40 tpi or higher and .15 slower for 40 tpi or finer[4])
 Improper spindle speed.
CONCLUSION
work piece (blank) to be threaded, which is usually slightly smaller in diameter than
the die's major diameter, is given a slight taper (chamfer) at the end that is to be
threaded. This chamfer helps center the die on the blank and reduces the force
required to start the thread cutting. Once the die has started, its self-feeds. Periodic
reversal of the die is often required to break the chip and prevent crowding.
NATIONAL TEXTILE UNIVERSITY
KARACHI CAMPUS
DEPARTMENT OF TEXTILE AND CLOTHING
COURSE CODE: ME-2122
SUBJECT: Mechanical Engineering
Fundamental (MEF)
SUBMITTED BY: Muhammad Bilal
ROLL NO.: 22-NTU-KC-TE-017
SUBMITTED TO: Engr. Haroon
Shoukat
LAB NO: 13
To study the introduction to universal milling machine, its
parts and operations
THEORY
Milling is the machining process in which the removal of metal takes place due to the
cutting action of a rotating milling cutter. In a milling machine, the cutter is rotating
due to work piece is fed against it. This machine can hold more than one tool at a
time. The cutter rotates at high speed, and because of the many cutting edges, it
removes metal at a very fast rate.The machine can also hold one or a number of
cutters at a time. Thus, the milling machine is one of the most important machines in
the workshop. In this machine, all the operations can perform with high accuracy.
PARTS OF MILLING MACHINE
Following are the different parts of milling machine:
Base
 Column
 Saddle
 Table
 Overhanging arm
 Front brace
 Spindle
 Arbor
WORKING PRINCIPLE
The working principle of the milling machine, applied in the metal removing
operation on a milling machine. The work is rigidly clamped on the table of the
machine and revolving multi teeth cutter mounted either on a spindle.
The cutter revolves at a normal speed and the work fed slowly past the cutter. The
work can be fed in a longitudinal, vertical or cross direction. As the work progress
further, the cutter teeth remove the metal from the work surface to produce the
desired shape.
PROCEDURE
Step 1: The Basic Set Up. ...
Step 2: Knee Adjustment. ...
Step 3: Clamping the Work piece. ...
Step 4: Zero Adjustment. ...
Step 5: The Cutting Tool. ...
Step 6: Moving the Work piece. ...
Step 7: Shaping the Work piece
USES
A universal milling machine can be used to mill planes, bevels, and grooves. They are
also effective for gear machining and large-scale machining. The table can rotate to
45 degrees, allowing it to accommodate different work pieces