Name: _______________________ 1. Why do certain states in the American Southwest have cities and towns in Spanish? Because they were orginally part of the spanish empire 2. List U.S. states that used to belong to Mexico, but were lost as a result of the MexicanAmerican War and part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: Texas, California, Nevada, Utah, new Mexico, (parts of)arizona, Colorado, kansas, and wyoming.) 3. What was the name of the treaty that ended the Mexican-American War and resulted in over 500,000 acres of Mexican land lost to the United States? Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 4. What was the Bracero program? How many Mexicans were affected? It was an agreement between America and Mexico to let many mexican work in the US TEMPORARILY. Over 4 millions of mexicans were affected 5. What are the dates of the Bracero Program? 1942-1964 Cuba 1. Cuba sought to gain its independence from what country at the end of the 1800’s? In other words, which country occupied Cuba? Spain Spain 2. Spanish American War ended Spain's colonial empire in the Western Hemisphere. It lasted from April 21 1898 to Dec. 10, 1898. 3. How was the United States involved economically in Cuba after the Spanish American War? The Platt Amendment (1901) allowed the U.S. to intervene in Cuban affairs, giving economic and political influence. 4. Who was Fulgencio Batista? How long was he in power? Batista was a Cuban military officer and politician 5. On Jan. 1, 1959, Fidel Castro assumed political power in Cuba. What happened on Cuba that caused a migration of people to the United States? How does the text describe this group? How does this group’s socioeconomic (SES) background differ from Mexican and Puerto Ricans’ SES who have migrated to the United States? -Fidel Castro’s communist revolution led to mass exodus to the U.S. -Many Cubans who fled were wealthy, middle-class, and professionals who opposed communism. -The Cuban migrants had a higher socioeconomic status (SES) compared to Mexican and Puerto Rican migrants, who were mostly low-income laborers. 6. Who were Los Marielitos? What is the story behind this group of refugees? Marielitos were Cuban refugees who left during the Mariel Boatlift (April-October 1980) Puerto Rico 1. When did Puerto Ricans’ initial “incorporation” into the United States occur? 1898, after the Spanish-American War, when Puerto Rico became a U.S. territory. 2. What have been the three phases associated with the relationship between the U.S. and Puerto Rico? Colonial Phase (1898-1952) – Puerto Rico was a U.S. territory with limited self-government. Commonwealth Phase (1952-present) – Puerto Rico gained limited autonomy under the U.S. but remained a territory. Ongoing Statehood Debate – Puerto Rico continues to debate independence, statehood, or maintaining commonwealth status. 3. What is the Foraker Act of 1900? Established PR as a colony Established Puerto Rico as a U.S. colony with a civilian government but under U.S. control. 4. What is the Jones Act of 1917? Gave Puerto Ricans citizenship Granted U.S. citizenship to Puerto Ricans. 5. What was Operation Bootstrap? Program established to industrialize the island thorough foreign investment; established 1947 A 1947 economic program to industrialize Puerto Rico through foreign investment and tax incentives. 6. As U.S. citizens, when can Puerto Ricans vote in U.S. presidential elections? Only when they reside in the mainland U.S. (not while living in Puerto Rico). 7. As U.S. citizens with opportunity to move easily to the U.S. mainland, what socioeconomic levels are Puerto Ricans more likely to occupy in on the mainland? Puerto Ricans have higher poverty rates than Cuban Americans and are more likely to be low-income workers compared to other Latino groups. Dominican Republic 1. Great political instability characterized DR from 1844 to the early 1930s. What did this mean in terms of elected officials? Was there stable leadership? Extreme instability with frequent coups and assassinations. No stable leadership. 2. Did the United States stay away from DR during periods of internal turmoil? What happened? We viewed Dominican Republican as instable; we did not hesitate to get involved Yes, the U.S. viewed the Dominican Republic as unstable and sent troops multiple times. 3. In 1911, the president of the Dominican Republic was assassinated, Ramon Caceres. U.S. President Woodrow Wilson sent in U.S. troops when the DR was in a civil war about five years after the death of Caceres. How long did the U.S. occupation last? 8 years 4. Who was Rafael Trujillo? How long did Trujillo hold office? What was the attitude of the United States towards Trujillo? A Dominican solder supported by the United States and stayed as a brutal dictator for 30 years 5. What had made it possible for individuals and families from the Dominican Republic to migrate to the United States? When Trujillo was assassinated in 1962, this prompted the United States to encourage migration from the island as a way to “diffuse political opposition” (p. 14). El Salvador 1. Is it true that the United States supported the right-wing dictatorship during the country’s civil-war from 1980 to 1992? Yes, the U.S. backed the government against leftist rebels (FMLN). 2. Is it true that the early roots of the Civil War from 1980 to 1992 is linked to a major shift in a type of crop that is grown in El Salvador? Growing ‘indigo’ used to be the more popular, then they moved to another crop. What is it? 3. What is the oligarchy associated with El Salvador? A small group of elite landowners who controlled the economy and politics. 4. What was the role of the military when there were peasant uprisings? The military violently suppressed uprisings to protect the oligarchy. 5. What is La Matanza? When did it occur? How many people died? A massacre in 1932 where 30,000 indigenous and peasant rebels were killed. 6. How did war and violence in El Salvador affect people’s decision to stay? Many fled to the U.S. due to death squads, government repression, and economic collapse. 7. From 1961 to 1971, unemployment rose from 5% to 20%. Did military spending drop or rise during this time? Military spending increased significantly despite rising unemployment. 8. How did the Catholic Church react to the oppression and mistreatment of poor Salvadoran peasants, farmers? Some priests, like Archbishop Óscar Romero, opposed the dictatorship and were assassinated. 9. How else was the United States involved economically, politically, and/or socially from 1980’s to 1990’s? The U.S. gave over $1 billion in military aid to fight leftist rebels. 10. What is unique about the movement of Salvadorans from their country to the United States? What are key time periods and causes? Migration happened in waves, mainly due to civil war (1980s) and later economic instability. Guatemala 1. What crop is the dominating industry in Guatemala? coffee 2. What organization plays a similar “domination” role in Guatemala in relation to an important crop? United Fruit Company, which controlled land and exports. 3. How long did the Civil War last in Guatemala? 36 years (1960-1996). 4. Give an example of how the United States was involved in Guatemala? The CIA overthrew elected President Jacobo Árbenz in 1954, fearing communism. 5. What drove Guatemalans to leave their country? What were the primary decades when this occurred? Civil war, violence, and economic collapse, especially in the 1980s and 1990s. Colombia 1. Colombia has led the pack of South Americans migrating to the United Sates. What are the primary decades when this occurred? Mainly in the 1980s and 1990s. 2. What major factor in the country of Colombia has propelled Colombians to leave? Drug cartel violence (Pablo Escobar era), civil war, and economic instability. 3. What characteristics of Colombian migrants might have helped them access betterpaying jobs in the United States when they arrived? Many had higher education and middle-class backgrounds. 4. What does the text offer in terms of the emergence of guerilla groups? We know that a decade-long bloody civil war occurred and took the lives of 180,000-200,000. What has been the impact of these guerilla groups, especially on the migration of Colombians to the United States? Groups like FARC and ELN caused violence and displacement, forcing many to flee to the U.S.
