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UPDATED EDITION
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Cambridge
IGCSE TM and O Level
History
Core Content Option B:
The 20th Century:
International Relations
since 1919
Second edition
Benjamin
Benjamin Harrison
Harrison
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Contents
CORE CONTENT OPTION B: The 20th century: International Relations
since 1919
01 Key Question 1: Was the Treaty of Versailles fair?
09 Key Question 2: To what extent was the League of Nations a success?
27Key Question 3: How far was Hitler’s foreign policy to blame for the outbreak of war in
Europe in 1939?
42 Key Question 4: Who was to blame for the Cold War?
57 Key Question 5: How effectively did the USA contain the spread of communism?
73 Key Question 6: How secure was the USSR’s control over eastern Europe 1948–c.1989?
How to use this workbook
This workbook is part of a suite of resources for Cambridge IGCSE History. The textbook covers the
content that you need to know and includes Focus Tasks that develop analytical thinking about the
issues embedded in the Key Questions and Focus Points.
This workbook has more modest aims – it is a course companion that you use alongside your textbook.
• It will help you check your knowledge of the content.
• It should help build your writing confidence as you use your knowledge to write short explanations or
arguments using the structured writing frames we have provided.
• It will be useful for revision because you will create tables and charts to show, for example, the
features or causes of events.
However, it does not offer exam practice and does not require that you write extended answers.
Other workbooks available are:
Workbook 2A – Depth Study: Russia, 1905–41 2nd Edition, ISBN 9781398375123
Workbook 2B – Depth Study: Germany, 1918–45 2nd Edition, ISBN 9781398375130
Workbook 2C – Depth Study: The USA, 1919–41 2nd Edition, ISBN 9781398375147
Sample answers to the questions in the workbooks can be found at www.hoddereducation.co.uk/cambridgeextras
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ey Question 1: Was the Treaty
K
of Versailles fair?
1 Using Chapter 1 of your textbook, match the heads and tails to define the key terms.
Heads
Tails
Reparations
Compensation for war damages
Paris Peace Conference
Literally a ‘dictated peace’ – a settlement imposed on a country by
other countries
An agreement made by adjusting terms so all parties agree
Armistice
Diktat
Compromise
The ceasefire signed on 11 November 1918 that formally ended the
fighting in the First World War
The meeting of the victorious nations to decide on the peace treaty
with Germany
2 Use Chapter 1 of your textbook to connect the following events with the correct dates on the
timeline.
Treaty of
Versailles signed
Reparations
Commission
Nov, 1918
Jan, 1919
Armistice signed
Jun, 1919
Paris Peace
Conference starts
May, 1921
• The Big Three and the Paris Peace Conference
(pages 6–11)
3 Use pages 6–7 of your textbook. How many countries were represented at the Paris Peace Conference?
............................................................................................................................................
4 Who were the ‘Big Three’ and which countries were they leaders of?
Name: ......................................................... Country: .........................................................
Name: ......................................................... Country: .........................................................
Name: ......................................................... Country: .........................................................
5 List the four most important ideas in Wilson’s Fourteen Points. We have provided initial letters.
D: ............................................................... S: ..................................................................
F: ............................................................... L: ..................................................................
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Key Question 1: Was the Treaty of Versailles fair?
6 Study pages 8–9 of your textbook. What were the aims of the ‘Big Three’ at the Paris Peace
Conference? Use three different colours and the key provided to colour code the boxes.
Lloyd George
Disarmament of
European countries
To have a League of
Nations
Clemenceau
To retain the most
powerful navy
To reduce German
military power
Wilson
To trade with Germany
again
To reclaim lost French
lands
To punish and destroy
Germany economically
To punish Germany,
but not too harshly
7 Study the profiles of Wilson, Lloyd George and Clemenceau on pages 6–9 in your textbook. Draw a
line to link the name on the left with the phrase on the right that best describes their individual
character.
Woodrow Wilson
A realist who occupied the middle ground
David Lloyd George
An uncompromising politician who wanted to prevent another
invasion from Germany
Georges Clemenceau
A reformer and an idealist
8 Use pages 8–9 of your textbook to answer the following questions.
a State one way in which Lloyd George agreed with Wilson’s ideas.
............................................................................................................................................
b State one way in which Lloyd George disagreed with Wilson’s ideas.
............................................................................................................................................
c State one way in which Clemenceau agreed with Wilson’s ideas.
............................................................................................................................................
d State one way in which Clemenceau disagreed with Wilson’s ideas.
............................................................................................................................................
2
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• The Treaty of Versailles (pages 12–22)
9 Use pages 8–9 of your textbook. The text boxes show different pressures faced by Lloyd George and
Clemenceau at the Paris Peace Conference. Draw a line to match each pressure to the correct leader
(you can link a box to both leaders if appropriate).
Public pressures at
home for a harsh treaty
The war resulted in
enormous damage
to land, industry and
people
Georges Clemenceau
Fear of a communist
revolution like the one
in Russia in 1917
To make sure the
British Empire
would no longer be
threatened
David Lloyd George
Over two-thirds of the
men in the army were
casualties, causing a
population decline
10 Study Source 5 on page 10 of your textbook. Select three quotes from the source as evidence that the
Big Three were not going to agree with each other’s demands for a peace settlement.
Quote 1: ...............................................................................................................................
Quote 2: ...............................................................................................................................
Quote 3: ...............................................................................................................................
• The Treaty of Versailles (pages 12–22)
11 Study pages 12–13 of your textbook to answer the following questions.
a What was the war guilt clause? ...........................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
b What amount were reparations set at in 1921? ......................................................................
c What was meant by the term Anschluss? ...............................................................................
d What happened to Germany’s overseas colonies? ....................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
e How many soldiers was Germany allowed? ............................................................................
f
How many battleships was Germany allowed? .......................................................................
g Which area of Germany was to be demilitarised? ....................................................................
h What organisation was set up to try to keep international peace? .............................................
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Key Question 1: Was the Treaty of Versailles fair?
12 Study Figure 6 on page 12 showing the impact of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany territory.
Complete the table below.
German territory
‘Polish Corridor’
Given to …
North Schleswig
Lithuania
France
13 Which of the terms of the Treaty of Versailles below would the Big Three have been pleased and
displeased with?
Term
Pleased
Displeased
Article 231, War
guilt clause
............................................................................ However, .............................................................
would have been pleased with this because
would have been displeased with this because
............................................................................ ............................................................................
............................................................................ ............................................................................
Reparations
............................................................................ However, .............................................................
would have been pleased with this because
would have been displeased with this because
............................................................................ ............................................................................
............................................................................ ............................................................................
No air force
............................................................................ However, .............................................................
would have been pleased with this because
would have been displeased with this because
............................................................................ ............................................................................
............................................................................ ............................................................................
No overseas
colonies
............................................................................ However, .............................................................
would have been pleased with this because
would have been displeased with this because
............................................................................ ............................................................................
............................................................................ ............................................................................
League of
Nations
............................................................................ However, .............................................................
would have been pleased with this because
would have been displeased with this because
............................................................................ ............................................................................
............................................................................ ............................................................................
4
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• The Treaty of Versailles (pages 12–22)
14 Study the diagram on page 15 of your textbook. Match the heads and tails in the table below to
explain how the Germans reacted to the peace treaty.
Aspect of treaty
Reaction
Disarmament
Many Germans believed the peace settlement was not in keeping with Wilson’s
promises as Germans were forced to live in other countries, which went
against self-determination.
German
territories
Germany was not allowed to be represented at the Paris Peace Conference
and the Treaty was forced on them – it was a dictated peace or ‘Diktat’.
Fourteen Points
This took away large areas of industrial production such as the Saar region
and took away their empire.
League of
Nations
This caused hate and resentment as many Germans felt other countries had
equal blame for the start of the war.
Reparations
This left Germany unable to defend itself from foreign invasion and knocked
the pride of many Germans.
Nonrepresentation
Germany was not invited to join until 1926 and so felt like an outcast among
victorious powers.
War guilt
This left them bitter as the country was already close to being bankrupt from
the huge war debt.
15 Study Source 7 on page 14 of your textbook. What does the source suggest about the attitude some
people had towards the terms of the Treaty of Versailles?
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
16 Use pages 16–17 of your textbook to colour code the following statements as either political,
economic or social impacts of the Treaty on Germany up to 1923. Colour code the key as well.
Political
Economic Social Germany paid the first
instalment of the reparations
in 1921, but failed to pay in
1922, claiming it could not
afford it.
The Kapp Putsch of 1920
was an attempt by the rightwing Freikorps to seize power
as they hated the Treaty of
Versailles.
In 1922, the German Foreign
Minister, Walter Rathenau,
was murdered by right-wing
extremists.
The French and Belgians
invaded the Ruhr, which
resulted in over 100 workers
being killed and over 100,000
protestors being expelled.
Ebert ordered striking
workers in the Ruhr to be
paid by printing more money,
leading to hyperinflation.
The Munich Putsch of 1923,
led by Hitler and the Nazi
Party, tried to seize power in
Bavaria as a protest against
the Weimar Government.
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Key Question 1: Was the Treaty of Versailles fair?
17 Use pages 16–17 of your textbook to answer the following questions.
a How did Hitler use the Treaty of Versailles to increase support for the Nazi Party?
............................................................................................................................................
b How did France and Belgium get what was owed to them when they occupied the Ruhr in 1923?
............................................................................................................................................
c What was the main problem for the German economy caused by hyperinflation in 1923?
............................................................................................................................................
d Give one example of a group in German society who gained from hyperinflation.
............................................................................................................................................
e Give one example of a group in German society that lost out from hyperinflation.
............................................................................................................................................
18 Study Sources 14 and 16 on pages 18 and 19 of your textbook.
a What message is Source 14 trying to convey about the future effects of the Treaty?
............................................................................................................................................
b Who is Source 14 blaming for the future problems caused by the Treaty?
............................................................................................................................................
c What is Source 16 suggesting about Germany’s attitude?
............................................................................................................................................
19 Study Source 23 on page 21 of your textbook.
a Choose a sentence from the source that indicates the Treaty of Versailles was not too unfair on
Germany. Write it here:
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
6
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• Key Question 1 review
b Choose a sentence from the source that tells the reader why the Treaty was a failure. Write it here:
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
20 Study Source 24 on page 21 of your textbook.
a Choose a sentence from the source that indicates the peacemakers failed when making the Treaty.
Write it here:
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
b Choose a sentence from the source that suggests the Second World War was not the fault of
peacemakers. Write it here:
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
• Key Question 1 review
21 Use Chapter 1 of your textbook and the answers in this part of the workbook to decide whether the
arguments below support the idea that the Treaty was fair or unfair on Germany. Use two different
colours and the key provided to colour code the boxes. Finally, write a conclusion based on this
evidence, to say whether you believe the Treaty of Versailles was fair or not.
Fair Unfair The peace
settlement
was supposed
to be based
on Wilson’s 14
Points
The Treaty
saw Germany
lose 10% of its
territory and 13%
of its population
when it needed
resources and
workers to
rebuild Germany
after the war
The Treaty was
a compromise
and the best
that could have
been achieved
considering
public opinion
against Germany
The Treaty of
Brest–Litovsk
imposed on
Russia by
Germany in 1918
was more harsh
than the Treaty of
Versailles
The military
restrictions
left Germany
defenceless
against invasion
and surrounded
by enemies
Germany was an
outcast in Europe
as it was not
allowed to join
the new League
of Nations in
1920
German
representatives
were not allowed
to take part in
the Paris Peace
negotiations –
the Treaty was a
diktat imposed
on Germany
The reparations
were
considerably
lower than the
French wanted
to impose on
Germany
The War Guilt
Clause put all
of the blame on
Germany for
starting the war
when this was
not completely
accurate
Germany
was allowed
to remain an
independent
state with its own
government and
was not occupied
by the Allies
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Key Question 1: Was the Treaty of Versailles fair?
Conclusion
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8
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ey Question 2: To what extent
K
was the League of Nations a
success?
1 Use Chapter 2 of your textbook to draw lines to match the heads with the correct tails to define
the key terms.
Heads
Tails
Covenant
An agreement or set of rules/aims
Collective security
Punishments, most commonly economic, when international law was broken
Sanctions
The process of getting rid of weapons
Isolationist
Key principle of the League of Nations whereby each member state would
promise to defend the other member states from attack
Disarmament
US policy in the 1920s which stated that America should not involve itself in
international disputes
• Setting up the League of Nations (pages 26–27)
2 Read page 26 of your textbook and answer the following questions.
a What type of organisation did Wilson believe the League of Nations should be?
............................................................................................................................................
b What type of organisation did Britain believe the League of Nations should be?
............................................................................................................................................
c What type of organisation did France believe the League of Nations should be?
............................................................................................................................................
d Explain France’s reasons for wanting a different type of League of Nations to Britain and the USA.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
3 Study Sources 2 and 3 on page 26 of your textbook.
a What does Source 2 suggest about Wilson’s main aim for the League of Nations?
............................................................................................................................................
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Key Question 2: To what extent was the League of Nations a success?
b What point was Wilson trying to convey in Source 3 about the League of Nations?
............................................................................................................................................
4 Read page 26 of your textbook and answer the following questions.
a What is meant by the term ‘idealism’?
............................................................................................................................................
b Colour in all the text boxes below that are evidence that the plan for the League of Nations was
idealistic.
The League members would promise to
defend each other in case of attack.
Many in Europe were tired of war and would
support the idea of a League.
All major nations would join the League of
Nations and disarm.
Nations would donate their armies to the
League to protect other countries.
The League would stop trading with countries
that broke international law.
The USA would lead the way in the League.
c Look at the statements above in question 4b. Are there any contradictions in what Wilson hoped
to achieve? If so, explain them here.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
5 Study Sources 4A and 4B on page 27 of your textbook. Now match up the source details with their
meanings by drawing a line to connect them. One has been done for you.
Source detail
Meaning
The olive branch with the words ‘League of Nations’
written on it.
This suggests that the USA is leading the way with
the League of Nations.
The cliff with the words ‘The old order of things’
written on it.
This suggests that Wilson wants to rush forward with
setting up the League of Nations.
The caption reading ‘Ready to Start’.
This suggests that the League of Nations is
unrealistic and might not work.
Wilson saying ‘Here’s your olive branch. Now get
busy’.
This suggests that the League of Nations wants to
promote peace in the world.
The plane with ‘League of Nations’ written on it and
Uncle Sam pointing outwards.
This suggests that the problems of the past need to
be left behind.
The caption reading ‘Overweighted’.
This suggests that Britain is prepared to support the
aims of the League of Nations.
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• The USA and the League (pages 28–29)
• The USA and the League (pages 28–29)
6 Read pages 28–29 of your textbook to answer the following questions.
a What is US Congress and why was it important for Wilson?
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
b State four different reasons why some Americans did not like the idea of the League of Nations.
Put the correct reason in the category provided in brackets.
i
.................................................................................................................... (Military)
ii .................................................................................................................... (Military)
iii .................................................................................................................. (Economic)
iv ....................................................................................................................... (Social)
c How many times did Wilson try to get Congress to join the League? ..........................................
d Which Republican candidate won a landslide victory in 1920 promising a ‘return to normalcy’?
............................................................................................................................................
7 Read through the three text boxes below. The USA never joined the League. How would each of these
factors affect the League’s ability to fulfil its aims? Put them in priority order and explain your ideas.
The USA was the most powerful
economy in the world after the
First World War.
i
The League was Wilson’s idea
and he had designed its aims
and drafted the plans.
The USA had the potential for
the largest military force in the
world after the war.
.......................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
This was the most significant problem for the League because ......................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
ii .......................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
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Key Question 2: To what extent was the League of Nations a success?
This was also a significant problem for the League because ..........................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
iii .......................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
This was also a significant problem for the League because ..........................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
• Aims, membership and organisation of the League
of Nations (pages 30–33)
8 Study the information on page 30 about the aims of the League. Complete the six lines below to
summarise the League’s aims. One has been done for you. You will see that the first letters of each
line spell out the word ‘LEAGUE’. This form of memory aid is called an acrostic.
L .........................................................................................................................................
E .........................................................................................................................................
Aggression discouraged by the League to prevent future wars
G ........................................................................................................................................
U ........................................................................................................................................
E ........................................................................................................................................
9 Briefly describe the meaning of Article 10 of the League’s Covenant.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
12
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• Aims, membership and organisation of the League of Nations (pages 30–33)
10 Write MILITARY, ECONOMIC or SOCIAL in the brackets next to each of the four main aims of the
League of Nations to categorise them.
• Discourage aggression from any nation
(.......................................)
• Encourage countries to co-operate, especially in business and trade
(.......................................)
• Encourage nations to disarm
(.......................................)
• Improve living and working conditions of people around the world (.......................................)
11 Read through the information and sources on page 31 and answer the following questions.
a Which two nations dominated the leadership of the League of Nations?
................................................................... and .................................................................
b Name two other permanent members of the League.
................................................................... and .................................................................
c Why were these countries ill-equipped to take on the role of leader of the League?
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
d What was the main priority of Britain after the First World War?
............................................................................................................................................
e What was the main priority of France after the First World War?
............................................................................................................................................
f
Why might the reasons above lead the League into failure in the future? Explain your answer.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
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Key Question 2: To what extent was the League of Nations a success?
12 Study Figure 10 on page 31. Answer the questions below.
a How many years did Britain remain a member of the League?
............................................................................................................................................
b Which major countries had the shortest membership?
............................................................................................................................................
c Why was Germany not allowed to join the League in 1920? What year did Germany join the League?
............................................................................................................................................
d Why do you think the USSR only joined in 1934?
............................................................................................................................................
13 Study the diagram on pages 32–33 of your textbook. Colour in the different parts of the League’s
organisation on the left using four different colours. Then link them to the statements on the right
by colouring them the same colour.
The Assembly
This was the League’s parliament, with
each country sending a representative.
This was a civil service that kept records
of meetings and prepared reports.
It only met once a year and decisions had to This was a smaller group which met
be agreed by all members.
about five times a year, or more in
emergencies.
The Council
The Court of Justice
The Secretariat
14
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Each member of this body had a veto which
could stop any action taken by the League.
This body could recommend actions to
the Council.
This organisation had different sections
to deal with health, disarmament and
economics.
There were four permanent members:
Britain, France, Italy and Japan.
This organisation settled disputes between
countries peacefully.
It had a range of powers to use on
members that broke the rules, such as
economic sanctions.
It was based in the Hague in the
Netherlands and was made up of judges
from each country.
It could authorise military force if
necessary, using forces from member
countries.
It gave legal advice and settled arguments
over borders between countries.
It could vote on admitting new members
to the League.
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• Aims, membership and organisation of the League of Nations (pages 30–33)
14 Briefly describe two functions of the ILO.
a .......................................................................................................................................
b .......................................................................................................................................
15 Complete the boxes below by adding detail about each of the League of Nations agencies.
The Mandates Commission
The Slavery Commission
Aim:
Aim:
.................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................
Detail:
Detail:
.................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................
................................................................
................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................
The Refugees Committee
The Health Committee
Aim:
Aim:
.................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................
Detail:
Detail:
.................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................
................................................................
................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................
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Key Question 2: To what extent was the League of Nations a success?
16 Explain how each of the organisations in the League’s structure could be viewed as a strength or a
weakness (use the hints to help you).
This could be a strength of the League because (think about how democratic and representative it was):
......................................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................................
The Assembly
......................................................................................................................................................................
This could also be a weakness because (think about how often it met):
......................................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................................
This could be a strength of the League because (think about how often it met and its powers):
......................................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................................
The Council
......................................................................................................................................................................
This could also be a weakness because (think about the veto or the fact the USA was not a member):
......................................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................................
These could be a strength of the League because (think about how they dealt with social problems after
the war):
......................................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................................
The ILO and the
agencies
......................................................................................................................................................................
These could also be a weakness because (think about the scale of the problems):
......................................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................................
16
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• The League’s attempts at international peace in the 1920s (pages 34–39)
• The League’s attempts at international peace in the
1920s (pages 34–39)
17 Study Sources 12 and 13 on page 35.
a What problem is highlighted in Source 12 concerning the power of the League to deal with disputes?
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
b How does Source 13 differ from Source 12 in its interpretation of the League’s success?
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
18 Complete the opinion line below by adding successes and failures of the League in dealing with disputes
in the 1920s. Use the examples in the text boxes below and add more from your own research.
Poland and
Lithuania, 1920
Finland and
Sweden (Aaland
Islands), 1921
Italy and
Greece (Corfu),
1923
Bulgaria and
Greece, 1925
S
U
C
C
E
S
S
F
A
I
L
U
R
E
19 Briefly explain how the Corfu incident highlighted that the League of Nations could be undermined by
its own members.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
20 Why did the Geneva Protocol fail?
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
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Key Question 2: To what extent was the League of Nations a success?
21 Briefly explain why the League was successful when dealing with the Greek and Bulgarian border
dispute.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
22 Study page 38 of your textbook to answer the following questions.
a Why was the League of Nations not able to succeed in bringing about disarmament?
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
b Why was the League’s failure in disarmament damaging to its reputation in Germany?
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
c Why was the League’s failure in disarmament not too serious in the 1920s?
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
23 Examine the Factfile on page 38 of your textbook. Briefly explain how each of these agreements in
the 1920s helped Germany and the work of the League of Nations.
1924, Dawes Plan helped Germany and the work of the League because
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
1925, Locarno Treaties helped Germany and the work of the League because
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
1929, Young Plan helped Germany and the work of the League because
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
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• The humanitarian work of the League (pages 40–41)
24 Why was economic recovery helpful to the League of Nations’ work?
............................................................................................................................................
• The humanitarian work of the League (pages 40–41)
25 Study page 40 of your textbook. Complete the table below to summarise the League’s humanitarian
work in the 1920s and the problems it faced (not all boxes need to be filled).
Issue
Successes
Refugees
Problems
How effective was the League?
*rating and justify your choice
I award the League’s
effectiveness .........................
because ...............................
..........................................
..........................................
..........................................
Working
conditions
I award the League’s
effectiveness .........................
because ...............................
..........................................
..........................................
..........................................
Health
I award the League’s
effectiveness .........................
because ...............................
..........................................
..........................................
..........................................
Transport
I award the League’s
effectiveness .........................
because ...............................
..........................................
..........................................
..........................................
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Key Question 2: To what extent was the League of Nations a success?
Issue
Successes
Problems
How effective was the League?
*rating and justify your choice
Social
problems
I award the League’s
effectiveness .........................
because ...............................
..........................................
..........................................
..........................................
26 What one issue seemed to limit the continued success of the League of Nations’ agencies in the
1920s?
............................................................................................................................................
• The failure of the League of Nations in the 1930s
(pages 42–51)
27 Study pages 42–43 of your textbook to answer the following questions.
a What three events led to a decline in the effectiveness of the League of Nations in the 1930s?
i
..................................................................................................................................
ii ..................................................................................................................................
iii ..................................................................................................................................
b What were the main economic and political effects of the Depression?
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
c Study Figure 1 on page 42. Which countries were worst hit by the Depression?
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
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• The failure of the League of Nations in the 1930s (pages 42–51)
28 Read through the information on page 43 of your textbook. The boxes below summarise the impact of
the Depression. Categorise each one as S (Social), E (Economic), P (Political) or M (Militarism).
Britain and the USA
The USA stopped
looked inward and
lending money to
focused on sorting out
countries like Britain
their own economies.
and Germany, leading
to unemployment.
In Germany, the
Depression led to
growing support for
Hitler and the Nazi
Party.
In Japan, the
government was
overthrown by
military leaders.
Hitler promised to
take back German
land lost in the Treaty
of Versailles.
Britain and France
ignored the League of
Nations to deal with
their own problems.
In Italy and Japan, the
Depression led to the
desire to expand their
empires.
Many countries such
as Britain, Italy, Japan
and Germany began
to rearm.
29 How would the following make the League of Nations’ work more difficult?
a Growth in extremism and nationalism:
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
b High unemployment and governments’ inability to deal with the issue effectively:
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
c Increasing militarism in Italy, Japan and Germany:
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
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Key Question 2: To what extent was the League of Nations a success?
30 Study Figure 2 on page 43 of your textbook.
a Use the graph below to draw a bar according to the danger each country posed to the League of
Nations and to international peace and co-operation. Briefly explain your choices inside the bar.
5
Danger level
4
3
2
1
0
Germany
Britain
USA
Japan
Italy
b Choose the country that you think posed the biggest threat to the League of Nations. Explain your
choice below, giving evidence to support your answer.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
• The Manchurian crisis, 1931–33 (pages 44–45)
31 Read through the information and sources on pages 44–45 of your textbook and answer the following
questions.
a How was Japan affected by the Depression?
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
b What was Japan’s excuse for invading Manchuria in 1931?
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
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• The Manchurian crisis, 1931–33 (pages 44–45)
c Briefly describe how the League investigated when China appealed to the League of Nations.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
d How did Japan respond to the League’s decision?
............................................................................................................................................
e State three reasons why the League failed in dealing with Japanese aggression.
i
..................................................................................................................................
ii ..................................................................................................................................
iii ..................................................................................................................................
32 Study Source 5 on page 45. What comment is the cartoonist making?
a The cartoonist is suggesting that Japan is
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
because in the source it shows
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
b The cartoonist is suggesting that the League of Nations is
............................................................................................................................................
because in the source it shows
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
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Key Question 2: To what extent was the League of Nations a success?
• Disarmament (pages 46–47)
33 Read through the sources and information on pages 46–47 of your textbook. Complete the diagram below,
summarising the main reasons for the League’s failure to convince nations to disarm in the 1930s.
Reasons for failure
• The Abyssinian crisis (pages 48–51)
34 Study pages 48–50 in your textbook, including the sources, to answer the following questions.
a What year did Mussolini invade Abyssinia? .......................................
b Why might this aggression be easier for the League to deal with than Japan’s in Manchuria?
............................................................................................................................................
c Study Figure 9 and the ‘Background’ information on page 48 of your textbook. Use the key provided
to colour code the different reasons for Mussolini’s decision to invade Abyssinia in 1935.
Economic
24
Military
Strategic
Abyssinia was
the only African
nation that was still
independent and not
a colony.
Mussolini wanted
revenge for the failed
invasion in 1896.
Abyssinia was near
the Red Sea and
access could be
gained through the
Suez Canal.
Abyssinia had rich
mineral deposits for
trade.
Mussolini dreamed
of military conquest
and building an
Italian empire in
Africa.
In 1934, a dispute
between Italian and
Abyssinian soldiers
was used as an
excuse.
Abyssinia had rich
and fertile lands for
growing food and
breeding cattle.
Mussolini wanted to
recreate the Roman
Empire to bring him
support at home.
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• The Abyssinian crisis (pages 48–51)
35 Use the flow diagram below to summarise the events of the invasion, the role of the League and
the role of Britain and France. Use the subheadings to give appropriate detail.
January–October 1935:
Stresa Pact, 1935:
League of Nations Union in Britain:
October 1935 invasion:
League of Nations’ sanctions:
Suez Canal:
December 1935, Hoare–Laval Pact:
French press:
US response:
36 How did Hitler take advantage of the Abyssinian crisis in 1936?
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
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Key Question 2: To what extent was the League of Nations a success?
• Key Question 2 review
37 Use Chapter 2 of your textbook and the answers in this part of the workbook to rank the reasons for
the failure of the League in the 1930s. Number each of the text boxes below in rank order (the thing
that most damaged the League will be at the top) and justify your decision in the pyramid below.
The Japanese
invasion of
Manchuria, 1931–33
The Italian invasion
of Abyssinia, 1935–36
The League’s lack of
a permanent military
force
The absence of
key major powers,
particularly the USA
Britain and France’s
domination of the
League and selfinterest
The Wall Street
Crash and economic
depression in the
1930s
The problems caused
by the peace treaties
after the First World
War
The weaknesses
in the structure
and idealism of the
League
1
2
4
6
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3
5
7
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ey Question 3: How far was
K
Hitler’s foreign policy to blame
for the outbreak of war in Europe
in 1939?
1 Use Chapter 3 of your textbook to draw lines to match the heads with the correct tails to define the
key terms.
Heads
Tails
Rearmament
1936 alliance between Germany and Japan to stop the spread of communism
Plebiscite
An area of Germany that bordered France and was demilitarised – no German forces were
allowed there
Rhineland
The policy followed by Britain and France whereby they allowed Hitler to break the terms
of the Treaty of Versailles
The Axis alliance
The alliance of Germany, Italy and Japan agreed in 1937
Anti-Comintern Pact
A vote by the people to decide on their rulers
Appeasement
The policy of building weapons and the armed forces of a country
Lebensraum
Literally ‘living space’; Hitler’s aim to expand Germany into the East
2 Read pages 56–57 of your textbook to arrange the following events into chronological order on the
timeline provided by drawing a line from the text box to the correct date.
Hitler used his new Luftwaffe
(air force) in the Spanish Civil
War. Axis formed.
Hitler reintroduced
conscription in Germany and
remilitarised the Rhineland.
Hitler attempts to take over
Austria but Mussolini stops
him.
Hitler invades Austria and
later takes the Sudetenland in
Czechoslovakia.
Germany left the League of
Nations.
Hitler invades Czechoslovakia;
invades Poland, which leads
to Second World War.
1933
1934
1936
1937
1938
1939
• ‘Hitler’s war’ (pages 56–57)
3 What was the name of Hitler’s book that laid out his future plans for Germany?
............................................................................................................................................
4 Study Sources 1 and 2 on page 56 to answer the following questions.
a What does Hitler intend to do with the peace treaties signed after the First World War?
............................................................................................................................................
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Key Question 3: How far was Hitler’s foreign policy to blame for the outbreak of war in Europe in 1939?
b Which countries does Hitler think should be the focus for military expansion?
............................................................................................................................................
c What is meant by the term ‘colonisation’?
............................................................................................................................................
d What reason does Hitler give for his policy of expansion into the ‘lands of the east’?
............................................................................................................................................
5 Use page 56 to complete the diagram below by adding detail to each of the three branches.
Aim 1: Abolish the
Treaty of Versailles
Aim 2: Expansion
What were
Hitler’s plans?
Aim 3: Destroy
communism
Hitler’s plans and actions 1935–38 (pages 56–57)
6 Study Source 4 and the information on pages 56–57 of your textbook. Use the text boxes provided to
complete the table below to compare different interpretations of Hitler.
Mein Kampf states that
Germany needed to gain
Lebensraum in the East.
The worldwide economic
depression caused massive
problems in Germany.
The Treaty of Versailles led
to a rise in nationalism in
Germany.
The League of Nations failed
to stop aggression and
militarism.
Hitler intended to destroy
the communists in the Soviet
Union.
Britain and France followed a
policy of Appeasement.
Hitler was the mastermind and planned the Second
World War (Hitler the ‘Planner’)
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Hitler was a gambler and took opportunities when they
arose, which led to war (Hitler the ‘Gambler’)
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• Rearmament (page 58)
• Rearmament (page 58)
7 Read page 58 of your textbook and answer the following questions.
a State two reasons why Hitler introduced rearmament in Germany when he came to power in 1933.
i
..................................................................................................................................
ii ..................................................................................................................................
b Briefly describe how Hitler managed to rearm even though the terms of the Treaty forbade it.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
c What year did Hitler reintroduce conscription? .......................................................................
d Describe Britain’s attitude to Germany’s rearmament.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
e What were the terms of the Anglo-German naval agreement in 1935?
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
f
Study Source 5 on page 58 of your textbook. What reason is Lord Lothian giving for Germany’s
rearmament? Why might Britain have this point of view?
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
8 Study Figure 6 on page 58.
a How far does Figure 6 suggest that Hitler was preparing for war? Explain your answer using details
from the source.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
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Key Question 3: How far was Hitler’s foreign policy to blame for the outbreak of war in Europe in 1939?
b Study Figure 6. Circle the correct answer in italics to complete the statements below.
• Spending on rearming increased by approximately 2x 3x 4x between 1935 and 1939.
• Spending rose at its sharpest rate between 1935–36 1937–38 1939–40.
• By the time war broke out, military spending was almost a third a half a quarter of total
spending in Germany.
9 Study Figure 7 on page 58 of your textbook.
a Which branch of the armed forces saw the biggest growth between 1932 and 1939?
............................................................................................................................................
b Why was the number of warships, aircraft and soldiers so low in 1932?
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
• The Saar (page 59)
10 Read the information and look at the sources on page 59 of your textbook then answer the following
questions.
a Who ran the Saar region according to the Treaty of Versailles?
............................................................................................................................................
b How did France benefit from the Saar region according to the Treaty of Versailles?
............................................................................................................................................
c How did Hitler legally take over the Saar region?
............................................................................................................................................
d What percentage of the population voted to return to Germany in the plebiscite?
............................................................................................................................................
e Explain why this would be a victory for Hitler.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
30
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• The Rhineland (pages 60–61)
• The Rhineland (pages 60–61)
11 Read through the information and sources on pages 60–61 of your textbook and answer the following
questions.
a Which countries have a border with the Rhineland?
............................................................................................................................................
b What was the main reason for the demilitarisation of the Rhineland in the Treaty of Versailles?
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
c Give a reason why Hitler’s remilitarisation of the Rhineland was such a gamble.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
d Complete the two sentences below by filling in the gaps.
Hitler believed Britain would not involve itself with the remilitarisation of the Rhineland because
............................................................................................................................................
Hitler thought that it was fair to place his troops on the French border because France had
............................................................................................................................................
12 Read through the sources and information on pages 60–61 of your textbook then answer the
following questions.
a Study Source 13 on page 61. Select two quotes from the source that suggest Hitler was taking a
gamble over the remilitarisation of the Rhineland.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
b Study Source 14 on page 61. Who does William Shirer blame for Hitler’s invasion of the Rhineland?
............................................................................................................................................
c What other evidence is there to explain the lack of French action over the Rhineland?
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
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Key Question 3: How far was Hitler’s foreign policy to blame for the outbreak of war in Europe in 1939?
d Why did the League of Nations fail to stop Hitler’s invasion of the Rhineland?
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
13 Study Source 15 on page 61 of your textbook. Now match up the source details with their meanings
by drawing a line to connect them. One has been done for you.
Source detail
Meaning
The Nazi flags sticking out of the windows
This suggests the Germans were using their military to expand
their territory.
The ripped Locarno Pact Treaty on the
street
This suggests that the Nazis are saying the invasion is a mistake
or accident.
The weapons being carried by the goose
This suggests that the Nazis are coming in peace.
The caption at the bottom reading ‘ONLY
THROUGH THE RHINELAND – PRAY
EXCUSE MY BLUNDER!’
This suggests that the Nazis are ignoring the terms of the
Locarno Pacts, 1925, which agreed Germany’s western borders
with France.
The small olive branch with ‘PAX
GERMANICA’ written on it.
This suggests that there are Nazi supporters in the Rhineland.
• The Spanish Civil War (page 62)
14 a What were the names of the two sides that fought in the Spanish Civil War?
............................................................................................................................................
b Which side did Germany and Italy support?
............................................................................................................................................
15 Briefly describe how the Spanish Civil War aided Germany’s war plans.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
16 Study Source 16 on page 62. What does this photograph suggest about the reactions of people in
France to Germany’s actions in the Spanish Civil War?
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
17 Name the countries that signed the following two alliances:
a Anti-Comintern Pact (1936)
............................................................................................................................................
32
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• Appeasement (pages 64-65)
b Axis alliance (1937)
............................................................................................................................................
• The Anschluss with Austria (page 63)
18 State four reasons why Hitler wanted to create an Anschluss with Austria using the categories provided.
Military: ...............................................................................................................................
Economic: .............................................................................................................................
Mein Kampf: ..........................................................................................................................
Treaty of Versailles: ................................................................................................................
• Appeasement (pages 64-65)
19 Use the information on pages 64–65 in your textbook to answer the following questions.
a What is meant by the term ‘Appeasement’?
............................................................................................................................................
b Which country is most associated with the policy of Appeasement?
............................................................................................................................................
c Which British politician and later prime minister is most associated with Appeasement?
............................................................................................................................................
d Was the majority of the British public in favour of Appeasement?
............................................................................................................................................
e Can you give a reason why, using the cards on page 64 to help you?
............................................................................................................................................
20 Study the cards on page 64 and Source 19 on page 65 of your textbook to answer the following
questions.
a Is the cartoonist of Source 19 supportive or critical of democratic leaders?
............................................................................................................................................
b Which card from page 64 best explains the details of the cartoon in Source 19? Explain your answer.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
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Key Question 3: How far was Hitler’s foreign policy to blame for the outbreak of war in Europe in 1939?
21 Use the cards on page 64 to complete the following tasks.
a Pick your top three arguments for and against Appeasement from the cards and add them to the
table in priority order.
Arguments for
Arguments against
1
1
2
2
3
3
b Justify your choices by completing the following sentences.
The strongest argument for Appeasement was ........................................................................
because ...........................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
The strongest argument against Appeasement was .................................................................
because ................................................................. .........................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
c Neville Chamberlain said, ‘My good friends, for the second time in our history, a British prime
minister has returned from Germany bringing peace with honour. I believe it is peace for our time.’
Use one of the cards to explain why Chamberlain may have been a supporter of Appeasement.
Card:
............................................................................................................................................
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• Appeasement (pages 64-65)
Explanation:
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
d Winston Churchill said, ‘An appeaser is one who feeds a crocodile, hoping it will eat him last.’ Use
one of the cards to explain why Churchill may have been critical of Appeasement.
Card:
............................................................................................................................................
Explanation:
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
e Use the key provided to colour code the text boxes on the diagram below. Some boxes may be
more than one colour.
Economic Political Fear of communism
Britain and its allies were
concerned about the
spread of communism
from the USSR – Germany
was a useful buffer
against Stalin.
Military First World War
The British and French public
remembered the horrors of
the Great War and the huge
number of casualties – they
did not want to repeat this!
Social British Empire
The British Government was
not confident that it could rely
on its colonies to support it
if a war broke out.
Why did Britain
follow a policy of
Appeasement?
Treaty of Versailles
Many in Britain felt the peace
settlement was too harsh and
Hitler was just undoing the
most unjust terms.
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Depression
The Great Depression of the
1930s had caused unemployment
and debt problems that had to
take priority over conflict
with Germany.
British military
Britain’s armed forces were not
adequate for a confrontation with
Germany, and British intelligence
informed the Government that
more time was needed to rearm.
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Key Question 3: How far was Hitler’s foreign policy to blame for the outbreak of war in Europe in 1939?
• The Sudetenland and the Munich Agreement (pages 66–69)
22 Read the information on pages 66–68 and study all the sources to complete the tasks below.
a Draw a line from each text box to the correct date on the timeline below.
Anschluss
with Austria
French and British
inform Czechs of
Hitler’s demands
Mar 1938
Munich
Agreement
signed
Hitler threatens
to invade
Czechoslovakia
May 1938
Chamberlain
meets Hitler to
discuss demands
15 Sept 1938
29 Sept 1938
19 Sept 1938
b Why was invading Czechoslovakia a risk for Hitler?
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
c Use the key provided to colour code the reasons why Hitler wanted to invade the Sudetenland.
Military Economic Territorial The Sudetenland
contained many
Czech mines and
industries.
Hitler wanted to
reunite all German
speakers.
Czechoslovakia
had a modern army
that could threaten
Germany.
To create a Greater
Germany.
The Sudetenland
contained Czech
forts and defences.
Hitler could launch
a full invasion of
Czechoslovakia.
Czechoslovakian
territory penetrated
the borders of
Germany.
Hitler needed to
be able to attack
Poland to create
Lebensraum.
d How did Hitler use the Sudetenland Nazi Party to help him?
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
e Study Source 22 on page 67. What impression of Chamberlain does this source give?
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
36
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• The Sudetenland and the Munich Agreement (pages 66–69)
f
How did Hitler’s demands over the Sudetenland change between 15 September and 19 September 1938?
15 September: ..................................................................................................................
19 September: ..................................................................................................................
g Study Source 24 on page 67. How did Hitler justify his demands? Explain your answer and select
two quotes to support it.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
Quote 1: ..........................................................................................................................
Quote 2: ..........................................................................................................................
h Which countries were invited to attend the Munich Conference on 29 September 1938?
............................................................................................................................................
i
Czechoslovakia and the USSR were not consulted over the Munich Agreement. Give a reason why
this would anger both nations.
Czechoslovakia: ................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
USSR: ..............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
j
Study the sources on page 68. Select a quote from each source and add it to the opinion line below
to decide whether the Munich Agreement was a ‘triumph’ or a ‘sell-out’. One has been done for you.
Source 27: ‘… but never one [Prime Minister]
who worked so hard for security …’
Triumph
Sell-out
k What evidence is there to suggest that the Munich Agreement was a delaying tactic?
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
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Key Question 3: How far was Hitler’s foreign policy to blame for the outbreak of war in Europe in 1939?
23 Read the information and sources on page 69 of your textbook and answer the following questions.
a Why do you think that Poland and Hungary took territory from Czechoslovakia based on Hitler’s
foreign policy so far?
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
b How did Britain, France and Czechoslovakia react to Hitler’s invasion in 1939?
............................................................................................................................................
c How did Britain end the policy of Appeasement?
............................................................................................................................................
• The Nazi–Soviet Pact and the outbreak of war (pages 70–71)
24 Read pages 70–71 and study the sources. Complete the following tasks.
a What was the Polish Corridor and why did Hitler want it back?
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
b Complete the diagram below by adding some detail under each of the headings provided.
League of Nations:
Britain:
Why was Stalin
concerned about the
German threat?
France:
38
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Munich Agreement:
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• Key Question 3 review
c Why was Stalin concerned over French and British promises to defend Poland from German attack?
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
d What was the name of the German foreign minister who negotiated the Nazi–Soviet Pact with Stalin?
............................................................................................................................................
e What were the two secret terms of the Nazi–Soviet Pact of August 1939?
i
..................................................................................................................................
ii ..................................................................................................................................
f
Study Source 32 on page 71. What does this source suggest about Stalin’s reasons for signing the
Nazi–Soviet Pact? Use details from the source to support your answer.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
g Look at the different reasons in the text boxes below as to why Stalin and Hitler signed the
Nazi–Soviet Pact. Write H (Hitler) or S (Stalin) on each box.
It gave him time to
build up his armed
forces for a future
invasion.
It would allow him
to plan a future
invasion in the East
to gain Lebensraum.
He could invade
Poland and avoid a
war on two fronts like
the First World War.
He didn’t trust
Britain or France –
they weren’t reliable
or strong enough.
h What date did Hitler invade Poland? When did Britain and France declare war on Germany?
............................................................................................................................................
• Key Question 3 review
25 Use Chapter 3 of your textbook and the answers in this part of the workbook to prioritise the reasons
for the collapse of international peace by 1939. Number each of the text boxes below in priority order
and justify your decision in the pyramid on page 40 of this workbook.
The harsh terms
of the Treaty of
Versailles, 1919
The failures of the
League of Nations,
1920s–30s
Hitler’s foreign policy
aims, 1930s
The policy of
Appeasement,
1935–39
The Great
Depression, 1930s
The Nazi–Soviet
Pact, 1939
Militarism and the
Axis alliance, 1931–37
The Spanish Civil
War, 1936
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Key Question 3: How far was Hitler’s foreign policy to blame for the outbreak of war in Europe in 1939?
26 Use the key provided to colour code the different segments of the pyramid into long- and short-term
factors for the cause of the collapse of international peace by 1939.
Long term Short term 1
2
4
6
3
5
7
8
27 Complete the following explanations.
The most important long-term factor for the collapse of international peace was .............................
............................................................................................................................................
40
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• Key Question 3 review
because ................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
The most important short-term factor for the collapse of international peace was ............................
............................................................................................................................................
because ................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
28 Study the different reasons for the collapse of international peace by 1939. Place them on the opinion
line to decide whether the reasons were ‘Hitler’s own actions’ OR ‘Factors outside Hitler’s control’.
Hitler’s own
actions
The harsh terms
of the Treaty of
Versailles, 1919
The failures of the
League of Nations,
1920s–30s
Hitler’s foreign policy
aims, 1930s
The policy of
Appeasement,
1935–39
The Great
Depression, 1930s
The Nazi–Soviet
Pact, 1939
Militarism and the
Axis alliance, 1931–37
Factors outside
Hitler’s control
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The Spanish Civil
War, 1936
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ey Question 4: Who was to
K
blame for the Cold War?
1 Use Chapter 4 of your textbook to draw lines to match the heads with the correct tails to define the
key terms:
Heads
Tails
Capitalism
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation – a US-based alliance that defended Western democracies
from communism
The organisation to spread communist ideas and ensure communist states followed ideas
practised in the USSR
Alliance of USSR and communist states in eastern Europe to defend against Western capitalist
states and preserve communism
Communism
Cominform
Containment
A social, political and economic system based on private ownership and often democratic
NATO
US policy in the Cold War to stop the spread of communism
Warsaw Pact
A social, economic and political system based on state ownership and often dictatorship
• The breakdown of the USA–USSR alliance
(pages 82–87)
2 Use pages 82–87 of your textbook to complete the following tasks.
a What factor united the USA, Britain and the USSR during the Second World War?
............................................................................................................................................
b Who were the leaders of the USA, Britain and the USSR by 1945?
USA: ...............................................................................................................................
Britain: ...........................................................................................................................
USSR: ..............................................................................................................................
c Study Sources 1 and 2 on page 82. What are the different attitudes being portrayed towards the
Soviet Union and communism? Select some details from the sources as evidence.
Source 1 attitude: .............................................................................................................
Source evidence: ...............................................................................................................
Source 2 attitude: .............................................................................................................
Source evidence: ...............................................................................................................
42
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• The breakdown of the USA–USSR alliance (pages 82–87)
d Give three reasons why the USSR was suspicious of Britain and the USA.
i .....................................................................................................................................
ii ....................................................................................................................................
iii ...................................................................................................................................
e How did US attitudes change between the 1930s and the 1940s?
1930s: .............................................................................................................................
1940s: .............................................................................................................................
f
What is meant by the term ‘superpowers’? Who were the two superpowers after the Second
World War?
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
g Read the following text boxes to decide whether they describe an aspect of US capitalism or
Soviet communism. Use the key provided to colour code them.
US capitalism
Soviet communism
Business and property
should be state owned
and controlled.
There should be free
elections as part of a
democratic system.
Business and
property should be
privately owned.
Individual rights
included freedom of
speech.
The state should try to
create equality at the
expense of individual
rights.
The international
revolution should
be spread to other
countries.
There should be a
one-party dictatorship
and no opposition.
There should be a
multi-party system to
prevent a dictatorship.
h Using the text boxes from question 2g, explain why you think capitalist and communist systems
might oppose each other and lead to conflict. Try to give two separate reasons.
One reason capitalism and communism might oppose each other is because ...............................
.......................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
This could cause conflict because ........................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
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Key Question 4: Who was to blame for the Cold War?
A second reason capitalism and communism might oppose each other is because ........................
.......................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
This could cause conflict because ........................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
• Yalta (pages 84–85)
3 Read the information and study the sources on pages 84–85 of your textbook to complete the tasks.
a What year was the Yalta Conference?
............................................................................................................................................
b Who were the ‘Big Three’?
............................................................................................................................................
c Study Sources 3 and 4 on page 84. Select a quote from each source that suggests the Yalta
Conference was a success.
Source 3: .........................................................................................................................
Source 4: .........................................................................................................................
d Why do you think Churchill and Roosevelt were willing to accept Stalin’s promise not to support
Greek communists? You may want to have a look at the map on page 89 of your textbook!
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
e Why do you think control over eastern Europe, and particularly parts of Poland, was so important
to Stalin? Explain your answer.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
44
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• Yalta (pages 84–85)
.
f
Using the information on page 84 of your textbook, complete the two diagrams below to show the
agreements and disagreements made at the Yalta Conference. Make sure you add some detail. You
can use the text boxes below to get you started:
Germany
War criminals
Eastern Europe
Poland
Agreements at Yalta
Disagreements at Yalta
g Study Source 5 on page 85. What does this suggest about the outcomes at Yalta?
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
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Key Question 4: Who was to blame for the Cold War?
h Study Sources 5–9 on page 85. Put each source number in one of the ‘source baskets’ below.
Stalin does not trust Britain and the USA
Britain and the USA do not trust Stalin
• Potsdam (pages 86–87)
4 Read through the information and sources on page 86 of your textbook and complete the following
tasks.
a What three significant changes had taken place since the Yalta Conference?
i ....................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
ii ....................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
iii ...................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
46
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• Potsdam (pages 86–87)
b Study Source 11 on page 86. What impression does this source give you of Truman’s attitude
towards Stalin? Explain your answer using details from the source as evidence.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
c Study the ‘Disagreements’ section on page 87. Complete the table below to summarise the
differences in opinion at the Potsdam Conference.
Stalin wanted …
Truman wanted …
Germany
Reparations
Eastern Europe
5 Why had the ‘Grand Alliance’ between the ‘Big Three’ nations broken down by 1946? Use all the answers
so far in your workbook and pages 82–87 of your textbook to complete the diagram at the top of
page 48, using the different factors in the text boxes to guide you. Remember to explain your decisions.
USA testing the
atomic bomb, July
1945
Disagreements
at the Yalta
Conference,
February 1945
Disagreements
at the Potsdam
Conference, July
1945
Attitudes and
actions of Winston
Churchill
Ideological
differences
between capitalism
and communism
Attitudes and
actions of
Franklin D.
Roosevelt
Attitudes and
actions of Joseph
Stalin
Defeat of
Germany in May
1945
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Attitudes and
actions of Harry
Truman
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Key Question 4: Who was to blame for the Cold War?
Most important reason the
alliance broke down
Least important reason the
alliance broke down
• The Soviet take-over of eastern Europe (pages 88–89)
6 Use page 88 of your textbook to complete the following tasks.
a Which countries had come under the control of the USSR by 1946?
............................................................................................................................................
b Study Sources 13 and 15 on page 88. What is meant by the term ‘iron curtain’?
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
7 Study the information and the map in Figure 17 and the information on page 89 of your textbook to
complete the following tasks.
a What was the role of Cominform?
............................................................................................................................................
b How did Cominform allow Stalin to control communist countries in eastern Europe more effectively?
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
48
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• The Soviet take-over of eastern Europe (pages 88–89)
c Which country was expelled from Cominform in 1948? Why did this happen?
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
d Complete the table below to summarise Soviet control in eastern Europe, 1945–48.
Country
Date/s of communist
control
Examples of democratic
tactics used in the
take-over
Examples of undemocratic
or violent methods used in
the take-over
East Germany
Czechoslovakia
Poland
Hungary
Romania
Bulgaria
Yugoslavia
Albania
e Why were Italy and France both problems for the USA and Britain after the war?
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
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Key Question 4: Who was to blame for the Cold War?
• The Truman Doctrine and Marshall Aid (pages 90–92)
8 Read the information and study all the sources on pages 90–92 of your textbook to complete the
following tasks.
a Use the word bank provided to complete the following paragraph.
The two rival groups in Greece, the ......................... and the ........................., both fought for
power after the Germans retreated in ......................... . Churchill sent ......................... in 1945 to
help the ......................... of Greece back into power as the ......................... wanted a communist
government. The ......................... ......................... took no action after Stalin protested about
Britain’s involvement, so a ......................... developed. President ......................... funded the
British in Greece and by ......................... the royalists were in control, though it was a very
unstable government.
aUnited
Use the
word bank provided to complete the following war Truman
paragraph.
Nations communists troops civil
1950
monarchists
1944
King
Soviet Union
b Explain what the Truman Doctrine was.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
c Study Source 20 on page 91. What does the source suggest as reasons for Truman’s policy of
containment?
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
9 The Marshall Plan
a Briefly describe the aims of the Marshall Plan.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
50
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• The Truman Doctrine and Marshall Aid (pages 90–92)
b Why did Congress refuse to fund the Marshall Plan at first?
............................................................................................................................................
c What events in Czechoslovakia changed Congress’ attitude towards the Marshall Plan?
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
d How much Marshall Aid was granted by Congress to help countries in Europe?
............................................................................................................................................
e Use the key provided to colour code the different reasons for Marshall Aid in Europe.
Containment f
US trade Poverty Wealthy Western
states will act as a
barrier to the spread
of communism.
There are huge
shortages of food and
fuel after the Second
World War.
There are large
numbers of refugees
and those that are
homeless.
Western Europe will
create new markets for
American goods.
There is huge war
damage to homes and
infrastructure.
By lending dollars,
European countries
would rely on the
USA.
Debt from the cost of
the war effort could
be reduced.
Communism breeds
when countries are not
wealthy.
Use the information and the sources on page 92 to add information to the speech bubbles below
to show Stalin and Truman’s differing views of Marshall Aid.
My opinion of Marshall Aid is
....................................................................................................
....................................................................................................
....................................................................................................
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Key Question 4: Who was to blame for the Cold War?
My opinion of Marshall Aid is
....................................................................................................
....................................................................................................
....................................................................................................
• The Berlin Blockade and airlift (pages 93–95)
10 Read through the information and sources on pages 93–94 in your textbook and then complete the
following tasks.
a Study the map in Figure 24 on page 93. Which four countries controlled Germany in 1948?
............................................................................................................................................
b What had happened to Berlin by 1948?
............................................................................................................................................
c What issues do you think Berlin might cause based on the information in the map?
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
d Why did Stalin not want to see the German economy recover?
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
e Why did the Western Allies want to see the German economy recover?
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
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• The Berlin Blockade and airlift (pages 93–95)
f
What name was given to the combined zones of the Western Allies in 1949?
.......................................................................................................................................
11 Study Source 25 on page 93. What message is the cartoonist trying to put across to the audience?
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
12 Use pages 93–95 to answer these questions.
a Study all the text boxes below and use the key to colour code them into the causes and
consequences of the Berlin Blockade.
Causes of the Berlin Blockade
Consequences of the Berlin Blockade
Britain, France and
the USA combined
their zones in 1946.
The Western Allies
created a new West
German currency.
In 1948, the Allies
decided to airlift
supplies to West
Berlin.
In 1949, two Germanys
existed – the FRG and
the GDR.
Stalin wanted all of
Berlin to become part
of the Soviet Zone in
Germany.
Berlin would remain
a symbolic focal point
throughout the Cold
War.
It led to the later
creation of NATO and
the Warsaw Pact.
There was an arms
race and propaganda
war by 1948.
b What methods did Stalin use to blockade West Berlin?
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
c Why was the Allies’ decision to airlift supplies so risky?
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
d How long did the airlifts last?
............................................................................................................................................
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Key Question 4: Who was to blame for the Cold War?
• NATO and the Warsaw Pact (page 95)
13 Study Source 27 on page 95. How far does this source suggest that NATO was a defensive alliance?
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
14 Use the map in Figure 28 on page 95 and to decide whether each country listed below was a member
of NATO and which was a member of the Warsaw Pact. Use the key to colour code the countries.
NATO countries
Warsaw Pact countries
USA
USSR
West Germany
East Germany
Canada
Romania
Poland
UK
France
Hungary
• Key Question 4 review
15 Who was to blame for the Cold War? Use the information in the text boxes to create three spider
diagrams below.
54
Capitalism and
communism were
conflicting ideologies
Stalin’s expansion
into eastern Europe
between 1945 and
1948
Truman had
authorised the testing
of the first atomic
bomb, 1945
The USA and the British
had sent troops to fight
the communists in 1918
The policy of
containment stated in
the Truman Doctrine,
1947
The setting up of the
Berlin Blockade in
1948
The war damage
suffered by the USSR
by 1945
The creation of
Cominform in 1947
The Marshall Plan and
Marshall Aid for noncommunist nations,
1948
The disagreements at
the Yalta and Potsdam
Conferences, 1945
Winston Churchill’s
‘iron curtain’ speech,
1946
Creation of West
Germany and NATO,
1949
American aid to the
British in the Greek
civil war, 1947
Anti-communist
propaganda and the
‘Red Scare’ in the
1920s and 1930s
Increasing
rearmament by the
USA and the USSR
by 1948
Communist actions in
Czechoslovakia, 1948
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• Key Question 4 review
USSR was to blame
USA was to blame
Other factors were to blame
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Key Question 4: Who was to blame for the Cold War?
16 Using all the evidence above, who do you think was most to blame for the Cold War? Use the
structure provided below to explain your answer and reach a judgement.
Point
The ............................. was the most to blame for the Cold War because (state your reason)
............................................................................................................................................................
Evidence
This was due to the fact (add factual evidence/examples)...................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
Explain
This meant that the Cold War started as ..........................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
Point
However, the ....................... was also to blame for the Cold War because (state your reason)
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
Evidence
This was due to the fact (add factual evidence/examples) ..................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
Explain
This meant that the Cold War started as ..........................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
Point
Moreover, there were other causes of the Cold War because (state your reason) ............................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
Evidence
This was due to the fact (add factual evidence/examples) .................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
Explain
This meant that the Cold War started as ...........................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
Overall, the most important cause of the Cold War was ..................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
This was because ...............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
This can be supported by ...................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
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ey Question 5: How effectively
K
did the USA contain the spread
of communism?
1 Use Chapter 5 of your textbook to draw lines to match the heads with the correct tails to define the
key terms.
Heads
Tails
Arms race
US policy based on the belief that communism would spread unless it was stopped
in its tracks
Mutually Assured Destruction – the theory that neither superpower could survive a
nuclear conflict
The competition between two or more countries to build more weapons than the
other – this can include nuclear weapons (nuclear arms race)
Domino theory
ICBM
MAD
Intercontinental Ballistic Missile – long-range nuclear weapon capable of travelling
thousands of miles
SEATO
South East Asian Treaty Organisation – 1954 alliance to stop the spread of
communism
CENTO
Central Treaty Organisation – an alliance to stop the spread of communism
including Britain, Turkey and Pakistan
• Case study 1: The Korean War (pages 100–103)
2 Read pages 100–103 in your textbook to complete the following tasks.
a Which country ruled Korea until 1945?
.......................................................................................................................................
b What were the main differences between North and South Korea after the Second World War?
North Korea: .....................................................................................................................
South Korea: ....................................................................................................................
c How did President Truman react to North Korea’s expansion into South Korea?
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
d Why was the USA able to exert so much influence on the UN Security Council?
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
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Key Question 5: How effectively did the USA contain the spread of communism?
e Why did the USSR do nothing to oppose UN intervention in Korea?
.......................................................................................................................................
f
Who commanded the UN forces in Korea?
.......................................................................................................................................
3 Study Source 4 on page 101. What do the different source details suggest? Link the details to the
correct meaning in the table below.
Source details
Meanings/inferences
President Truman holding hands with the woman
representing the United Nations
This suggests that the UN is prepared to use force to
stop aggression.
The woman representing the United Nations holding a
machine-gun
This suggests that the USA has influence over the
actions of the UN.
The gravestone which says, ‘Died of Lack of Exercise’,
and the ghost calling out
This suggests the League of Nations failed due to its
inability to deal with aggressive nations.
4 Study Figure 5 on page 101 of your textbook to answer the following questions.
a What does the term ‘38th parallel’ mean?
........................................................................................................................................
b Create a flow diagram to describe the course of the Korean War, 1950–53. The first box has been
done for you. Next to the arrows, decide who had the advantage at each stage: North Korea or
South Korea and its UN allies.
September, 1950 – North Korean forces cross the 38th parallel and invade South Korea. They advance into the capital,
Seoul. The communists now occupy most of South Korea except a small part of the south-east near Pusan.
Advantage:
Advantage:
Advantage:
Advantage:
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• Case study 1: The Korean War (pages 100–103)
5 Use the information and sources on pages 102–103 of your textbook to complete the following tasks.
a What was the name of the Chinese communist leader?
.......................................................................................................................................
b Why were the Chinese forces so effective when they counter-attacked in November 1950?
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
c Why was General MacArthur sacked as commander of the UN forces in March 1951?
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
d Study Figure 8 on page 103. Which side suffered the greatest military and civilian deaths?
.......................................................................................................................................
e Was the Korean War a success for the policy of containment? Draw lines to the correct text boxes
and then explain your opinion by completing the paragraph at the bottom.
Some anti-communist
politicians wanted to go
beyond containment.
Some military leaders
thought Truman had
shown weakness.
The USA had the ability
to stop the spread of
communism.
Containment
was a success
Containment
was a failure
North Korea remained
a communist state.
South Korea remained
under UN protection.
An armistice was
signed – this was just a
ceasefire.
The USA could rely on
UN assistance to stop
communist aggression.
MacArthur was ready
to use nuclear weapons
against China.
Overall, I think that the US policy of containment was a success/failure in the Korean War because
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
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Key Question 5: How effectively did the USA contain the spread of communism?
• Methods of containment (page 104)
Use the sources and the information on page 104 to answer the following questions:
6 a Study Source 10 on page 104. What does this source suggest about US foreign policy?
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
b What were the names of the two US-led alliances that were created in Asia?
.......................................................................................................................................
c What was the name of the Soviet alliance created in eastern Europe?
.......................................................................................................................................
dStudy Figure 11 on page 104. Use an atlas or online research to note down some examples of
countries that belonged to the following alliances:
i) NATO
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
ii) Warsaw Pact
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
iii) SEATO
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
iv) CENTO
.......................................................................................................................................
60
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• Case study 2: The Cuban Missile Crisis (pages 105–113)
• Case study 2: The Cuban Missile Crisis (pages 105–113)
7 Read through the information and sources on pages 105–106 of your textbook to answer these
questions.
a Study Source 12. What is the journalist’s impression of US relations with Cuba by 1958?
........................................................................................................................................
b What evidence is there on page 105 to support this view?
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
c Why was the Batista regime unpopular with many Cubans?
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
d In what year did Fidel Castro overthrow the Batista regime? ....................................................
e What methods did Castro use to keep control of Cuba?
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
8 Read through the information and sources on page 105–108 of your textbook to answer these
questions.
a Study Source 13. What is President Kennedy’s view on the Cuban Revolution?
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
b What year did Castro ally Cuba with the USSR? ......................................................................
c How did the USSR aid Cuba?
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
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Key Question 5: How effectively did the USA contain the spread of communism?
d Briefly describe the Bay of Pigs invasion and why it was an embarrassment for the USA.
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
e What was the impact of the Bay of Pigs invasion on the different leaders? Draw a line to connect
the leaders with the text boxes.
I am suspicious
of their
intentions if
they are willing
to invade my
country.
This will
cause some
of my military
generals
to demand
revenge.
This has
strengthened
my position as
leader.
This will make
us look weak
and foolish to
our enemies.
I think I
should send
more military
support in case
the USA tries
again.
Castro Krushchev Kennedy
9 Use page 108 of your textbook to answer these questions.
a List the forms of military assistance the USSR provided to Cuba up to 1962.
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
b What did Kennedy mean by the term ‘by whatever means might be necessary’ when warning the
USSR not to supply Cuba with nuclear weapons?
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
10 Use pages 110–111 of your textbook to put a date on each event shown in the boxes below. Then shade
the most dangerous moment in the crisis (when the USA and USSR seemed closest to nuclear war).
Khrushchev told
Kennedy he had
ordered the missiles
to be crated and
returned to the
Soviet Union.
62
The twenty Soviet
ships which were
closest to the
blockade zone
stopped or turned
around.
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An American U-2
plane was shot down
over Cuba.
Kennedy received
a letter from
Khrushchev saying
that Soviet ships
would not observe
the blockade.
Kennedy announced
a blockade and
called on the Soviet
Union to withdraw its
missiles.
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• Case study 2: The Cuban Missile Crisis (pages 105–113)
11 Study Source 22 on page 111 and match the correct source details with their meanings in the grid below.
Source detail
Meaning
Secretary Khrushchev sweating a lot
This suggests the continual struggle between the two
leaders during the Cuban Missile Crisis.
Kennedy and Khrushchev arm wrestling
This suggests that both leaders have access to nuclear
weapons that would destroy the other.
Kennedy’s and Khrushchev’s fingers over the buttons
This suggests that the Soviet leader is very nervous
and losing the confrontation.
The letter ‘H’ on both of the bombs the leaders are
sitting on
This suggests that the nuclear deterrent is being used
by both sides to threaten the other.
Kennedy with a single drop of sweat on his head
This suggests that the US president is nervous but has
the upper hand.
12 Look at the following reasons why the Cuban Missile Crisis ended peacefully. Explain each of them,
referring to the information on pages 110–111.
Nuclear deterrent/MAD: ..........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
Kennedy’s use of a naval blockade: ...........................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
Khrushchev’s letters on the 26 and 27 October, 1962 to Kennedy: .................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
Kennedy’s threat on the 27 October: .........................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
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Key Question 5: How effectively did the USA contain the spread of communism?
13 Use the sources and the information on page 112 to examine the possible explanations below for why
the USSR placed missiles on Cuba. Use the key provided to colour code them into the appropriate
categories.
Strategic Diplomatic Ideological Khrushchev wanted
to defend the
revolution in Cuba
The USA had
missiles in Turkey;
this would address
the missile gap
The missiles could
force Kennedy to
negotiate some
concessions
To demonstrate that
communism could
stand up to the West
Khrushchev needed
to silence his critics
in the Communist
Party
Khrushchev needed
to show he was a
strong leader in the
USSR
The missiles were in
the ‘backyard’ of the
USA
To test the weakness
of Kennedy to see
how strong he was
14 Complete the paragraph below to explain who you think gained the most from the Cuban Missile
Crisis: Kennedy, Khrushchev or Castro. Use the information on page 113 to help you.
The leader in first place at the end of the Cuban Missile Crisis was .................................................
He gained most because .........................................................................................................
������������������������������������������������������������ ...............................................................................
�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
However, ............................... and ............................... also gained something from the crisis
because ................................................................................................................................
������������������������������������������������������������ ...............................................................................
�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
15 List three consequences of the Cuban Missile Crisis for the Cold War.
• .......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
• .......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
• .......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
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• Case study 3: The Vietnam War (pages 114–124)
• Case study 3: The Vietnam War (pages 114–124)
16 aComplete the timeline below by linking the information in the text boxes to the correct decade.
Add exact dates to each event.
USA begins Operation ‘Rolling
Thunder’ – bombing campaign of
North Vietnam strategic targets,
which lasts three years.
Timeline of Vietnam,
1930s–1965
USA helps Diem set up the proAmerican and anti-communist Republic
of South Vietnam.
Pre-1940
USA prevents free elections taking
place in Vietnam out of fear of a
communist victory.
Communist-led National Front for
the Liberation of South Vietnam set
up, known as the Viet Cong.
USA sends financial aid to Diem’s
regime amounting to around
$1.6 billion.
Diem overthrown by his own army
leaders due to unpopularity and
corruption.
1940s
Viet Minh enter Hanoi and declare
independence, leading to a war
against France.
President Johnson receives authorisation
from Congress to intervene in Vietnam
using military force.
Ho Chi Minh founds the Indochinese
Communist Party and inspires
Vietnamese to fight Japanese forces.
French pull out of Vietnam; Geneva
peace conference divides Vietnam into
North and South.
1950s
Vietnam was a colony of France
known as French Indochina. The
French treated the Vietnamese badly.
Ho Chi Minh gains support from China
and its leader Chairman Mao.
President Kennedy sends military
personnel to help South Vietnam
forces but does not authorise war.
Japan invades and occupies Vietnam
during the Second World War.
1960s
USA sends 3500 marines to aid the
South Vietnamese Army against the
communists.
b On the timeline above, label key dates in the US involvement in Vietnam as P (political),
F (financial) or M (military).
17 Study pages 114–115 and answer the following questions.
a What was the Ho Chi Minh Trail?
������������������������������������������������������������ ...............................................................................
������������������������������������������������������������ ...............................................................................
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Key Question 5: How effectively did the USA contain the spread of communism?
b Where was the border between North and South Vietnam?
........................................................................................................................................
c What similarities does this have with the Korean War?
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
d Why was Diem’s regime in South Vietnam so unpopular?
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
e Briefly describe the actions of the Viet Cong against the South Vietnamese government.
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
f
How did the South Vietnamese and US governments respond to the actions of the Viet Cong?
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
18 Read the information and study the sources on page 116 of your textbook then answer the following
questions.
a Study Source 28. What reasons does the US Defence Secretary give for US military involvement in
Vietnam?
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
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• Case study 3: The Vietnam War (pages 114–124)
b Study Figure 29 and answer the questions that follow.
i
Which two US presidents sent military troops to Vietnam?
...................................................................................................................................
ii What was the maximum number of troops and advisers sent to Vietnam?
...................................................................................................................................
iii What year had the highest number of US deaths during the Vietnam War?
...................................................................................................................................
19 Read through the information about tactics on pages 117–119 of your textbook and complete the
following tasks.
a How many soldiers did the Viet Cong have in 1965?
........................................................................................................................................
b What tactic did Ho Chi Minh use that he had learned from the Chinese and used against the
French?
........................................................................................................................................
c What was the main tactic used by the USA against communist forces? Explain why it was used.
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
d What was the US policy of search and destroy? Why was it used?
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
e Choose one chemical weapon used by the US forces. Briefly describe it below.
........................................................................................................................................
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Key Question 5: How effectively did the USA contain the spread of communism?
20 Use the information on pages 118–119 to complete reports ranking the effectiveness of the
different tactics used by the US and the Viet Cong. Choose two contrasting tactics for each group
and rank them (five * = most effective). In the space below record how each tactic was effective or
ineffective.
REPORT ON US TACTICS
Tactic 1:
Tactic 2:
Impact rating:
Impact rating:
REPORT ON VIET CONG TACTICS
68
Tactic 1:
Tactic 2:
Impact rating:
Impact rating:
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• Case study 3: The Vietnam War (pages 114–124)
21 Use the information on pages 120–122 to complete this activity. Use the key provided to colour code
the boxes to categorise the reasons for increasing anti-war protest in the USA.
Financial
Media
The draft
Military
1968 Tet Offensive saw US troops taken by
surprise by the Viet Cong.
March 1968 – My Lai massacre saw US troops
kill 300–400 civilians – no Viet Cong were found.
This was published in Life magazine in 1969.
Newspapers showed
pictures of the
effects of napalm on
civilians.
The Vietnam
War was costing
$500,000 for every
Viet Cong killed.
Nearly one-third of
African Americans
were conscripted vs
19 per cent of white
Americans.
The average age of
US troops was only
nineteen years old.
The US Government
was spending so
much money yet
getting no closer to
winning.
TV showed prisoners
being executed.
Students and civil
rights campaigners
like Martin Luther
King publicly
opposed the war.
Black Power groups
such as the Nation
of Islam united
African American
opposition.
22 Read page 123 of your textbook and complete the following tasks.
a How did President Johnson react to the Tet Offensive?
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
b Who was elected president in 1968 after Johnson?
........................................................................................................................................
c Who was the new president’s National Security Adviser?
........................................................................................................................................
d What year were the Paris Peace Accords that led to a ceasefire?
........................................................................................................................................
e What do you think Nixon meant by ‘peace with honour’?
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
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Key Question 5: How effectively did the USA contain the spread of communism?
f
What were the consequences of the Paris Peace Accords for Vietnam?
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
23 Why did the policy of containment fail in Vietnam? Pick the top two reasons from the cards below and
justify your choice(s) by completing the paragraphs.
US military
tactics in Vietnam
The unpopularity
of the South
Vietnamese
regime
The experience of
the Viet Cong and
the inexperience
of the American
soldiers
Opposition in the
USA
Other countries’
support for the
Viet Cong
(Your top reason) ...................................................................................................................
was the most important reason for failure because ......................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
(Your second reason) ..............................................................................................................
was also important because .....................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
However, it was not as important as (your first reason) .................................................................
because ................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
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• Key Question 5 review
• Key Question 5 review
24 Use all your work on Key Question 5 to complete a scales diagram like the one below to decide
whether each of the case studies (Korean War, Cuban Missile Crisis and Vietnam War) was a success or
failure for the US policy of containment.
a Write your evidence in either side.
b Then decide which way the scales fall. (Remember, the weighted side means more/stronger
evidence!) Only draw the horizontal line after you have weighed the evidence.
Case study title here
Evidence for success here
Evidence for failure here
Success OR Failure?
The Korean War
Evidence for success here
Evidence for failure here
Success OR Failure?
The Cuban Missile Crisis
Evidence for success here
Evidence for failure here
Success OR Failure?
The Vietnam War
Evidence for success here
Evidence for failure here
Success OR Failure?
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Key Question 5: How effectively did the USA contain the spread of communism?
c Overall, which incident was most successful? Explain your answer by completing the paragraph
below.
The most successful example of containment was ...................................................................
This was because ..............................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
This was more successful than .............................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
because ...........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
72
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ey Question 6: How secure was
K
the USSR’s control over eastern
Europe, 1948–c.1989?
1 Use Chapter 6 of your textbook to draw lines to match the heads with the correct tails to define the
key terms.
Heads
Tails
De-Stalinisation
Solidarity
Policy from 1968 that meant no eastern European states would be allowed
a non-communist government
Means restructuring – the policy of reforming the Soviet Union in the late
1980s
Polish trade union that opposed the communist government in the 1980s
Glasnost
The re-joining of East and West Germany into a single nation-state in 1990
Perestroika
Khrushchev’s policy of undoing Stalinist policies
Reunification
Means openness – the policy that allowed people to criticise the Soviet
government in the 1980s
Brezhnev Doctrine
• Soviet control in eastern Europe and the start of the
Khrushchev era (pages 128–129)
2 Read page 128 of your textbook. Draw lines to link the text boxes with the correct Soviet
organisation.
Means Communist
Information Bureau
Guaranteed the USSR
cheap goods and raw
materials
Allowed the USSR
to control policy in
eastern Europe
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Set up in 1949 to
co-ordinate industry
and trade in eastern
Europe
Comecon
Cominform
Set up in 1947 to coordinate communist
governments
Means Council for
Mutual Economic
Assistance
It set up a bank for
Soviet-controlled
countries in 1964
Tried to stop
communist
governments trading
with the West
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KEY QUESTION 6: HOW SECURE WAS THE USSR’S CONTROL OVER EASTERN EUROPE, 1948–c.1989?
3 What was the economic reason Stalin wanted to control eastern Europe after 1945?
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
4 Use the text boxes below to fill in the table comparing Stalin and Khrushchev.
Created
Cominform
and Comecon
to control
Soviet-occupied
nations
Released
political
prisoners
and criticised
Stalin’s
oppression
Closed down
Cominform and
pulled troops
out of Austria
Talked of
peaceful coexistence with
the West
Used the
secret police,
NKVD, to arrest
and execute
enemies
Invited Tito to
Moscow for
talks
Banned other
political parties
in Sovietoccupied
nations
Engaged in an
arms race with
the USA and
opposed US
imperialism
Opposed
Marshal Tito
and Yugoslavian
communism
Planned
to reduce
expenditure
on arms and
attended peace
talks
Leader
Treatment of opposition
Attitudes to the West
Policy on eastern Europe
Stalin
Khrushchev
5 Use the table in question 4 and pages 128–129 of the textbook to answer the following questions.
a Explain why the USA was positive about Khrushchev’s rise to power in the USSR.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
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• Soviet control in eastern Europe and the start of the Khrushchev era (pages 128–129)
b Explain why eastern European countries were positive about Khrushchev’s rise to power in
the USSR.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
c Study Source 1 on page 129. Describe how the cartoonist shows support for Khrushchev by
referring to details from the source.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
6 Read page 129 of your textbook. How far do the actions of Khrushchev in Poland in 1956 demonstrate
that:
a Khrushchev was like Stalin
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
b Khrushchev was different from Stalin
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
7 Read pages 130–139 of your textbook and make a list, with dates, of the different challenges faced
by the Soviet Union in eastern Europe.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
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KEY QUESTION 6: HOW SECURE WAS THE USSR’S CONTROL OVER EASTERN EUROPE, 1948–c.1989?
• Case study 1: Hungary, 1956 (pages 130–131)
8 Examine the text boxes below which give reasons why some Hungarians opposed Soviet communism
in Hungary. Categorise them using the key provided.
Economic
Liberty
Sovietisation
Wages were low and
living standards poor.
Areas of Hungary had
Russian names.
Hungarians had to pay
for Soviet soldiers in
Hungary.
Rákosi was a hardline communist who
supported Stalin.
Freedom of speech
and expression were
taken away.
Part of Hungary had
Russian shops and
Russian schools.
Liberal or Westernstyle art and clothing
were banned.
Thousands of Soviet
troops were stationed
in Hungary.
Soviet propaganda
was used to persuade
Hungarians all was
good.
The secret police
were used to arrest
and detain political
opponents.
Soviet officials formed
part of the Hungarian
government.
Soviet-style
communism was
forced on the people of
Hungary.
9 Use the sections in the textbook on ‘What happened?’ and ‘How did the Soviet Union respond?’ to
summarise the main events in the Hungarian uprising of 1956.
June
23 Oct
24 Oct
November
10 What was the response of the USA and Western powers to the Hungarian uprising?
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
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• Case study 2: Czechoslovakia and the Prague Spring, 1968 (pages 132–133)
11 aFind evidence to go in each column of the following table. Examples have been added to get you
started.
The Soviet Union successfully maintained control in
Hungary
The Soviet Union unsuccessfully maintained control in
Hungary
Hungary was forced to remain a member of the Warsaw Khrushchev allowed a new government under Nagy to be
Pact
formed
b Based on your completed table, explain how successfully you think the Soviet Union maintained
control of Hungary.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
• Case study 2: Czechoslovakia and the Prague Spring, 1968
(pages 132–133)
12 Use pages 132–133 of your textbook to complete the tasks below.
a Who replaced Khrushchev as leader of the Soviet Union by 1968? .............................................
b Who was the new leader of Czechoslovakia in 1967? ...............................................................
c What was meant by the policy ‘socialism with a human face’?
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
d What was meant by the term ‘Prague Spring’?
............................................................................................................................................
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KEY QUESTION 6: HOW SECURE WAS THE USSR’S CONTROL OVER EASTERN EUROPE, 1948–c.1989?
e Which Warsaw Pact leaders opposed the reforms in Czechoslovakia and why?
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
f
How did the Soviet Union deal with Dubček?
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
g Study Source 15 on page 133 and the information on the Brezhnev Doctrine. What reasons does
Brezhnev give for introducing the Brezhnev Doctrine?
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
13 Complete the Venn diagram below to show the similarities and differences between the Hungarian
uprising, 1956 and the Prague Spring in Czechoslovakia, 1968.
Hungarian uprising
Different
Similar
Different
Prague Spring
78
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• Case study 2: Czechoslovakia and the Prague Spring, 1968 (pages 132–133)
14 How secure was Soviet control in Czechoslovakia? Use the writing frame below to organise your
answer.
Soviet control was secure in Czechoslovakia because ...................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
For example, .........................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
This allowed the Soviet Union to maintain control because ..........................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
However, Soviet control was not secure in Czechoslovakia because ................................................
............................................................................................................................................
For example, .........................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
This limited Soviet control because ..........................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
Overall, I think that Soviet control was secure/not secure because ................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
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KEY QUESTION 6: HOW SECURE WAS THE USSR’S CONTROL OVER EASTERN EUROPE, 1948–c.1989?
• Case study 3: The Berlin Wall (pages 135–137)
15 Who was the hard-line communist leader of East Germany (GDR)?
............................................................................................................................................
16 Study Source 17 on page 135. Why was Berlin important to the USA?
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
17 Study Figure 18 and answer the following questions.
a How many defectors left East Germany between 1950 and 1961? ..............................................
b Which year saw the highest number of defectors from East to West Germany? .............................
c In what year does the number of defectors significantly reduce? ..............................................
18 aWhy were people leaving East Germany in the 1950s and early 1960s? Connect the different
factors with the correct explanations in the centre: political, economic and social.
In the 1950s
people could
travel freely
between East
and West.
Many saw the new
shops, cafes and
bars in the West.
Political reasons
Many in the
East hated the
repression of
the communists.
The division
of Berlin had
split family and
friends from
each other.
Economic reasons
East Germans
were resentful
of the freedom
enjoyed in the
West.
Skilled
workers could
get better
pay in West
Germany.
Social reasons
Standards of
living were
poor in East
Germany
compared to
the West.
Many East
Germans did
not agree with
Soviet-style
communism.
b What problems do you think defection from East to West Berlin would cause for East Germany and
the Soviet Union?
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
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• Case study 4: Solidarity in Poland, 1980–81 (pages 138–139)
19 Study the information and sources on pages 135–137 and complete the following tasks.
a Who was the US president in 1961? ......................................................................................
b Why did Khrushchev decide to build the Berlin Wall in 1961?
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
c How does Source 21 differ from Kennedy’s explanation in Source 17? Explain your answer using
details from the source.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
d What was Checkpoint Charlie?
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
e What was the immediate impact of the Berlin Wall on East–West relations?
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
• Case study 4: Solidarity in Poland, 1980–81
(pages 138–139)
20 Read pages 138–139 and study all the sources, then complete the tasks below.
a What was Solidarity? .........................................................................................................
b Who was the leader of Solidarity? ........................................................................................
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KEY QUESTION 6: HOW SECURE WAS THE USSR’S CONTROL OVER EASTERN EUROPE, 1948–c.1989?
c In the space below draw a poster summarising the demands made by Solidarity. Use Source 24 and
the timeline on page 138 to help you.
d By how much did the membership of Solidarity grow from 1980–81?
............................................................................................................................................
e Code the text boxes below as S (reasons for success) or F (reasons for failure) of Solidarity.
82
Solidarity was acting
like an opposition
political party.
Solidarity was
splitting into different
factions.
Lech Walesa was a
hero to many Polish
workers.
Solidarity had lost
control of striking
workers.
Walesa and 10,000
Solidarity leaders
arrested.
Army leader
Jaruzelski declared
martial law and
suspended Solidarity.
Many Solidarity
members came from
crucial industries.
Brezhnev ordered Red
Army troops to the
Polish border.
Over a million
Communist Party
members joined
Solidarity.
The communists
played for time, hoping
Solidarity would split
into factions.
The Catholic Church
supported Solidarity.
Walesa negotiated
carefully with the
communists.
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• Case study 4: Solidarity in Poland, 1980–81 (pages 138–139)
f
Study Figure 26 on page 139. What does this source suggest about communist control in Poland?
Explain your answer using details from the source.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
g In the table below, examine the four reasons why Solidarity was significant. Decide on a score out
of ten for each and justify your decision in the final column.
Reason
Significance /10
Justification
Solidarity showed that the
Communist Party was unable to
provide a good standard of living
I gave this score because
Solidarity showed the corruption
and inefficiency of the
communist system
I gave this score because
Solidarity showed that it was
possible to stand up against the
ruling Communist Party
I gave this score because
Solidarity’s huge membership
highlighted the power of the
people to resist
I gave this score because
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KEY QUESTION 6: HOW SECURE WAS THE USSR’S CONTROL OVER EASTERN EUROPE, 1948–c.1989?
• Mikhail Gorbachev and the collapse of Soviet control
(pages 140–145)
21 Read the information and study all the sources on pages 140–141 of your textbook then complete the
tasks below.
a What year did Mikhail Gorbachev become leader of the USSR? ..................................................
b Complete the acrostic below to summarise Gorbachev’s background and beliefs. One has been done
for you.
G
O
Reformer who wanted to radically change the communist system to conserve it.
B
A
C
H
E
V
c Study Source 27. Complete the table below to show how Gorbachev’s policies on eastern Europe
differed from other Soviet leaders.
Leader
Policies on eastern Europe
Gorbachev
(reformer)
Khrushchev
(Warsaw Pact)
Brezhnev
(Brezhnev Doctrine)
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• Mikhail Gorbachev and the collapse of Soviet control (pages 140–145)
d What were Gorbachev’s reforms? Link the categories in the centre to the correct reforms.
Spending on the Red Army
and nuclear weapons was
reduced.
Gorbachev improved
relations with US
President Reagan.
Reform of
communism
Glasnost – ‘openness’: this
encouraged open debate on
government policies.
Communist regimes
in eastern Europe had
to reform to provide a
better standard of living.
Reform of
defence
Gorbachev told eastern
European states that
they should manage their
own problems.
Reform of
foreign policy
Gorbachev promoted
trust and co-operation
with other nations.
Perestroika –
‘restructuring’:
introduced some free
market reforms.
Gorbachev made it clear
the Red Army would not
help eastern European
communist regimes.
22 Read the information and study all the sources on pages 142–145 of your textbook then complete the
tasks below.
a Study the map on page 142. During which years did the collapse of communism in eastern Europe
take place?
............................................................................................................................................
b To what extent does the timeline suggest that the collapse of communism was a revolution?
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
c What examples are there of Gorbachev desperately trying to maintain control?
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
d Who was Boris Yeltsin and why was he important in the collapse of the USSR?
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
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KEY QUESTION 6: HOW SECURE WAS THE USSR’S CONTROL OVER EASTERN EUROPE, 1948–c.1989?
e Who attempted a coup in 1991? What was the aim of the coup?
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
f
What happened on 25 December 1991?
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
23 Complete this paragraph to explain your view on whether Gorbachev was personally responsible for
the collapse of communism and the end of the Cold War.
Overall, I think that Gorbachev was/was not responsible for the collapse of communism and the end
of the Cold War because ..........................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
86
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• Key Question 6 review
• Key Question 6 review
24 Use the textboxes below and your own evidence from Chapter 6 of your textbook, to determine how
far you think the USSR had control over eastern Europe. Complete each of the opinion lines below by
drawing a mark on the line to show how far the USSR was in control. A score of 10 means the USSR
had total control and a score of 1 means the USSR had completely lost control.
Nagy’s government
demanded a
complete withdrawal
of Soviet troops
from Hungary and
planned to leave the
Warsaw Pact.
Thousands of
Soviet troops and
tanks crushed the
rebellion after two
weeks and 35,000
activists were
arrested.
Dubček wanted
to reform the
communist system
in Czechoslovakia by
reducing censorship
and the powers of
the secret police.
Soviet tanks moved
into Czechoslovakia
and Dubček was
removed with little
violent resistance.
Nearly 400,000 East
Germans had fled to
West Germany via
Berlin between 1960
and 1961.
The Berlin Wall
sealed all crossing
points between East
and West Berlin and
troops had orders to
shoot those trying to
escape.
Solidarity
demanded an end
to government
censorship and fee
elections of factory
managers; their
membership peaked
at 9.4 million by
January 1981.
Jaruzelski declared
martial law in
Poland and arrested
10,000 Solidarity
leaders.
Hungary, 1956
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Czechoslovakia, 1968
Berlin, 1961
Poland, 1980–81
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KEY QUESTION 6: HOW SECURE WAS THE USSR’S CONTROL OVER EASTERN EUROPE, 1948–c.1989?
Use Chapter 6 of your textbook and the answers you have given on the opinion lines for this question
to rank the reasons for the collapse of communism in the Soviet Union and eastern Europe. Number
each of the textboxes below in rank order (the thing that most contributed to the collapse of
communism in the Soviet Union and eastern Europe) and justify your decision in the pyramid below.
The Hungarian
Uprising in 1956
Czechoslovakia and
the Prague Spring in
1968
The building of the
Berlin Wall in 1961
Solidarity in Poland,
1980–81
Gorbachev’s reforms
of glasnost and
perestroika
Economic problems
caused by the arms
race and the Soviet–
Afghan War
Gorbachev’s
withdrawal of Soviet
troops from eastern
Europe in 1988
Nationalism and
‘people power’ in
eastern Europe and
the Soviet republics
1
2
4
6
88
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5
7
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