LIFE PROCESSES
DIAGRAMS YOU
NEED TO KNOW
Kerissa Solomon
CELL STRUCTURE
Plant and Animal cell
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MITOCHONDRI
ON
CELL MEMBRANE
CELL WALL
Provides the barrier for the
Offers structure and shape to
cells. Controls what enters and
the plant cell. Only found in the
leaves the cells.
plant cell.
CYTOPLASM
VACUOLE
Jelly like liquid making up most
Stores mostly water, sugars
of the cell and where all the
and minerals
The site of respiration.
other organelles will be
embedded in.
NUCLEUS
Contains the genetic
CHLOROPLAST
The site of photosynthesis
information in the form of
chromosomes
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MITOCHONDRION VS
CHLOROPLAST
Mitochondrion
has inner folds.
Chloroplast has
special
membranes
stacked up.
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COMPANY
OVERVIEW
CROWN
Part of tooth that is seen and
TOOTH
STRUCTURE
above the gum.
ROOT
Part of the tooth that is
embedded into the gum that
you cannot see.
ENAMEL
Hard outer surface of the tooth
DENTIN
Softer layer under the enamel
Pulp
Blood vessels and nerves are
held here
Gum/Giniva
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FUNCTIONS OF THE PARTS OF THE
TOOTH
Crown: The crown is the visible part of the tooth above the gumline. It is primarily responsible for cutting, tearing, and
grinding food into smaller pieces. Different types of teeth have different crown shapes adapted for their specific functions,
such as incisors for cutting and molars for grinding.
•Enamel: Enamel is the outermost layer of the tooth, and it is the hardest substance in the human body. Its
main function is to protect the inner, more sensitive parts of the tooth from wear and tear, as well as from
acids and bacteria that can cause decay.
•Dentin: Dentin is a layer beneath the enamel and makes up the bulk of the tooth's structure. It is not as hard
as enamel but still provides support and protection for the inner pulp. Dentin also contains tiny channels
(tubules) that transmit nerve signals and nutrients to the pulp.
•Pulp: The pulp is the innermost part of the tooth, located at the center. It contains blood vessels, nerves, and
connective tissues. The pulp's primary function is to nourish the tooth and sense external stimuli, such as
changes in temperature or pressure. It also plays a role in the formation and repair of dentin.
•Root: The root is the portion of the tooth that extends below the gumline and anchors the tooth in the
jawbone. It helps stabilize the tooth and allows for the transmission of forces generated during chewing to
the surrounding bone.
•Cementum: Cementum is a calcified tissue that covers the tooth's roots. It serves to anchor the tooth firmly
within the jawbone by attaching to the periodontal ligament. Cementum helps to maintain the tooth's stability
within the socket.
•Periodontal Ligament: The periodontal ligament is a fibrous tissue that surrounds the root and connects it to
the alveolar bone of the jaw. It acts as a shock absorber during chewing, allowing the tooth to withstand the
forces applied during biting and chewing.
•Alveolar Bone: The alveolar bone is the bony socket in which the tooth is embedded. It provides support and
stability for the tooth, helping to maintain its position in the mouth.
THE
DIGESTIV
E
SYSTEM
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FUNCTIONS
OF THE OUTER
PARTS OF THE
LEAF
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LAMINA- Large surface area so that sun
can penetrate easily.
APEX- The point of the leaf
VEINS- carry the vascular bundle which
include the phloem and the xylems
responsible for transporting water and
minerals throughout the leaf. The veins
also add structure and support to the
leaf.
MIDRIB- Large vein and so does the
same as the veins providing more
support
PETIOLE-point of the leaf that attaches
to the stem.
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INTERNAL
STRUCTURE OF
A LEAF.
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UPPER EPIDERMIS- protective layer. Defense against
pathogens. Contains the guard cells that regulate opening
and closing of the stomata.
PALISADE LAYER- contains the palisade cells and where
majority of photosynthesis taking place.
SPONGY LAYER- loosely packed to allow gaseous
exchange.
Mesophyll layer- combination of Palisade and Spongy Layer
Waxy Cuticle- helps conserve water and prevent excessive
water loss. Thicker on the upper epidermis as to protect
against UV radiation.
Air Space- important for diffusion of gaseous exchange of
carbon dioxide and oxygen. Intake carbon dioxide,
expulsion of Oxygen.
Stomata- small opening in the epidermis layers
Lower Epidermis- Same function as upper epidermis.
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THE
RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
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Nose and Nasal Cavity:
Air Filtration: The nose and nasal cavity filter incoming air, trapping dust, debris, and
pathogens in the mucus and hairs lining the nasal passages.
Humidification: They moisten and humidify the air, preventing irritation of the respiratory
tract.
Pharynx (Throat):
Passageway: It serves as a common passageway for both air and food.
Larynx (Voice Box):
Voice Production: The larynx houses the vocal cords, which vibrate to produce sound
when air passes over them.
Airway Protection: It contains the epiglottis, a flap -like structure that prevents food and
liquids from entering the airway.
Trachea (W indpipe):
Air Conduction: The trachea conducts air from the larynx to the bronchi.
Mucus Production: It has cilia and mucus -producing cells that help trap and remove
foreign particles and bacteria from the air.
Bronchi and Bronchioles:
Air Distribution: The bronchi and bronchioles branch out into the lungs, distributing air to
different parts of the respiratory system.
Mucus and Cilia: Like the trachea, they are lined with mucus and cilia to further filter and
clean the incoming air.
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Lungs:
Gas Exchange: The main function of the lungs is to facilitate the
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and blood.
Oxygenation: Oxygen is taken up by the blood in the lungs, while
carbon dioxide is removed from the blood and exhaled.
Alveoli:
Gas Exchange: These tiny air sacs within the lungs are the primary
sites for gas exchange. Oxygen diffuses into the bloodstream, and
carbon dioxide diffuses out of the bloodstream into the alveoli for
exhalation.
Surface Area: The numerous alveoli provide a large surface area for
efficient gas exchange.
Diaphragm and Intercostal Muscles:
Breathing: These muscles are responsible for the mechanical aspects
of breathing. The diaphragm contracts and flattens during inhalation,
while the intercostal muscles between the ribs help expand the chest
cavity, allowing air to be drawn into the lungs.
Exhalation: Relaxation of these muscles helps with exhalation.
Pleura:
Lubrication and Protection: The pleura is a double -layered membrane
that surrounds the lungs. It produces pleural fluid, which lubricates the
surfaces and reduces friction during breathing. It also helps protect the
lungs.
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The Alveolar
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THE HEART
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Atria: The heart has two upper chambers called the left atrium and the right atrium. Their main
function is to receive blood returning to the heart from the body and lungs. The right atrium
receives deoxygenated blood from the body, while the left atrium receives oxygenated blood
from the lungs.
Ventricles: The heart also has two lower chambers called the left ventricle and the right
ventricle. These chambers are responsible for pumping blood out of the heart. The right
ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation, while the left ventricle
pumps oxygenated blood into the systemic circulation to supply the body's tissues.
Valves: The heart has four valves that ensure the one -way flow of blood through the heart
chambers. These valves include the tricuspid valve and the pulmonary valve on the right side,
and the mitral valve and the aortic valve on the left side.
Conduction System: The heart has its own electrical conduction system that coordinates the
heartbeat. This system includes the sinoatrial (SA) node, which acts as the heart's natural
pacemaker, and the atrioventricular (AV) node, which controls the transmission of electrical
signals from the atria to the ventricles. These signals trigger the heart to contract rhythmically.
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Cardiac Muscle: The heart is composed of specialized muscle tissue known as cardiac
muscle or myocardium. Cardiac muscle contracts involuntarily and rhythmically, allowing
the heart to pump blood continuously without fatigue.
Blood Circulation: The heart's main function is to maintain circulation by pumping blood
throughout the body. The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood and pumps
it to the lungs for oxygenation. The left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from
the lungs and pumps it into the systemic circulation to supply oxygen and nutrients to all
body tissues.
Oxygen and Nutrient Exchange: As blood circulates through the body, oxygen and
nutrients are delivered to cells, and carbon dioxide and waste products are removed. This
exchange occurs at the capillaries, the smallest blood vessels in the body.
Blood Pressure Regulation: The heart helps regulate blood pressure by adjusting the
force with which it pumps blood. It can increase or decrease its pumping action to
accommodate the body's needs.
Heartbeat: The heart contracts and relaxes in a rhythmic pattern known as the heartbeat.
The sequence of contractions and relaxations is essential for maintaining a steady flow of
blood throughout the circulatory system.
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Arteries – carry blood away from the
heart to other parts of the body.
Veins – carry blood from the rest of the
body back to the heart.
Capillaries – are tiny blood vessels
which join the arteries and veins. walls
are far too thick for substances to
diffuse into and out of them
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COMPONENTS OF BLOOD
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