Air Traf c Management
(Gestão de Tráfego Aéreo)
MEAer
2022 / 2023
Introduction
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(C) 2010-2022 Rodrigo Ventura, IST
Air Traf c Worldwide (typ. mid workday)
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Air Traf c Worldwide (24h lapse)
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North Atlantic Tracks
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Air Traf c Worldwide in numbers
Source: ICAO Annual Report 2019
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EUROCONTROL
Network Management Directorate
There were 2,642,522 minutes of ATFM delay in 2020, a drop
flight on the network was 0.53 minutes, a 76% decrease com
delay was 0.33 minutes per flight (79% decrease) and airpor
decrease).
40,0%
34,8%
precedented levels:
4.984.877 flights and a 55% reductionPunctuality
on 2019 improved
(more in 2020, with 89.9% of
There
were 137,000 flights delayed by an ATFM regulation in
30,0%
25,7%
flights arriving
within 15 minutes
or earlier
me figures
were
due to23,6%
the disruption caused by the COVID-19
pandemic
22,7%
20,5%
flights were delayed by more than 15 minutes (same a
18,2%
than their scheduled arrival these
time (STA).
20,0%
3,0
11,3% 10,8%
10,3%
This sharp increase occurred as airlines
2,5
7,2%
10,0%
5,4%
3,3% 4,2% 2,0%
that could operate flights, saw many of their
2,0
35.000
Figure
2)
and
1,5
0,0%
flights depart ahead of schedule, in turn
30.000
Adv > 15
Adv 5-15
On-Time
Del 5-15
Del 16-30
Del 31-60
Del > 60
1,0
ore mobility
arriving even earlier than their STA (Figure
30.427
30.166
0,5
29.057
25.000
27.844
2019 27.094
2020
e. The traffic
6).
0,0
50,0%
20.000
(mins)
Average delay per flight
Average Daily Traffic
% of Flights
Air Traf c in Europe
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
AIRPORT
0,67
0,48
0,39
0,42
0,69
0,67
6,000 at the
15.000
EN-ROUTE
1,14
0,63
0,53
0,61
0,73
0,86
age of 3,500
Figure 6: Airline
Arrival
Punctuality
2020
TRAFFIC
27146
26427
26215
26685
27094
27844
13.620
10.000
month). The
5.000
May,3.2.2
with ATFM
an
Figure 7 : Average daily traffic and ATFM delay per flight
DELAYS2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
The network
There
a drop of 89% vs 2019. The average ATFM En-route
delay perdisruptions (ATC) and airport weather were the mai
April. were 2,642,522 minutes of ATFM delay in 2020,Year
representing
25% of all reasons (Figure 8).
flight on the network was 0.53 minutes, a 76% decrease compared to 2019 (
Figure 7). En-route
ATFM
delay was 0.33 minutes per flight (79% decrease) and airport ATFM delay was 0.20 minutes per flight (67%
AIRPORT EVENTS
24
decrease).
ENROUTE
EVENTS
65
Figure 1 Average daily traffic 2015-2020
ENROUTE CAPACITY
66
ENROUTE WEATHER
98
There were 137,000 flights delayed by an ATFM regulation in 2020, a 91% decrease on 2019. About 40% of
AIRPORT STAFFING (ATC)
nded
the were
1st wave
of the
pandemic
Europe,
about
30% of the flights
theseto
flights
delayed
by more
than 15 in
minutes
(same
as 2019).
AIRPORT CAPACITY (ATC)
1,0
AIRPORT DISRUPTIONS
30000
AIRPORT DISRUPTIONS (ATC)
25000
AIRPORT CAPACITY
335
ENROUTE STAFFING (ATC)
364
20000
15000
10000
0,5
5000
2011
2012
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
easures at the beginning
of the2013summer
(re-opening
of
Schengen
borders
AIRPORT
0,67
0,48
0,39
0,42
0,69
0,67
0,62
0,60
0,60
0,20
signs of recovery
with
a 0,63
62% 0,53
increase
in0,73
traffic0,86in June
compared
May.
EN-ROUTE
1,14
0,61
0,88
1,73
1,57
0,33
TRAFFIC
27146
26427
26215
26685
27094
27844
29057
30166
30427
13620
e still 79% below 2019 in June.
0,0
0
66
-61%
-52%
-54%
-56%
924
1037
AIRPORT WEATHER
1822
ENROUTE DISRUPTIONS (ATC)
1887
GTA 24652019/2020 — course slides — (C) 2010-2019 Rodrigo Ventura, IST
ENROUTE CAPACITY
-86%
-79%
215
ENROUTE CAPACITY (ATC)
AIRPORT EVENTS
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88%
154
ENROUTE DISRUPTIONS
Figure 7 : Average daily traffic and ATFM delay per flight (En-route and Airport) 2010-2020
n July,
with a number of airlines resuming operations and traffic doubling
continued
through August
with
a peak
of 18,802
(-49% for
of ATFM
2019)delay
on in the network, each
En-route disruptions
(ATC) and
airport
weather
were theflights
main reasons
asrepresenting
the
busiest
dayofin
network
in
all the2020
COVID-19 period.
25%
allthe
reasons
(Figure
8).
Edition Date: 15/04/2021
Source:
Eurocontrol
Annual
Report
ENROUTE EVENTS
129
35000
Average Traffic
(mins)
Average delay per flight
3,0 accounts for only 3% of the traffic. The top five airline
that traditionally
2,5
ating some 90%
fewer flights. Leipzig and Oslo/Gardermoen (DHL and
2,0
1,5
st the busiest airports.
100
Marseille,
-62%
-60%Karlsruhe, Paris and Brest ACCs
0
500
1000
1500
Daily ATFM delay (minutes)
Figure 8 Reasons for ATFM Delays
Edition: 1.0
2000
Air Traf c Management (ATM)
Source: SKYbrary
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Key players
ATC
ATFM
Weather
AIS
Aircraft
Communications
Surveillance
and others…
Air Traf c Management
system
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Tenerife airport disaster
(27-Mar-1977)
• 583 fatalities and 61 survivors
• no visibility (heavy fog), no ground radar
• pilot error (communication procedure)
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US Airways Flight 1549
(15-Jan-2009)
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Air France Flight 447
(1-Jun-2009)
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Malaysia Airlines Flight 370
(8-Mar-2014)
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—
Program
1978
—
Today
15,000 well-train
skills and judgme
aboard 60 million
The A
Airline
Deregulation Act of 1978 phased out
HIGHLY
Controllers are on duty 2
Lindbergh’s
homebeacons
airfield
in St.replaced
Louis,theair
traffic
roaring
like the Twenties. In 1929,of the airlines by the Civil Aeronautics Board, wh
Also, in 1921, rotating
on towers
bonfires
on awas
segment
of the cross-
DEDICATED
1. Introduction to the course and motivation to ATM
Chicago
and
Cheyenne,
Wyoming. This enabled
all-night
flights across the continent and cut
2. barnstormed
ATM
fundamentals
and
concepts
o mail
haddelivery
around
the
area
with
“flying
AND in air traffic.
rapid increase
people. The margin of er
time to 29 hours – two to three days less thanhis
it took
by train.circus.”
3. History of ATC, case studies, and lessons learned
be older than 31 and mu
TURBULENCE
gue’s
tower” was
wheelbarrow.
In it, he carried a chair, an
umbrella for
SKILLED
4. “control
Organizations,
Aira Law,
and Regulations
By the mid-1920s, the Post Office fleet flew
In 1981, equipment outages and undue stress plagued the system. In the
de, his lunch, water, notepad and a pair
of signal flags he used to direct
INaircraft
THE to
2.5 million miles a year. Having proven the
5. Rules of the air
WORKFORCE
words
of presidential candidate Ronald Reagan, “...too few people wor
O” or to “HOLD.”
feasibility of airmail and set facilities in place, AVIATION
Once hired
by the
thenation’s
FAA,
6. Airspace
unreasonable hours with obsolete equipment
has placed
air
the government moved to transfer airmail
SYSTEM
service
to private
business.
Congress
passed
travelers
in unwarranted
danger.”
traffic controller
World War
II brought
dramatic
changes.
Wartime
needs
for freight and
gue7.went
on to earn a degree in aeronautical
engineering
and,
during
a 36-year
career,
helped
develop the
federalThe
airfrustrations of air
Aerodromes
completion,
each
goes to
the
Contract
Air
Mail
Act
of
1925,
spurring
passenger transport brought the airlines more business than they could
boiled which
over into
an illegal
strike
by their union, the Professional Air Traff
fic control
system. Within a few years,
League’s
signal
flags
were
replaced by “light guns,”
focused
their
beams
handle.
Theyofpioneered
new technology allowed aircraft
the
growth
a privatenew
U.S.routes,
airlineand
industry.
8. Meteorology
training and in
Controllers Organization (PATCO).simulation
go faster,and
higherflashes.
and farther.However,
The war also pushed
growth
the air
single planes and communicated withtocolors
it was
theofemerging
technology of radio that al- The strikers’ main demands related t
9. Communications
traffic control system and brought the first female controllers.
shorter hours, updated computer equipment and higher pay.
safe operation and must
ed air traffic control to expand beyond airport boundaries.
10. Navigation
From Washington D.C.’s Polo Field, located between the
11. Surveillance
also connect transponder s
Tidal Basin and Potomac River, a Curtis “Jenny” airmail
The war’s largest impact, though, came through the
adoption of radar, the acronym for radio detection and
plane is being positioned for takeoff for the first regularly
12. Phraseology
By 1975, all Air Route Traf
ranging. Initially developed for military defense, radar
scheduled airmail service.
consists of a synchronized
receiver
that
13. Air eld Capacity Cleveland’s airport opened the first radio-equipped
controltransmitter
room and
inAt1930.
Soon,
all were: this real-time, in-fl
the time,
U.S. nearly
controllers
receiving
On the third day of the strike, President Reagan fired the 11,000 strikers. Three years later, PATCO
waswaves
decertified.
emits radio
and processes their reflections for
airlines
wereAviation
equipping
aircraft
for the
radio
navigation.
By 1932,
Department
14.
Con
ict resolution
To keep
the airlines
aloft after the strike,
the Federal
Administration
limited
number
of display.
flights and
staffed
visual
It revolutionized
air the
trafficCommerce
control.
Suffering from
hypertension
and other
stress-related
scopes
upright,
finally
mak
!
A DH4, more commonly called “The Flying Coffin,” was the
the control towers of America with controllers
who
hadn’t
been
fired,
new
hires,
military
controllers
and
controllers
had
installed 83 radio beacons across the country. These transmitted directional beams
15.
Airspace management
workhorse of the fledgling U.S. Airmail fleet.
transferred from smaller facilities, which the government had closed.
! Often forced to work up to 20 hours of overtime a
that pilots could follow to their destinations.
16. Airspace design
In 1946, the CAA experimented with a radar-equipped tower for civil flights. By 1952,
approach and departure control routinely employed radar. But federal budget cuts
! Nearly 90 percent were leaving before retirement,
17. Performance Based Navigation
thwarted installation of systems that extended beyond airports.
collect disability payments.
18. Safety
Within a few years, radio marker beacons were helping pilots navigate through poor
June 30,
1956,
planes
collided
Hope for desperately needed new equipmentThen,
rose on
in 1985
when
thetwo
FAA
awarded
a over the Grand Canyon, killing all 128
visibility,
and
two-way
radio
ground-to-air
communications as radioaboard.
Congress
quickly
appropriated
$250 million for aallowed
major upgrade
of the
19.
AirforTraf
c FlowAutomation
and Capacity
contract
the Advanced
System
(AAS)Management
to replace
computer
systemstechnology
nation’s airway system, including advancements in radar surveillance.
in use since the late 1960s at the Air Route
Traffic Control
the program
equipped
airCenters.
trafficBut
control
towers sprouted around the country.
20.
Introduction to optimization
Meanwhile, in 1970
1993
country
route the
through
Ohio.
By 1923,
the Postal
Service had –
installed
similar
between
areand
stressful,
greaterhigh-energy
airline effi
city
hired
first
U.S.
air traffic
controller
Archie
W.beacons
League,
a pilot and mechanic end of 1984. As lower fares
fell short of expectations and was canceled in 1993. Meanwhile, Transportation
Secretary Federico Peña made headlines by demonstrating how – well into the
GTA 2019/2020 — course slides — (C) 2010-2019 Rodrigo Ventura, IST
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for the display of vital information.
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computer age – many controllers were still saddled with antiquated vacuum tubes
Flow Control Facilit
from disrupting nat
Planned seminars
•
NAV Portugal
•
Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera
(IPMA)
GTA 2019/2020 — course slides — (C) 2010-2019 Rodrigo Ventura, IST
Faculty
•
Rodrigo Ventura
rodrigo.ventura@isr.tecnico.ulisboa.pt
•
Pedro Serrão
pedro.a.serrao@tecnico.ulisboa.pt
•
Sérgio Carvalho
sergio.carvalho@tecnico.ulisboa.pt
(pro bono)
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Evalution
•
•
1 exam — 25-Jan-2022 and recourse 8-Feb-2022
•
Case-study: presentation and discussion of an air traf c accident or
incident in the last N years with a strong ATM component — 2 to 6-Jan-2023
Project: video of a simulated arrival or departure situation with multiple
aircraft, showing correct communications and ight procedures, traf c
separation, and self-evaluation. Deadline — last day of classes
• GRADE = 50% exam + 30% Project + 20% Case-study
• MIN 8 in the exam
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