BICOL UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
CIVIL EENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MODULES
IN
ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING
JOHN DANIEL EMIR B. REBANCOS
BSCE 3-D
ENGR. OLIVER PADUA
PROFESSOR
PRE-TEST
1. C
2. B
3. A
4. D
5. C
6. C
7. B
8. B
9. B
10. A
REVIEW EXERCISES:
1. C
2. B
3. A
4. D
5. C
6. C
7. B
8. B
9. B
10. A
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:
1. Explain the importance of water, air, and solid waste management systems in the
Philippines.
 Water, air, and solid waste management systems are essential in the Philippines to
protect public health, the safety of the environment, and support sustainable
development. These are vital mainly because it addresses the challenges in
urbanization, population growth, and climate change.
2.
Which sectors of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources –
Environmental Management Bureau are responsible for the management of the
following: a) Water b) Air c) Solid Waste Describe the scope of each sector’s functions.
 a.) Water Quality Management Section (WQMS); in charge in developing and
implementing water quality management plans, monitoring water quality in rivers,
lakes, and coastal areas, etc.
b.) Air Quality Management Section (AQMS); Developing air quality management
programs, including the control of emissions from vehicles and industries, and Enforced
the Clean Air Act of 1999 (RA 8749)
c.) Solid Waste Management Division (SWMD); Oversees the implementation of
the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 (RA 9003), Promotes waste
segregation, recycling, composting, and proper disposal practices.
3. How does the management of the water and air resources, and solid wastes affect
the health of the Filipinos and the Philippine environment?
 Water Resource Management ensures access to clean drinking water, reducing
waterborne diseases like diarrhea, cholera, and typhoid fever and prevents
contamination of water bodies with industrial, agricultural, and domestic waste,
protecting public health. The Air Resource Management improves air quality,
reducing greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to climate change.Solid Waste
Management prevents the spread of diseases caused by improper waste disposal,
such as leptospirosis, dengue, and gastrointestinal infections
4. In environmental management, which approach is more effective, the analysis of
each system components or the holistic manner of analysis? Justify your answer.
 Holistic Analysis is More Effective. A holistic perspective allows for flexible
responses to environmental changes, ensuring strategies remain effective over time.
While analyzing individual components can provide detailed insights into specific
problems, a holistic approach ensures that interconnected issues are addressed
comprehensively, leading to sustainable and long-term solutions in environmental
management.
5. Explain the role of scientific research in the development of an environmental
management system.
 Scientific research is important in shaping and refining an effective Environmental
Management System (EMS) by providing evidence-based insights, innovative
solutions, and systematic approaches. Scientific research serves as the foundation
of an EMS by delivering the knowledge, tools, and insights needed for effective
planning, implementation, and monitoring. It ensures that the system is grounded in
reality, adaptive to changes, and capable of achieving sustainable environmental
outcomes.
SUPPLEMENTAL ACTIVITIES:
1. Identify one source of solid waste on your campus that could be readily: a.
Reduced b. Reused c. Recycled Design a waste management plan for each item.
What
social,
economic,
and
environmental
benefits
would
come
from
implementing a plan to deal with the wastes that you were able to identify?
 A.) I want to implement a "Bring Your Own Bottle" campaign because with this,we
will not only decrease plastic waste, we will also reduce costs for students and staff
by not needing to purchase bottled water. B.) The usage of plastic bottles can’t be
avoided so it’s better if we collect used plastic bottles through designated bins so it
can be reused for other purposes. C.) Used plastic bottles can be recycled as well.
2. Research one country having a dead zone/s. In ten paragraphs, discuss the
environmental, social, and economic issues concerning the dead zone/s. Include
a management solution proposal to reverse the dead zones.
 The Gulf of Mexico hosts one of the world’s largest dead zones, a region in the
ocean where oxygen levels are too low to support most marine life. This hypoxic
zone forms annually due to nutrient pollution, primarily from agricultural runoff,
industrial discharges, and urban development in the Mississippi River Basin.Excess
nutrients, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus, fuel massive algal blooms in the
Gulf of Mexico. When these algae die, they sink to the seafloor and decompose,
consuming oxygen and creating hypoxic conditions. The lack of oxygen makes it
impossible for most marine life to survive, causing biodiversity loss. Species like fish,
shrimp, and crabs migrate or die, disrupting the marine food web. Additionally, the
dead zone affects neighboring ecosystems by altering nutrient cycles and water
quality, threatening coastal wetlands and estuaries.Moreover, communities face
health risks from harmful algal blooms, which can release toxins into the water and
air, causing respiratory problems and skin irritations. The hypoxic zone imposes
significant economic costs on industries such as fishing, aquaculture, and tourism.
Declining fish and shrimp populations have caused financial hardships for
commercial fisheries, leading to reduced incomes and job losses.To reverse the
Gulf of Mexico dead zone,they should Implement stricter regulations on agricultural
runoff by encouraging farmers to adopt best practices such as cover cropping,
reduced fertilizer application, and buffer zones along waterways. Incentive programs
and subsidies can support these transitions.
PRE-TEST
1. B
2. C
3. A
4. D
5. C
6. D
7. B
8. A
9. A
10. A
REVIEW EXERCISES:
1. B
2. C
3. A
4. D
5. C
6. D
7. B
8. A
9. A
10. A
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:
1. What is the need of protection of the environment?
 Protecting the environment is essential for sustaining our life on Earth, maintaining
ecosystems, and ensuring the well-being of current and future generations.
2. What are the adverse effects of environmental pollution?
 Environmental pollution such as air pollution, water pollution, etc., has wide-ranging
negative impacts on human health, ecosystems, climate change, biodiversity loss,
and many more negative effects.
3. Differentiate urban, regional, and global air pollution.
 Urban air pollution concentrated mainly in populated areas, typically cities and
towns, Regional air pollution extends beyond city boundaries, affecting larger
geographic areas, often encompassing multiple cities or regions like Industrial
zones and power plants emitting pollutants that spread across areas, agricultural
activities, etc., Global air pollution has worldwide implications, affecting the Earth’s
atmosphere and climate systems like greenhouse gases.
4. Explain the harmful impacts of vehicular emissions on human beings.
 Vehicular emissions release various pollutants that adversely affect human health,
particularly in densely populated and urban areas. These emissions include gases
such as carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOₓ), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), and
particulate matter (PM), as well as hydrocarbons (HCs) that will definitely affect and
give us respiratory problems, cardiovascular diseases, etc.
5. Discuss how local environmental regulations protect the humans and the
environment from the adverse effects of environmental pollution.
 Local environmental regulations play a crucial role in safeguarding public health and
preserving ecosystems by mitigating the adverse effects of environmental pollution.
These regulations establish standards, guidelines, and enforcement mechanisms to
control pollution sources and promote sustainable practices. One of the things that
the Local environmental regulations did to protect both us humans and the
environment is by enforcing air quality standards and emission limits for vehicles,
industries, and power plants also known as Clean Air Act in the Philippines, it
Improves overall air quality and lowers the risk of premature deaths and Slows
down climate change by limiting greenhouse gas emissions.
6. Enlist the various laws made for protection of environment and mention the
main aims and objectives of each of them.
 Clean Air Act - Protect human health and the environment from the adverse effects
of air pollution.
 Clean Water Act - Prevent pollution of rivers, lakes, and other water bodies.
 Endangered Species Act - Prevent the extinction of at-risk species.
 National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) - Encourage sustainable development
while minimizing environmental damage.
 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) - Reduce waste generation
and promote recycling and recovery.
 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
(CERCLA) (Superfund) - Address hazardous substance releases that threaten
public health or the environment.
 Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) - Protect human health from harmful
chemicals.
 Ocean Dumping Act - Protect marine ecosystems from toxic and hazardous
substances.
 Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) - To ensure safe and clean drinking water for the
public.
 Forest Conservation Act - To prevent deforestation and conserve forest
ecosystems.
7. What is Greenhouse Effect? Describe its impact on global climate, food
production and world geography.
 The greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon where certain gases in the Earth's
atmosphere trap heat from the Sun, keeping the planet warm enough to support life.
These gases, known as greenhouse gases (GHGs), include carbon dioxide (CO₂),
methane (CH₄), water vapor (H₂O), and nitrous oxide (N₂O). While the natural
greenhouse effect is essential for life, human activities such as burning fossil fuels,
deforestation, and industrial processes have amplified it, leading to global warming.
Some of its effects are Rising Temperatures, shift in Climate Zones, increased soil
erosion and loss of fertility due to extreme weather events, and climate changeinduced resource scarcity leads to migration and conflicts over water, land, and food.
The greenhouse effect is vital for sustaining life, but its intensification due to human
activities has profound impacts on the global climate, food security, and geographic
stability.
8. Which of the following individuals is at greater risk from inhalation of an
airborne contaminant: a 1-year-old child; an adult female; an adult male? Explain
your reasoning.
 The 1-year-old child is at greater risk from the inhalation of an airborne contaminant
compared to an adult female or male because a child have a higher Respiratory
Rate; A 1-year-old child breathes about 30–60 times per minute, whereas adults
breathe 12–20 times per minute and a 1-year-old has an immature immune system,
which reduces their ability to fight off infections or heal from damage caused by
pollutants.
9. Explain how noise pollution can cause physiological/psychological disorders
in humans and affect movement of migratory birds.
 Noise pollution can have significant physiological and psychological effects on
humans, as well as disrupt the movement of migratory birds. For humans,
prolonged exposure to high levels of noise, such as traffic, industrial sounds, or loud
machinery, can lead to chronic stress, elevated blood pressure, and increased risk
of cardiovascular diseases. The body’s stress response, triggered by constant noise,
can also impair sleep patterns, disrupt hormone regulation, and cause mental health
issues like anxiety and depression. On a psychological level, noise pollution can
reduce concentration, increase irritability, and diminish overall quality of life. For
migratory birds, noise pollution disrupts communication and navigation, which are
vital for successful migration. Birds rely on specific cues for mating calls, territory
defense, and coordinated group movement, and excessive noise can mask these
signals, leading to disorientation and poor coordination. Furthermore, noise disrupts
their ability to detect predators or other environmental changes, impacting survival
and successful migration. Thus, both human health and animal behavior are deeply
impacted by the pervasive presence of noise in our environments.
10. Explain the difference between point sources and non-point sources of
pollution
 Point sources of pollution are specific, identifiable locations where pollution is
directly released into the environment. These sources are concentrated in one place,
such as a factory pipe releasing waste into a river or a smokestack emitting
pollutants into the air. Because point sources are easy to trace, they can be
monitored and regulated more effectively. Non-point sources of pollution, on the
other hand, are diffuse and not tied to a single location. These pollutants come from
a variety of sources, like runoff from roads, agricultural fields, or urban areas,
carrying chemicals and debris into water bodies or the air. Since non-point source
pollution is spread out over large areas and can vary depending on weather, land
use, and human activities, it is harder to control and manage.
SUPPLEMENTAL ACTIVITIES:
1. Research on the social and environmental impacts of large dams. You may visit
the website of World Commission on Dams for additional information,
www.dams.org.
 Large dams, while providing benefits like hydroelectric power and water storage,
can have significant social and environmental impacts. Socially, the construction of
large dams often necessitates the displacement of communities, leading to the loss
of homes and livelihoods. In some cases, tens of thousands of people have been
forced to relocate, sometimes without adequate compensation or support, resulting
in the breakdown of established communities and cultural ties. Environmentally,
large dams can disrupt local ecosystems. The creation of reservoirs floods vast
areas, leading to the loss of forests, agricultural land, and wildlife habitats. This
inundation can cause a decline in biodiversity and the extinction of species.
Additionally, dams alter natural water flow, affecting sediment transport and water
quality, which can harm aquatic life and disrupt the livelihoods of communities
dependent on fishing. While large dams can offer certain advantages, they also
pose significant social and environmental challenges that require careful
consideration and management.
2. Interview residents from your barangay and neighboring barangays about a
specific water conflict. Discuss its cause(s) and how the conflict affect the
residents.
 After interviewing some residents in our barangay, the water conflict they’ve all
discussed is the water being insufficient, Insufficient water supply often leads to
poor hygiene, as people may struggle to wash hands, clean their homes, or
maintain basic sanitation. This can increase the risk of waterborne diseases, such
as diarrhea, cholera, etc.
3. Pick 3 household products that contains harmful chemicals contributing to air
pollution. Discuss its effects to humans and the environment.
 Cleaning Products - Many household cleaning products contain chemicals such as
ammonia, chlorine bleach, and VOCs, which can contribute to indoor and outdoor
air pollution.
 Air Fresheners - Air fresheners often contain synthetic chemicals, including
phthalates, toluene, and benzene. These chemicals can contribute to indoor air
pollution when burned or sprayed.
 Aerosol Sprays - any aerosol sprays contain volatile organic compounds (VOCs),
such as butane, propane, and formaldehyde, which are harmful to both human
health and the environment. These chemicals are released into the air when the
product is sprayed.
4. Research on indoor air pollution. Explain why indoor air pollution is imposing
more risk to human health as compared to ambient air pollution.
 Indoor air pollution poses significant health risks, often surpassing those associated
with ambient (outdoor) air pollution. This heightened risk is primarily due to the
higher concentrations of pollutants indoors and the extended periods individuals
spend in these environments.Indoor environments can have pollutant levels that are
two to five times higher than outdoor levels. This is because indoor spaces often
lack adequate ventilation, leading to the accumulation of pollutants from various
sources such as cooking, heating, cleaning products, and building materials. For
instance, cooking with solid fuels or gas stoves releases particulate matter and
nitrogen dioxide, which can significantly degrade indoor air quality. The combination
of higher pollutant concentrations and prolonged exposure makes indoor air
pollution a significant health risk, often more so than ambient air pollution.
Addressing this issue requires improving ventilation, using cleaner cooking
technologies, and reducing the use of products that emit harmful pollutants indoors.
PRE-TEST
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. A
5. C
6. D
7. C
8. B
9. D
10. C
11. B
12. A
13. D
14. C
15. D
REVIEW EXERCISES:
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. A
5. C
6. D
7. C
8. B
9. D
10. C
11. B
12. A
13. D
14. C
15. D
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:
1. Define potable and palatable and explain why we must provide a water that is
both potable and palatable.
 Potable water refers to water that is safe to drink because it is free from harmful
contaminants and pathogens that could pose a risk to human health. Palatable
water, on the other hand, refers to water that is pleasant to the taste and does not
have unpleasant odors, colors, or flavors, which could make it difficult or unpleasant
to consume. It is important to provide water that is both potable and palatable to
ensure the health and well-being of the population. While potable water ensures
safety from disease and harmful chemicals, palatable water encourages regular
consumption, which is essential for hydration and maintaining overall health. Water
that is both safe and pleasant to drink is more likely to be consumed in adequate
amounts, preventing dehydration and ensuring proper bodily functions. Therefore,
providing water that meets both criteria is crucial for promoting good health and
preventing waterborne diseases.
2. Describe the physical and chemical characteristics of water.
 Water has unique physical and chemical characteristics that make it essential for life.
Physically, water is a clear, odorless, and tasteless liquid at room temperature. It
has a high heat capacity, meaning it can absorb and retain heat without a large
change in temperature. This helps regulate temperatures in the environment and in
living organisms. Water also has a high surface tension, which allows it to form
droplets and enables small objects, like insects, to float on its surface. Chemically,
water is made up of two hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom (H2O). This
simple molecular structure gives water its polarity, meaning one side of the
molecule is slightly negative (oxygen) and the other side is slightly positive
(hydrogen). This polarity makes water a powerful solvent, allowing it to dissolve
many substances, which is why it is often referred to as the "universal solvent."
Water also exhibits cohesion, where molecules stick to each other, and adhesion,
where water molecules stick to other surfaces, both of which are important for
processes like water transport in plants. These physical and chemical properties
make water vital for biological and environmental processes.
3. What do you mean by treatment of water? Briefly explain the various methods
of treatment.
 The treatment of water refers to the process of removing impurities, contaminants,
and harmful substances from water to make it safe for drinking, irrigation, or
industrial use. The goal is to improve the water's quality by eliminating physical,
chemical, and biological pollutants. Various methods of water treatment are used
depending on the level of contamination and the intended use of the water.One
common method is filtration, where water passes through a filter to remove larger
particles like sand, dirt, and debris. Coagulation and flocculation involve adding
chemicals (like alum) to water that cause smaller particles to clump together,
forming larger particles called flocs, which can then be removed. Sedimentation
follows, where the flocs settle at the bottom of the water tank, separating from the
clean water. Disinfection is another crucial step, typically done with chlorine or
ultraviolet (UV) light, to kill harmful bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens that might
still be present. Finally, distillation is used for highly contaminated water, where the
water is boiled, and the steam is collected and condensed, leaving contaminants
behind. These methods work together to ensure that water is safe for use by
removing various types of pollutants.
4. What is the importance of disinfection? Describe the various methods of
disinfection.
 Disinfection is vital for removing harmful microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses,
and fungi, from surfaces, water, and air, helping to prevent the spread of infectious
diseases. It plays a vital role in maintaining hygiene in homes, hospitals, food
facilities, and public spaces. Disinfection helps to protect human health by reducing
the risk of infections, especially in places where people are more vulnerable. There
are various methods of disinfection. Chemical disinfection involves using
substances like chlorine, iodine, or bleach to kill harmful microorganisms. These
chemicals are often used in water treatment or to clean surfaces in healthcare
facilities. Heat disinfection uses high temperatures, such as boiling water or steam,
to destroy pathogens. This method is commonly used for sterilizing medical
instruments. Ultraviolet (UV) disinfection involves using UV light to kill or
inactivate microorganisms, commonly used in water treatment or air purification
systems. And last is, filtration can also act as a disinfection method by physically
removing pathogens from air or water through specialized filters.
5. What is residual chlorine? Why is it important?
 Residual chlorine is the small amount of chlorine that remains in water after it has
been treated with chlorine for disinfection purposes. It is important because it acts
as a safeguard, ensuring that the water stays free of harmful bacteria and
pathogens as it travels through pipes to homes and businesses. The presence of
residual chlorine helps maintain water quality and prevents the growth of
microorganisms that could cause waterborne diseases. It also serves as an
indicator that the water has been properly treated. However, the level of residual
chlorine should be carefully controlled, as too much chlorine can affect taste and
may be harmful to human health.
6. Explain the relationship of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) to Dissolved
oxygen (DO)
 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Dissolved Oxygen (DO) are closely
related measures used to assess the health of water bodies. BOD refers to the
amount of oxygen that microorganisms consume as they break down organic matter
in water, such as dead plants, animals, or sewage. The higher the BOD, the more
oxygen is required for this process. Dissolved Oxygen (DO), on the other hand, is
the amount of oxygen that is physically dissolved in water, which aquatic organisms,
like fish and invertebrates, need to survive. When BOD levels are high,
microorganisms use up more DO, reducing the oxygen available for aquatic life.
Low DO levels can lead to a lack of oxygen, which can harm or kill fish and other
aquatic organisms. Therefore, BOD and DO are inversely related because high
BOD leads to low DO, which can significantly impact the health of an aquatic
ecosystem.
7. What are the various unit operations and processes in water treatment?
 Water treatment involves several unit operations and processes designed to remove
contaminants and make water safe for drinking or other uses. The main steps in
water treatment include coagulation and flocculation, where chemicals are added
to the water to help small particles clump together into larger particles, called flocs.
These flocs are then removed in the sedimentation process, where gravity helps
settle them at the bottom of a tank. After sedimentation, the water undergoes
filtration, where it passes through layers of sand, gravel, or other materials to
remove remaining particles. To further purify the water, disinfection is applied,
often using chlorine, ozone, or ultraviolet light to kill harmful microorganisms like
bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Some systems may also include aeration to
remove gases like carbon dioxide or softening to reduce hardness caused by
calcium and magnesium. And lastly, storage and distribution are critical to ensure
that clean water reaches our homes and businesses. These processes work
together to provide safe, clean water to the community.
8. What are the various unit operations and processes in wastewater treatment?
 Waste-water treatment involves a series of unit operations and processes designed
to remove contaminants and purify water. The main stages include preliminary
treatment, primary treatment, secondary treatment, and tertiary treatment. In
preliminary treatment, large debris like plastic, rags, and sticks are removed using
screens or filters. Primary treatment follows, where solid particles settle to the
bottom of large tanks in a process called sedimentation, leaving behind clearer
water. During secondary treatment, biological processes are used to break down
organic matter. This is typically done with the help of bacteria in aeration tanks,
where oxygen is added to help the bacteria decompose the waste. Tertiary
treatment is the final stage, where additional treatments like filtration, chemical
treatment, or ultraviolet light are used to remove remaining impurities, pathogens,
and nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus. Together, these processes help ensure
that treated wastewater is safe to return to the environment or be reused for nondrinking purposes, reducing pollution and protecting public health.
9. When a material is considered a waste?
 A material is considered waste when it is no longer useful or needed by its owner
and is discarded, disposed of, or abandoned. This can happen when a product
reaches the end of its useful life, becomes damaged, or is no longer functional.
Waste can come in many forms, such as household garbage, industrial by-products,
or even discarded packaging. In some cases, materials are discarded because they
no longer serve their intended purpose or because they are replaced by newer
products. Waste can be solid, liquid, or gas, and it can have harmful effects on the
environment if not properly managed or recycled. Essentially, something is waste
when it is deemed no longer valuable or necessary and it is thrown away or already
disposed of.
10. Explain the importance of characterization of solid wastes.
 Characterization of solid wastes is important because it helps determine the types,
quantities, and properties of the waste generated by households, industries, or
businesses. By understanding the composition of solid waste whether it is organic,
recyclable, or hazardous, authorities and waste management companies can
develop effective strategies for handling, recycling, or disposing of the waste in an
environmentally safe way.
11. How do the physical characteristics of solid waste help in solid waste
characterization, transportation and disposal?
 The physical characteristics of solid waste, such as its size, weight, density,
composition, and moisture content, play a crucial role in its characterization,
transportation, and disposal. For example, larger or bulky items require more space
and specialized equipment for transportation, while lightweight waste may be easier
to handle and move. The density of the waste helps determine how compact it is,
which influences the number of trips needed for disposal and the amount of space
required in landfills. The composition of solid waste, whether it’s organic, recyclable,
or hazardous, also impacts how it should be processed or sorted. For instance,
organic waste may be composted, recyclables separated, and hazardous materials
treated carefully. Finally, moisture content affects the weight and stability of the
waste, influencing how it’s managed during disposal, as wet waste tends to be
heavier and more challenging to compact. Understanding these characteristics
ensures efficient waste management, reduces costs, and minimizes environmental
impacts.
12. Discuss the differences between sanitary landfill and open dump. Explain how
adapting each one of these disposal methods may be advantageous and
disadvantageous.
 A sanitary landfill and an open dump are two different methods of waste disposal,
each with distinct characteristics and impacts. A sanitary landfill is a carefully
engineered facility where waste is buried in layers and compacted to minimize
environmental harm. It is designed with systems to control leachate (liquid waste
that seeps from landfills) and gas emissions to prevent pollution. In contrast, an
open dump is an unregulated and uncontrolled area where waste is simply piled
without any measures for waste management or pollution control.The main
advantage of a sanitary landfill is that it is designed to minimize environmental
impacts, making it safer for nearby communities and ecosystems. It prevents
contamination of groundwater and air quality through proper waste management
techniques. However, its disadvantage is that it still takes up a large amount of land
space, and managing it is costly, requiring ongoing maintenance and monitoring. On
the other hand, an open dump is much cheaper and easier to create, as it doesn’t
require advanced technology or careful planning. However, the disadvantages are
significant. It can lead to serious environmental problems, such as groundwater
contamination, air pollution from the decomposition of waste, and health risks for
nearby residents due to the uncontrolled spread of disease and toxic substances.
Additionally, open dumps are unsightly and can attract pests like rats and insects,
which can further spread diseases.
13. Explain the importance of landfill siting.
 Landfill siting is the process of selecting a suitable location for a landfill, and it is
crucial for protecting both the environment and public health. Proper siting ensures
that the landfill is placed in an area where it won't contaminate the surrounding soil,
water, or air. For example, landfills should be located away from groundwater
sources to prevent leachate (liquid that drains from waste) from seeping into
drinking water supplies. Additionally, they should be placed in areas with stable soil
to prevent the landfill from collapsing or shifting. The chosen site should also be far
enough from residential areas to reduce the impact of odors, pests, and traffic.
Proper landfill siting helps manage waste safely, minimizes environmental harm,
and ensures that the facility can operate efficiently for many years without posing
health risks to nearby communities.
14. Define leachate and explain why it occurs
 Leachate is the liquid that forms when rainwater or other liquids filter through waste
materials, picking up harmful chemicals and substances along the way. It occurs
when landfills or waste disposal sites collect moisture, which then percolates
through the garbage and dissolves or carries away toxins, heavy metals, and other
pollutants. This contaminated liquid can seep into the ground, potentially polluting
groundwater and nearby water sources, making it a significant environmental
concern. Proper management of landfills is necessary to prevent leachate from
causing damage to the environment.
15. A small public well is used to supply water to a remote residential community
located in a 36 square-kilometer watershed. For the month of June, the measured
rainfall was 13 cm, the estimated evapotranspiration was 8 cm and the surface
water runoff entered a small stream with an average flow of 0.35 m3/sec that
leaves the watershed. Estimate the average flow (m3/day) from the public well
without depleting the underlying aquifer. Assume that all water that infiltrates will
percolate to the aquifer.

16. You are working on a project to put in a new set of townhouse apartments.
Estimate the daily and yearly water demand given 20 apartment units with an
average of five people living in each unit.
Consult the table on the next page
for the typical water usage flow value for apartments (100 gallons/unit/day).
17. Estimate the daily water demand and wastewater generation for a department
store that has three floors. On each floor are two sets of men’s and women’s
lavatories. The men’s have two toilets, two urinals, and three sinks; the women’s
have four toilets and three sinks. Assume that each lavatory will be used by 55
people per day. Refer to the table on the next page.
PRE-TEST
REVIEW EXERCISES:
1. C
2. D
3. C
4. A
5. B
6. B
7. D
8. B
9. A
10. C
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:
1. Differentiate between waste minimization, waste exchange, and recycling.
 Waste minimization, waste exchange, and recycling are all strategies aimed at
reducing environmental impact, but they differ in their approaches. Waste
minimization focuses on reducing the amount of waste generated in the first place
by improving processes, using fewer materials, or designing products with less
environmental impact. Waste exchange involves businesses or organizations
swapping materials or by-products that would otherwise be discarded, creating a
more efficient use of resources. Recycling is the process of converting waste
materials into new products, helping to conserve raw materials and reduce the need
for landfill space. Each method plays a part in reducing waste, but they tackle the
issue from different angles.
3. Discuss the distinct differences between cleaner production and pollution
prevention?
 Cleaner production and pollution prevention are both strategies aimed at reducing
environmental impacts, but they differ in approach. Cleaner production focuses on
making processes more efficient by minimizing waste and energy use at the source,
promoting the use of safer raw materials, and improving product design to reduce
environmental harm. It involves continuous improvement in industrial processes. On
the other hand, pollution prevention is specifically about reducing or eliminating
the generation of pollutants before they enter the environment. It emphasizes
actions like modifying production processes, using less toxic materials, or improving
waste management systems. While both aim to reduce environmental harm, cleaner
production is broader, involving proactive design changes, while pollution prevention
mainly targets waste and pollution reduction.
4. Why is it disadvantageous for a product to be designed too durable for its
intended use?
 Designing a product to be too durable for its intended use can be disadvantageous
because it may increase production costs, making the product more expensive than
necessary. Additionally, it could lead to over-engineering, where features or
materials are added that aren’t needed, which may result in wasted resources. In
some cases, it might also limit innovation or future sales, as consumers won’t need
to replace the product for a long time. This the product could end up being more
expensive or less efficient than required for its purpose.
4. Your boss has proposed that your company institute a recycling program to
minimize the generation of waste. Is recycling the best first step to investigate in
a waste minimization program? If not, what others would you suggest and in what
order?
 Recycling is an important step in waste minimization, but I think that won’t be my
first step. It will be more effective if I would focus on reducing waste first at the
source, known as waste prevention. This can involve strategies like redesigning
products to use fewer resources, opting for more durable goods, or eliminating
unnecessary packaging. After reducing waste generation, the next step that I will do
could be reusing materials and products to extend their lifecycle and be reused.
Recycling should then be considered as the final option, where materials that
cannot be reused or avoided are processed into new products. By following this
order, companies can prioritize waste reduction and minimize the overall impact.
PRE-TEST
1. B
2. D
3. D
4. A
5. C
6. C
7. C
8. C
9. D
10. A
REVIEW EXERCISES:
B
1.B
2. D
3. D
4. A
5. C
6. C
7. C
8. C
9. D
10. A
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:
1. In your own words, give definition to sustainable engineering as it applies to
civil engineering profession. Explain its appropriateness and applicability in two
to three sentences.
 Sustainable engineering in civil engineering refers to the design, construction, and
operation of infrastructure projects that minimize environmental impact, conserve
resources, and ensure long-term viability. It involves using eco-friendly materials,
energy-efficient systems, and practices that promote social responsibility and
economic stability. This approach is essential in addressing climate change,
reducing waste, and ensuring that future generations can enjoy the benefits of a
healthy, well-maintained environment.
2. The design team for a building project was formed at your company last week,
and they have already held two meetings. Why is it so important for you to get
involved immediately in the design process?
 It’s important to get involved immediately in the design process to ensure the project
stays on track and aligns with the company’s goals. Early involvement allows you to
provide valuable input, address potential issues, and make informed decisions
before they become bigger problems. By participating from the beginning, you can
also help ensure that the design meets both the functional and budgetary
requirements of the project. This proactive approach leads to a smoother, more
efficient process overall.
3. Choose three of the Principles of Green Engineering. For each one a) explain
the principle in your own words b) find an example (commercially available or
under development) and explain how it demonstrates the principle c) describe the
associated environmental, economic, and societal benefits, identifying which
ones are tangible and which ones are intangible.
 Principle: Design for Energy Efficiency - This principle encourages creating
products or systems that use as little energy as possible to perform their intended
function. Its Environmental benefits include a reduction in energy consumption and
lower greenhouse gas emissions. Economically, energy-efficient products like LEDs
reduce electricity costs. The societal benefits are intangible but include contributing
to sustainability and reducing the demand on energy resources.
 Principle: Use of Renewable Resources - This principle emphasizes using
materials and energy sources that are renewable, such as solar, wind, and biobased resources, instead of non-renewable ones like fossil fuels.
 Principle: Minimize Waste - This principle encourages designing products and
processes that minimize waste generation during production and after the product's
life cycle.
4. What does resilience have to do with sustainability?

Resilience and sustainability are closely linked because they both involve the ability
to endure and adapt to challenges. Sustainability focuses on maintaining
environmental, social, and economic health over the long term, while resilience is
the capacity to recover from setbacks or unexpected changes. In the context of
sustainability, resilience helps systems whether natural or human-made bounce
back from disruptions like climate change, resource depletion, or social crises.
Together, they ensure that systems can not only survive but thrive in the face of
adversity.
5. What type of water-efficient features are present or missing from your house,
your apartment or dormitory, and your university campus? Does use of this
technology require any behavioral changes by users or maintenance staff? Does
it require consideration of gender or cultural differences between users?
 In my current environment, there are several water-efficient features, such as lowflow faucets and toilets, as well as water-saving irrigation systems for outdoor areas.
These features help reduce water usage without sacrificing comfort. However, some
areas might be missing technologies like greywater recycling or rainwater
harvesting systems, which could further improve water efficiency. Users may need
to adopt behavior changes, such as using water more consciously, and
maintenance staff might need to perform regular checks to ensure the systems are
functioning correctly. Cultural or gender differences may influence water usage
patterns, but these technologies are generally designed to be inclusive and
adaptable to diverse user needs.
For the following questions, encircle the letter of your chosen answer and
provide an explanation in 1-3 sentences.
6. Which uses less water, washing a full load of dishes by hand or in the
dishwasher?
a. Dishwasher
b. By hand
 I chose dishwasher because typically uses less water than washing dishes by hand,
especially if it's a full load. Dishwashers are designed to optimize water use and can
wash more efficiently than handwashing.
7. What type of supermarket bag is more ecofriendly, paper or plastic?
a. Paper
c. None of the above
b. Plastic
d. Either is fine
 Paper bags are more eco-friendly because they are biodegradable and easier to
recycle compared to plastic bags, which take longer to decompose and harm wildlife.
8. Appliances that are turned off don’t use any electricity.
a. True
b. False
 The statement is false because even when appliances are turned off, many still
consume electricity if they are in standby mode, such as TVs or chargers.
9. Hybrid cars are slower and less safe than conventional cars.
a. True
b. False
 Hybrid cars are not slower or less safe than conventional cars; they can be just as
fast and are designed to meet safety standards.
10. Approximately how much global electricity output is produced from
renewable resources?
a. 5%
c. 10%
b. 20%
d. 1%
 Around 20% of global electricity is produced from renewable resources, with solar,
wind, and hydro being key contributors.
11. Is it better to use Compact Fluorescent Bulbs (CFLs) or Standard
Incandescent Bulbs?
a. CFLs
b. SIBs
 Compact Fluorescent Bulbs (CFLs) use less energy and last longer than Standard
Incandescent Bulbs (SIBs), which makes them more efficient.
12. Is it better to leave a light on than to turn it on and off several times a day?
True
b. False
 It’s more energy-efficient to turn lights off when not in use, as turning them on and
off doesn’t consume more power than leaving them on.
13. During a long trip, you conserve more fuel by driving fast and getting to your
destination sooner than you do by going the speed limit.
a. True
b. False
 Driving at higher speeds typically uses more fuel because it increases wind
resistance and engine load, while sticking to the speed limit helps conserve fuel.
SUPPLEMENTAL ACTIVITIES:
1. Choose two countries. Research and prepare a report on its progress in
meeting each of the eight MDGs. Summarize the results in a table. You may use
the United Nations website as an additional source.
 The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were established by the United Nations
in 2000 to address global challenges such as poverty, education, gender equality,
health, and environmental sustainability. While the MDGs concluded in 2015, they
laid the groundwork for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
Progress of the Philippines and Uganda in Meeting the MDGs:
MDG
Philippines
Significant reduction in
1. Eradicate Extreme poverty rates; however,
Poverty and Hunger disparities remain,
especially in rural areas.
Achieved near-universal
2. Achieve Universal primary school enrollment;
Primary Education
quality of education
remains a concern.
3. Promote Gender
Equality and
Empower Women
Progress in women's
living in extreme poverty ahead of
the 2015 deadline; challenges
persist in the Northern and Eastern
regions.
Increased primary school
enrollment; quality and retention
rates need improvement.
Improved women's representation in
education; gender wage
education and economic
gap persists.
participation.
4. Reduce Child
under-five mortality rates;
Mortality
neonatal mortality remains
a concern.
Health
Halved the proportion of people
participation in politics and politics; challenges remain in
Significant decline in
5. Improve Maternal
Uganda
Maternal mortality rates
declined; disparities exist
between urban and rural
Reduced under-five mortality by
58% between 1990 and 2014;
neonatal mortality stagnated.
Maternal mortality rates decreased;
disparities between regions persist.
MDG
Philippines
Uganda
areas.
6. Combat HIV/AIDS, Increased access to HIV
Malaria, and Other
treatment; malaria
Diseases
incidence reduced.
7. Ensure
Environmental
Sustainability
8. Develop a Global
Partnership for
Development
Malaria incidence decreased; HIV
prevalence remains a concern.
Improved access to clean
water and sanitation;
Progress in access to clean water;
challenges in waste
sanitation facilities need expansion.
management.
Active participation in
international development
initiatives; challenges in aid
effectiveness.
Engaged in international
partnerships; challenges in aid
utilization and infrastructure.
Both countries made notable strides in several MDGs, particularly in poverty
reduction and education. However, challenges remain in areas such as maternal health,
environmental sustainability, and regional disparities. These insights underscore the
importance of targeted policies and international cooperation in achieving sustainable
development.
2. Conduct an interview with any of the officials in your barangay about the
environmental issues present in your community. Choose 3 among those and
formulate sustainable solutions for each.
 Waste Management - One issue that our barangay suffer from is improper waste
disposal, leading to littering and clogged drainage systems. Regular awareness
campaigns can educate the public on the importance of reducing waste and
recycling, while setting up more accessible recycling bins and composting areas can
further encourage participation.
 Flooding and Water Management - Another one is flooding and water management
although a lot of ripraps were already made in our barangay, it only lessens the
flooding. To address this, improving the drainage systems by regularly cleaning and
maintaining canals and dikes is essential
 Air Pollution - Air pollution from motor vehicles and the burning of waste is a
concern, especially in busy areas of the barangay. To reduce air pollution, the
barangay could promote the use of cleaner energy sources such as electric vehicles
and bicycles for transportation. Introducing more green spaces like parks and
planting trees along roadsides would also help absorb pollutants and improve air
quality.
3. Identify one regional and one global water scarcity issue. Develop a long-term
sustainable solution that protects future generations of humans and the
environment.
 In parts of the Philippines, particularly in the drought-prone areas of Mindanao,
water scarcity is becoming more severe due to inconsistent rainfall patterns,
deforestation, and overuse of water resources.A long-term sustainable solution
would involve investing in rainwater harvesting systems, which can collect and store
water during the rainy season for use during droughts. Additionally, reforesting
watersheds and promoting water-efficient agricultural practices would help restore
natural water cycles and reduce reliance on groundwater.
 Globally, regions such as the Middle East and North Africa face extreme water
scarcity due to low rainfall, high temperatures, and over-extraction of groundwater
for agriculture and industrial use. A sustainable global solution would involve
investing in desalination technologies to provide clean drinking water from seawater.
Additionally, improving water management through international cooperation,
encouraging water conservation, and investing in efficient irrigation techniques can
help reduce the strain on freshwater resources and ensure long-term access to
water for all.