EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN
(EEE G512)
Instructor in Charge: Anakhi Hazarika
Class Timing: M/W/F, 10AM-11AM
Introduction & Overview
About the Course
Evaluation Scheme
Sl. No.
Component
Duration
Weightage (%)
90 mins.
25%
1.
Mid-Term Examination
2.
Quizzes
30 mins. Each
10%
3.
Regular Lab Evaluations
120 mins. / week
15%
4.
Mini Projects
20 mins. Each
15%
5.
Comprehensive Examination
3 hours
35%
Tentative Dates of Exams
Sl. No.
Component
Date & Time
Nature of
Component
23/9
Open, MCQ
09/10, 9.30 - 11.00AM
Closed
1.
Quiz-1
2.
Mid-Term Examinations
3.
Quiz-2
4/11
Closed, MCQ
5.
Mini Projects
TBA
Open
6.
Comprehensive Test
16/12, FN
Closed
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About the Course Continued…
Prerequisites
1. Digital Electronics and Circuit Design
2. Microprocessor Programming and Interfacing
3. Some understanding of Microcontrollers
4. A little design experience (Paper design or board level design)
Text Book
1. Wolf, Wayne, “Computers as Components Principles of Embedded Computing System Design”, Second Edition,
Elsevier, 2008.
Reference Books
1.
2.
3.
Jonathan W. Valvano, "Embedded Microcomputer Systems, Real-Time Interfacing", Second Edition, Thomson
Learning, 2006.
Vahid, F, and Givargis, T, Embedded System Design – A Unified Hardware/Software Introduction, John Wiley,
2002
Andrew N. Sloss, Dominic Symes, Chris Wright, "ARM System Developer's Guide, Designing and Optimizing
System Software" Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Elsevier, 2004.
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About the Course Continued…
Makeup Policy
Makeup for any component will be given only in genuine cases. In all cases, prior intimation must be given to IC
with valid proof.
Notices
All notices related to the course will be put on the CMS only.
Chamber Consultation Hour
Room No: H217
Day and Time: Monday 12PM-1PM
Research Paper Presentations (Two per group)
– One paper will be discussed and presented by a group of 4-5 students
– Prepare a 15-minute talk (slides): Thoroughly understand and describe the paper (read
–
–
additional papers for full context)
Excellent practice for generating research intuition
Date will be announced in the class (Strictly No Makeup Request)
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Introduction
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Definitions:
➢“Embedded Systems are information processing systems embedded into a larger product”
(Peter Marwedel, TU Dortmund)
➢“Embedded software is software integrated with physical processes. The technical problem is
managing time and concurrency in computational systems.” (Edward Lee, Berkeley)
➢“Any device that includes a programmable computer but is not itself intended to be a general
purpose computer” (Wayne Wolf)
➢“An Embedded computer system includes a microcomputer with mechanical chemical and
electrical devices attached to it, programmed for a specific dedicated purpose and packaged as a
complete system” (Jonathan W. Valvano)
➢“An embedded system is one that has computer hardware with software embedded in it as one
•
of its most important components” (Raj Kamal)
In a nutshell
➢Embedded Systems: Computers inside a product (electronic devices)
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Embedded Systems Overview
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Embedded computing systems:
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A “Short List” of Embedded Systems:
➢ Computing systems embedded within electronic devices
➢ Hard to define. Nearly any computing system other than a desktop computer
➢ Billions of units produced yearly, versus millions of desktop units
➢ Perhaps 100s per household and automobile
Anti-lock brakes (ABS)
Auto-focus cameras
Automatic teller machines
Automatic toll systems
Automatic transmission
Avionic systems
Battery chargers
Camcorders
Cell phones
Cell-phone base stations
Cordless phones
Cruise control
Curbside check-in systems
Digital cameras
Disk drives
Electronic card readers
Electronic instruments
Electronic toys/games
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Factory control
Fax machines
Fingerprint identifiers
Home security systems
Life-support systems
Medical testing systems
Modems
MPEG decoders
Network cards
Network switches/routers
On-board navigation
Pagers
Photocopiers
Point-of-sale systems
Portable video games
Printers
Satellite phones
Scanners
Smart ovens/dishwashers
Speech recognizers
Stereo systems
Teleconferencing systems
Televisions
Temperature controllers
Theft tracking systems
TV set-top boxes
VCR’s, DVD players
Video game consoles
Video phones
Washers and dryers
And the list goes on and on…
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INSTRUMENTATION
Why Focus on Embedded Systems?
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Over 90% of all processors are used in the
embedded context.
The Global Embedded Systems Market is
expected to reach USD 173.4 billion.
Latest Trends: Integration of advanced
technology in various sectors, including vehicle
safety and security systems, adoption of
computer vision systems, and AI libraries in IoT
applications.
Growth Opportunity: Increasing automation in
the manufacturing sector and ongoing research
and development for more intelligent and
energy-efficient electronic devices are expected
to drive market growth.
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For you…
• iPhone 12ProMax SoC specification?
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Parts of an Embedded System
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Actuators: mechanical components (e.g., valve)
Sensors: input data (e.g., accelerometer for airbag control)
Converters: A D and D A
Memory: On-chip and Off-chip
Processor: Microcontroller / DSP / ASIC
Communication path with the interacting environment
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Design Criteria and Common
Characteristics
Criteria: performance, cost, programmability, reliability, availability, safety, usability, etc.
Characteristics:
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Single-functioned
– Executes a single program, repeatedly
Tightly-constrained
– Low cost, low power, small, fast, etc.
Reactive and real-time
– Continually reacts to changes in the system’s environment
– Must compute certain results in real-time without delay
Example: Digital Camera
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Single-functioned -- always a digital camera
Tightly constrained -- Low cost, low power, small, fast
Reactive and real-time -- only to a small extent
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Design Criteria and Common
Characteristics
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Obvious design goal:
➢ Construct an implementation with desired functionality
Key design challenge:
➢ Simultaneously optimize numerous design metrics
Design metric: A measurable feature of a system’s implementation
Common metrics:
➢ Unit cost: Monetary cost of manufacturing each copy of the system, excluding NRE cost
➢ NRE cost (Non-Recurring Engineering cost): One-time monetary cost of designing the system
➢ Size: Physical space required by the system (Small Size, Low Weight)
➢ Performance: Execution time or throughput of the system
➢ Power: Amount of power consumed by the system (Battery power for 8+ hours)
➢ Flexibility: Ability to change the functionality of the system without incurring heavy NRE cost
➢ Time-to-prototype: Time needed to build a working version of the system
➢ Time-to-market: Time required to develop a system to the point that it can be released and sold
to customers
➢ Maintainability: Ability to modify the system after its initial release
➢ Correctness, safety, many more
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Design Metric Competition
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Embedded Hardware
• Domain/application-specific: Optimized for one fixed domain/application
• Energy efficiency: more important than raw performance, especially for battery-operated devices
• Power constraints: Cooling, power supply, ...
• Cost: Low cost for large volume device vs Non-recurring engineering cost
• Programmability: ASIC (no flexibility), ASIP, CPU, FPGA (lots of flexibility)
• Design Complexity: Composed of individual building blocks (IP blocks)
Embedded Software
• Real-time: Timing constraints set by the physical environment
• Reactive: Response to physical environment
• Concurrency: The physical environment is not sequential
• Dependability: Impact on the physical environment, safety-critical
• Reliability: Fixing bugs in the field may be costly/impossible
• Efficiency: Manual optimization required
• (Lack of) Abstraction: Exposure of underlying hardware to the programmer
Expertise with both software and hardware is needed to optimize design
metrics. A designer must be comfortable with various technologies.
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Design Metric Competition
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Time-to Market:
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Delayed Market Entry: Assume a simplified revenue model,
➢ Market window: Period during which the product would have the highest sales
➢ Average time-to-market constraint is about 8 months
➢ Delays can be costly
➢ Product life = 2W, peak at W
➢ Time of market entry defines a triangle, representing market penetration
➢ Triangle area equals revenue
➢ Loss: The difference between the on-time and delayed triangle areas
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Examples
Anti-lock brake system (ABS)
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Examples
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64-bit Dual-Core ( P5040) and Quad-Core (P5021) Communications Processors
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