CHAPTER 1 Study Guide BIOL 121 F23 Be able to describe or define the following: -Common ancestry -Evolution -Al-Jahiz, Jean-Baptiste Lamark, Charles Darwin (their contributions to Evolutionary theory) -Natural selection (VISTA model) -Fossil record -Cambrian explosion -Homology -Ontogeny -Speciation -Species -Reproductive barriers -Adaptive radiation -Gradualism -Punctuated equilibrium -Types of selection -Neo-Darwinism -Microevolution -Macroevolution CHAPTER 3 Study Guide BIOL 121 F23 Be able to describe or define the following: -Types of body symmetry -Oral, Aboral -Anterior, Posterior, Dorsal, Ventral -Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm -Diploblastic, Triploblastic -Metazoa -Eumetazoa -Coelom -Acoelomates, Pseudocoelomate, Coelomate -Protostome, Deuterostome -Blastula -Blastopore CHAPTER 4 Study Guide BIOL 121 F23 Be able to describe or define the following: -Systematics -Taxonomy -Characters -Clades -Synapomorphies -Sister groups -Monophyletic, Paraphyletic, Polyphyletic Be able to do the following: -List the formal, hierarchical taxonomic categories (e.g., Kingdom, Phylum) -Read a basic phylogenetic tree -Identify a basic clade on a phylogenetic tree -List a common, modern example of a paraphyletic clade CHAPTER 5 Study Guide BIOL 121 F23 Be able to describe or define the following: -Cilia, Flagella -Phytoflagellates -Zooflagellates -Naked Amoebas -Testate Amoebas -Ciliates Be able to do the following: -Describe the last common ancestor of animals -Identify what locomotion group (traditional taxonomy) these protists belong to: -Euglenids, green algae, dinoflagellates, parabasalids, diplomonads, ciliates, forams, radiolarians, choanoflagellates, amoebas -Explain why we study protists in an animal course CHAPTER 6 Study Guide BIOL 121 F23 Be able to describe or define the following: -Ostia, oscula, spongocoel, mesohyl -Sponge cell types: -Pinacocytes, porocytes, archaeocytes, sclerocytes, spongocytes, choanocytes -Spicules -Ascon, sycon, leucon -Calcarea, Demospongiae, Hexactinellida, Homoscleromorpha Be able to do the following: -Describe the last common ancestor of animals and identify what evidence exists to support this theory -Trace water flow through the basic sponge body plan -Compare the body plan and spicule composition of the four taxonomic classes -Briefly explain sponge reproduction -Briefly explain sponge physiology (e.g., gas exchange, feeding) -Explain why sponges are part of the Mesozoa but not the Eumetazoa CHAPTER 7 Study Guide BIOL 121 F23 Be able to describe or define the following: -Diploblastic, triploblastic -Eumetazoa -Polyp, medusa -Radial symmetry -Epidermis, gastrodermis, mesoglea -Cnidocytes, cnidae, nematocysts -Schyphozoa, Hydrozoa, Cubozoa, Anthozoa -Manubrium -Gastric filaments, gastric pouches -Velum -Zooid, gastrozooid, gonozooid, dactylozooid -Siphonophores -Hydrocorals -Colloblasts Be able to do the following: -Explain why cnidarians and ctenophores are part of the Mesozoa and the Eumetazoa -Compare and contrast the body plans in the four taxonomic classes -Which class has the biggest medusae? The smallest? -Briefly explain why ctenophores and cnidarians differ CHAPTER 8 Study Guide BIOL 121 F23 Be able to describe or define the following: -Bilateria -Deuterostomia, Protostomia -Ecdysozoa, Lophotrochozoa -Cephalization -Parenchyma -Acoelomate, pseudocoelomate -Protonephridia, flame cell, excretory canal -Cerebral ganglia -Simultaneous hermaphroditism -Turbellaria -Trematoda -Monogenea -Cestoda -Scolex, neck, proglottids -Endo- vs. ectoparasites -Haptor, prohaptor -Trophi, mastax -Eutely, syncytial -Toes, pedal glands Be able to do the following: -Explain the significance of bilateral body plans to animal evolution -Describe flatworm physiology (e.g., respiration) -Compare and contrast the lifestyle and life cycle of the 4 taxonomic classes of flatworms -Compare the attachment organs used by the parasitic classes of flatworms -Briefly describe rotifer reproduction -Explain why rotifers are important for human medical science CHAPTER 10 Study Guide BIOL 121 F23 - Cephalopods Be able to describe or define the following: -Tentacles, arms -Gill hearts, systemic heart -Mantle cavity -Funnel -Hemocyanin -Pen -Nautilus shell Be able to do the following: -Explain how the features of HAM have been modified in cephalopods -Briefly explain the circulatory system of cephalopods -What specialized adaptations do cephalopods have to facilitate a predatory lifestyle? -What is unique about the octopus nervous system? CHAPTER 10 Study Guide BIOL 121 F23 Be able to describe or define the following: -Foot, visceral mass, mantle, shell, mantle cavity, ctenidia -Ospharadium, rhinophores -Radula -Triploblastic, coelomate, Lophotrochozoa, Protostomia -Girdle -Shell valves -Trochophore, glochidia, veliger -Ligament, adductor muscle, hinge -Siphon -Byssal threads -Captacula -Torsion -Operculum Be able to do the following: -Identify the main features of HAM and how they are modified in chitons, bivalves, gastropods, and scaphopods -Briefly explain how a pearl forms -Briefly explain gas exchange in molluscs -Briefly describe circulation and digestion in molluscs -Describe the mollusc coelom and what can be found inside it – how does this compare to the visceral mass? -Describe the lifestyle of shipworms -Compare the body plan of the 3 flavours of gastropods (aquatic snails, sea slugs, land snails / slugs) -Compare feeding modes and feeding structures in the different classes of molluscs CHAPTER 11 Study Guide BIOL 121 F23 - Annelida Be able to describe or define the following: -setae -metamerism, segmentation -coelomate -dorsal and ventral blood vessels -ventral nerve cord -metanephridia -prostomium, peristomium -parapodia -crop -clitellum -hematophagous Be able to do the following: -Explain the key differences in body plan and habitat between Class Clitellata and Polychaeta -Briefly describe the annelid circulatory system -Briefly describe the annelid nervous system -Compare and contrast the feeding mode of polychaetes, leeches, and earthworms CHAPTER 12 Study Guide BIOL 121 F23 - Nematodes Be able to describe or define the following: -ecdysis, Ecdysozoa -cuticle -pseudocoelomate -eutely -parthenogenesis Be able to do the following: -Identify the most famous nematode -Explain why nematodes suck at moving (e.g. what anatomical features contribute to this problem) -List one positive and one negative example of hookworm-host interactions -Briefly compare moulting in nematodes to arthropods CHAPTER 13 Study Guide BIOL 121 F23 Be able to describe or define the following: -Ecdysozoa, ecdysis -Exoskeleton, chitin, jointed appendages -Arachnida, Merostomata, Pycnogonida, Chilopoda, Diplopoda, Hexapoda, Malacostraca, Thecostraca -Segmentation, tagmatization, tagmata -Head, thorax, abdomen, trunk, prosoma, opisthosoma, cephalothorax, pleon -Hemocoel -Epicuticle, procuticle -Ocelli, compound eye, ommatidia -Antennae, mandibles, chelicerae, pedipalps, ovigers, maxillipeds, maxillae, chelipeds, walking legs, swimmerets, uropod -Partially-closed circulatory system -Malpighian tubules -Book gills, book lungs, spiracles, tracheae Be able to do the following: -Match different types of appendages and body regions (tagmata) to the 8 classes of arthropods covered in lecture (see table below) -Briefly explain circulation, respiration, nervous system, digestion, and reproduction in arthropods -Explain why arthropods have been so successful -Briefly explain why insects are thought to be closely related to crustaceans but not spiders -Explain why the claws in scorpions and the claws in crayfish are not homologous Summary table Taxon Number of tagmata ID of tagmata Pairs walking legs 4 Antenna (Y/N) Mandibles (Y/N) Special appendages Merostomata (horseshoe crabs) Arachnida (spiders, scorpions) Pycnogonida (sea spiders) 2 Prosoma, opisthosoma N N Chelicerae, pedipalps 2 Prosoma, opisthosoma 4 N N Chelicerae, pedipalps Unclear N/A 4-6 N N Chilopoda (centipedes) 2 Head, trunk Y Y Diplopoda (millipedes) 2 Head, trunk Y Y N/A Hexapoda / Insecta (insects) Malacostraca (lobsters, shrimps, crabs) Thecostraca (barnacles) 3 Head, thorax, abdomen Many, 1 pair per segment Many, 2 pair per segment 3 Chelicerae, pedipalps, ovigers Venomous maxillipeds Y Y Wings (2 pairs) 2 Cephalothorax, pleon 4 Y Y Chelipeds, swimmerets, uropod Unclear N/A 0 Y Y Walking legs modified for feeding BIOL 121A Chapter 14: Echinoderms and Hemichordates – Study Guide Be able to describe or define the following: -5-part symmetry -ossicles, endoskeleton -mutable collagen -oral, aboral -water vascular system, madreporite, stone canal, ring canal, radial canal, ampullae, tube feet / podia -oral tentacles -pedicellaria -Aristotle’s lantern -cardiac, pyloric stomach -Asteroidea, Echinoidea, Holothuroidea, Crinoidea, Ophiuroidea Be able to do the following: -Compare the differences between protostomes and deuterostomes -Identify characteristics that are unique to Echinoderms -Compare differences among the classes of Echinoderms -Trace water flow through the water vascular system -Explain feeding in sea stars on bivalves, what structures are involved? -Explain the keystone species concept and use an echinoderm example Chapter 15: Chordates - Study Guide Be able to… • • • • Identify the three Chordate sub-phyla. Describe the five chordate characteristics. Demonstrate an understanding of the key steps that guided early vertebrate evolution. Describe the origin of jaws. Questions • What characteristics identify adult tunicates as chordates? • How are adult tunicates different from other chordate groups? • How does the filter feeding apparatus of a sea squirt (urochordate) differ from that of a lancelet (cephalochordate)? How are they similar? • What does a lancelet have in common with you? • Why aren’t there any lancelets that are as large as fish? • How did the functions of pharyngeal slits and gills change during early vertebrate evolution? • How did gill evolution relieve constraints on the body size of early vertebrates? • What do neural crest cells contribute to forming? • What do ectodermal placodes give rise to? Know these terms • Protochordates • Craniata • Homologous structures • Notochord • Dorsal hollow nerve cord • Pharyngeal slits • Endostyle/Thyroid gland • Postanal tail • Pharynx • Neural crest cells • Ectodermal placodes • Conodonts • Pikaia & Myllokunmingia • Ostracoderm, Placoderm, & Acanthodian Chapter 16 Part A – Agnathans & Chondrichthyans Study Guide Be able to… • Identify the major groups of living fishes and diagram their phylogenetic relationships. • Compare and contrast the anatomy, ecology, and life cycles of the two groups within cyclostomata. • Describe carnivorous vs non-carnivorous lampreys (parasitic vs non-parasitic). • Describe feeding behaviour in hagfishes and lampreys. How do they differ? • Explain the significance of the jaw. • Explain the current hypothesis for how Jaws evolved (Back in Chapter 15, but in fish lecture). • Identify the two major groups of Chondrichthyes. • Describe different morphologies within Chondrichthyes. • Describe the functional anatomy of sharks, rays, and ratfish. • What function does the lateral-line system serve? Where are receptors located? • Describe the reproductive strategies of elasmobranchs. • Explain why some elasmobranchs have spiracles. • Describe the features of elasmobranchs that help them approach neutral buoyancy (they remain negatively buoyant, but these features help with buoyancy). • Compare and contrasts the osmoregulatory strategies of hagfish and chondrichthyans. • Explain how larval lamprey (ammocoetes) differ from adult lamprey? What makes ammocoetes a good model system for studies of vertebrate evolution? • List the four chambers of fish hearts. • Explain why the circulatory system of fishes is described as a “one-way” circulation. • Explain the thermoregulatory strategy of the salmon shark and its significance to salmon shark physiology (i.e., muscle function). • Explain what aspects of the life history of elasmobranchs make them susceptible to overfishing. • Explain why I described batoids (skates, rays, and guitarfish) as “flat sharks”? Know and the explain the significance of the following: • Lateral line system • Amplullae of lorenzini • Placoid scales • Clasper • Oviparous • Viviparous • Ovoviviparous • Intrauterine cannibalism • Histotrophy • Semelparous • Ammocoete • Heterocercal tail • Osmoregulate • Osmoconformer • Ionoconformer and ionoregulator • Spiral valve • Rectal gland (salt gland) • Regional endothermy • Vascular countercurrent heat exchanger (rete mirabile) • Tenaculum • Opercula Chapter 17 – The Early Tetrapods & Modern Amphibians Be able to… • • • • • Describe the trends in tetrapod limb evolution. Explain the challenges of living in a terrestrial environment and how this affected tetrapod evolution. Describe the major characteristics of modern amphibians. Describe the basic structure of the amphibian ear and how sound is transmitted. Compare and contrast the following between frogs, salamanders, and caecilians: o Respiration o Reproduction o Habitat o Movement Questions • • • • • • • What are the literal meanings of the order names Urodela and Anura? o What major features distinguish members of these two orders from each other? What kind of parental care do we see in amphibians? What is the typical anuran life cycle? What factors contribute to amphibian decline? What is the typical breeding behaviour of salamanders? How have some frogs evolved to provide a moist environment for larval development using the parents body? Why are amphibians described as positive pressure breathers? Terms • Endothermic, ectothermic, poikilothermic, and homeothermic • Pulmo-cutaneous respiration • Double circulatory system • Paedomorphosis • Amplexus Chapter 18 - Study Guide: Nonavian Reptiles Be able to… • • • • • Describe the major adaptations of amniotes. Describe ways in which amniotes are more functionally or structurally suited for a terrestrial lifestyle compared to the earliest tetrapods. Discuss the components of an amniotic egg. Describe the morphology and behaviour of turtles, snakes, lizards and crocodilians. Identify members of the taxonomic group diapsids Questions • • • • • • • • • • • • • • What are the four membranes of an amniotic egg? What are their functions? What is the advantage of an amniotic egg? How do the skin, respiratory systems, and cardiovascular systems differ from those of early tetrapod ancestors? Amniotes are divided into three groups based on their skulls, what are they? o Which living (extant) groups originated from these groups? What are reptiles, as they were originally defined? Are they monophyletic? Why do we use the term ‘nonavian reptiles’ instead of just reptiles? How might temperature affect the egg development of crocodilians and some turtles? What is meant by kinetic skull? What is the significance of a kinetic skull? What modes of reproduction do we see in nonavian reptiles? What is the function of the Jacobson’s organ in snakes? What is an advantage of snakes using venom? Are all snakes venomous? What are other methods that snakes use to hunt their prey? What is the function of the pit, in pit vipers? How do crocodilians breathe when their mouths are full of food? How are turtles structurally or anatomically distinct from other nonavian reptiles? Chapter 19 Study Guide: Birds Be able to… • • • • • Identify how the feathers and organ systems of birds are adapted for flight. Identify how birds navigate during migration. Describe different mating systems of birds. Identify the different types of feathers (contour, flight and down feathers) and describe their functions. Describe the breathing cycles in birds. Questions • What is the significance of Archaeopteryx? • Birds need to be lighter yet have greater power for flight. What adaptations/characteristics do birds have in order to fulfill those necessities? • How do marine birds rid themselves of excess salt? • How do bird wings produce lift? • What are the for basic wing shapes? How do they differ and affect the ecology of birds? • What are examples of how bird beaks differ? Why does this matter? • Nearly 90% of birds are monogamous. What is the advantage of this? How does this compare to mammals? • Why do birds migrate? • What advantages does seasonal migration provide for birds? • Define precocial and altricial and how this relates to birds. • What form of nitrogenous waste do birds produce? Chapter 20 - Study Guide: Mammals Be able to… • • • • • Describe features of the skin of mammals, including glands. Describe the importance of heterodont dentition. Describe the reproductive biology of monotremes, marsupials and placentals. Compare the food habits of insectivores, herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores. Describe how mammals deal with winter by migration or hibernation. Questions • What is hair made of? What functions does hair play in mammals? • What are differences between horns and antlers? • What kind of glands to we see in the dermis of mammals? • What is heterodont dentition? • What kind of adaptations do insectivores, herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores have to better consume and digest their food? • What are the different reproductive patterns in monotremes, marsupials and placentals? • What is the advantage of producing milk?
