Flashcard Front Homeostasis Homeostatic Receptor Homeostatic Control CenterInterperets input from receptor and initiates change through Homeostatic Effector The system that would provide a quick response to homeostasis disruption The system that would provide a sustained response upon homeostasis change Chemoreceptors Osmoreceptors Tactile Receptors Baroreceptors Photoreceptors Mechanoreceptors Propioceptors Nociceptors Thermoreceptors What direction does negative feedback go in? Blood clotting is an example of what kind of feedback? Consequences of homeostatic imbalances Who first described cells Cillia Flagella Microvilli Cyotology Type of cell that lacks a nucleus Bacteria is this type of cell Posterior aspect Ventral cavity serous membranes Parietal layer Visceral layer Cervical Cephalic Occipital Auricular Axillary Mammary Pectoral Sternal Coxal Inguinal Deltoid Brachial Antecubital Olecranal Antebrachial Carpal Manus Palmar Digital Femoral Patellar Popliteal Crural Sural Calcaneal Plantar surface Tarsal Pes Fibular/Peroneal Perineal Sacral Lumbar Vertebral Anterior Posterior Dorsal Ventral Superior Inferior Cranial Caudal Rostral Medial Lateral Proximal Distal Section Plane Coronal Plane Transverse plane Midsaggital plane Saggital plane Oblique plane hypochondriac region Epigastric region Abdominopelvic cavity is partitioned into ______ compartements Right lumbar region Umbilical region Iliac region Hypogastric region Abdominopelvic Quadrants Thoracic cavity Mediastinum Pleural cavity Pericardial cavity Thoracic diaphragm Serous cavity Serous fluid Parietal serous membrane Serous cavity Visceral serous membrane Mediastinum contains Pericardium Pericardium contains Peritoneum Peritoneum contains Stimulus Receptor Control center Effector Steps of homeostatic control mechanism Negative feedback Positive feedback Robert Hooke Long and thin cells Cells that line digestive track have what modification Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic cells Pili Plasma membrane Cell wall Capsule Cytoplasm Ribosomes Centrosomes Proteasomes Cytoskeleton Nuclear envelope Nucleoplasm Nucleolus Rough endoplasmic reticulum Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Peroxisome Mitochondrion Flagellum Vesicle Inclusions Intestitial fluid Cytosol (intracellular fluid) Cytoskeleton Cytology Microscopy Light Microscopy Transmission electron microscopy Scanning electron microscopy Nerve cells have what shape Red blood cells have what shape Kidney tubule cells have what shape Intestinal lining cells have what shape Skeletal muscle cells have what shape General functions of cells Cytoplasm contains Cytoplasm Nucleus contains The inner fluid of a nucelus What is the plasma membrane made of Chromatin Nuclear pores Cytosol contains Endoplasmic Reticulum Cisternae Transport vesicle Peroxisome Lysosomes Aka "suicide sacs" Autophagy Autolysis Digest endocytosed vesicles and break down large molecules Peroxisomes Organelles that have a rolle in digesting and detoxifying molecules like alcohol Break down molecules with hydrogen peroxide and synthesize specific types of lipids Endomembrane system Endomembrane System: Movement of materials through the Golgi apparatus Centrosomes are surrounded by The primary function of centrosomes Proteasomes are shaped like Proteasomes are located in Proteasomes function to Proteins are marked with what for disposal Functions of the cytoskeleton Components of the cytoskeleton Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules Microfilaments function to Microtubules are composed of Tubulin Intermediate filaments fucntion to Ribosomes are made in the ______ and assembled in the_______ Free ribosomes synthesize Bound ribosomes Hydrogen bonds Complementary base-pairing Sugar phosphate backbone Nitrogenous bases DNA Nucleosome Histomes Chromosome Coiled chromatin Function of the nucleus What does the nucleus produce Phospholipid bilayer Nuclear pores The nucleolus is composed of The nucleolus produces T or F the nucleolus is present in all cells Nucleic acids Classes of nucleic acids nucleotide monomer Phosphodiester bonds Why is DNA called a nucleic acid 3 types of nucleotides Genes Struture of deoxyribonucleic acid DNA packaging Chromatid Centrosome DNA replication DNA helicase DNA polymerase DNA ligase Steps of DNA replication Central dogma Gene expression Transcription Translation Central dogma of Gene Expression Transcription occurs in RNA polymerase Structure of ribonucellic acid Strucutre of tRNA Anticodon Amino-acid acceptor end Job or mRNA rRNA makes up part of rRNA is synthesized in the tRNA transfers ______ to the _______ during translation Promoter RNA polymerase binds to the _____ and then moves _____ molecules and assembles _____ Transcription ends when Transcription terminator Transcription initiates when Transcription factors Template strand Terminal region Coding strand Elongation Exon Intron Hairpin loop Primary RNA transcript The primary transcript is processed in the Pre-mRNA strand contains Enzyme-RNA complexes 5' cap and 3' poly A tail are added to mRNA splicing spliceosome Alternative splicing Translation Translation occurs on Ribosome small subunit mRNA binds to ribosomal RNA Leader sequence of mRNA Translation Ribosome large subunit Binding sites in the large ribosomal subunit A binding site P binding site E site Complete ribosome When mRNA threads through the ribosome three nucleotides at a time tRNA holding an amino acid enters this binding site Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase Charged tRNA mRNA Methionine Translation Peptide bond Peptidyl transferase Empty tRNA Release factor Termination Stop codon Translation happens in the Proteins can be modified in the Fluid mosaic model Cholesterol provides Lipid layer forms the ____ in the membrane the lipid layer of the plasma membrane is composed of phospholipids glycolipids are located Cholesterol Glycolipids Glycocalyx Interstiitual fluid carbohydrate peripheral protein integral protein membrane proteins Cell surface receptors Identity markers Enzymes Protein channel Carrier protein Protein pump Anchoring site Cell adhesion protein Ligands Identity marker proteins Tight junctions Desmosomes Gap junctions Transport proteins Types of transport proteins Symporters Antiporters Intracellular Extracellular Intercellular/Interstitial Passive transport Active transport Diffusion Osmosis Electrochemical gradient Membrane transport Diffusion uses what kind of energy Kinetic energy Equilibrium Factors that affect rate of diffusion Simple diffusion Simple diffusion is not regulated by Simple diffusion continues to move as long as Facililtated diffusion Facilitated diffusion requires assitance from Two types of facilitated diffusion Chennel mediated diffusion Leak channels Gated channels Uniporter Two methods of osmosis Permeable solutes Nonpermeable solutes Aquaporin Tonicity Isotonic Hypotonic Hypertonic Hemolysis Crenation Active transport is the movement of Calcium pump Sodium/potassium pump Ion pumps Secondary active transport Vesicular transport Exocytosis Endocytosis Phagocytosis Pseudopodia Invagination Pinocytosis Receptor-mediated endocytosis Ligand receptor complex Clathrin-coated pit Anatomic position Posterior aspect Ventral cavity Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ) Cranial cavity Vertebral canal Thoracic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Parietal layer Visceral layer Serous fluid Pericardium Pleura Peritoneum Receptor Control center Effector Negative feedback Positive feedback Plasma membrane Nucleus Cytoplasm Rough ER Smooth ER Mitochondria Glycolysis Krebs cycle Electron transport chain Nucleotides Chromatin Chromosomes Phospholipid bilayer Diffusion Osmosis Active transport Endocytosis Exocytosis Homologous chromosomes Sister chromatids Centromere Humans have ___ chromosomes Chromatin Mhromatid Chromosome Centrosome Cell division Mitosis Meiosis Cell cycle Somatic cell Daughter cells Interphase Mitotic phase G phase S phase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis Free deoxyribonucleotides Leading strand Spindle Cleavage furrow Equatorial plate Spindle fibers Apoptosis Flashcard Back An organisms ability to maintain a consistent internal enviroment Detects change in a variable stimulus m receptor and initiates change through effector Brings about change to alter stimulus after being informed control center Nervous system ex) blood pressure upon rising Endocrine system ex) hormone regulation Detect chemical concentrations (drug/hormones) Detect changes in water + ion concentration Detect touch, pressure, vibration Detect blood pressure Detects light (found in retina) Detect stretching (fibers in muscles) Detect body position Detect pain Detect temperature The opposite direction of stimulus Positive feedback Disease such as diabetes, depression Robert Hooke in 1665 hair-like projections that moves substances along the cell surface long, wide extention to a cell to propel it (sperm) Extentions of the plasma membrane that increases surface area The study of cells, microscopes are necessary Prokaryotic Prokaryotic Contains the cranial cavity and the vertebral canal Contains the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity serous membrane layer that lines the internal surface of the body wall Serous membrane layer that covers the external surface of the organs Neck Head Back of head Ear Armpit Breast Chest sternum Hip Groin Shoulder Arm Front of elbow Elbow forearm Wrist Hand Palm Fingers thigh kneecap posterior of knee Leg Calf Heal Sole Ankle Foot Side of lower leg Space between gluteal and groin Space between gluteal and inferior to lumbar Lower back Spinal column In front of In back of Toward the back side Toward the belly Closer to the head Closer to the feet Toward the head end Towards the tail end Toward the mouth or nose +B82 Cut or slice that exposes internal anatomy Imaginary flat surface passing through body Vertical plane dividing the body into front and back Horizontal plane dividing the body into top and bottom Vertical plane dividing the body into equal left and right halves Parallel to midsagittal, but left or right, unequal portions Passes through structure at an angle Nine Divided into four quadrants Contains mediastinum, pleural cavity, pericardial cavity and thoracic diaphragm Median space in the thoracic cavity Space between membranes filled with serous fluid Liquid secreted by cells in serous membrane, acts as lubricant, reduces friction caused b Like outer balloon wall Like air in a balloon Like the inner wall of a balloon that’s been punched heart, thymus, espophagus, trachea, major blood vessels connected to the heart two layers serous mebrane Parietal pleura, visceral pleura, pleaural cavity two layers serous membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity Parietal peritoneum, viceral peritoneum and peritoneal cavity Changes in a variable that is regulated Structure that detects stimulus Structure that integrates input and then initiates change through effectors Structure that brings about change to stimulus Stimulus is received, receptor detects stimulus, receptor sends information to control ce Results in actions opposeite the direction of stimulus Stimulus is reinforced to continue moving in the same direction until a climatic event occu Described cell theory in 1665 Neurons Microvilli Cell that lacks a nucleus and does not have an extensive system of internal membranes Has a nucleus and internal membrane compartments Forms outer, limiting barrier separating contents from external enviroment Contains protein and ribonucleic acid Pair of cylindrical centrioles Extends through cell interior, anchors proteins in membrane Double phospholipid membrane enclosing the nucleus Cytoplasm within the nucleus Dark-staining, spherical body that is not membrane bound sythesis, transport, storage of lipids, carbohydrate metabolism, detoxification of drugs an Composed of cisternae, modifies, packages, sorts proteins, forms secretory vesicles Viscous fluid of cytoplasm with high water content Study of cells Study of cells with microscopes to view small-scale structures and uses staining techniqu Irregular-shape bionclavee disc Cube shaped column shaped cylindrical Maintaining integrity and shape of cells, obtain nutrients, form chemical building blocks, d Cytosol, organelles and inclusions Cellular contents between plasma and membrane and nucleus genetic material and nucleolus nucleoplasm Equal parts lipid and protein by weight When DNA packaging is loose and not dividing Dissolved macromolecules and ions One continuous lumen Membranous sacs formed by golgi apparatus Lysosomes Lysosomes Membrane enclosed sacs that are smaller than lysosomes Peroxisomes synthesis ER, golgi apparatus, vesicles, lysosomes, peroxisomes, plasma membrane, nuclear enve 1. Rough ER synthesizes protein that is released in a transport vesicle 2. Vesicle form the Amorphous protein Organize microtubules within the cytoskeleton Large, barrel-shaped protein complexes the cytosol and cell nucleus degrade cell proteins though ATP-dependent pathways (damaged proteins) Ubiquitin tag Intracellular support, organization of organells, cell division and movement of materials Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules Smallest component of cyto skeletin, actin protein monomers in two twisted filaments Intermediate sized, more rigid than microfilaments The largest componesnts of the cytoskeleton composed of tubulin Maintain cell shape and internal support and cell division Tubulin support cell structure, cell junctions Nucleolus, cytoplasm All other proteins Atatch to the external surface of the ER membrane and synthesize proteins for export and Sugars and phosphates run in opposite directions adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil When chromosomes are tightly coiled form when dividing Chromosomes Contains DNA in the form of chromatin Produces ribosomal subunits in nucleolus and exports them into cytoplasm for assembly Basic structure of plasma framework Spaces of the membrane that are big enough for large molecules to fit through (RNA) Protein and RNA small and large ribosome subunits FALSE Macromolecules that store and transfer genetic information in cells deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonuclieic acid A phosphate group, nitrogenous base and ribose sugar combined Because DNA is found in the nucleus of the cell five-carbon sugar, a phosphate ground, organic nitrogen containing base blocks of information stored in DNA, determines how a cell will function double stranded nucleic acid found in chromosomes in the nucleus and in the mitochond 1. Unwinding of DNA moledule 2. Breaking hydrogen bonds between bases of two DNA str Path of information DNA → RNA → protein When gene sequences are used by the cell to make protein Process by which a messenger RNA is made from a gene within DNA Process of using mRNA to direct the production of a protein DNA (nucleus) transcribesto RNA (nucleus) translates into protein cytoplasm (ribosomes the nucleus A protein that produces the mRNA copy of DNA during transcription single stranded helix (no matching complementary bases) Cloverleaf model Carries the "message" of the gene from the nucleus to the cytoplasm (ribosome) for trans the ribosome nucleolus amino acids, ribosome Promoter, DNA molecule, assemles a complementary copy of RNA The RNA polymerase reaches the transcription terminator nucleotide sequence that says when trancription ends RNA polymerase finds the promoter region Proteins that determine which genes should be transcribed in eukaryotes Parts of the gene that code for mRNA sequence Do not code for the amino acid sequence and must be removed forms in the mRNA causing polymerase and the mRNA to dissociate from the DNA Pre-RNA, product of when a cell first transcribes a gene Nucleus Exons (keep) and introns (get rid of) cut out the introns and join together the exons to form a shorter mRNA transcript protect the RNA from being degraded in the cell occurs in the nucleus within a spliceosome which is a combination of pre-mRNA and sma a combination of the pre-mRNA and small ribonucleoproteins Combining of different exons to form different mRNA molecules the conversion of RNA into amino acid chains that make proteins ribosomes short sequence of it's rRNA exposed which is complementary to the leader sequence that the small subunit rRNA Has 3 binding sites for transfer RNA (tRNA) located directly adjacent to the exposed rRNA Aminoacyl site, peptidyl site, exit site aminoacyl (arrival) Peptidyl site (where peptide or protein bonds form) Exit site translation P site A bond formed between two amino acids catalyzes the peptide bond formation reaction shifts to the E site where it is released ribosome in cytosol golgi body after translation a sheet of lipids with embedded proteins stability Foundation phospholipids and glycolipids Polar and hydrophilic head, two nonpolar and hydrophobic tails on the phospholipid region Four-ring lipid molecule scattered within phospholipid bilayer Attached carbohydrate groups not embedded in lipid pilayer, loosely attatched to external or interior surface of membran embedded within and extend across the phospholipid bilayer Attached to either internal or external surface cell, catalyze chemical reactions Assists small polar and larger molecules across the membrane Secure cytoskeleton to plasma membrane A cell surface receptor that like a key fitting into a lock (receptor) Strands or rows of proteins linking cells without any gaps, prevent substances from passin Protein filaments pass through membrane proteins to hold the cells together (velcro) Form tiny fluid filled tunnels, prevent substances from passing between cells Regulate movement of substances across the membrane channels, carrier proteins, pumps, symporters, antiporters Do not require energy, diffusion, osmosis Require energy, must move up concentration gradient, membrane bound vesicle must be Spontaneous movement of ions or molecules from area of greater concentration to area o Movment of water, passive through semi-permiable membrane process of obtaining and eliminating substance across the plasma membrane Kinetic energy energy of motion equal distribution particle size, concentration gradient and temperature Molecules move unassisted between phospholipid molecules the plasma membrane gradient exists Transport process for small charged or polar solutes assistence from the plasma membrane channel mediated and carrier mediated Movement of small ions through water filled protein channels continuously open Usually closed, opens in response to stimulus Carries transporting only one substance Slips between molecules of phospholipid bilayer or moves through integral protein water pass through bilayer Prevented from passing through bilayer Ability of a solution to change the volume or pressure of a cell by osmosis Interstitual fluid is the same concentration as cytosol Interstitual fluid has higher water concentration than cytosol Cell shrinks solute against concentration gradient Type of exchange pump, moves 3 sodium ions out of cell against gradient while moving 2 move ions across the membrane, maintains internal concetrations of ions Uses energy from movement of second substance down its gradient Transport large substances across the plasma membrane by a vesicle Macromolecules secreted out of cell Cellular uptake of macromolecules from external enviroment (reverse exocytosis) Cellular eating, cell engults a large particle Cellular drinking, internalization of droplets of interstitual fluid containing dissolved solut Uses receptors on plasma membrane to bind molecules within interstitual fluid and bring The standard reference position of the body with the body standing upright, facing forward The back side of the body. The cavity located on the anterior (front) side of the body. Contains the stomach, spleen, and part of the liver. Contains the liver and gallbladder. Contains part of the intestines and reproductive organs. Contains the brain. Formed by the bones of the vertebral column, contains the spinal cord. Contains the lungs and heart. Includes the abdominal and pelvic cavities. Lines the internal surface of body cavities. Covers organs within the cavities. Lubricates the organs, allowing them to move smoothly. Surrounds the heart. Surrounds the lungs. Lines the abdominal cavity and covers the abdominal organs. Detects a change in the environment (stimulus). Interprets the change and sends a response. Carries out the response to restore homeostasis. A process that reduces the initial stimulus. A process that amplifies the stimulus. Controls what enters and exits the cell. Contains DNA and controls cellular activity. Jelly-like fluid where organelles are suspended. Involved in protein synthesis. Involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification. Powerhouse of the cell, site of cellular respiration. First step of cellular respiration, occurs in the cytoplasm. Occurs in the mitochondria, part of cellular respiration. Generates most of the ATP in cellular respiration. Building blocks of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). DNA + proteins, making up the nucleus' structure. Condensed chromatin, present during cell division. Forms the basic structure of the plasma membrane. Movement of particles from high to low concentration. Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane. Requires energy (ATP), moves substances against the concentration gradient. Process of taking substances into the cell. Process of releasing substances from the cell. Same size shape and banding patters and code for the same characteristics product of when each homologous chromosomes relplicate creating two identical copies When sister chromatids are joined together by this structure 46 Pair of cylindrical centrioles Division of nucleus Depicts steps in replication of somatic cell two identical cells from cell division Cells prepare for division, DNA is loosely coiled chromatin Cell in an actively dividing state Growth, prperation for DNA replication DNA replication, synthesis Division of cytoplasm Programmed cell death, destroys and removes cellular components and cell remnants formation to control center, control center integrates input then initiates change, effector recieves cle 2. Vesicle form the rough ER moves to the Golgi apparatus 3. Vesicle fuses with Golgi apparatu en bases of two DNA strands 3. Assembly of new DNA strand 4. Restoration of DNA double helix ge, effector recieves information about change and brings about change to restore homeostasis with Golgi apparatus at the cis-face 4. Proteins are modified as they move through Golgi apparatus ugh Golgi apparatus 5. Modified proteins are packaged and released within secretory vesicle from cretory vesicle from the trans-face 6. Secretory vesicles merge with the plasma membrane to eithe membrane to either insert molecules into the plasma membrane or release contents by exocytosi ontents by exocytosis. Vesicles also provide digestive enzymes to lysosomes
