Coronal Toward the crown of a tooth. Furcation The area where the roots of a multi-rooted tooth join the crown. Labial Surface of a tooth facing the lips. Lingual Surface of a lower tooth facing the tongue. Occlusal surface The flat grinding surface of molar teeth. Ergots Believed to be the vestigial remnants of metacarpal and metatarsal pads, these are the horny, keratinized growths located behind the fetlocks of all equids. Chestnuts Thought to be the vestigial remnants of carpal and tarsal bones or extra toes possessed by ancestors of the modern horse; they are horny, keratinized growths located on the medial forearms and hocks of horses. Coronary band The part of the hoof that articulates with the skin. Epiphysis The end of a long bone. Each long bone has a proximal and a distal epiphysis. Articular surface The smooth joint surface of a bone that contacts another bone in a synovial joint. Condyle A large rounded articular (joint) surface. Head A spheroidal articular surface on the proximal end of a long bone. Nutrient foramen A large channel through the cortex of a large bone through which large blood vessels pass carrying blood to and from the bone marrow. Ramus The vertical portion of the mandible located at its caudal end. Foramen Magnum Opening for spinal cord in occipital bone. Parietal Bone Dorsolateral skull bones, larger in dogs and cats. External Acoustic Meatus Canal leading to middle ear in temporal bone. Tympanic Bullae Eardrum membrane between external and middle ear. Zygomatic Bones Form part of eye orbit and zygomatic arch. Turbinates Nasal conchae that warm and humidify air. Ribs Long bones forming thorax walls, with cartilage. Costal Cartilage Cartilaginous ventral portion of the rib. Arch Tunnel protecting the spinal cord. Articular Process Forms synovial joint with adjacent vertebra. Transverse Process Lateral projecting process of a vertebra. Lumbar Vertebrae Vertebrae located dorsal to abdominal region. Sacral Vertebrae Fused vertebrae forming the sacrum. Coccygeal Vertebrae Bones of the tail in the spinal column. Scapula Shoulder blade, proximal bone of thoracic limb. Glenoid Cavity Socket of the ball and socket shoulder joint. Epicondyles Knoblike projections on bone surfaces. Greater Tubercle Large process for shoulder muscle attachment. Styloid Process Distal radius projection articulating with carpus. Ulna Bone forming elbow joint with humerus. Anconeal Process Beak-shaped process at ulna's proximal end. Coronoid Process Processes on ulna's distal end for radius. Apical Toward the tip of the root of the tooth. Buccal Refers to the mouth or oral cavity. Canine tooth Sharp, pointed teeth between the most caudal incisors and the most rostral premolars. Crown The enamel-covered, exposed part of a tooth. Distal(surface) For canine, premolar, and molar teeth, the surface or edge facing toward the caudal end of the mouth. For the incisor teeth, the surface or edge farthest from the midline. Incisal edge The cutting edge of a sharp tooth's crown. Incisor teeth The most rostral group of teeth. Mesial For canine, premolar, and molar teeth, the surface or edge facing toward the rostral end of the mouth. For the incisor teeth, the surface or edge facing toward the midline. Molar tooth The caudal cheek teeth. Palatal Surface of an upper tooth facing the hard palate. Quadrant The left or right half of each dental arch. Root The hidden part of a tooth below the gum line. Dermis The deep, connective tissue portion of the skin that contains blood vessels, glands, and hair follicles. Epidermis Composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, it is the outermost layer of the skin. Heel The most posterior region of the hoof. Sole The thick, horny tissue between the wall, the frog, and the bars. Frog The thick, triangular pad located on the plantar and palmar surfaces of the horses' hooves. It is one of the important structures of the circulatory pump in the equine foot. Flat bone Bones that are relatively thin and flat. They consist of two thin plates of compact bone separated by a thin layer of cancellous bone. Irregular bones A bone whose shape does not fit into the long bone, short bone, or flat bone categories. Sesamoid bones A bone present in some tendons. They act as bearings over the joint surfaces, allowing powerful muscles to move the joints without the tendon wearing out. Diaphysis The shaft portion of a long bone. Short bones A small bone shaped like a small cube or marshmallow. Cancellous bones Spongy bone. A form of bone composed of seemingly randomly arranged spicules of bone separated by spaces filled with bone marrow. Compact bone Heavy, dense bone made up of tiny, tightly compacted laminated cylinders of bone called Haversian systems. Facet A flat, articular surface such as between carpal bones and between the radius and ulna. Foramen A hole in a bone. Fossa A depressed or sunken area on the surface of a bone. Processes A general name for a lump, bump or other projection on a bone. Frontal bones External bones of the cranium. These two bones make up the forehead region of the skull. Incisive bones Skull bones that are part of the external bones of the face. Mandible A skull bone. One of the external bones of the face. This is the lower jaw. Shaft The horizontal portion of the mandible that houses all the lower teeth. Maxillary Bones Skull bones. External bones of the face. Upper Jaw Bones Bones housing upper canine and cheek teeth. Nasal Bones Form bridge of nose and nasal cavity. Occipital Bone Caudal skull bone forming atlanto-occipital joint. Temporal Bones Form lateral skull walls and temporomandibular joints. Sternum Breastbone formed by rodlike sternebrae. Manubrium First cranial sternebra of the sternum. Xiphoid Last caudal sternebra of the sternum. Vertebrae Bones forming the spinal column. Spinous Process Dorsally projecting process of a vertebra. Cervical Vertebrae Bones of the neck in the spinal column. Atlas First cervical vertebra forming atlanto-occipital joint. Axis Second cervical vertebra forming atlanto-axial joint. Thoracic Vertebrae Vertebrae located dorsal to thoracic region. Thoracic Limb Front limb of the animal. Humerus Long bone of the upper arm. Radius Main weight-bearing bone of the forearm. Premolar tooth The rostral cheek teeth. Long bones Bones that are longer than they are wide. Most of the limb bones, such as the humerus, femur, radius are long bones. Trochlear Notch Concave surface aiding elbow joint stability. Carpal Bones Short bones between radius, ulna, and metacarpals. Accessory Carpal Bone Protrudes laterally, useful for radiography. Metacarpal Bones Bones between carpus and phalanges. Phalanges Bones composing the digits. Pelvis Proximal bony structure of the pelvic limb. Os Coxae Another name for the pelvic bone. Os coxae Pelvic bone attaching to the sacrum. Ilium Cranial area of the pelvis forming sacroiliac joint. Ischium Caudal area of the pelvis. Pubis Smallest, medial area of the pelvis. Acetabulum Socket for femur in hip joint. Obturator foramen Holes in pelvis to lighten structure. Femur Long thigh bone forming hip and stifle joints. Greater trochanter Proximal femur process for gluteal muscle attachment. Trochlea Smooth surface for patella movement. Patella Largest sesamoid bone, kneecap in stifle joint. Fabellae Small sesamoid bones in gastrocnemius tendon. Tibia Main weight-bearing bone of lower leg. Tibial crest Ridge on proximal tibia's front surface. Medial malleolus Rounded process on distal tibia's medial side. Fibula Thin bone beside tibia, minimal weight support. Lateral malleolus Rounded process on distal fibula's lateral side. Tarsal bones Short bones between tibia, fibula, and metatarsals. Calcaneus Point of hock, attaches gastrocnemius muscle. Metatarsal bones Bones between tarsus and phalanges. Cartilaginous joint Bones united by cartilage, slight movement allowed. Synovial joint Freely movable joint, allows extensive motion. Fibrous joint Immovable joint, bones united by fibrous tissue. Arthr/o Prefix referring to joints. Articular Relating to joints. Chondr/o Prefix referring to cartilage. Os Prefix referring to bone. Oste/o Prefix referring to bone. Cornual process Horn core in horned animals, connects to sinus. Cannon bone Large metacarpal/metatarsal bone in hoofed animals. Splint bones Vestigial metacarpal/metatarsal bones in horses. Proximal sesamoid bones Sesamoid bones in horse legs behind fetlock joints. Distal sesamoid bones Navicular bone in horse's hoof. Cutaneous muscles Thin muscles causing skin twitching. Brachiocephalicus First artery branching from aortic arch. Latissimus Dorsi Large muscle drawing limb caudally, flexing shoulder. Tendon Connective tissue attaching muscle to bone. Aponeurosis Thin sheet of fibrous connective tissue. Fleshy attachment Direct muscle attachment to bone periosteum. Origin Less movable muscle attachment, usually proximal. Insertion More movable muscle attachment, usually distal. Action Movement produced by muscle contraction. Umbilicus Scar on abdomen from umbilical cord. Mammary papilla Projections for milk exit from mammary glands. Costal arch Rib cage border formed by coastal cartilage. Jugular groove Neck groove containing jugular vein. Semitendinosus Muscle extending hip, flexing stifle, extending tarsus. Pectineus muscle Medial thigh muscle that adducts the limb. Diaphragm Muscle separating thoracic and abdominal cavities. Sciatic nerve Nerve running along femur's caudal aspect.
