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Animal Husbandry
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1
The term husbandry derives from the word “husband” which means ‘one who takes care’. When it incorporates
the study of proper utilization of economically important domestic animals, it is called Livestock Management.
Some Important Points:
First livestock census in India was conducted as Dairy Cattle Census in 1919.
❖ Total livestock population in India- 512.05 million.
❖ Share of world livestock population in India - 15%
❖ Livestock Census takes place at every five years (Quinquennial)
❖ In India about 300 million bovines, 65.07 million sheep, 135.2 million goats and about 10.3 million pigs
as per 19th Livestock Census in the country
❖ In India cattle has 37%, buffalo: 21%, Goat: 26% and sheep has 13% out of total animal population.
❖ Poultry meat contribute 47%, buffalo: 20% and goat: 14%.
❖ Livestock sector employs 8 per cent of total Indian Workforce
❖ Percentage of livestock owned by marginal, small and semi-medium farmers: 87.7 per cent
❖ Percentage of area used for all types of livestock farming: 1.69 per cent
❖ Cannibalism is seen in poultry due to: Sodium chloride deficiency
❖ Cracked feet in poultry is caused by: Deficiency of biotin
❖ Degnala and Alkali diseases are caused due to toxicity of: Selenium
❖ Highest sheep population is in Andhra Pradesh.
❖ 18.5 per cent of total world milk is produced in India
❖ When separate hatcher is used temperature is maintained at about 98°F and relative humidity at 70 to 80
per cent to obtain good hatch.
❖ Deworming: Deworming starts at first week and then after every month for first six months.
❖ Brooder space of 7 to 10 sq inch (45-65 cm2) is recommended per chick and 1·80 m hover can hold 500
chicks.
❖ Floor space of 0·05 m2 should be provided per chick to start with, which should be increased by 0·05 m2
after every 4 weeks until the pullets are about 20 weeks of age. For broilers at least 0·1 m2 of floor space
for female chicks and 0·15 m2 for male chicks should be provided till 8 weeks of age.
❖ The shed shall be 15m (l) x 4m (w) x 3 m (h) and can accommodate not more than 60 ewes or does.
❖ The dimension is of 4m (l) ×2.5m (w) ×3m (h) and can accommodate about 3 rams/ bucks.
❖ The partition between each shed should not exceed one meter.
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❖ Lactation Period: is the period of milk production between birth of a young one and the next pregnancy
and it usually lasts about 300 days.
❖ The state which is second in milk production is: Rajasthan
❖ Fat globule in the milk are in the form of: Emulsion
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2
❖ Protein present in the milk in the form of: Colloidal
❖ Lactose and Minerals are present in milk in the form of: Solution
❖ Gir, Red, Sindhi, Sahiwal and Tharparker are some high-yielding varieties of cows.
❖ Friesian, Jersey, Swiss are high-yielding exotic varieties of cows.
❖ Bikaneri, Kashmiri, Gaddi are some important breed of sheep.
❖ Aseel, Ghagus, Chittagong and Basra are some good varieties of Indian Poultry.
❖ ILS 82 and B 77 are improved varieties of Indian poultry.
❖ Best crop for silage making is: Maize
❖ Temperature of artificial vagina: 42 °C
❖ The carbohydrate or sugar constituent of the milk: Lactose
❖ In India wool production is maximum in: Rajasthan
❖ Milk leaves the udder at body temperature of about 38°C.
❖ When the milk leaves the udder, bacteria grow well at the ambient temperature (20-40°C)
❖ Critical temperature for bacterial growth is 10°C.
❖ Total number of slaughter houses in India: 3600
❖ Share of Uttar Pradesh in Total Milk Production in India: 16.8%
❖ Share of Tamil Nadu in Total Egg Production in India: 18.9%
❖ Share of Uttar Pradesh in Total Meat Production in India: 18.23%
❖ Share of Rajasthan in Total Wool Production in India: 32.9%
❖ Highest growth rate in milk production: Andhra Pradesh (12.6%)
❖ Highest growth rate in egg production: Himachal Pradesh (18.2%)
❖ Highest growth rate in meat production: Daman & Diu (65.4%) (Among states: Maharashtra (25.2%)
❖ Highest growth rate in wool production: Arunachal Pradesh (63.17%)
❖ Browsing is related to goat while grazing is related to sheep.
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Salient Features of 19th Livestock Census
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3
The total livestock population consisting of Cattle, Buffalo, Sheep, Goat, pig, Horses & Ponies, Mules,
Donkeys, Camels, Mithun and Yak in the country is 512.05 million numbers in 2012. The total livestock
population has decreased by about 3.33% over the previous census.
➢ Livestock population has increased substantially in Gujarat (15.36%), Uttar Pradesh (14.01%), Assam
(10.77%), Punjab (9.57%), Bihar (8.56%), Sikkim (7.96%), Meghalaya (7.41%), and Chhattisgarh
(4.34%).
➢ The number of milch animals (in-milk and dry), cows and buffaloes, has increased from 111.09
million to 118.59 million, an increase of 6.75%.
➢ The number of animals in milk, cows and buffaloes, has increased from 77.04 million to 80.52 million
showing a growth of 4.51%.
➢ The Female Cattle (Cows) Population has increased by 6.52% over the previous census (2007) and
the total number of female cattle in 2012 is 122.9 million numbers.
➢ The Female Buffalo population has increased by 7.99% over the previous census and the total number
of female buffalo is 92.5 million numbers in 2012.
➢ The exotic/crossbred milch cattle increased from 14.4 million to 19.42 million, an increase of 34.78%.
➢ Indigenous milch cattle increased from 48.04 million to 48.12 million, an increase of 0.17%.
➢ The milch buffaloes increased from 48.64 million to 51.05 million with an increase of 4.95% over
previous census.
➢ The total sheep in the country is 65.06 million numbers in 2012, declined by about 9.07% over census
2007.
➢ The Goat population has declined by 3.82% over the previous census and the total Goat in the country
is 135.17 million numbers in 2012.
➢ The total pigs in the country have decreased by 7.54% over the previous census and the total pigs in
the country are 10.29 million numbers in 2012.
➢ Horses & Ponies population has increased by 2.08% over the previous census and the total Horses
& Ponies in the country is 0.62 million numbers in 2012.
➢ The total Mules in the country have increased by 43.34% over the previous census and the total Mules
in the country are 0.19 million numbers in 2012.
➢ Camel population has decreased by 22.48% over the previous census and the total Camels in the
country is 0.4 million numbers in 2012.
➢ The total Donkey population in the country have decreased by 27.22% over the previous census and
the total donkeys in the country are 0.32 million numbers in 2012.
➢ The total poultry population in the country has increased by 12.39% over the previous census and
the total poultry in the country is 729.2 million numbers in 2012.
➢ The total Mithun and Yak in the country has registered a growth rates of 12.98% and -7.64%
respectively over the previous census and the Mithuns and Yaks in the country is 0.29 million and
0.07 million in numbers respectively.
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ALL INDIA LIVESTOCK CENSUS (in thousands)
CATEGORY
2007
1) Cattle
2012
% Change
6,844
26,216
33,060
5,971
33,760
39,732
-12.75
28.78
20.18
76,779
89,236
1,66,015
1,99,075
61,949
89,224
1,51,172
1,90,904
-19.32
-0.01
-8.94
-4.10
19,597
85,745
1,05,342
16,103
92,599
1,08,702
-17.83
7.99
3.19
1,144
2,586
3,730
1,207
2,574
3,781
5.51
-0.46
1.37
16,730
51,098
67,828
71,558
13,916
47,372
61,288
65,069
-16.82
-7.29
-9.64
-9.07
40,793
99,744
1,40,537
37,617
97,556
1,35,173
-7.79
-2.19
-3.82
Exotic/Crossbred
•
•
Male
Female
Total Exotic/Crossbred
Indigenous
•
Male
•
Female
Total Indigenous
Total Cattle
2) Buffalo
•
•
Male
Female
Total Buffalo
3) Sheep
Exotic/Crossbred
• Male
• Female
Total Exotic/Crossbred
Indigenous
• Male
• Female
Total Indigenous
Total Sheep
4) Goat
• Male
• Female
Total Goat
India’s rank in the world:
India’s Rank
Sector
1st
Total Livestock Population, Milk Production, Total Bovine Population ,Cattle
Population, Buffalo Population, Carabeef Production, Goat Milk Production
2nd
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3rd
Sheep Production, Egg Production
4th
Chicken Production
5th
Poultry Meat Production, Poultry Production
8th
Duck Production
9th
Camel Population, Wool Production
Leading States in India for Livestock Production:
Feature
State
Highest milk producing state
Uttar Pradesh (25,198 L)
State with highest per capita availability of milk
Punjab (1075 g)
State with highest per capita availability of eggs
Andhra Pradesh (312 eggs)
Highest meat production
Uttar Pradesh
Highest goat meat production
West Bengal
Highest poultry and sheep meat production
Andhra Pradesh
Highest wool production
Rajasthan
Highest indigenous milch cows
Madhya Pradesh
Highest Cross-bred or exotic cows
Tamil Nadu
Highest number of poultry birds
Andhra Pradesh
Highest number of livestock
Uttar Pradesh
Highest cattle population
Madhya Pradesh
Highest buffalo population
Uttar Pradesh
Highest sheep population
Andhra Pradesh
Highest goat population
Rajasthan
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Highest pig population
Assam
Highest camel population
Rajasthan
Page | Growth Rates of Livestock Products:
6
Product
Growth Rate
Meat
5.21 per cent
Broiler production
11 per cent
Egg production
6.28 per cent
Milk production
5.3 per cent
Wool production
-0.08 per cent
Average Yield Rate for Milk in India:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Exotic Cows
Crossbred Cows
Indigenous Cows
Non Descript Cows
Indigenous Buffalo
Non-Descript Buffalo
Goat
11.21 (kg/ day)
7.33 (kg/ day)
3.41(kg/ day)
2.16 (kg/ day)
5.76 (kg/ day)
3.80 (kg/ day)
0.45 (kg/ day)
Terminology used in Animal Husbandry
Detail
Cattle
Buffalo
Sheep
Goat
Pig
Horse
Species
Bovine
Bovine
Ovine
Caprine
Swine or sus
Equine
Group
Herd
Herd
Flock
Flock/band
Drove/Herd/
Pack
Ram/Tup
Buck
Stock
Boar
Stallion
Eve
Doe
Sow
Mare
Buckling/
Boarling
Colt
Adult Male
Bull
Adult
Female
Young Male
Cow
Bull calf
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Young
Female
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Heifer calf
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Buffalo
Heifer calf
New-born
Calf
Buffalo calf
Castrated
Male
Bullock/Steer
Buffalo
bullock
Tup lamb
Male Kid
Eve Lamb/
Goalting
Gilt
Filly
Gimmer Lamb
Lamb
Kid
Piglet/Pigling
Foal
Wether/Wedder Wether
Hog/Stag/
Gelding/
Geld
Spayed
SterilisedSpayed
Female
Female with Calf at foot
its offspring
Parturition
Calving
Spayed
Spayed
Spayed
Barrow
Spayed
Calf at foot
Suckling
Suckling
Suckling
Foal at foot
Calving
Lambing
Kidding
Farrowing
Foaling
Mating
Serving
Tupping
Serving
Coupling
Covering
Serving
Body temperature, pulse rate and respiration of different animals
Kind of animal
Temperature
0
Buffalo
Dairy cow
Goat
Sheep
Pig
Chicken
Camel
C
38.3
38.5
39.8
39.1
39.1
41.7
36.3
0
F
101
101.4
103.8
102.4
102.4
107.2
97.4
Rate per minute
Pulse
44-50
50-60
70-90
70-90
70-80
128-140
32-50
Respiration
15-20
20-25
12-30
12-30
10-16
12-28
5-12
Gestation period, Oestrous cycle, Heat period of various animals
Animal
Gestation period
Oestrous cycle
Heat period
Cow
Age of Puberty
(In months)
24- 30
285
21 Days
18 hours
Buffalo
28-30
310
21 Days
24 hours
Sheep
9-14
145-150
15-18 Days
1-3 Days
Goat
8-10
150-152
20 Days
2-3 Days
Camel
36-48
391
10 Days
3-5 Days
Swine
8-10
114
21 Days
1-5Days
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Oestrus cycle:
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8
❖ Proestrum (2 days): Period of building up growth of graffian Follicle which helps for the nourishment
of ovum fluid contains hormone called “oestrogen”. It causes changes in uterus, blood supply.
❖ Oestrum (1 day): During which the female is ready to receive male.
❖ Metoestrum (4 days): Implantation of the embryo takes place. C.L. takes place. Prevents the growth of
graffian follicle thereby arrests oestrus cycle.(RRB SO 18)
❖ Diestrum (14 days): Further development of uterus takes place. If the animal has not conceived
involution of uterus take place.
Animal Products Statistics:
Commodity
Total Production (per
year)
Per Capita Availability
ICMR
Recommendations
Milk
165.4 MT
355 grams/day
280 grams/day
Meat
7.4 MT
2.96 kg/year
11 kg/year
Eggs
88.1 billion
69 eggs/year
182 eggs/year
Species Wise Milk Contribution to Total Milk Production in India:
Species
Percentage of Total Milk
Buffalo indigenous
35 per cent
Buffalo non-descript
14 per cent
Cow indigenous
11 per cent
Cow non-descript
9 per cent
Cow cross-bred
26 per cent
Cow exotic
1 per cent
Goat
3 per cent
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Animal Breeding:
When breeding is between animals of the same breed it is called inbreeding, while crosses between different
breeds are called outbreeding.
Inbreeding :
Page |
9
•
•
•
•
Mating of closely related animals in the same breed such as brother – sister mating, parents off spring
mating.
When the mates have common ancestors -within 4 generations this results in inbreeding.
Advantage : A pure line of a particular breed can be maintained
Disadvantage : Loss of vigour, size, production fertility problems
Out breeding :
• Mating of unrelated animals in the same breed but with no common ancestor for a minimum of 4-6
generations.
• After 5-6 generations the off springs will have 96.9 & 98.3% of the hereditary characters of “Pure
Breed”
• So grading is a process by which a few “Pure Breed” sires can rather quickly transform local variety of
animals into a Group resembling the pure breed
• However, continued inbreeding, especially close inbreeding, and usually reduces fertility and even
productivity. This is called inbreeding depression.
Close Breeding: Mating of full sister to full brother, Sire to his daughter or dam to her son.
Line Breeding:Mating of half-brother and half-sister, Cousin, Increase homozygosity and decrease
heterozygosity.
Out-crossing:
• This is the practice of mating of animals within the same breed, but having no common ancestors on
either side of their pedigree up to 4-6 generations.
• The offspring of such a mating is known as an out-cross. It is the best breeding method for animals that
are below average in productivity in milk production, growth rate in beef cattle, etc.
• A single outcross often helps to overcome inbreeding depression.
Cross-breeding:
• In this method, superior males of one breed are mated with superior females of another breed. Crossbreeding allows the desirable qualities of two different breeds to be combined.
• The progeny hybrid animals may themselves be used for commercial production. Alternatively, they
may be subjected to some form of inbreeding and selection to develop new stable breeds that may be
superior to the existing breeds.
• Many new animal breeds have been developed by this approach.
• Hisardale is a new breed of sheep developed in Punjab by crossing Marino rams.And Bikaneri ewes.
Triple cross: In this method three breeds are crossed in a rotational manner it is also called rotational
crossing.
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Back Cross: mating of a cross breed back to one of the pure parent.
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Interspecific hybridization: In this method, male and female animals of two different related species are
mated. In some cases, the progeny may combine desirable features of both the parents, and may be of
considerable economic value, e.g., the mule
Nutrient content of animal and poultry manure
Nutrients
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Sulphur
Nutrient content of manure (mg g dry weight-1)
Cattle
25-40
4-10
7-25
5-8
5-8
3-4
Sheep
20-45
4-11
20-29
8-19
3-6
2-3
Pig
20-45
6-12
15-48
3-20
2-3
3-5
Horse
17-30
3-7
15-18
7-29
3-5
1-3
Poultry
28-62
9-29
8-29
17-69
3-8
4-7
Indian Cow breed
Breed name
Native of Place
Features
Dairy breed
Sahiwal
Montgomery (Pakistan)
Highest and sweetest milk producing cow
breed in India.
Due to loose skin known as Lola' or multani,
Highest lactose in milk.
In Rajasthan found Ajmer & Bhilwara
districts.
Ears are long and pendulated and fore head is
long and bony.
Red brown in color and intelligent facial
expression, Red Sindhi averages over 1700 kg
of milk after suckling their calves but under
optimum conditions there have been milk
yields of over 3400 kg per lactation.
Gir
Kathiawar (Gujarat)
Sindhi or red sindhi
Karachi (Pakistan)
Malvi
Malwa (MP)
In Rajasthan found in Jhalawar district and in
M.P. found in Mansour and Bhopal districts.
Nagori
Nagaur and Jodhpur (Raj•)
Superior among drought breeds. Color is white
or grey
Amritmahal
Mysore (Karnataka)
Narrow face long horns, grey colored body.
Draught breed
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Breed name
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Native of Place
Features
Dual purpose breeds
Hariana
Hissar/Rohtak (Haryana)
Best dual purpose breed Horns are short &
stumpy
Highest body weight in Indian cows, powerful
body, famous for `swaichal.
Kankrej
Kutchh (Gujarat)
Rathi
Alwar (Rajasthan)
Tharparkar
Sindh (Pakistan)
Ongole
Guntur (Andhra Pradesh/KR)
Pure white in colour
Mewati
Mewat, Haryana
Also known as Kosi, dual purpose breed with
good milking and draft prowess, bulls are
known for their strength and endurance
Page |
11
Found in Bikaner & Ganganagar districts of
Raj
In Rajasthan found Jaisalmer & Jodhpur dist.
Also known as white sindhi.
Breed- Denotes and established group of animals / birds having the similar general body shape, colour,
structure and characters which produced offspring with same characters.
I. Cattle
➢ Indigenous.
a. Milch - Sindhi, Sahiwal, Gir and Deoni
b. Dual - Hariyana, Ongole, Tharparkar, Kankrej
c. Draught - Kangayam, Umblacherry, Amritmahal, Hallikar
➢ Exotic - Milch – Jersey, Holstein Friesian
Average composition of Milk of Different breeds of cow
Cow Breeds
Water
Fat
Protein
Lactose
T.S.
S.N.F.
Sindhi
86.07
4.90
3.42
4.91
13.93
9.03
Sahiwal
86.42
4.55
3.33
5.04
13.58
9.04
Gir
86.45
4.72
3.32
4.85
13.55
8.83
Tharparker
86.58
4.55
3.36
4.83
13.42
8.87
Haryana
86.54
4.92
3.21
4.58
13.46
8.54
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Average composition of milk of some important milch breeds of cows (per
cent):
Breed
Page |
Jersey
12
Friesian
Crossbred
Red Sindhi
Total solids
14.91
12.26
13.13
13.66
Fat
5.37
3.40
4.50
4.90
Protein
3.73
3.13
3.37
3.42
SNF
9.54
8.86
8.63
8.76
Lactose
4.93
4.86
4.92
4.81
Ash
0.70
0.67
0.67
0.70
Some Indian Breeds and their Milk Yield
Breed
Milk yield (litres) Per lactation period
Gir
1200-2200
Red Sindhi
700- 2200
Sahiwal
1100- 3100
Kankrej
1400
Tharparkar
700-2200
Mewati
1100
Ongole
700
Hariana
500
Hallikar
227-1134 litres
Kangayam
665 litres
Murrah
20-22 litre/day
Exotic cow breed:
Breed name
Native of Place
Features
Jersey
English Channel
Highest fat percentage in exotic breed (5.05%)
Holestein friesian
Holand
Heaviest exotic breed, heaviest milk producing cow in
the world (5000-6000 liter per year)
Guernsey
Guernsey in France
Milk golden colour due beta carotene, high butterfat
content of 5% and a high protein content of 3.7%,
Produce milk 6000 kg per lactation.
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Scotland
do not produce as much milk or butter fat (only 4%),
also known as Dunlop cattle or Cunningham cattle
Red Dane
Denmark
yield of Red Dane cattle varies from 3000 to 4000 kg
with a fat content of 4 per cent
Brown Swiss
Switzerland
Average milk yield is 5000 kg per lactation with 4%
fat,
Page |
13
Ayrshire
Important Points:
❖ The Karan Swiss is the excellent crossbred cattle obtained by crossing this breed with Sahiwal cattle at
NDRI, Karnal.
❖ Karan Fries: Holestein Friesian x Tharparkar Developed by NDRI.
❖ Sunandini is a cross breed of cattle developed in India by crossing nondescript cattle with Brown Swiss,
Jersey cattle and Holstein Friesian cattle, Developed by Kerala.
Housing Space Requirements for Crossbred cattle:
Age-group
Manger Space (mtr.)
Open Space (sq.mtr.)
0.2-0.3
0.3-0.4
0.4-0.5
Standing or covered area
(sq.mtr.)
0.8-1.0
1.2-1.6
1.6-1.8
4-6 months
6-12 months
1-2 years
Cows
0.8-1.0
1.8-2.0
11.0-12.0
Pregnant cows
1.0-1.2
8.5-10.0
15.0-20.0
Bulls*
1.0-1.2
9.0-11.0
20.0-22.0
3.0-4.0
5.0-6.0
6.0-8.0
Average composition of Milk of Different breeds of cow
Cow Breeds
Water
Fat
Protein
Lactose
T.S.
S.N.F.
H.F.
87.74
3.40
3.22
4.87
12.26
8.86
Jersey
86.05
5.05
3.92
4.93
13.95
9.58
Brown Swiss
86.59
4.01
3.61
5.04
13.41
9.40
Ayrshire
87.10
4
3.58
4.67
12.90
9.80
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Average composition of milk of different mammals (in per cent)
Species
Cow
Buffalo
Page |
Goat
14
Sheep
Camel
Water
86.61
82.76
87.00
80.71
87.61
Fat
4.14
7.38
4.25
7.90
5.38
Protein solids
3.58
3.60
3.52
5.23
2.98
Total
13.19
17.24
13.00
19.29
12.39
SNF
9.25
9.86
7.75
11.39
7.01
Lactose
4.96
5.48
4.27
4.81
3.26
Ash
0.71
0.78
0.86
0.90
0.70
Buffalo
Breed name
Native of Place
Features
Murrah
Punjab,Delhi,Rohtak
Best in milk production, fat 7%. Jet black colored body
coat, short tightly curled horns.
Skin is soft. smooth with scanty hairs.
Highest Fat % (13 %),
Copper colored body coat.
wedges shaped body.
Bhadawari
Agra (UP)
Zaffrabadi
Kathiawar (Gujarat)
Heavy and loose body known
As mini elephant, very Prominent forehead and heavy
horns
Nili Ravi
White eyes known as 'Wall eyes'
Mehsana
Surati
(Montgomery &
Firozpur) Pakistan
Baroda (Gujarat)
Baroda (Gujarat)
Godavari
Toda
Andhra Pradesh
TN
Developed from Murrah & Surti.
Sickle shape horn is characteristic feature
Native of tribes of Nilgiri (TN), large sized animals
Floor space requirements
Type of animal
Bulls
Cows
Buffaloes
Pregnant Cow
Agri Coaching
Floor space requirement
(m2)
Covered area Open area
12.0
3.5
4.0
4.0
Maximum no of animals /
pan
12/24.0
7.0
8.0
8.0
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Height of the shed
( cm)
1
50
50
1
175 cm. in medium and
heavy rain fall and
220 cm. in dry areas.
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Young – calves
Old – calves
1.0
2.0
Classes for: AFO,BHU, NABARD, UPSC, ADO
2.0
4.0
30
30
Recommended floor space requirement for different age group of calves:
Page |
15 Age of Calves
(months)
Floor space requirement
covered area(m2)
0-3
1.0
Floor space
requirement
open area(m2)
2
Number of calves
per pen
3-6
1.5
3
16
6-12
2.0
4
12
24
Systems of housingTypes of Housing –
Single row
• Less than 15 animals.
Double row
• More than 15 animals.
• Tail to tail system-28 animals.
• Head to head system-36 animals.
➢ Feed should be available to cows at least for 20 hours / day.
➢ Feed at least 60% of ration during night in the hot weather (Summer)
➢ Cow- reduce feed intake by about 3.3% for every 2.2 C rise in temperature over 24 C
➢ Forage dry matter consumption should be near 2% of the body weight.
➢ The fodder obtained from 1acre of land is sufficient to maintain 40 heads of goat with its followers.
➢ If weaning at birth is followed care should be taken to see that adequate colostrum is fed for the first 34 days. If weaning is practiced 4 days after calving, then further ration has to be fed as per the schedule
described.
➢ Both the buds/horns are destroyed at the early age within 3 to 10 days.
➢ Body weight: Well fed cross bred calves on an average should gain 400 grams/day or 2.5-3 kg/week
➢ Dehorning or disbudding: Disbudding is carried out either by the use of hot iron, caustic sticks and
electrical dehorning cone. Both the buds are destroyed at the early age (within 3 to 10 days).
➢ Cross bred heifers show signs of heat as early as 10 months of age but none of them are mated until
attain the body weight of 225/275 body weight or a minimum of 14 months age. Age at first calving
25-28 months.
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Care and management of Work Bullocks-
Page |
16
Body weight
300 Kg.
400 Kg.
500 kg
Normal work
2 Kg.
2.5 Kg.
3 kg
Heavy work
2.5Kg.
3 Kg.
3.5 kg
METHOD OF HARVESTING THE TREE FODDER➢ Coppices: It is one of the most widely used harvesting method in which individual trees are cut at base
usually between 15-75 cm above ground level.
➢ Pollarding: In this system all the branches including top of the tree are removed at a height of 1-3 m
above ground level.
➢ Lopping: In this system most of the branches are removed.
CUTTING INTERVALS➢ In Humid climate- leaf production (6-10 weeks) and leaf + fuel wood(10-14 weeks)
➢ Fast growing trees- Up to 1.5 m for leaves and 2.5 for leaf + wood.
➢ Most of the long and medium rotation trees tolerate annual lopping (30-50%).
Reproductive and Productive Parameters (Traits) in Indian Cattle and Buffaloes:
Sr.No
Name of the
breed
i)
Cattle
a)
Indian breeds
1
Dangi
2
Gir
3
Gaolao
4
Hallikar
5
Hariana
6
Kangayam
7
Kankrej
8
Rathi
9
Red Sindhi
10
Sahiwal
11
Tharparkar
12
Non-descript
Buffaloes
1 Bhadawari
2 Murrah
Agri Coaching
Age at
first
calving
(months)
Calving
interval
(months)
Lactation
yield
(kg.)
Lactation
length
(days)
Dry
period
(days)
Milk yield
kg/day
during
lactation
54
48
46
46
58
44
48
40
42
40
50
60
17
16
16
20
13
16
17
19
14
14
14
19
600
1,350
600
600
1,200
600
1,800
1,815
1,620
1,620
1,620
405
300
270
300
300
240
240
360
330
270
270
270
270
210
210
180
300
150
240
150
240
150
150
150
300
2.0
5.0
2.0
2.0
5.0
2.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.0
6.0
1.5
1,080
1,800
270
300
180
180
4.0
6.0
50
42
15
16
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Deepak Wadhwa
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Reproductive and Productive Parameters (Traits) in Indian Cattle and Buffaloes:
Sr.No
Name of the
breed
Page |
17
Cattle
a)
Indian breeds
1
Dangi
2
Gir
3
Gaolao
4
Hallikar
5
Hariana
6
Kangayam
7
Kankrej
8
Rathi
9
Red Sindhi
10
Sahiwal
11
Tharparkar
12
Non-descript
Buffaloes
1 Bhadawari
2 Murrah
3 Nili-Ravi
4 Surti
5 Mehsani
6 Jaffarabadi
7 Nagpuri
8 Non-descript
Age at
first
calving
(months)
Calving
interval
(months)
Lactation
yield
(kg.)
Lactation
length
(days)
Dry
period
(days)
Milk
yield
kg/day
during
lactation
54
48
46
46
58
44
48
40
42
40
50
60
17
16
16
20
13
16
17
19
14
14
14
19
600
1,350
600
600
1,200
600
1,800
1,815
1,620
1,620
1,620
405
300
270
300
300
240
240
360
330
270
270
270
270
210
210
180
300
150
240
150
240
150
150
150
300
2.0
5.0
2.0
2.0
5.0
2.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.0
6.0
1.5
50
42
54
44
50
50
50
50
15
16
16
16
14
14
14
16
1,080
1,800
1,950
1,765
1,620
1,620
1,350
540
180
180
180
150
150
150
150
210
4.0
6.0
6.5
5.5
6.0
6.0
5.0
2.0
270
300
300
330
270
270
270
270
Economic Traits:
Particulars
Birth weight
Local
20Kg
Age at maturity
Age at 1st calving
Lactation yield
Lactation period
Dry period
Inter calving period
33 Months
42 months
12000 Kg.
180-210 Days
90-120 days
18 months
Agri Coaching
Exotic
Jersey – 25-30kg.
Friesian – 30-35kg.
15 months
24 months
3000-6000Kg.
305 days
60 days
12-13 months
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Cross breed
18-24 months
30 months
2100-2400
240 – 270 days
75 days
13-14 months
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YouTube: Agri Coaching Chandigarh
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METHODS OF MANUAL MILKING:
1. FISTING: It is the best method of hand milking though most of the milkmen follow knuckling
method.
2. KNUCKLING METHOD: This practice should be avoided as it is injurious to the teat.
3. STRIPPING: This method is followed where the length of the teat is small; it is normally practiced
towards the end of milking in order to evacuate the milk completely
Page |
18
Common Diseases of Farm Animals and their Control
1) Diseases caused by virus:
S.No.
Disease
Species affected
Causal
agent
A filterable
virus
1
Pox diseases
(Chechak)
Cow pox,
biffalo pox,
Sheep pox,
Goat pox,
Swine pox
2
Rinderpest
(Mata)
Cattle and bufflow A filterable
specially exotic
virus
3
FMD
All Cloven footed
animals (Mainly
Cattle)
A small
filterable
virus
Transmission
Symptoms
Control
Via broken
skin by contact
with material
contaminated
with discharge
from lesions;
direct contact
with infected
animals
Contact with
contaminated
material
Fever, Occular
and nasal mucous
discharge,
respiratory
distress, pox
lesion in un hairy
parts such as lips,
thigh udder etc
Yearly
vaccination
(Optional)
High fever, blood
stained shotting
diarrhea, High
mortality
Salivation, sores
on feet
vaccination
Contact with
contaminated
material or
animal
Vaccination
and sanitary
2) Diseases caused by bacteria:
S.No
.
1
Disease
Anthrax
(Gorhi, Goli,
Gilt)
Agri Coaching
Species
affected
All farm
animal and
men
Causal agent Transmission
Symptoms
Control
Bacillus
Anthracis
History of sudden
deaths in herd,
high temperature,
rapid breathing,
swellings over body
-especially around
neck
Annual
vaccination
before rainy
season
Water and food
contaminated with
blood and
excretions or by
wound infection
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S.No
.
2
Disease
3
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Species
affected
Cattle,
buffaloes,
less
frequently
Sheep
Causal agent Transmission
Symptoms
Control
Clostridium
Chauvoei
Water and food
contaminated with
blood and
excretions or by
wound infection
Annual
vaccination
Before rainy
season
Mastitis (Than
phuka
Cattle and
buffaloes,
mulch
goats
sometimes
sheep and
swine
Streptococci,
Staphylococc
i,
Corynebacteriumpyogene
s,
Mycobacteriu
m
Tuberculosis
Bacteria from
dirty floors,
milkers' hands,
cow's body etc
enter into udder
through injuries
on udder and
teats
Lameness, high
temperature —
blackemphacaema
tous
swellings over
shoulders and
thighs, death in
three days
Uneasiness in cow
when milked;
udder swollen, hot
and painful in
acute cases; milk
whey-like with
milk clots or even
blood clots,
temperature of
animal rises.
4
Haemorrhagic
septicaemia or
Shipping fever
(Golghotu)
Cattle,
buffaloes
sheep and
swine
Pasteurella
boviseptica in
cattle and P.
Bubaliseptica
in buffalos
Ingestion through
contaminated
food, water and
pastures;
organisms
usually present in
the respiratory
tract
5
Tuberculosis
(Kashava rog)
All
Animals
Mycobacter
ium
tuberculoris
Infection
occurs either
directly or
indirectly from
infected
animals, their
secretions or
excretions bacteria enter
system by
Ingestion or
inhalation
Usually lungs and
lymph glands
affected, often
infected animal
show no outward
symptoms; loss
in weight;
swelling of
joints; chronic
cough and
laboured
breathing; fever;
depression;
Periodical
Tuberculin test
and removal
of reactors
from herd;
sanitation;
provision of
proper
ventilation in
animal houses;
B . C .G
vaccination.
Black quarter
or Black leg
(Sujaa)
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19
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proper dryhand milking,
washing or
wiping of
udder and teats
with mild
antiseptic
before and after
milking, clean
barns and
sheds, prevent
over-crowding
in cow
sheds,
Sudden attack;
Segregation,
high fever, early
avoidance of
death; painful, hot infected
swellings on
pasture, feed
throat, neck and
and water
dewlap, may
sources; preinvolve fore-legs
monsoon
and shoulders;
vaccination;
swollen tongue;
adequate
laboured breathing sanitation
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Nonspecific disorder
Page |
20
S.No.
Disease
Species
affected
Causal
agent
Transmission
Symptoms
Control
1
Milk
fever
Cattle buffalo
specially high
yielder
Metabolic
disorder
due to fall
in blood
calcium
Occurs at early
stage of
lactation
Loss of appetite, constipation,
general depression animal lies
postrate with it head and resting
on the chest wall and nose
pointing toward the flank,
temperature subnormal, animal
May developed nervesness and
dead if unattended for 6-14 hours
Feed mineral
supplemt to digh
yielders during
late pregnancy
and early
lactation to
prevent further
secrtaion of
milk, stop
milking.
Vaccination schedule
Disease
FMD
BG
HS
Anthrax
Age
3rd month
6th Month
6th Month
6th Month
cellosis
4-8th month of Heifer
Interval
Every six month
Every year
Every Year
Every Year
( Affected area only)
--
Month
Jan-Feb, June-July
Aug-Sep
Sep-Oct
April - May
Mar - April
DISEASES OF LIVESTOCK
A) Viral:1) FMD➢ Incubation period 2 – 5 days , Temperature 40 degree
➢ Control : Vaccination – once in 4months or varies with type of vaccine
Hoechst 3ml .oil adjuvant: IVPM – 20 ml for calves / 40ml for adults.
2) Rinderpest :
➢ Most destructive of the virus disease
➢ Incubation period of the disease 3-7 days, Temperature 40-41 C
➢ Symptom: Loss of Appetite : Lachrymation : dryness of muzzle, arching of back
Shooting diarrhea, Ulcers in the mouth 7-9 days.
➢ Death – 10th day after onset of symptom.
➢ Control: Vaccination 1.TCRV 2. GTV – Immunity – 3 years 1 ml s/c – Neck.
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B) Bacterial:1. ANTHRAX :
➢ Forms:- i. Peracute ii. Acute iii. Chronic and iv. Cutaneous form.
➢ Treatment:1) Penicillin - 5 ml units twice daily.
Page |
2) Streptomycin – 8-10 g daily in 2 doses – cattle.
21
3) Oxytetracycline (5 mg/kg )
2) Black quarter:➢ Young stock mostly affected 6months-2years, disease out break which the onset of rainy season.
➢ Prevention : vaccination – before onset of rainy season – 5ml polyvalent s/c (clostridium sp.).
3) Haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS):➢ Symptoms:- : i. Acute form : Septicemia
ii. Sub acute form : edematous swelling
iii. Chronic form : with pulmonary infection
➢ Acute High temperature 106 F rapid and Difficult breathing, discharge from nostrils.
C) Metabolic:1. Milk fever:- cause :Serum calcium levels fall in cows after calving
2. Ketosis:➢ disturbance of carbohydrate metabolism in high producing dairy cattle– hypo glycaemia and
appearance of ketone bodies.
➢ usually appear in good milkers from 7 days to six weeks after calving.
3. Bloat (TYMPANY):- is a disease of ruminants in which rumen and reticulum is over distended with the
gases of fermentation.
D) Zoonotic diseases:- Anthrax, Tuberculosis, Brucellosis, and Rabies
Sheep
Sheep is the second largest species reared by mankind and it provides wool, meat, milk and hide.
Their droppings form good manure. Important breeds of sheep in India are as follows:
Reproductive and Productive Parameters (Traits) in Indian Cattle and Buffaloes:
Breed name
Native of Place
Features
Gaddi
J&K
Fine quality wool.
Rampur-bushier
Bhakarwal
J&K
J&K
Lohi
Pakistan
Loei is obtained from
Bhakarwal
Largest Sheep
Bikaneri/Pugal
Rajasthan
Best Carpet wool
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Breed name
Native of Place
Features
Malpura
Tonk, Rajasthan
Suitable for meat
Shekhawati region
Known as 'Merino' of Rajasthan
Marwari
Jaisalmeri
Deccani
Punjab and Rajasthan
Rajasthan
Maharashtra, Karnataka,
Andhra
Black face
Desert bredd
Good for mutton, fit for weaving kambal
Nellore
Andhra Pradesh
Tallest breed
Mandya
Shahbadi
Karnataka
Muzzafarnagar UP
White in colour
Best wool producing breed in India
Hisardale
Hisar
Marino x Bikaner
Page | Chokla
22
Another important facts:
Sheep developed from CSWRI:
a. Avikalin= Ramboullet × Malpura
b. Avivastra= Ramboullet x Chokla
❖ Exotic breed of sheep:
➢ Marino: From spain, Fine wool breed, 80% wool comes from marino and its crosses
➢ Rambouillet: Native of spain, Dual purpose breed
➢ Wool potential:
a) a)Exotic breeds- 3.5-5 k
b) Indian breeds- 1-2 kg
Breeds:
There are 44 describe breeds of sheep
➢ Northern temperate region - Eg. – Gaddi, Kasmir Merino, Gurez
➢ North west Arid region - Eg. Chokla, Nali, Hissardale, Bharath merino
➢ Southern - Nellore, Mandya, Mecheri, Kilakarisal, Vembur, Coimbatore, Nilgiri, Ramnad
Trichy Black, Madras red.
➢ Eastern - Balangir, Shahdadi.
➢ Exotic breeds - Merino, Rambouillet, Dorset, Corriedale.
White,
Nutrition:
➢ Water requirement adult sheep 2 – 4 liters
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➢
➢
➢
➢
➢
Page |
23
Classes for: AFO,BHU, NABARD, UPSC, ADO
Energy : Adult – Non pregnant sheep – 93 K cal. ME / kg.W 0.75
Lactating - 102 K cal. ME / kg. W 0.75
Protein – DCP requirement – 1 g for every 1kg live weight (adult non pregnant)
Increases by 50% during pregnancy and 100% during lactation.
Space requirement – 1 m2 space per head. shed measuring 18m x 6 m can accommodate 120 sheep.
Systems of rearing-Housing management- Type design- Floor diagram-Space
requirement for adult and young stock.
SPACE ALLOWANCE:
➢ Adult Male: 20- 25 sq.ft.
➢ Female: 15-20 sq.ft.
➢ Young: 10 sq.ft.
Intensive system:
➢
➢
➢
➢
➢
Breedable male shed :2.5 m x 2.0 m
Segregation / Isolation shed / sick animal shed :10’ x 5’
Leeward side
Generally flock shed 50- 60 does
Kid shed -20-30 nos.
Goat
Breed name
Jamunapri
Barbari
Native of Place
Originated in barbera (somalia) Dual purposes breed, Pendulated curved
long ears',
'roman nose'or parrot
mouth Appearance and
in India found in Etawa (UP)
thick long hairs on
hind legs are major
characters.
Somalia (Africa)
Used for milking , Suitable for stall
feeding (Known as city goat). Usually give birth two
kids (twins) in one parturition
Beetul
Gurdaspur, Punjab
Black Bengal
Western Bengal
Marwari
Marwar (Raj)
Agri Coaching
Features
Resembles as `Jamunapari'.
Good dairy type breed, presence
of beard in male
Excellent for meat,
Skin color is black, meat is tender
Disease resistant breed, good for
meat, color is jet black
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Sirohi
Sirohi, Rajasthan
Dual purpose breed, ears are
flattened, drooping & leaf like
Jhakrana
Alwar
Dairy breed large sized, beetle
like in appearance.
Page |
24
Exotic breed of Goat:
Breed name
Native of Place
Features
Angora
Turkey
Hair used a wool, Called Mohair
Alpine
Anglo Nubian
Europe
England
Sanen
Switzerland
Milk Breed
It is cross between jamunapri and Nubian, Known as
jersy cow, It is most dual purpose exotic breed of goat
Beard present in male as well as female, Also known as
queen of milk
Toggenberg
Switzerland
Chocolate colored, Hornless breed, Skin is soft, Milk
breed
❖ Pashmina used in winter clothes is obtained from animal goats.
❖ Morroco: Fine leather prepared from skin
Breeds:
23 well defined breeds goats in India
➢ For meat and skin – Black Bengal, Kanni adu
➢ Meats, skin and milk – Barvari, Malabari (Tellicherry), Sirohi, Surti
➢ Meat, hair and skin – Gaddi, Kutchi, Marwari
➢ Milk, meat and skin – Beetal, Jamunabari
Recommended floor space requirements for sheep and goats in Indian conditions:
Age groups
Up to 3 months
3 months to 6 months
6 months to 12 months
Adult animal
Male, Pregnant or lactating ewe/
doe
Agri Coaching
Covered space(sq.m)
0.2-0.25
0.5-0.75
0.75-1.0
1.5
1.5-2.0
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Open space (sq.m)
0.4-0.5
1.0-1.5
1.5-2.0
3.0
3.0- 4.0
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COMMON AILMENTS OF SHEEP AND GOAT
1) Enterotoxaemia – Ecto and Endo parasites.
2) Blue Tongue: Viral Disease
➢ Transmitted by Culicoides midges
Page |
25
3) Sheep pox: Viral Disease – pox virus
➢ Treatment: No specific treatment – Nursing is important. Tissue culture vaccines may be administered.
4) Enterotoxaemia: Bacterial Disease –
➢ Clostridium perfringens
➢ Treatment: Sulphadimidine 33 1/3% 1/r + antibiotic therapy- tetra cycline, streptomycin + Penicillin.
INTEGRATED FARMING SYSTEMS- ROLE OF LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY,
MANURE MANAGEMENT METHODS, DUCK/FISH/RICE CULTURE.
Lowland farming system
➢ Cropping + poultry + duck + pigeon + fishery + mushroom in all possible combinations
➢ Recycling reduces the cost of output
➢ one hectare 0.90 ha for crop + 0.10 for fish pond
➢ 1000 polyculture fingerlings
➢ 50 babcock layers or 100 pigeons feed requirement for 1000 fingerlings
➢ Pigeon open grazing ^ profitable
Other Combinations
➢ Crop + piggery + fish+ mushroom  crop + goat + fish
➢ Goat Unit 11.0 t more manure apart from feed requirement
➢ Employment for the farmers
➢ crop residue sand waste of horticulture for producing 5 kg of edible mushroom /day
➢ vermicomposting
OTHER INTEGRATION
➢ Rabbit farming
➢ One unit 10 females and one male – 200 kindling – weight around 1000 kgs meat
➢ coconut border planting on irrigation channels with 4 m interval – 50 trees – 5000 nuts per annum
➢ Nutrient enriched by growing sun hemp
➢ Vermicompost from plant good organic source
Dairy Product
Recombined Milk: It should contain minimum milk fat of 3% and minimum milk SNF of 8.5%.
S. No.
1
2
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Type
Toned Milk (TM)
Double Toned milk (DTM)
Fat
Minimum 3.0
Minimum 1.5
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SNF
Minimum 8.5
Minimum 9.0
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3
4
5
Minimum 4.5
Not more than 0.5
Minimum 6.0
Standardized milk
Skimmed milk (SM)
Full cream milk (FCM)
Minimum 8.5
Minimum 8.7
Minimum 9.0
❖ When milk is offered for sale without any indication of the class, the standards prescribed for buffalo milk
Page | shall apply.
26
Processing of milk-Cooling-Pasteurization
Treatments
Pasteurization
Thermization
Sterilization
Ultra-pasteurization
UHT
Process
LTLT
HTST(milk)
HTST(cream)
-
Temperature (oC)
63
72
>80
57-68
115-121
115-130
135-150
Time(seconds)
1800
15-20
15
15
180-780
2-4
1-6
❖ Thermization: The milk is heated to 63-65oC for 15 seconds and rapidly chilled to 4oC
❖ Microwave heating: Microwaves form part of the electromagnetic spectrum (frequency range 915 and
2450 MHz).
Evaporated milk
➢ This is the milk from which about 50-60% of the water has bee-n evaporated. Raw milk is clarified and
concentrated in a vacuum at a temperature of 74-77°C.
➢ It is fortified with vitamin D, homogenized, filled into cans sterilized in cans at a temperature of 118°C
for 15 minutes and cooled.
➢ This heat treatment gives evaporated milk a light -brown colour owing to sugar protein interaction and
its characteristic flavour.
Sterilized milk
➢ Standardized cow's or buffalo milk is sterilized in bottles by heating continuously to a temperature of
115°C for 15 minutes to ensure destruction of all microorganism and preservation at room temperature
for not less than 85 days from the date of manufacture.
➢ It shall be sold only in the container in which milk was sterilized.
Ice cream
➢ It is a frozen dairy product consisting of whole milk, skim milk, cream, butter, condensed milk products
or dried milk products.
➢ Milk fat and milk solids non-fat constitutes about 60% of the total solids of the ice cream.
Fermented milk products:
Butter
➢ The fat content of butter is generally about 80%.
➢ The non-fat components of butter consist of moisture, milk solids not fat and salt if added.
➢ Most of the butter produced in our country is converted to ghee.
Khoa: Khoa is a partially dehydrated whole milk product.
Composition
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Characteristics
Moisture
Fat
Protein
Lactose
Ash
Iron (ppm)
Page |
27
Cow
25.6
25.7
19.2
25.5
3.8
103
Buffalo
19.2
37.1
17.8
22.1
3.6
101
PANEER: Paneer refers to the indigenous variety of rennet-coagulated, small-sized, soft cheese.
Composition
Characteristics
Moisture
Fat
Total solids
Cow (%)
71.2
13.5
28.8
Buffalo (%)
71.1
13.1
28.9
PROCESSING:
Pasteurization of milk:
Temperature
63°C
72°C
Time
30 minutes
15 seconds
138°C-145°C
2.0 (1-5) seconds
Pasteurization Type
Batch Pasteurization (LTLT)
High Temperature Short Time
Pasteurization (HTST)
Ultra-high temperature (UHT)
Sterilization
❖ Canned sterilization: This is a wet treatment of canned milk products in an autoclave/specialized
treatment chambers. Heat to between 115°C to 121°C for 10 to 20 minutes.
❖ Sterilization: Sterilization of milk is aimed at killing all microorganisms. Temperature and time: either
115°C for 15 min or at least 130°C for a period of one second
❖ Homogenization: Homogenization implies mechanical treatment to break fat globules into smaller size
of 2 µm or less and uniformly disperse them in milk. The average size of milk fat globule in milk is 2-12
µm. Homogenization is done at 65 degree C temperature for 30 minutes.
Nutrient
Carbohydrate
Protein
Fat
Conversion of Milk into curd
Bacterial fermentation
Streptococcus lactis
Bacillus subtilis
Pseudomonas fragi
Lactobacillus thermophillus
Important Points:
➢ Rosalic acid test: Add 4 drops of freshly prepared alcoholic solution of 1% Rosalic acid to the above mixture
and mix gently
➢ Pink colour:- presence of either sodium hydroxide potassium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide
➢ Rose red colour:-presence of sodium carbonate or sodium bicarbonate
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➢ Brownish colour:-absence of any of these neutralizers.
Detection of urea in milk:
➢ Take 2ml of milk and add 2ml of p-dimethyl amino benzaldehyde reagent
➢ Development of distinct yellow colour denotes the presence of urea.
Page | Detection of buffalo milk in cow milk:
28
➢ The presence of buffalo milk in cow milk can be detected by Hansa test.
➢ The art of milking performed within 5-8 minutes.
Poultry
The term poultry is applied to bird to several species fowls/chicken, layers (Gallus domestica), ducks, turkeys,
geese, emo etc. that have been domesticated to reproduce and grow in captivity and rendered product of
economic value such as egg, meat, manure etc.
Term and Important points related to Poultry:
➢
➢
➢
➢
➢
➢
➢
➢
➢
Organized poultry sector in India: 70 per cent
Poultry Capital of India: Andhra Pradesh
Contribution of poultry sector to meat production in India: 45 per cent
Crowding: Overcrowding increases mortality, stress, as well as production cost.
Feeding: Always ensure adequate fresh feed. Birds that are without feed for six hours will record a drop
in production and a 12 hour starvation will result in moult of wing feathers.
Lighting: The duration of light should be 16 hours per day, but not beyond 17 hours. No advantage is
obtained by exceeding this limit. The amount of light given to the flock in one day should never be less
than that given the day before. A decreasing day length can prematurely cause hens to go out to
production. One 40 watt electric bulb is sufficient for 200 sq.ft. area.
Debeaking: Debeaking, is the partial removal of the beak of poultry, especially layer hens. Poor
debeaking can adversely affect egg production.
Debeaking is done at 2nd week to prevent cannibalism and feed wastage
Culling: Unsuitable and uneconomic birds should be timely culled.
Common terms used in Poultry:
Species
Young
Adult
Male
Female
Chicken
Chick
Cock
Hen
Duck
Duckling
Drake
Duck
Turkey
Poult
Tom
Hen
Swan
Cygnet
Swan
Swan
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Incubation period, Chromosome numbers and age at sexual maturity of different Species
of poultry:
Page |
29
S.No
Species
Incubation
period (days)
Chromosome
number
Age at sexual maturity
(weeks)
1.
Chicken
21
39/78
18-20
2.
Duck
28
40/80
28-30
3.
Turkey
28
40/80
28-30
4.
Ostrich
42
40/80
52
Nutrient content in Chicken and Egg
Particulars
Chicken
Egg
Water
66 %
65 %
Protein
21 %
12 %
Fat
9%
11 %
Mineral
3.5 %
12 %
Egg Science and Technology:
➢
➢
➢
➢
➢
➢
Chicken egg has 58% of white portion, 30% of yolk and 8-11% of shell.
Egg average weight: 50-60 gm.
Egg contains yolk – 30%
White or albumen – 58%
Inner & outer shell membranes & shell – 12%
Egg weight (g) of chicken is 57 gram and turkey weight is 85 gram.
Nutrient composition: on egg weight
➢
➢
➢
➢
12% Protein
11% Fat
12% minerals and 65 % water
Colories: 148 cal/100 gm.
Grading of eggs:
➢
➢
➢
➢
By wt.: Extra large 60 gms/egg
Large 53-59 g.
Medium 45-52 g.
Small 38-44 g.
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Agmark grading:
➢ A- grade: Clean, unbroken shell, aircell 4mm depth, clear, firm white well centered yolk free from
defects.
➢ B-grade: Clean, moderately tainted shell, aircell 8 mm depth, slightly off centered and shape visible.
➢ No grade: Eggs classified as loss or no grade is edible.
Page |
30
Physical composition of egg of various species:
Bird
Egg weight (g)
Chicken
57
Turkey
85
Yolk (%)
Albumen (%)
Shell (%)
30
60
10
32
56
12
Incubation:
Providing temperature and humidity for normal development of embryo in egg. It may be artificial or natural. A
machine which provide all these is called incubator.
Incubation period in chicken is 21 days.
Incubation Requirement:
Temperature
37.2-37.7 degree C
Humidity
60-70%
Ventilation
To provide 21% oxygen in the air
Hatching: Process of breaking out of an egg shell after completion of incubation
Specific conditions for hatching:
Temperature
Humidity
Turning
Ventilation
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1-18 days
19-21 days
60% up to 18 days
Once every 4 hours up to 18 days
37.5 – 37.8oC
36.9 –37.5oC
70% thereafter
-
1-18 days
19-21 days
8 changes/hour
12 changes/hour
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SYSTEMS OF HOUSING- POULTRY
System of poultry rearing : In the annals of Poultry Development, one can see a gradual development in
respect of the allotment of space, feeding, nutrition and in management etc
.
Free range system: Deforested land was used management etc.200 birds/acre allotted. In an ordinary land 100
Page | birds/Acre was allotted.
31
Semi Intensive systems
➢ Birds are provided with a pen and run. Pen is an enclosed house and run is an enclosed grass area with
fence.
➢ As few as 6 to as many as 200 can be kept in are acre of land in this system.
➢ 3 to 4 sq.ft / bird in the pen.
➢ Floor level should be at least 10 inch from the ground level
The concept of deep litter system:
➢ When moisture is absorbed there will be controlled microbial activity and odour will also be minimum.
➢ Vit. B12 and B2 are available
➢ depth 4 inches at beginning. 6-8 inches later
➢ Add Lime at 5-10 Kg/100 sq.ft. to keep it dry.
➢ Litter to be racked up once a week
Qualities of good liter material: .Moisture level should be less than 15%
Cage system : Battery cages. Very popular, called as Californian cage system.
Types of cages:
Minimum area is required / bird.
1. Single: 1 /sq.ft.
2. Multiple: 0.75 sq.ft.
3. Colony: 0.5 sq.ft.
Kinds of poultry houses
1. Layer House
2. Broiler House
Temperature
Humidity
Comfort Zone
Optimum
Acceptable
Preferable
Layer
10 -24 o C
13 -20 o C
50 -75%
60%
Broiler
21 -25 o C
24 o C
50 -75%
60%
ALTERNATIVE HOUSING SYSTEMS
➢ Traditional free range or extensive: Socking density should be not greater than 1000 birds / ha. of
available ground (1 hen / 10 m2 )
➢ Semi-intensive –Modified free Range : For these systems , as for free range with exception that the
maximum outdoor stocking density should not be greater than 4000 hens / ha. of land available (1 hen /
2.5 m2)
➢ Modified cages : At least 450 cm2 of cage area/bird and 10 cm / bird of trough space with an
adequate water supply is essential.
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CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF LAYERS
➢ Layer Management: From the point of lay to one year it is called laying period.
➢ When first egg laid – Pullet – pullet egg.
Page |
32
Floor space
Feeder space
Water space
Nest space
Litter Depth
2 sq.ft.
4 sq.ft.
2 sq.ft.
1 box for 5 birds
6 box for 5 birds
➢ A 40 watts bulb at a height of 7 feet with 100 feet distance from another, will provide the required
intensity of light for 100 sq.ft. area.
Care and management of broilers.:
➢ Broiler is defined as the tender meated chicken of either sex which grow from 35-40 g of initial weight
to 2kg or more in 6 weeks of age by consuming around 4 kg of feed.
week
floor space
feeder space
water space
0-4
½ sq.ft.
3 sq.ft.
2 sq.ft.
4-8
1 sq.ft
6 sq.ft.
4 sq.ft
Floor space, feeding space and watering space for chicks
Age weeks
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Floor space
Sq.ft./Chick
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.9
Feeding space
inches/chick
1.5
2.0
2.0
2.5
2.5
3.0
3.0
Watering space
inches/chick
0.5
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.8
1.0
1.0
Water Consumption:
Age of birds
0-2 weeks
10-15 weeks
Laying hens
Water amount per 100 birds
4.5 to 6.5 liter per day
18-22.5 liter per day
27-36 liter per day
Specification of different Poultry species:
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Class
Shank
Skin colour
Earlobe colour
Purpose
Page | Size
33
Shell colour
Examples
American
Clean
Yellow
Red
Dual
Medium
Brown
1) Rhode Island
Red
2) Plymouth rock
3)New
Hampshire
4)Wyandotte
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Asiatic
Feathered
Yellow
Red
Meat
Massive
Brown
1) Brahma
2) Cochin
3) Langshan
English
Clean
White
Red
Dual
Medium
Brown
1) Cornish
2) Australorp
3) Dorking
4) Orpington
5) Sussex
Mediterrane an
Clean
Yellow or white
White
Egg
Small
White
1) Leghorn
2) Minorca
3) Ancona
4) Andalusian
Chicken may also classified based on their utility as:
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Breed name
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Native of Place
Features
Rod island red
Rod island in new england
Dual purpose breed, produce 100 egg per
year, rectangular bird
Whitre leg horn
Italy
Highest egg production breed in the world,
Average 2oo eggs
Red cronish
Ply mouth rock
Aseel
Kadaknath
England
America
UP
Madhya Pradesh
Famous in America for meat
Produce best quality meat
Famous for fighting sports
Black colored meat
Page |
34
1) Egg type
- Eg. White Leghorn, Minorca, Ancona
2) Meat type
- Eg. Cornish, Plymouth rock, Brahma
3) Dual purpose - Eg. Rhode Island Red, New Hampshire
4) Game bird
- Eg. Aseel
5) Fancy variety - Eg. Silky, frizzled, bantams
6) Desi type - Eg. Kadaknath, Naked neck, chittagong.
Native breeds of egg type chicken in India:
Breed
Body weight
(20 weeks)
Age at sexual
maturity (days)
Annual egg production
(No.)
Aseel
Frizzle
Kadaknath
Naked neck
1220
1005
920
1005
196
185
180
201
92
110
105
99
Temperature requirement of chicks during different ages
Age in weeks
Temperature under hover, at 5 cm above floor ( °C)
0-1
0-2
2-3
3-4
5-5
35
32
29
26
23
➢ Hover: A canopy used on brooders to direct the heat downwards to the chickens.
Average growth rate for egg type chickens:
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Age in weeks
Average weight of bird (gms.)
4
8
12
16
20
24
30
40
60
80
275
590
850
1100
1300
1550
1600
1700
1700
1700
Poultry Disease
Parasitic (external)
(internal)
Protozoan
Bacterial
Viral
Fungal
Lice, mites, tick and fleas
Round worms, tapeworm and hexamitiasis
Coccidiosis in chicken, leucocytozoonosis
Pullorum, Typhoid, Paratyphoid, fowl
cholera,Diarrhea
Ranikhet disease, Marek's disease, fowl pox,
infectious bronchitis, infection bursitis, avian
encephalomycytis, Marek disease, leukosis, chronic
respiratory disease, Hepatitis etc.
Aspergillosis, Moniliasis
Nutritional Disease
Rickets
Curled toe paralysis
Crazy chick
Perosis
Vitamin — D Deficiency
Vitamin B2 Deficiency
Vitamin - E deficiency
Parakeratosis
Skin Disease
Zn deficiency
Piglet anemia
Osteomalacia
Iron deficiency
P Deficiency
Mn deficiency
Eye disease- B2 deficiency
CLASSIFICATION OF POULTRY DISEASES
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VACCINATION
1. Routes of administration
Administration through Drinking Water: Vaccine is reconstituted in cold drinking water along with
skim milk powder at the rate of 4 gram per litre of water and used immediately. Eg RDV Lasota
Vaccine.
2. Intra ocular -Intra nasal instillation.
Page |
36
➢ The vaccine is reconstituted in normal Saline solution. One drop of diluted vaccine is applied to the
nostrils or eye. Ex : RDVF .
3. Spray Vaccine
➢ Spray or mist spraying is done in chick boxes in the hatcheries. Small drops of equal size is sprayed
and the boxes are allowed for 10 to 15 minutes for drying.
4. Wing Web puncture method
➢ Fowl pox vaccine is reconstituted in 50% glycerol saline and taken in forked needle and vaccination is
done by puncturing through wing web.
5. Feather Follicle Method
➢ Pigeon pox vaccine is reconstituted with 50% glycerol saline. After plucking of the feather follicles in
the internal thigh region, with the help of a glass rod, the vaccine is smeared and rubbed .
➢ After 5 days the birds have to be examined for "Takes" . Takes are cellular reaction taking place in the
nervous system.
6. Subcutaneous injection
➢ Ranikhet K vaccine is reconstituted with normal saline and 0.5ml is given between two layers of skin
in the wing web region .
➢ The vaccine should be protected in ice box during vaccination and should be used within 1hr.
SR NO
Age
Name of the vaccine
1.
1st day
Marek's Disease vaccine
2.
7th day
Ranikhet Disease F Strain/Lasota. RD
killed.
3.
14 to 16 days (II week)
Infectious Bursal disease(live)
IBD(killed)
4.
21 to 24 th day (III week)
Infectious Bronchitis
5.
30 to 35 days
Ranikhet disease-Lasota strain
6.
42 to 45 day
Infectious Bursal disease (live)
7.
56 to 70 days (8-10 th week)
Ranikhet disease "K" (Mesogenic)
8.
84 to 91 days (12 - 13th week)
Fowl Pox vaccine
9.
91 to 98 days (13 to 14th week)
Infectious Bronchitis Vaccin
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10.
126 to 133 days
Ranikhet disease K" (Mesogenic)
11.
After peak production , every 8
Weeks
Ranikhet Disease Vaccine "Lasota"
Page | Debeaking
➢ It is important to remove only one third of the upper beak taking care to avoiding tongue.
37
➢ It is usually practiced at the age of 10-14 days and repeated at the age of 14-16 weeks.
➢ Debeaking should never be done with penknife.
Deworming
➢ Birds show the following symptoms when they are infested with worms. Dullness, Paralysis, Enteritis,
Anemia and Drop in egg production.
➢ Deworming is practiced at intervals of 45days in layer birds and also before RDVK vaccination.
➢ Deworming is done against tape worms only on absolute necessity.
DELICING
➢ Is the process of removing of external parasites like ticks, mites and fleas which suck the blood from
the bird .
VIRAL DISEASES
A) RANIKHET DISEASE
➢ New Castle Disease Virus- Para myxo viridae Very important disease affecting poultry rainy season in
India has been found to be more favourable for the occurrence and spread of the disease. In native
fowls this disease occurs in summer.
PERACUTE- without symptoms and sudden death
➢ In a typical outbreak depression is observed, characterised by prostration, closed wyes, drooping
wings and loss of appetite.
➢ Sometimes in neural form there may be twiching of neck, incoordination or even paralysis.
➢ Sometimes-soft shelled or shell less eggs may be laid. Respiratory distress may be observed.
Prevention and control:
➢ Chicks should be vaccinated with F strain or lasota strain on the first day or within 5 days after hatch
and with a booster dose at 8-10 weeks.
➢ RDVK strain is usually administered at 8 weeks of age.
➢ In layer flocks, booster dose of Ranikhet vaccine is given every 2 months.
B) INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE
➢ Gumboro disease -Highly contagious, IBD virus.
➢ Bursa is affected- Usually chicks of 2-6 weeks old affected.
➢ Symptoms- whitish diarrohoea, vent pasting, unsteady gait, tremors.
➢ Prevention – Vaccination at 2nd &3rd weeks of age.
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BACTERIAL DISEASES
Page |
38
A) Coli Bacillosis➢ Escherchia coli infection
➢ Aggravated by other stress factors Symptoms- Dirrohoea, sweling of joints, comb, and wattle.
➢ moratility – vey high
➢ Prevention- Proper sanitationand management, avoiding stress addition of antibacterials and anti
biotics in feed and water.
B) Infectious coryza➢ Haemophilus gallinarum
➢ Symptoms- all ages – affected, Acute respiratory infection, high morbidityand low mortality, odema of
face ,wattle and comb, discharge from nostrils
➢ Prevention and control- Better hygiene, antibiotics – Sulpha in feed, Tylosin, tetetracycline
Salmonellosis
C) Paratyphoid, Pullorumvisceral organs –affected
S.pullorum- pullorum disease ,
S. gallinarum-typhoid/bacillary white dirrhoea ,
S .typhimurium- paratyphoid
Nutritional Deficiencies and control:
➢ Vitamin: Vit A: Xeropthalmia- Gout, - retarded growth, discharge from eyes and nose. – Cod liver,
fish liver oil, vit A supplementation
➢ Vit D3: Rickettsia, - leg weakness, swollen hock joints, rubbery beak, thin shelled eggs.- Cod liver,
fish liver oil, vit D3 supplementation
➢ Vit E: Encephalomalacia- crazy chick disease, paralysis of leg, retraction of head, convulsions, deathvegetable oils, synthetic Vit E.
➢ Vit B1: Thiamine – poly neuritis , paralysis of wing and neck.- yeast products, synthetic vit B1
➢ Vit B2- Riboflavin – curled toe paralysis- tendency to walk on hocks, dermatitis on corners of mouth,
vent and foot pads , fish products, Vit B2, rice bran.
➢ Vit B12- Cyanacobalamine- retarded growth, increased mortality, drop in production and hatchabilityfish meal, meat meal, synthetic B
➢ Zinc, magnesium deficiency – bone formation affected.
➢ Calcium, Phosphorous: def. of vit D, deficiency during laying- imbalance in Calcium and
Phosphorous- poor egg shell formation, curved beak, bone deformities.- supplementation with ca and
p.
➢ External And internal parasites: Lice, ticks and mites- deticking, delicing round worm, tape worm
infestation – deworming regularly.
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