LIFE AND LIVING THEOLOGICAL ECUMENICAL
ACADEMY, INC.
CHURCH HISTORY
Prof.:
Mr. Emilio A. Suaco
“Those who refuse to learn from history are doomed to repeat it. Those
who prevent History from being taught intend to repeat it”.
 The paganism religion of Roman Catholic Christianity spread by force and
conquest by order of the RCC. Today many people are sitting in their
Churches listening to their lies. It is a duty to make the truth known and the
truth will set you free.
 Many are imprisoned by their own ignorance yet too arrogant to be
teachable, they close their eyes and ears to truth because the lie is so
comfortable, so lost in the illusions of inclusion so much that logic doesn’t
make sense, common sense is not common to them because how they feel
is more important than what’s right.
 I kept asking questions and most people around didn’t know or want to
know the answers. I read the Bible and question everything and anything
until I understood it. To do this, I do not only look at the foundation of
Christianity, but at many different religions. I came to realize that the older
ones were very different and unique to their cultures. However, I also
found that the younger a belief system was the more has in common with
others.
Chapter 1
Purpose of Reformation
1 – To Correct the FALSE PRACTICES in the Roman Catholicism.
2 – To END IMMORALITY in the Roman Catholic Christianity.
RESULT – The Reformation DID NOT Reform the Roman Catholic Christianity.
= New FORMATION of Organization. Re-Organ.
What does the word “REFORMATION” means?
= The act or process of changing a religious, political, or societal institution for the better is
called a reformation. When capitalized, the Reformation refers specifically to the Protestant
Reformation in Europe, which was a religious change instigated in 1517 by Protestants who
wished to reform the Catholic Church.
= The action or process of reforming an institution or practice.
= a 16th-century movement for the reform of abuses in the Roman Catholic Church ending in
the establishment of the Reformed and Protestant Churches.
5 Primary Historical Factors Causes of the Reformation.
P – Political
War, Invasion & Need new Emperor (W.I.N.)
R – Religious
Worship, Winning Souls and Work & Live Outside RCC System. (W.W.W.)
I – Intellectual
Printing Press, Open for New Ways & Ideas, Re-Birth of Reasons & Knowledge. (P.O.R.K.)
M – Man.
Superstitious Event; Prime Movers of Reformation; Use Printing Press effectively in
presenting his ideas; & Reformation for Catholic System. (S.P.U.R.)
E – Economic & Social.
Most Unhappiness, Social disorder and Discontentment. or (M.S.D.)
Poor Life Status. Economic Discontent & Social Disorder, Poor living condition High
prices for food. Peasant’s Revolts Frequently against the Princes and states.
FIND PEACE WITH GOD
1. To be an Augustinian Monk.
Other Steps:
2. He look for peace by doing Good works.
3. He made great SACRIFIICES of SELF-DENIAL
4. He WORKS for the merits of the Saints.
5. He went to Great lengths to CONFESS every kind of sin in thought, word and acts.
6. He did all his religious duties feeling great pressure.
7. He even WALKED to Rome where great sins with the least effort could be forgiven
Person who directed Luther to Find Peace with God.
= JOHANNES VON STAUPITZ
In Finding PEACE with God cannot be found from Catholic Leaders, Not from the RCC System
But from the Knowledge of God. Romans 1:17.
EVENT THAT ANNOUNCED LUTHER’S PROTEST.
= SELLING OF INDULGENCES – Special Sale
A Sacrament of Penance.
Sin = Made an Offense in two directions:
1. Guilt before God
2. It wronged the Earthly Church.
If a person failed to make right the earthly hurt, he was taught to believe that he would receive
additional suffering in PURGATORY after death.
FREDERICK – Prince Ruler of Saxony. A.K. A. Frederick the Wise (German: Friedrich der Weise),
was Prince-elector of Saxony from 1486 to 1525
1095 Started by Pope Urban II Selling of Indulgences.
1517 - Pope Leo X = Special Sale of Indulgences.
1519 - Johan Tetzel = Granting Indulgences in exchange for money.
1567 - The RCC Outlawed the Sale of Indulgences.
3 Factors That Increased of Luther’s Protest Effectively.
1. Newly Developed PRINTING PRESS. – It Informs the People Rapidly.
2. His Theses were Translated from Latin to German Language. – It understood in the Language
of the Ordinary People
3. It Matched the feelings of many Germans in that day - It spoke to the needs that they felt.
CATHOLIC DOCTRINES THAT HINDERS TO SPIRITUAL PEACE.
1. RCC Demanded Obedience to ITSELF as a price of Salvation. When a man became CARELESS,
The RCC Threatened him with the pains of Purgatory.
2. The Sacramental wealth of the church was offered as a WAY TO LIMIT SUFFERING in life
after death. Deposit of Spiritual Merits (Good Works, Suffering of Saints and Christ)
3. RCC Pictured God as ONE WHO Could not be reached.
3.a). Christ as a Judge to be Feared.
3.b). Only the Benefits SOLD by the RCC could help the Trembling sinner.
3.c). Even the most Obedient Catholic must suffer the agony of PURGATORY.
3.d). The Best way to ESCAPE GOD’s WRATH was to ENTER the Monastery.
3 PRIMARY SUBJECT MATTER OF LUTHER’S THESES.
1. Sale of Indulgences.
Luther Said: Not Biblical but Ineffective & Dangerous.
2. The Power of the Pope to Forgive Guilt.
Luther Said: The Pope did not have the Power to forgive sin. – Tetzel
3. The Treasury of the church made up of merits given by Christ and saints.
Luther Denied That Christ’s merits & the saints, made a treasury that the Church could
use.
The Heart of Luther’s Theology.
July 1518. Dominican RCC Officially called Luther a HERETIC.
a). Luther Replied saying that both the Pope & the Ecumenical council could make a mistake &
that they had done so.
b). He invoked that Only the Scripture Carried Authority without mistake.
c). He States “The BIBLE ALONE is the Authority for TRUE Christian belief”.
d). Sturdily insist that The SCRIPTURES had higher Authority that the Pope and Higher Authority
than the Ecumenical Council.
- “Luther Built his Theology on the SCRIPTURES and BIBLICAL PRINCIPLES and
DOCTRINES”.
The RCC Attacked Luther in order to defend itself.
July 15, 1520. The Pope sent out a Declaration of Excommunication (Papal Bull). Putting Luther
out of the church and send him to hell.
- Warned Luther to change his views within 60 days.
- New Emperor Ordered Luther to appear for Trial before the governing body of Empire (Called
Diet at the City of Worms): This body, The Diet of Vorms Banned Luther as an OUTLAWED.
Politics Related To His Reformation.
1. The Birth of the Messiah in Bethlehem. (Census)
2. 306 CE = Emperor Constantine Rose to Power.
3. 313 CE Edict of Mila = Decriminalized Christianity.
Politics in the Roman Governments decision to make Christianity the State Religion.
From that time until Luther’s day the RCC & the Roman Empire had been connected.
POLITICAL FACTORS AGAINST THE LUTHERANS REFORMATION
Who were the first Protestant.
July 15 1520. The Pope sent out a Declaration of Excommunication (Papal Bull).
May 26, 1521. Outlaw Luther (Wars in France & Muslim Invasion).
April 19, 1529. The DIET HRE Ruling Body met a 2nd time in the City of Speyer.
a). The Emperor Charles V was Secure in his Power and ready to attacked the Reformation.
b). The Diet of Speyer decided to Destroy completely the Lutherans.
c). Minority of German PRINCES Attending the Diet, PROTESTED against the Diet and Favored
the Lutheran Reformation. Frederick of Saxony help Martin Luther. His conviction to defend
Luther was based in his peaceful nature and the belief that Luther had been unjustly persecuted
by the Empire. Frederick believed that all of his subjects should have access to a fair trial and he
did not believe that Luther had committed any provable crime.
That was the First Time the name “PROTESTANT” was used.
1530. A 3rd example of the use of Political Force against the Reformation can be seen in another
DIET meeting in Augsburg Germany.
a). It gives Lutherans one year to leave their False Beliefs. And or
b). Face Military Forces of the Empire.
c). To Return all Lutheran church to Roman Catholic Church.
SIMILARITIES OF ZWINGLI’s LIFE EXPERIENCE TO LUTHERAN
1. Each Spoke German
2. Both men were RC Priest
3. Zwingli looked to Scripture for authority and tried to apply its principles.
4. Opposed the Sale of Indulgences as did Luther.
5. Spoke in the language of their people.
Huldrych Zwingli’s Preaching:
1. He did not follow the assigned lessons of the Church”
2. He did not Preach in the Latin Language of the Roman Church”
3. He Emphasized the Authority of the Scripture”
What Moved Him to Reformation:
1. Superstitious Elements in the Church”
2. Restore Ancient Authority - SCRIPTURE”
Zwingli’s 2 Influence in his life:
1. Intellectual” – Luther’s Writing.
2. Emotional” – Near Death Experience & the Death of his brother.
2 Types of Reformers:
1. Radical – follow and Observe only those beliefs & Practices that are found in the Bible.
2. conservative/Traditionalist – Choose to Follow any ceremony or way of worship that the
Scripture did not forbid.
Lutherans: Continued in the Practices of:
1. Infant Baptism
2. Use Robes & Candles
3. Other Aspects of Church life similar to RC
Luther took the position that it was all right to follow anything that the Scriptures did not
forbid.
POLITICAL FACTORS AIDED THE LUTHERANS REFORMATION
1. The Death of the Emperor (Frederick of Saxony was one of the Minority leader and Most
Influential Person in Selecting new Emperor)
2. After a new Emperor Charles V was selected he fought a war (Charles V could not take action
against Luther and German Princes who were friendly to him and Fight the king of France at the
same time.)
3. The Threat of Muslim Turks who were invading the Empire (Charles V needed the assistance
of the German Princes to stop the Turks.)
4. The Pope’s FEAR of POWER in the hands of the Emperor Charles V (the Pope was afraid that
Charles’ power would become greater than his own).
Luther’s Position Regarding “The Separation Of The Church And State”
Luther in his step towards Reformation: Took the control of the Church out from under the
Pope and put it under the control of State’s Political Power.
ZWINGLIAN REFORMS
- Huldrych or Ulrich Zwingli (RC Priest);
- City of Zurich, Switzerland;
- Spoke German Language;
- Encourage by his uncle (a RC Priest) to study for Priesthood.
1506 – 1519 = Parish Priest
- While teaching and studying in the city of Basel he came under the influence of humanist
ideals and teachings. He developed a great concern to remove the superstitious element in
Christianity and to restore the ancient authority – The SCRIPTURES.
1518 He opposed the Sale of Indulgences
- He Tried to Apply Scriptural Principles.
- He aroused the people by preaching sermons explaining the gospels. (EXPOSITORY SERMON).
PROTESTANTS LOOKED FOR AN ALLIANCE
Luther’s Opposition to Zwingli:
- CHRIST BODY and BLOOD.
Luther taught that the bread and wine spiritually (not Materially) became Christ’s body and
blood (this is called consubstantiation)
1. SYMBOLIC INTERPRETATION
2. SPIRITUAL
3. LITERAL
CONSUBSTANTIATION:
“The Blood and wine became Christ body and Blood”
TRANSUBSTANTIATION: (RCC)
“The ELEMENTS become ACTUAL body and blood during the Observance of the mass” Means,
THE CHANGE OF SUBSTANCE.
Literal View: Transubstantiation – RCC
Trans = (Transportation) it carried the idea of change.
Substance – That which makes up something, “Change of Substance”.
Luther said that Christ’s actual body was spiritually present for the faithful when they truly
observed the Supper. (His position called Consubstantiation.”)
Zwingli opposed Luther’s idea. He said that a physical body could not be everywhere at the
same time. He said that the bread and wine symbolize or represent Christ’s broken body and
shed blood. (Calvin’s interpretation followed Zwingli’s.)
Roman Catholic belief teaches that when the priest and the bread pronounces the proper
words the wine becomes Christ’s Real Blood and the Bread his Literal Body. (The Catholic belief
is called Transubstantiation.”)
Because Zwingli would not agree with Luther about the meaning of Jesus’ words in the Supper,
Luther refused to have any connection with him.
LUTHER’S TRACTS:
1st Tract. Address to the German Nobility” – He calls the Christian rules (magistrate) to reform
the Church and his attack against the idea that.
1. The pope alone could interpret the Scriptures and cannot forgive sins.
2. The claims of the papacy that its spiritual power was above the power of the state.
3. The idea that only the pope could call an ecumenical council.
4. He proposed removing material wealth and possessions from the pope in order to emphasize
the pope’s spiritual ministry.
5. Monasticism and celibacy and pointed out abuses and corruptions with the church that
needed correction.
Purpose of Attacked: TO BREAK THE POPE’S CONTROL OVER THE CHURCH IN GERMANY.
2nd TRACT: On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church.
1. Luther said that Indulgences could not remove sin and guilt.
2. He attacked directly the sacramental system of the Roman Catholic Church.
3. He insisted that both the wine and the bread of the Supper should be served to the people.
4. Luther emphasized the necessity of faith by the one receiving the element of the Supper, in
order to receive its benefit.
Purpose of His Attacked:
1. TO THE FALSE DOCTRINE ENGRAINED, DEEP-ROOTED, EMBEDDED, INSERTED AND
IMPLANTED IN THE RCC SYSTEM.
2. TO INTRODUCED THE SYSTEM OF THEOLOGY OR DOCTRINES THAT REQUIRES PERSONAL
FAITH. He emphasized the necessity of faith by one receiving the lord’s supper in Order To
Receive Its Benefits. HOWEVER…
The fact his position on baptism did not require faith brought conflict into his theological
system.
THE CONFLICT STANDS OUT BECAUSE HE HAD ELIMINATED ALL THE SACRAMENTS EXCEPT THE
SUPPER AND BAPTISM.
3rd Tract. The Freedom of the Christian Man
1. Luther magnified the freedom and priesthood of every believer, whether layman, priest,
bishop, or pope.
2. Every believer can and should perform the work of a priest.
3. Each believer can understand God’s word and be led by the Holy Spirit.
4. It also speaks against two or more level (one over the other in authority) of believers as
expressed in the idea of laity and clergy.
Purpose of Attacked: TO MAGNIFIED THE FREEDOM AND PRIESTHOOD OF EVERY BELIEVER,
WHETHER LAYMAN, PRIEST, BISHOP, OR POPE.(Clerical Celibacy)
Chapter 2
The Reform Branch of the Reformation.
A. Zwingli’s Basic Doctrinal Positions.
Source of Support that he felt was necessary for the success of his reforms.
= City Council Of Zurich.
Three primary DOCTRINAL POSITIONS he took.
a. Salvation is by FAITH.
b. All believers are Priests.
c. The unmarried Priesthood must be ended. (Clerical Celibacy)
A. Zwingli’s Basic Doctrinal Positions.
His position on Baptism.
= He had to hold his position.
Zwingli lived in a day when the idea of separation of church and state was hardly known and
almost never experienced.
The conflict with other doctrinal positions.
We cannot imagine the difficulties he faced and there should not be judge him harshly in his
failure to maintain scriptural support for his reformation. Very likely he feared the loss of all he
had worked for if he lost the support of the City council. Since the council governed religious
matters just like it did the ordinances of the city, anyone would have found it hard to carry out
reformation steps without dealing with the city council or state in some way.
B. Calvinistic Reform in Geneva. (1509 - 1564)
B.1 Introduction To Calvin.
Calvin is a Lawyer-by Profession.
B.2 Calvin Becomes a Reformer.
1. Jacques Lefevre
– a French scholar has presented Evangelical Ideas.
– Translated New Testament (1521)
2. Luther’s writing spread throughout France which gave Calvin the opportunity to know them.
Factors Triggered Calvin’s Decision to become Evangelical:
a). His Father & Brother. Were Excommunicated by RCC.
b). His Cousin Robert Olivetan – was already an active Reformer.
c). His University studies gave him contact with the Humanistic teachings.
C. Calvin’s Reformation Efforts in Geneva.
C.1 First Efforts Result in Temporary Failure.
1. WILLIAM FAREL – Evangelical Leader in the City, convinced Calvin to stay & work with him.
– 1537 Calvin presented a plan for Reform to the Little Council of Geneva, the Plan called for
all citizens in the city to agree completely with evangelical doctrines.
– Opposition immediately arose against Calvin and about one year later Calvin & Farel was
banished from forced out of Geneva.
– During his banishment Calvin worked effectively in the city of Strassburg.
– He even wrote an excellent paper. Reply to Sadoleto to help the City of Geneva reply to
Cardinal Sadolito’s appeal for the city to return to the Catholic Church.
C.2 Calvin’s Second Effort Brings The Reformed Church to Geneva.
1. Condition under which Calvin Agreed to return to Geneva. (1541)
– He would allowed to carry out his reforms.
– Committee form the Little Council helped Calvin to prepare his Church Ordinances
(Ecclesiastical ordinances) regarding Pastors, Elders and deacons.
– THE MOST UNUSUAL FEATURE in his ordinances was the office of the elder or presbyter.
– THE LITTLE COUNCIL CHOSE twelve laymen to serve as ruling elders (Presbyters) in the
Geneva Church. The twelve presbyters combined with the regular ministers (at first numbering
only 6) to form the Consistory.
– The consistory SUPERVISED ALL CHURCH DISCIPLINE.
2. Calvin’s position Regarding the Union or Separation of the Church and the state.
– Calvin seems to have desired that the Church carry out her own discipline apart from the
state authorities. However, he was forced into a compromise that allowed the Little Council to
act a great deal in the area of church discipline.
3. Change that he gave to the work of the presbyter.
– Calvin’s Ordinances described the office of elder or Presbyter as one of authority and rule.
– THE IDEA OF PRESBYTERS THAT RULE conflicts with the Biblical office of PRESBYTER WHO
WAS TO PREACH.
It is from this office redefined by Calvin that the PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH gets its name.
D. The Spread of Calvinism.
1. The great Spread of Calvinism.
– The Geographical tie help Calvin’s work take over the territory of Zwingli, but that was not
the only factor aiding the growth of his influence.
– In Geneva Calvin had set up a school for training preachers.
– The men trained very in his school, proved to be very influential in helping the spread of
Calvinism throughout the areas whr3e Zwingli had influence for reform until his death.
- Calvin-trained-preachers helped found the Reform Churches of Switzerland.
- The effectiveness of the preachers in church growth can be seen in the growing numbers of
Calvinist French congregations.
2. Give Two primary Church names under Calvinism today.
– Even though persecution continued, many Calvinistic-trained French Pastors returned to
their homeland to preach and fund churches. The message they preached was called the
HUGUENOT GOSPEL.(“Huguenot,” the name given to French Protestants).
– In Switzerland and the Netherlands (Holland and Belgium), Calvinism spread under the name
of “Reformed Church.
– In Scotland, the significance of the office of Presbyter gave the Reformed Churches the name,
“PRESBYTERIAN”.
– By the time of Calvin's death in 1564, his movement was known every part of Europe and
England. His efforts were most influential in Scotland and Switzerland.
Note: Unfortunately, both of the Swiss reformers, Zwingli and Calvin, condemned and
persecuted the Radical Reformers and Anabaptist.
Chapter 3
The Reform Branch of the Reformation.
A. Zwingli’s Basic Doctrinal Positions.
Source of Support that he felt was necessary for the success of his reforms. = City Council Of
Zurich.
Three primary DOCTRINAL POSITIONS he took.
a. Salvation is by FAITH.
b. All believers are Priests.
c. The unmarried Priesthood must be ended. (Clerical Celibacy)
His position on Baptism.
 = Zwingli’s political connection with Zurich’s City Council helped him in his reformation
developments, but the connections presented him with problems also.
 = When the question of baptism came up, politics affected his doctrinal position. Zwingli
knew that if he denied the truth of infant baptism, he would be saying that the Zurich
city council members were not really baptized.
 = He did not teach that infant baptism brought salvation. Infant baptism was like Jewish
circumcision. Circumcision identified the infant with the Jewish covenant and infant
Baptism identified the infant with the Christian Covenant.
 = His followers like Conrad Grebel, Balthazar Hubmaier and Felix Manz and others
insisted that Zwingli had to abolish infant baptism if he wanted to be consistent in his
main principle to restore the Scriptural pattern.
 Zwingli feared the loss of his support from the City council of Zurich, to protect his
political support he kept the traditions and surrendered his basic belief in biblical
authority.
He had to hold his position.
= Zwingli faced the conflict between his need to keep the support of the City council which he
feared he might lose and his desire to restore the authority of the Scriptures.
= Zwingli surrendered the foundation of his reformation.
Zwingli’s Position on Believers Baptism.
= Those who had come to believe in the Baptism of Believer only-therefore, opposing infant
baptism, began baptizing believers.
= The City council ordered fines, banishment from the city and the imprisonment of the leaders
who led in Believer’s baptism.
Union of Church and State.
= When the baptizing of believers continued, the council Sentenced Feix Manz to death by
drowning and so he died, one of thousands sacrificed to the Union of church and state.
=Zwingli insisted that this judicial murder was not done because of baptism, but because of
rebellion.
When the Church and State tied together, a difference in belief about doctrine becomes
rebellion and makes a person subject to the state’s power designed to put down rebellion.
His position on Baptism.
Zwingli lived in a day when the idea of separation of church and state was hardly known and
almost never experienced.
The conflict with other doctrinal positions.
= We cannot imagine the difficulties he faced and there should not be judge him harshly in his
failure to maintain scriptural support for his reformation. Very likely he feared the loss of all he
had worked for if he lost the support of the City council.
= Since the council governed religious matters just like it did the ordinances of the city, anyone
would have found it hard to carry out reformation steps without dealing with the city council or
state in some way.
B. Calvinistic Reform in Geneva. (1509 - 1564)
B.1 Introduction To Calvin.
A Lawyer-by Profession.
B.2 Calvin Becomes a Reformer.
1. Jacques Lefevre
– a French scholar has presented Evangelical Ideas.
– Translated New Testament (1521)
2. Luther’s writing spread throughout France which gave Calvin the opportunity to know them.
Factors Triggered Calvin’s Decision to become Evangelical:
a). His Father & Brother. Were Excommunicated by RCC.
b). His Cousin Robert Olivetan – was already an active Reformer.
c). His University studies gave him contact with the Humanistic teachings.
C. Calvin’s Reformation Efforts in Geneva.
C.1 First Efforts Result in Temporary Failure.
1. WILLIAM FAREL – Evangelical Leader in the City, convinced Calvin to stay & work with him.
– 1537 Calvin presented a plan for Reform to the Little Council of Geneva, the Plan called for
all citizens in the city to agree completely with evangelical doctrines.
– Opposition immediately arose against Calvin and about one year later Calvin & Farel was
banished from forced out of Geneva.
– During his banishment Calvin worked effectively in the city of Strassburg.
– He even wrote an excellent paper. Reply to Sadoleto to help the City of Geneva reply to
Cardinal Sadolito’s appeal for the city to return to the Catholic Church.
C.2 Calvin’s Second Effort Brings The Reformed Church to Geneva.
1. Condition under which Calvin Agreed to return to Geneva. (1541)
– He would allowed to carry out his reforms.
– Committee form the Little Council helped Calvin to prepare his Church Ordinances
(Ecclesiastical ordinances) regarding Pastors, Elders and deacons.
– THE MOST UNUSUAL FEATURE in his ordinances was the office of the elder or presbyter.
– THE LITTLE COUNCIL CHOSE twelve laymen to serve as ruling elders (Presbyters) in the
Geneva Church. The twelve presbyters combined with the regular ministers (at first numbering
only 6) to form the Consistory.
– The consistory SUPERVISED ALL CHURCH DISCIPLINE.
2. Calvin’s position Regarding the Union or Separation of the Church and the state.
– Calvin seems to have desired that the Church carry out her own discipline apart from the
state authorities. However, he was forced into a compromise that allowed the Little Council to
act a great deal in the area of church discipline.
3. Change that he gave to the work of the presbyter.
– Calvin’s Ordinances described the office of elder or Presbyter as one of authority and rule.
– THE IDEA OF PRESBYTERS THAT RULE conflicts with the Biblical office of PRESBYTER WHO
WAS TO PREACH.
It is from this office redefined by Calvin that the PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH gets its name.
D. The Spread of Calvinism.
1. The great Spread of Calvinism.
– The Geographical tie help Calvin’s work take over the territory of Zwingli, but that was not
the only factor aiding the growth of his influence.
– In Geneva Calvin had set up a school for training preachers.
– The men trained very in his school, proved to be very influential in helping the spread of
Calvinism throughout the areas whr3e Zwingli had influence for reform until his death.
- Calvin-trained-preachers helped found the Reform Churches of Switzerland.
- The effectiveness of the preachers in church growth can be seen in the growing numbers of
Calvinist French congregations.
2. Give Two primary Church names under Calvinism today.
– Even though persecution continued, many Calvinistic-trained French Pastors returned to
their homeland to preach and fund churches. The message they preached was called the
HUGUENOT GOSPEL.(“Huguenot,” the name given to French Protestants).
– In Switzerland and the Netherlands (Holland and Belgium), Calvinism spread under the name
of “Reformed Church.
– In Scotland, the significance of the office of Presbyter gave the Reformed Churches the name,
“PRESBYTERIAN”.
– By the time of Calvin's death in 1564, his movement was known every part of Europe and
England. His efforts were most influential in Scotland and Switzerland.
Note: Unfortunately, both of the Swiss reformers, Zwingli and Calvin, condemned and
persecuted the Radical Reformers and Anabaptist.
DIPLOMA DEGREE LEVEL
CALVINISTIC DOCTRINE AND PRACTICES.
The method of discipline that Calvin set up in Geneva.
= Calvin’s plan of church discipline PREVENTED PEOPLE from participating in the Lord’s Supper
after committing immoral acts or for not attending divine services without an excuse.
= It is The Central of Calvin’s plan of church discipline.
His doctrine about infant baptism.
= Baptism was not necessary for salvation.
= Infant Baptism seems like OT Circumcision.
CALVIN’S “INSTITUTES”.
= Calvin’s most important writing.
It was a handbook for Theology or doctrine written for French Evangelicals.
FOUNDATIONAL BELIEF TO CALVINISTIC DOCTRINE AND PRACTICES.
Basic Foundation for Calvin’s Theology.
Calvin built his system of theology (doctrine) around the central idea of all-powerful rule
(sovereignty) of God.
= “Sovereignty” means the Highest reigning or ruling power.
= The all-powerful rule of God is central to the theology developed by John Calvin.
= He consistently stressed the all-powerful rule of God which can also be called the sovereignty
of God.
= Calvin’s doctrine about God’s preplanning all that happens (called Predestination) comes
from his central doctrine, the Sovereignty of God.
REFORMATION INTERPRETATION OF THE LORD’S SUPPER.
= Compare the Lutheran, Zwinglian (Calvinistic) and Roman Catholic interpretations of the
Lord’s Supper.
Symbolic:
Spiritual:
Literal:
Symbolic/Represent - Zwingli/Calvin
Consubstantiation - Luther
Transubstantiation – RCC
Trans = (Transportation) it carried the idea of change.
Substance – That which makes up something. “Change of Substance”
Transubstantiation = Means, THE CHANGE OF SUBSTANCE.
Luther said that Christ’s actual body was spiritually present for the faithful when they truly
observed the Supper. (His position called Consubstantiation.”)
Zwingli opposed Luther’s idea. He said that a physical body could not be everywhere at the
same time. He said that the bread and wine symbolize or represent Christ’s broken body and
shed blood. (Calvin’s interpretation followed Zwingli’s.)
Roman Catholic belief teaches that when the priest and the bread pronounces the proper
words the wine becomes Christ’s Real Blood and the Bread his Literal Body. (The Catholic belief
is called Transubstantiation.”)
Chapter 4:
ANABAPTIST and THE RADICAL REFORMER.
A. Anabaptist and Other Radical Reformers.
=“ANABAPTIST” Baptist: “One who Baptizes”
Ana: “Again”
Anabaptist = One Who Baptizes Again”.
An Anabaptist was “One who called for people to be baptized again or to be Baptized a second
time” Why is that? Sapagkat and kanilang nakagisnang Bautismo or unang Bautismo na
natangganp noon (infant baptism) ay WALANG BISA dulot ng hindi ito naka-ugat sa FAITH o
Pananampalataya.
Anabaptists Baptizes again because:
1. They believed personal faith in Christ was necessary for baptism to be meaningful.
2. They could not accept infant baptism because of what they thought the Bible taught.
3. Their real concern was that each on e would personally believe in Christ not baptism itself.
4. They taught one must believe in Christ or baptism has no meaning.
5. They taught that an infant cannot believe, therefore infant baptism has no meaning.
PARALLELISM OF ANABAPTIST AND RADICALS DURING REFORMATION.
= By the time of Reformation in the 16th century, the name Anabaptist had come to be a name
for anyone or any group that held radically different views to the Christianity of that day.
= The meaning of Anabaptist was no longer used only for “One who Baptizes the second time.”
= At the time of Reformation anyone who was a religious fanatic or held “radical” religious
ideas could be called Anabaptist and it did not matter what he/she did or believed about
baptism.
Most people at the time of the Reformation thought Anabaptist and the
Radicals were identical and many church historians have thought the same since
that time.
RADICAL REFORMER.
= Are the one who taught a particular doctrine or belief or a religious fanaticism.
= They rejected traditions (church/human) Political ties/authority and social commitments in
favor of Biblical authority.
However: When they began to date the kingdom’s beginning and to select a specific city as the
“New Jerusalem” their Radical nature became apparent and demonstrated UNSCRIPTURAL
Thinking on their part.
B. Radical Biblicists.
= Who put aside all traditions and placed all doctrine and practice under the authority of the
Scriptures only.
= They placed the authority of the Scriptures before traditions and assurance of political
support.
= They rejected infant baptism in favor of Believer’s baptism only.
= They require personal faith in Christ before an individual could be baptized.
= They believed that the Biblical truth be held higher authority than church tradition.
Conflict with other Reformers.
The leading reformer in Zurich – Zwingli with his followers: Konrad Grebel, Balthazar Hubmaier
and Felix Manz.
= Zwingli came within one step of becoming a Radical Biblicist when he originally seemed to
agree with Hubmaier and Manz when the doctrine of believers’ baptism followed Zwingli’s
basic principle of accepting only Scriptural teaching.
= It agreed also with his writing which indicated that the early Christian practice of baptism
came only after faith and confession. However, to PROTECT his political support he kept the
traditions and surrendered his basic belief in biblical authority.
Anabaptist Persecution by Zurich State council and Zwingli.
* Anabaptist opposed Zwingli and held to their biblically supported belief in baptism for
believers only. The City council ordered the drowning of the Anabaptist if they continued in
their heresy.
Bathazar Hubmaier.
= Dr. Balthasar Hubmaier was an Anabaptist reformer and arch-heretic of the Catholic
Church. This Catholic priest turned reformer began as a promising student and preacher.
= He Opposed Zwingli over the question of infant Baptism.
= Due to persecution carried out by Zwingli and the City council, he was forced to flee Zurich
and leave Switzerland and found a period of protection in the land of Moravia.
Many people of similar beliefs also fled to Moravia, a country with some religious freedom and
radical beliefs.
= Baptized 6 to 12k people. He was arrested and Burned at the stake by the Austrian
Authorities.
Jacob Huter ( Radical Pacifist) refusing to fight in any war.
= In spite of great persecution these Moravian Anabaptist grew in number and influence
through the next 200 years.
= The Persecution carried out by Zwingli and City council forced Hubmaier to flee Zurich and
move out Switzerland to the land of Moravia which borders Switzerland and Austria. –
MORAVIAN ANABAPTIS Grew in this place.
Menno Simons (Radical Biblicist)
= The atmosphere for reform along with the execution of Anabaptist leader near his home
caused him to carefully study his Bible.
= His acceptance of the Bible as his final authority for faith and practice prepared him to
become a Radical Biblicist.
= He claimed to be Anabaptist after the Munster Kingdom Tragedy.
= The followers of Menno Simons are called Mennonite Brethren.
RADICAL KINGDOM BUILDERS
= They wanted to establish Christ’s reign on earth by direct action.
= They tried to bring heaven to earth by means of sword and force.
Anabaptist were likely to be Pacifist, in contrast to the Radical Kingdom Builders who expected
to bring in the kingdom of God by force of arms.
The MUNSTER KINGDOM.
MELCHOR HOFMANN.
= He came to the city of Strassburg and proclaimed the year of 1533 as the date for the
beginning of Christ’s millennial (1000 year) reign on earth.
= He said that Strassburg would be the “New Jerusalem”
JAN MATTHY. (Claim to be ENOCH)
= The City of Munster had shown itself favorable to the Radicals and many went there to
escape persecution.
He came to the city and announced the city of Munster was to be the “New Jerusalem”.
= They seized control of the city in order to establish the Kingdom of God on earth.
= when this happened, the Roman Catholic bishop sent his troops who surrounded the city and
held it under siege.
= Mattys was killed, his successor, John of Leyden introduce the practice of polygamy, and gave
everyone in the city three choices: (a) be baptized, (b) flee from the city, (c) be killed.
= Because of this event great persecution fell on all the people who were called Anabaptist.
Tens of thousands of Anabaptist were killed.
D. Radical Mystics. (Hiwaga)
= Is one who did not find satisfaction in the worship of the church. They believe that direct
knowledge of God, spiritual truth, or ultimate reality can be attained through SUBJECTIVE
EXPERIENCE (such as intuition or insight, dream)
= One who felt God came to really live in them, rejected both Protestant and RC sacramental
systems.
= They expected and at times felt they received direct revelations from God.
= Meaning, Hindi na nila kailangan ang mga sacraments and traditions upang makasagap ng
mga mensahe galing sa Almighty.
= “Cold intellectualism.” Someone who’s fallen into cold intellectualism knows a lot about the
Bible and is quite proud of what they know, but their supposed knowledge hasn’t translated
into daily life.
= They read book after book about Bible doctrine, However, those truths don’t appear to affect
them very much other than puffing them up.
= They profess to believe in a great God, and yet they’re arrogant, unteachable and acting as if
they’re someone great.
= They profess to believe in a loving God, but they don’t demonstrate much love for others.
= They have the beliefs God wants them to have, but they don’t live the life God wants them to
live.
= These characteristics left people feeling spiritually empty and they looked for the real witness
and help of the Holy Spirit.
E. Radical Free Thinkers.
= Radical Free Thinkers or Rationalists were different because they disagreed with or
challenged basic Christian doctrines.
= Their commonality belief are Most of them came to say that:
(a.) Christ was not God nor divine.
(b.) They did not believe in the Trinity.
Example: a position that God adopted the man Jesus to be Christ at the time of Jesus’ Baptism
until his crucifixion. Since a man adopted to be Christ could not be God.
(c.) See: John of Leyden (Munster Kingdom)
F. The Importance of Radical Reformers.
= The Radical movements were not tied to political and social commitments.
= Political and social commitments hindered Luther, Zwingli and Calvin in their reforms efforts.
= Radicals could simply throw out old and traditional ideas on the basis that the New Testament
did not teach or support them.
LIMITATIONOF LUTHER, ZWINGLI & CALVIN:
= The well-known reformers Luther, Calvin and Zwingli desired that the Scriptures would
control their movements. However, each of the three lacked the freedom of the RadicalsFreedom from political and social commitments and their controls.
= The Radicals and Anabaptist were the most hated religious groups in Europe in the 16th
Century. RC and Protestants (Princes, State councils & L.Z.C.) Prosecuted them. They present a
complicated picture of men and women acting with great freedom.
In some groups:
a. Tried to reproduce early Christians.
b. Tried to find god’s presence here in this world.
c. Tried by force to bring in Christ's reign here on earth.
We find great variety in their contributions-some negative and some significant positve ones.
b). They said that the world/community cannot make a true church. There must be a gathered
church in the sense that only believers, those with faith and baptism, may become a part.
c). They insisted that the world-state cannot decide ethics and attitudes for Christians.
d). They believed that the world-state cannot satisfy the longings and leadings of the spirit.
LUTHER’S JUSTIFICATION ON INFANT BAPTISTM
= Luther’s final decision about infant Baptism defeated his theme of “Faith Alone” based on
romans 1:17. He was unwilling to break his movement from the traditional community tie of
infant baptism.
He worked hard to justify holding to infant baptism teaching the idea of proxy faith (the faith of
a godparent for the infant) or subconscious faith in the mind of the infant.
Diploma/Degree Level
1. THE HEART OF THE RADICAL VS. THE TRADITIONALIST STRUGGLE.
Traditionalist: They continued traditions if the Scriptures did not speak directly against them.
Radical: Discarded what the Scriptures did not positively teach.
= Radicals and Traditionalist differed with each other about the RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN the
Christian and the World or Community about him.
1. One most important point that the Traditionalist and Radicals STRUGGLED OVER had to do
with the Relationship between the Christian and the community.
THE MOST IMPORTANT POINT OF DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THEM
Radical develop 4 Basic ideas of their belief:
a). The world/community cannot make Christians (reason for rejecting infant baptism)
= To be born and baptized as an infant into the Christian community brought you into the
church of your community.
Anabaptist rejected infant baptism and required a church whose members had been gathered
by faith from the community.
The Radicals said there were other things that the state or community could not do. They
believed that:
a. The community or state cannot determine the ethics and attitude of Christians.
b. The world as community or state cannot satisfy the longings and leadings of the spirit.
Separation of Church and State Radical vs. Traditionalist view
= Hundreds of years in which Christianity connected church and state had brought the “world
into the Church.”
= Traditionalist could not break the CHURCH-STATE connection.
= The Radicals believed the World-state could not determine the ethics and attitude of the
Christians nor satisfy the longings of the Spirit. = They came to believe in the need for the
church to be free or separate from the State.
2. QUESTION OF RELATIONSHIP – CHRISTIAN AND COMMUNITY.
When Anabaptist came to believe that being a citizen of a Christian community or nation could
not make a person into a Christian, they question the truth and value of infant baptism
a. If people, citizens of a “Christian” city or state are not automatically Christian (without
personal faith in Christ as Lord), can they be church members?
Anabaptist decided that a true church could not be built up out of non-believers even if the
people were citizens of a catholic nation or a protestant city like Geneva under the rule of
Calvin.
Radical Biblicist decided that believers had to be won (gathered from the community to
personal faith, for whom baptism then represented that faith in Christ.
b. Anabaptist saw that by its very nature a “Gathered” Church could not be a part of the state.
In contrast, the Traditionalist looked on the “Christian” community as a church.
Chapter 5
CAUSES OF ENGLISH REFORMATION.
A. Early Beginnings.
= “A Roman Soldier who might have been chained to Paul. After his conversion he was
transferred to the remote Roman outpost located on the English island. (Acts 28:16)
= He brought his new faith to share.
= Barbarian invasion threats to Rome itself, that required Roman troops to go back home.
= The tribes of Angles, Saxons and Jutes overran the island until they finally united into one
kingdom – called “ANGLE-LAND” or as we say it, ENGLAND as of today.
William I of Normandy (a.k.a. “The Bastards”)
1. 1066 - 1087 Invaded England and became her King.
2. He set the pattern of relationships with the pope that helped cause Henry the VIII’s move
toward reformation about 500 years later.
3. William wrote a letter to the pope and said that he REFUSED to accept the pope as his ruler
and limited Rome influence on the English church.
For William’s time until Henry VII, English kings sometimes Obeyed and sometimes refuse to
obey the popes.
Factors That Cause Henry VIII To Break With Rome and Become Supreme Head
Of The Church Of England called the Anglican Church.
Please Note: In the United States after its revolution against England, the Anglican Church was
rename EPISCOPAL.
1. Henry’s Brother died after marrying Catherine, daughter of King Ferdinand of Spain.
(England–Spain alliance are thought to be important)
2. Things were arranged for Henry to marry his brother’s widow. However, Roman Catholic Law
forbade a man to marry his brother’s widow so the Pope had to GIVE SPECIAL PERMISSION to
permit the marriage.
3. Unfortunately, The Only child of Henry and Catherine that lives was a girl. Feared England
would face a revolution if he had no male child to follow him as a king.
4. Feeling the need for a male heir, Henry ask the Pope to declare his marriage to Catherine
invalid (because she was his brother’s widow). He could then marry again with the hope of
having a male child as his heir to the throne.
“DOCTRINAL and BELIEF” BASE THAT CAUSES REFORMATION
1. LUTHER : Found Indulgences in Catholic practice as contrary to biblical teaching.
The Pope has no power to forgive sins.
2. ZWINGLI: (a.) Superstitious belief and elements in church were not found in the Scripture.
(b.) Restore the Scripture as the highest authority and that the pope’s authority could not be
supported by the scriptures.
3. CALVIN: Develop his reformation from the basis of God’s sovereignty.
4. ANABAPTIST: Spoke of Believers Baptism and the Gathered Church.
These kinds of concern formed the basic DOCTRINAL or BELIEF FACTORS that supports the
Reformation on the continent-they were.
Henry VIII: Brought up BELIEF-DOCTRINAL MATTERS when he tried to get his divorce approved,
but his first concern was for a male heir (successor to the throne), a POLITICAL CONCERN.
5. Charles V, Catherine’s nephew and Emperor of HRE, refused to permit the pope to declare
the marriage as wrong, not legal in the beginning.
6. When the pope refused to rule his marriage to Catherine illegal, Henry began to break
England away form the Roman Catholic control
7. By falsehood and force, Henry got the parliament in 1534 to declare him as SUPREME head of
the Church of England.
8. His newly appointed archbishop of the Church of England declared Henry’s marriage invalid.
In the meantime Henry had already married his second wife, Ann Boleyn.
The NEED for a successor or heir to the throne of England was a political matter. In no way was
England’s first step toward reformation caused by a difference about basic Christian belief or
practice. But the morality of Henry’s life demonstrated little concern for Christianity as a way of
life.
7. She burned to death three church of England (Anglican) leaders along with three hundred
others to achieve her aim.
= As a Result: Mary’s purpose was to hinder and bring an end to England’s Reformation, (a) But
her act of burning the leaders to death (as well as the other three hundred) may have actually
aided the Reformation. (b) Her cruel acts turned Englishmen against those who killed and the
church that would persecute in the terrible way.
= England’s Reformation rested on a political cause, the ruler of England (a political force)
determined the Reformation’s development.
When Marry died [1559 (she had ruled only five years)], the hope of reformation depended
largely on the desire of the next ruler.
8. 1559 Elizabeth, another daughter of Henry, followed Mary as England’s next queen.
= Queen Elizabeth favored the Reformation (seemingly reluctantly at first) and her nearly fifty
years of reign firmly established the English-Anglican Reformation. She permanently pulled the
Anglican Church away from Catholicism.
The First English Reformation:
= The basis for Reformation in England was political in its nature and differed from the
doctrinally or belief based Reformation on the continent.
= Church of England remains entirely Roman Catholic in Doctrine, but it was under the authority
of the king of England rather than the Pope.
1. Henry VIII had sufficient political power to begin England’s Reformation.
2. He appointed the Council of Regency to rule with his son Edward VI at the age of 9-year old
until Edward became old enough to rule on his own.
3. The Council favored the Reformation. In fact, English reformation under Edward became
even more protestant.
4. Edward died as a young boy, Henry had no other living male child; therefore his daughter
Mary by his first wife Catherine became queen of England in 1554.
5. She came to throne determined to punish those who had worked with her father, Henry VIII
to declare her mother’s marriage illegal.
6. Queen Mary was determined also to return England to the Roman Catholic Church.
Summary
a. The specific event leading to the English Reformation came from the personal desires of
Henry VIII, but the causes were much deeper.
b. Henry established the church of England in 1534. The beginning reformation continued
Roman Catholic doctrine in most things, thought it denied the authority of the pope.
c. The council of Regents reigning with Edward VI, who was still a child, moved the Reformation
toward a more Protestant stance. However, Queen Mary returned the English Church to the
bosom of Rome in 1554. Five years later, following Mary’s death, Queen Elizabeth permanently
pulled the Anglican church away from Catholicism.
d. Following Queen Elizabeth reign, the Stuart line of English rulers reigned over both Scotland
and England. Civil war broke out under the Stuarts.
e. Church of England was made the state church over both England and Scotland. When Civil
war broke out under the Stuarts, Scotland was made Presbyterian. (Calvinistic doctrine).
Presbyterians gained control and set out to make the Presbyterian Church the state Church of
both regions.
The Second English Reformation:
= England’s Reformation began to serve the private purpose of the king and began on a political
base it did not remain political, even though Henry VIII sought political ends, he did things that
resulted in Spiritual effects.
= Under his rule, Tyndale’s English language Bible was published. Later, another English Bible
was widely circulated among the people. (Tyndale, Geneva and KJV).
1. Queen Mary’s Catholic rule caused many Englishmen to flee to the European Continent as a
religious refugees.
In Europe, they became acquainted with Calvinistic ideas that limited worship elements to only
those elements taught in the Scriptures.
2. When the refugees returned to England under Elizabeth’s rule, they sought the more Radical
Reformation that the one resulting from political motives. 1654 These Reformers were called
PURITAN in common speech because they desired to Purify the English Reformation.
3. The Bible itself was not new in England, but it had been limited to the Latin language in the
Catholic churches
When the New English Language Bible became available it was so popular that church leaders
had to CHAIN them to the Church Pulpit TO PREVENT FROM TAKING THEM HOME.
Congregational missionaries came to the Philippines, they were one of the churches that united
with the United Church of Christ in the Philippines.
John Smyth serve as a preacher in the Church of England. Serious study of the Scriptures made
him decide to leave that church and join the Separatist.
1607 Smyth came to the conviction that the Scriptures must be the only guide for faith and
practice and that they required baptism of believers only.
1609 Smyth baptized himself by pouring and then he baptized 36 others. They formed the first
English church with the doctrine of believers baptism.
= Smyth himself and a few others came to believe that he did not have the authority to baptize,
they requested a nearby Minnonite Church to accept them as a members.
= A minority number of Smyths’s group under the leadership of Thomas Helwys and John
Murton returned to England (1611-12) to form what some consider to be the first Baptist
Church on English soil. After 1644 they were called Baptist.
= The English Reformation give the people no Freedom in belief. When the head of the state
was also the head of the Church, wrong doctrinal beliefs became civil offenses.
The SEPARATIST:
= Oliver Cromwell, an independent, and the army took over the government and removed the
Presbyterian control.
= English Reformation did not bring freedom of belief. The Reformation in England became the
Church of England.
= The Puritans worked to purify that church, but everyone was forced by church and
government law to be in the state church. To disagree in religious matters was the same as civil
rebellion because the church and state were united under one ruler.
= The reading of the Scriptures in the English Language by the common people planted seeds
for a second Reformation.
As a Result
(a.) People developed who did not wish to purify the church of England. (b.) They felt it could
not be changed enough to meet scriptural teaching. (c.) They SEPARATED themselves from the
Church of England and thereby became known as SEPARATISTS. (d.) 1580 Puritan minister,
Robert Browne, accepted Separatist principles and with Robert Harrison founded an
Independent church. Here comes the basic views of CONGREGATIONALIST – Resulted from the
Separatist movement.
RC Counter Reformation:
= English Reformation did not bring freedom of belief. The Reformation in England became the
Church of England.
= The RC responded to the Reformation by renewing itself in two ways.
1. Renewed its organization (Revival) RCC’s positive response to Reformation.
2.RC took steps to strongly opposed Protestantism (Counter Reformation) RCC’s negative
Response to Reformation.
Inquisition
= was the RC’s method of finding heretics-false believer. It included the attempts to persuade
non-Catholic Christians to accept RC belief by argument and also by Physical torture. It became
a brutal program of the RC.
As a Result, (a.) During the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Spanish Inquisition began against
heretics, all Jews and Muslims in Spain were forced to become Christians or to leave the
country. (b.) King Charles I of Spain became Emperor Charles V of the HRE and announced his
intention to maintain the medieval standards of Roman Catholism. (c.) Evidence of Spain
influence against Reformation can be seen in the fact that no Protestant reform movement
began nor survived in Spain during the Reformation period.
Political Factors help protect Reformation gain:
= Political relationships had continued between the RC and the HRE into the time of the
Reformation.
1. Their ongoing struggle with each other for power can be seen as one political factor that
helped to protect the Reformation.
= The energy that the popes and emperors used to struggle with each other took away
form each energy they could have used against the Reformation.
2. The factor of pope against emperor was on of personalities, new ideas about nations
(nationalism) and the dying idea of one worldwide political empire give a second political Factor
that help Reformation.
= England and France represent the developing idea of nations in that day that gives us an
example of Political Factors that aided the Reformation. Magsasarili at umaklas laban sa HRE
para sa kalayaan.
= Strong nationalistic feelings in England supported King Henry VIII’s founding of the Church in
England.
= Nationalism brought an end to the time when a pope could look to one emperor to protect
and aid the purpose of the Roman Church.
= Loyola prepared his manual of Spiritual Exercises in only four weeks as a training discipline for
the members.
= Two major achievements stand out in the many successes of the Jesuits. Their effective
organization and total obedience helped them win Southern Germany and Austria back from
Protestant Reformation influences to the RCC.
TWO SOCIOLOGICAL TERMS TO DEFINE AN EFFECTIVE ORGANIZATION:
1. MODALITY - An organization with broad general aims and fairly easy requirements for
membership.
Example: A person enters the RC by baptism at birth because his parents are catholic.
2. SODALITY – an organization with very specific aims and demanding membership
requirements. Society of Jesus gives us an example of an effective organization with specific
aims.
An organization that will aid successful church growth and mission outreach to meet the aims
that we believe the Scriptures set out for us.
The JESUITS DEVELOP
Ignatius Loyola
= A Spanish soldier was injured so greatly during the battle with the French, while he was
recovering he read legends about St. Francis of Assisi and Dominic. The Stories called them
Christ’s soldiers.
= Loyola decided to become a knight (soldier) of the Virgin Mary. His personal experiences and
his reading influenced him to see his services for God like that of a soldier.
= 1540 Loyola organized the Society of Jesus with military like dedication, the Jesuits trained
very completely and developed a characteristic of complete obedience and he served as its first
general until his death.
THREE FACTORS SEEM TO STAND OUT IN THE SOCIETY OF JESUS ORGANIZATION
1. The simple but effective organization that followed a military pattern.
2. Complete training and preparation represented by Loyola’s spiritual exercises.
3. Total Obedience to these in authority (in command) as if they were Christ himself.
CHAPTER 6:
PROTESTANT CATHOLIC CONFLICT AND THE WORLDS OPENING.
A. The Council of TRENT. (1545 - 1564)
= From the early years of Christianity, councils of church leaders had been called to help solve
problems. (Acts 28:16)
= We find the first council in the Bible when the Christians met in Jerusalem to decide what to
do about the charges made by the Judaizers against Paul.
What was the Council of Trent all about?
= The council of Trent is a State Assembly or a General Meeting called by the Pope Paul III in
order to help solved the problems brought to Roman Catholic Church by the Reformers to be
held in the City of Trent (1545 – 1564)..
TRENDING IN TRENT
= Conflict surrounded the Council itself. Two personal Interest differed or diverse from each
other.
The interest of the Pope VS the interest of the Emperor.
1. The Emperor wanted from the council was not the same as what the pope desired. The
emperor hoped the Council would unite Europe through a reconciliation with the Protestants.
= Because the emperor desired reconciliation with the Protestant, they were consulted about
the Council of Trent and participated in some of the earlier meetings. However, they soon saw
that the council could not make decisions itself because it was under the control of the pope
and Jesuits influences. The protestant withdrew from participation.
2. The Pope wanted the Council to define and declare Catholic doctrine for the purpose of
defeating and condemning the protestants.
The pope was able to control the results of the Council so it fulfilled his desires not the
emperor. The council of Trent condemned the Protestants.
The Council of Trent condemned the Protestant. The Council declared the doctrines of the
Lutherans, Zwinglians, Calvinists, Anabaptist and other dissenters as false.
3. The Pope wanted the Council to define and declare Catholic doctrine for the purpose of
defeating and condemning the protestants.
The pope was able to control the results of the Council so it fulfilled his desires not the
emperor. The council of Trent condemned the Protestants.
The Council of Trent condemned the Protestant. The Council declared the doctrines of the
Lutherans, Zwinglians, Calvinists, Anabaptist and other dissenters as false.
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCED THE COUNCILS DECISION
1. The control of the Pope and Jesuit influence.
2. The Emperor and his interest;
3. The will of the Pope and RC Agenda;
4. The death of the Popes prior to its decision; &
5. War between nations (France independence) as well as wars between Catholics and
Protestants.
IMPORTANT RESULTS & DECISION IN THE COUNCILS
COLET, a church leader contended that the priest/clergy were “vicious” deliberately cruel or
violent (immorality) and “depraved lives” meaning that the priest are morally, corrupt and
wicked.
The Council of Trent Resulted in RC…
1. REVIVAL. Revival within the RCC came from the council of Trent. In the form of improvement
in the quality of priests (but not the RC Traditional practices of Immorality & Corruption).
a. The priest must know their Bible.
b. The priest must be able to preach.
c. The priest must be disciplined & high in moral.
d. The priest must be educated
e. The priest must undergo a qualification process before appointment.
f. The major decisions of the Council represent the idea of Counter Reformation or the RC
attempt to fight against Reformation
2. COUNTER REFORMATION – The RCC attempt to fight against the Reformation.
a. The council declared the doctrines of the Lutherans, Zwinglians, Calvinists, Anabaptist,
Quakers and other dissenters as false.
b. The Apocryphal books inclusion as inspired scripture.
c. Traditions are equal to Scriptures.
d. The RC alone can interpret the Scripture.
From the church interpretation came the defining of the seven sacraments and the decision
that GOOD WORKS could AID IN JUSTIFICATION.
 The 16th Century brought active revival for the RCC, the Protestant Reformation
primarily provoked much of the revival.
 The RCC clarified and standardized its doctrine.
 A powerful new order, the JESUITS became the assault troops against Protestantism.
 Most of the territory taken from the RCC by the Protestant became the new church
battleground because of Catholicism’s revived strength.
 Before 1648, The RCC had won back most of the southern Europe.
 This struggle by the RCC along with other factors, led directly to the wars over religion
which continued many years.
B. FROM AUGSBURG(1555)–WESTPHALIA(1648)
= The time between the “Peace of Augsburg” in 1555 to the Peace of Westphalia in 1645 that
nearly 100 years of great warfare continued after the Augsburg peace treaty was signed.
Historical factors influenced Warfare.
How is it possible for Christianity to Cause War?
Where then do we find the source for these unchristian events done in the name of Christ?
A. Looking through history we find one source – EMPEROR CONSTANTINE’s adopting
Christianity and then using the power of the sword to oppose those who disagreed religiously
with him.
B. During the Medieval period, the RCC grew more by military might than it did by its
missionary efforts. This gives us an example of the ongoing infection caused by Constantine’s
use of force TO SOLVE RELIGIOUS QUESTIONS.
C. The Crusades gave us an example of Christianity’s sickness that chose the sword to advance
the Kingdom of God. (Munster Kingdom tragedy by Radical Kingdom Builders vs. The Catholic
Bishop)
D. The RCC used torture and burning at the stake to silence its enemies. (INQUISTION by the
RCC)
E. The METHODS OF THE State had become the methods of the Church as well. (War; Rebellion;
Riot)
F. Attempts to bring reform resulted in wars in four countries as the leaders used the methods
of the State (force) to serve the “purposes of God”.
= The Peace of Westphalia 1648 marks the end of the Thirty years War, it finally taught both
Catholics and Protestants that they were not going to settle their religious questions by
warfare.
= The Lutheran lands suffered more than any others during the Thirty years wars. The war
destroyed their economies and reduced their male population greatly.
= The last half of the Thirty years War gave neither side a clear victory, Neither group came out
of the war as a victor.. Catholics and Protestants fought to the great destruction of much of
Europe.
PRIMARY GROUPS FIGHTING
A. At The peace of Augsburg, Lutherans now called Protestants, signed a treaty of peace with
the RCC. However, neither Protestants nor Catholics kept their promises.
B. To add the conflict, we find the CALVINIST (Huguenots) opposing the LUTHERANS as well as
the CATHOLICS.
C. Even Lutherans disagreed with Lutherans about Theology and different German princes
defended their theologies – with the Sword.
C. CONFLICTS AMONG PROTESTANTS.
Calvinistic doctrines:
1. it was God’s choice that saved a person (Predestination).
2. Christ died only for those whom God chose to save (Limited Atonement)
3. They believed as well that since God was all-powerful, that if He chose to save a person, that
person could not resist-he would be saved (irresistible grace).
4. A person so saved could not lose his salvation.
= Some Calvinists concluded then that mankind could not assist God in his plan to give a new
life.
= Calvin's doctrines emphasized the sovereignty of God. Since God was, it was God’s choice that
saved a person.
JACOB ARMINIUS of the Netherlands
= 1588 Arminius entered upon his work in Amsterdam as pastor of one of the principal
churches and his expository sermons were so lucid, eloquent, and well-delivered as to attract
large audiences.
= He led a group that opposed Calvinistic doctrines, he was called upon from time to time to
write against the doctrines of Calvinism.
Contrary to Calvinism, Arminius:
a. Said That Christ did not die to save only those God chose for salvation. Christ died for all men
and women and that God gave salvation to all who believe in Christ.
b. He Taught that Men can cooperate with God in achieving new life and insisted that a person
could resist God’s grace or call.
c. He Believed that a person could fall from grace.
= Jacob Arminius began opposing the doctrines of the Calvinist in the Netherlands.
= Following the pattern of the day, the Calvinist who controlled the sated, (Union of Church and
state) declared the follower of Arminius a heretics at the Synod (Church council) of Dort in
1618.
= Because of the synod decision, the followers of Jacob Arminius were persecuted severely.
MAJOR VIEWS OF CALVINISM VS. ARMINIANISM COMPARISON
Calvinism: L.U.P.I.T.
1. Limited Atonement - Christ died only for
those God chooses.
2. Unconditional Election - By God’s choice or
election alone a person is save
3. Perseverance of the Saints - A save person
cannot lose his salvation- (Cannot fall from the
grace)
4. Irresistible grace - A person cannot resist
(refuse) when God chooses to save him.
4. Total Depravity - Man cannot assist God in
his plan to give new life.
Arminianism: G.R.A.B.E.
1. God’s plan in giving new life depends on
man’s cooperation.
2. Resistible grace - A person can resist
God’s call to salvation.
3. A person can fall from grace.
4. Being the only worthy for sin Offering,
Christ death were only once and It serve for
once and fro all people.
5. Election is Conditional - God saves a
person through that person’s faith.
Spanish Christianity Arrives in the Philippines
= 1521 Ferdinand Magellan’s ships arrived in the Phils. Spain-one of the most powerful nations
of that day – began its first move to DOMINATE the country and 350 years of dominating
influence brought by the Spaniards continue until today.
= When the Spaniards arrived in the Philippines., Filipinos had spoke different languages, had
different customs and practiced different religions.
= Filipinos knew themselves as Tagalogs and Visayans (Ilonggo and Cebuano) belonging to small
regions, but not as citizens of a nation. We call this grouping of peoples together in regional
areas “REGIONALISM”.
= The Spaniards did not bring the first religion to the Philippines., at that time both Tagalogs
and Visayans believed in one supreme distant god who seemed to have little to do with the
people’s lives. Animism (Anito)
= He ruled over smaller gods who Filipinos thought of as patrons of important life activities such
as farming, marriage, war, etc.
= The Spaniards found Filipinos worshiping in small nipa-bamboo buildings called SIMBAHANS
when they arrived.
= Philippine Catholic church practice provides many mediators to help Filipino Catholics to
reach what seems to be a distant God.
THE ARRIVAL OF SPANISH CATHOLICISM and ITS BENEFITS.
= Islamic influence was on important aspect of the religious situation of the Philippines when
Magellan arrived.
= Muslim traders had carried Islamic belief into the Philippines In the 14 th to 15th Century.
= Missionaries of Islamic belief had been visiting the Philippines for more than 100 years before
Magellan arrived in 1521.
AN ATTEMPT TO CHRISTIANIZED THE MUSLIMS:
Sultan Alimud Din as when converted to Christianity becomes Don Fernando de Alimud Din I.
= Spanish-Muslim Wars became much worse and they were never able to convert them.
= The Spaniards were never able to win or force the Muslims to accept their Catholic
Christianity.
SPANISH CATHOLISM BENEFITS:
The coming of the Spaniards did stop the spread of Islam throughout the rest of the Philippines.
Beginnings of Colonial American Christianity 1492 - 1648
= It is of prime importance that we must know and understand the American Christianity
because as the matter of fact, it is were our Christianity came from to begin with.
= The following Facts should give us understanding the primary reasons to want to study and
know this:
1. The rapid development of Christian strength in America has outgrown its originating source
in Europe.
2. In the 20th Century, The US has been the principal base for world missionary efforts.
3. The different patterns of Christianity that developed in the US have influenced people
around the world.
4. The primary outside source of Christian influence, both RC and Protestant-Evangelical, in the
Philippines has come from the US for nearly 100 years.
= Throughout the history of the United States, many persecuted minority groups migrated
there from most of the nations of Europe. The Lutherans from Germany, Congregationalists
from Holland, Calvinist from Scotland, and Puritans and Baptist from England, all brought their
different patterns of Christian life and experience to the US.
FREEDOM OF RELIGION (not absolute one) = This freedom of Religion resulted from Christian
developments in America’s early beginnings. The immigration by many settlers of different
religious backgrounds (Pilgrims from Europe and England) resulted in a great variety of religious
expression.
= These many varieties characterized American Christianity and influenced others in the world.
= In the Philippines After the Spaniards were forced out by the Americans, even the Roman
Catholic influences in the Philippines came from the United States.
CONFRONTATION OF RELIGIOUS LIBERTY AND OPPRESSION IN THE AMERICAN
COLONIES:
= An early conflict between religious oppression and freedom and its results affect eh
Philippines even until now.
= In the early English Pilgrims came to America through the ship and landed at Massachusetts.
= They were the Pilgrims trying to escape religious persecution in England. They wanted
freedom to worship as they felt God led them, They were CONGREGATIONALISTS.
= They founded the first Congregational Churches in America as a part of The Massachusetts
Bay Colony.
THEOCRATIC GOVERNMENT
THEOS means God and
CRATIC means TO RULE:
THEOCRATIC = God ruling through the state.
= Many denominations had a part in early American Christian development, and they were:
a. Anglicans (Church of England) - Episcopal
b. Congregationalists – (Separatist) Englishmen who were being influence by Calvinist
(Huguenots)
c. Lutherans - Germany
d. Roman Catholics
e. Baptists – Englishmen known as Pilgrims who were being influence by Mennonites brethren.
= A large group of Puritans (Church of England members who tried to reform that church from
within) joined together the Puritans and Congregationalist United In One Church System.
= They developed their government (State) and church as a THEOCRATIC GOVERNMENT. The
colony passed regulation that only members of the established congregational churches could
be freemen.
= Consider carefully this group of people who escaped from religious persecution. They had
their desire to worship as they felt God led them but immediately they denied others the same
freedom.
= The persecuted became persecutors. The pattern of European oppression of Christian beliefs
that differ or divers from the others, began to repeat the oppression of Christian who believed
differently in America.
= Example: Roger Williams an outstanding minister came to Massachusetts Bay Colony, spoke
against the colony’s idea of Theocratic system. His views hold that favored religious liberty.
= Nevertheless, Almost no one in Europe or America whether RC or Protestant accepted the
idea of religious freedom, except Roger Williams in America and Few people in England like the
General Baptists.
= The early Christian churches in America began to repeat the pattern (Religion in Europe and
England). They throw Williams out (Banish him) from the colony. This shows the early
opposition to religious freedom in America.
= The Holy Roman Empire and Calvin’s kind of government instituted in Geneva, while different
in many ways, had been attempts Christians and made in Europe toward a similar idea of a
theocracy in America.
THE PROBLEM OF THEOCRACY.
The problem of Theocracy is on How Do We Hear God Proclaim His Rule?
= The HRE was the idea that God would rule. Conversely, the problem question became, “Who
speaks for God?”
a). The Pope said, “THROUGH MY WORDS.”.
b). Calvin declared, “THROUGH THE CITY COUNCIL DECISIONS.”
c). When the Congregationalist established their theocracy in the Bay Colony, through whom
did the authority of God speak? – THE CONGREGATION!
NOTE: That If you did not agree with the decision of the congregation then you were against the
very command of God.
= Mankind always gets into trouble when he takes on the authority of God for himself.
= Congregationalist and Puritans in the Massachusetts Bay Colony required that a man be a
member of Congregational church before he could vote, they repeated the European pattern
and united the church and state in their form of government.
THE PATTERN OF “NO FREEDOM OF RELIGIONS”
TREATY OF WESTPHALIA
= The protestants and Catholics came to the German State of Westphalia to make the decisions
that would end the 30 years’ war that reckon the point in time as the beginning of the modern
times, perhaps modern history.
= The treaties, provided the same civil and religious right for Lutherans, Calvinists and RC (This
does not mean however that various groups always received those rights).
= The Peace of Westphalia is important to us because it brought great changes in history. It is
important to us Filipinos to realize that Spain, who was an important nation at the Peace of
Westphalia, had been in contact with the Philippines about 100 years by the year 1648.
= It is important as well to remember that the pope opposed the decisions made at Westphalia.
The pope believed in using the force of the sword for spiritual end and the 30 years War did not
change his belief.
= The pope who claimed to represent the Prince of Peace on earth opposed peace when it was
forced him by the peace of Westphalia.
= This has been the pagan ways belief system.