Risk Assessment Data Directory
Report No. 434 – 12
March 2010
Occupational
risk
International Association of Oil & Gas Producers
P
ublications
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guidelines as a starting point for their operations or to supplement their own policies and
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RADD – Occupational risk
contents
1.0
1.1
1.2
Scope and Definitions ........................................................... 1
Application ...................................................................................................... 1
Definitions ....................................................................................................... 1
2.0
2.1
2.2
Summary of Recommended Data ............................................ 2
Fatal Accident Rates....................................................................................... 2
Causes of Fatal Accidents ............................................................................. 3
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
Guidance on use of data ........................................................ 5
General validity ............................................................................................... 5
Uncertainties ................................................................................................... 5
Risk calculation for QRA................................................................................ 5
4.0
Review of data sources ......................................................... 5
5.0
Recommended data sources for further information .............. 6
6.0
6.1
6.2
References ............................................................................ 7
References for Sections 2.0 to 4.0 ................................................................ 7
References for other data sources................................................................ 7
©OGP
RADD – Occupational risk
Abbreviations:
CMPT
CS
DNV
E&P
FAR
FSU
IRPA
LTIF
OGP
OSHA
QRA
UK
UKCS
Centre for Marine and Petroleum Technology
Continental Shelf
Det Norske Veritas
Exploration and Production
Fatal Accident Rate
Former Soviet Union
Individual Risk Per Annum
Lost Time Injury Frequency
International Association of Oil & Gas Producers
(US) Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Quantitative Risk Assessment (sometimes Analysis)
United Kingdom
United Kingdom Continental Shelf
©OGP
RADD – Occupational risk
1.0
Scope and Definitions
1.1
Application
This datasheet presents (Section 2.0) occupational risks in the global E&P (Exploration
& Production) industry, for both onshore and offshore facilities.
The occupational risks include transport risks, which are often analysed separately in
QRAs. Some indication is given as to how the occupational risks presented can be
adjusted to remove transport risks.
1.2
Definitions
Fatality risks are presented in terms of the FAR (Fatal Accident Rate). This is defined
as:
FAR = number of fatalities per 108 exposed hours.
•
Onshore, “exposed hours” are working hours.
Onshore work [1]: All activities and occupations that take place within a land
mass, including those in swamps, rivers and lakes. Activities in bays, major inland
seas, or in other inland seas directly connected to oceans are counted as offshore
(see below).
•
Offshore, “exposed hours” are sometimes defined (e.g. by OSHA) as offshore
working hours only (12 hours per day), elsewhere (e.g. Norway) as all hours spent
offshore (24 hours per day). The offshore FAR values presented in Section 2.0 are
for working hours only.
Offshore work [1]: All activities and occupations that take place at sea, including
major inland seas (e.g. Caspian Sea) and other inland seas directly connected with
oceans. Includes transportation of people and equipment from shore to the
offshore location either by vessel or helicopter.
Factors are given to modify the overall fatality risks presented for different functions:
Exploration, Drilling and Production, defined as follows in [1]:
Exploration: Geophysical, seismographic and geological operations, including
their administrative and engineering aspects, construction, maintenance, materials
supply, and transportation of personnel and equipment; excludes drilling.
Drilling: All exploration, appraisal and production drilling and workover as well as
their administrative, engineering, construction, materials supply and
transportation aspects. It includes site preparation, rigging up and down and
restoration of the drilling site upon work completion. Drilling includes ALL
exploration, appraisal and production drilling.
Production: Petroleum and natural gas producing operations, including their
administrative and engineering aspects, minor construction, repairs, maintenance
and servicing, materials supply, and transportation of personnel and equipment. It
covers all mainstream production operations including wireline. It does not cover
production drilling and workover.
©OGP
1
RADD – Occupational risk
2.0
Summary of Recommended Data
It is recommended, wherever possible, to use local operator specific data for
occupational risk (see Section 5.0). Where these are not available, the data presented
below can be used.
2.1
Fatal Accident Rates
Table 2.1 presents overall worldwide FAR values by work location (onshore/offshore) for
all personnel and separately for company employees and contractors. Note that these
values include fatalities due to air and land transport incidents, except where indicated.
Table 2.2 presents modification factors that can be used to factor the values in Table 2.1
for different functions: exploration, drilling, production and offshore catering/stewards
(but see also Table 2.4 for drilling FAR values). Table 2.3 gives multiplication factors for
different regions of the world that can be applied to the worldwide FAR values given in
Table 2.1 to obtain region-specific FAR values. Note that the values presented in Table
2.1 and Table 2.3 are based on data published by OGP and the data presented in Table
2.4 are based on data published by IADC: see Section 3.1 regarding their validity.
Table 2.1 Overall W orldwide FAR Values
Personnel
Events
All Personnel
Com pany
Em ployees
Contractors
All
Locations
4.44
Onshore
Offshore
4.71
3.56
4.16
-
-
N/A
3.13
N/A
All*
2.08
2.24
1.37
All*
5.34
5.74
4.15
All*
Excl. Air
Transport†‡
Excl. Land
Transport†
* See Section 4.0 for definition of ‘All’.
†
These values are given as often air and land transport are analysed separately in a QRA.
‡
No separate values are given for onshore and offshore as the relative contributions to each
cannot be determined from the data.
Table 2.2 Modification Factors for Specific Functions
Function
Exploration
Drilling
Production
Offshore
Catering/Stewards
2
Modification Factor
W orldwide
North
Onshore &
Sea
Offshore
Offshore
1.1
1.1
1.6
0.7
1.6
0.1
0.1
©OGP
RADD – Occupational risk
Table 2.3 Multiplication Factors for Different Regions 1 (Apply to Table 2.1
FAR Values)
Europ
e
FSU
Middle
East
North
America
South
America
1.54
Asia/
Australasia
0.36
0.71
1.38
0.98
0.74
0.86
Offshore
1.22
0.56
1.05
0.69
0.82
1.52
0.92
All
1.49
0.40
0.79
1.42
0.98
0.90
0.88
Onshore
1.19
0.29
0.75
2.14
1.19
0.41
0.64
Offshore
1.00
0.72
2.94
0.00
0.00
0.47
0.00
All
1.17
0.35
1.14
2.25
1.15
0.41
0.55
Onshore
1.46
0.35
0.93
1.28
0.94
0.97
0.82
Offshore
1.17
0.53
0.88
0.68
0.84
1.86
1.10
All
1.42
0.39
0.81
1.32
0.95
1.17
0.88
Personne
l
Locatio
n
Africa
All
Onshore
Company
Contract
or
Table 2.4 FAR Values for Personnel Engaged in Drilling Operations
Country/Region
USA
Canada
Central / South America
Europe
Africa
Middle East
Asia Pacific
Industry Average
FAR values
Onshore Offshore Com bined
16.10
7.30
13.17
18.68
0.00
12.19
5.53
5.13
5.41
3.68
2.21
2.45
7.11
6.06
6.49
3.08
5.44
3.69
6.53
5.96
6.17
7.53
For the UK and Norway Continental Shelfs (offshore), Alberta, Canada (onshore), and
the USA (oil and gas extraction), the following FAR values are available. Note that these
exclude helicopter accidents and are based on 2000 working hours per year.
UKCS: FAR = 3.78
2.2
Norway: FAR = 0.94
Alberta: FAR = 8.26
USA: FAR = 11.42
Causes of Fatal Accidents
Figure 2.1 shows the proportions of fatal accidents due to different causes. They apply
to the FAR value in Table 2.1 for all events, all locations (i.e. onshore and offshore).
Transport fatalities account for almost 24% of the total. Figure 2.2 shows the causal
breakdown excluding transport (air and vehicle incidents) and unknown causes.
1
Note that, as these are ratios of FAR values rather than absolute values, the ‘All’ values do not
necessarily lie between the corresponding ‘Onshore’ and ‘Offshore’ values.
©OGP
3
RADD – Occupational risk
Figure 2.1 Causes of Fatal Accidents
Figure 2.2 Causes of Fatal Accidents, excluding Transport and Unknown
4
©OGP
RADD – Occupational risk
3.0
Guidance on use of data
3.1
General validity
The occupational risk values given in Table 2.1 and Table 2.3 can be applied to E&P
facilities worldwide or in the specific regions presented in Table 2.3. However, they are
based on data provided to OGP by OGP’s members, and may not be representative in all
geographical areas.
The occupational risk values given in Table 2.4 for personnel engaged in drilling
operations are based on data provided to IADC by IADC’s members. If drilling
operations are undertaken by a contractor that is not a member of IADC, the values in
Table 2.4 may not be applicable.
3.2
Uncertainties
The data presented in Section 2.0 are in the main based on that obtained by OGP from
its members. OGP’s reports [1] do not discuss data quality, i.e. whether the data from
each of the members and the countries where each member operates are subject to
consistent reporting criteria and verification. Discrepancies may also occur in that not
all companies report contractor hours. A further consideration is that the data do not
reflect non OGP members and so may not be representative of the industry as a whole.
The overall size of the database, as regards both working hours and fatalities, is
sufficiently large (see Section 4.0) that the statistical uncertainties associated with the
FAR values in Table 2.1 are small compared to the variations between regions and
operators. Uncertainties are dominated by local variations. Even within geographically
close countries, such as within the EU, variations can be large. Hence, as discussed in
Section 5.0, it is preferable wherever possible to use local operator specific data.
3.3
Risk calculation for QRA
In QRAs, risks are frequently calculated and presented in terms of Individual Risk Per
Annum (IRPA). FAR values therefore need to be converted to IRPA values using actual
work pattern data. For example:
•
Working 2000 hours per year:
•
Offshore, as personnel are exposed to risk whilst off shift and in the TR, their risks
are sometimes presented on the basis of 24 hours per day exposure whilst offshore.
In this case, the contributions from the on shift and off shift FAR values need to be
summed. The off shift FAR value for all workers can be estimated by applying the
factor given in Table 2.2 for catering/stewards to the appropriate FAR value in Table
2.1.
4.0
Review of data sources
The principal source of the data presented in Section 2.0 is the data published by OGP
[1] for the period 2002-6. During this period, the worldwide FAR has been roughly
constant, and significantly lower than in the 1990s. It is therefore believed that it is
reasonably representative of current occupational risks. The data for the individual
years (both exposure and fatalities) have been summed over the 5-year period to
calculate the FAR values given in Section 2.1.
©OGP
5
RADD – Occupational risk
The database from which the OGP reports [1] are drawn contains records of incidents
resulting in 532 fatalities over 12 × 109 working hours during that period. Fatalities due
to all causes are included, including vehicle incidents and air transport as well as being
struck, explosion/burn, electrical, drowning, falls, and ‘caught between’.
Fatality rate data are available going back to 1997, facilitating trend analysis. In the
most recent report, the data have been contributed by 41 companies representing
activities in 84 countries. Data quality is not discussed in the OGP reports and hence
judgment as to its completeness cannot be presented here. However, from a review of
other potential sources and bearing in mind that activities of OGP members extend
worldwide, this is believed to be the most comprehensive source.
To determine the modification factors by function for the North Sea (Table 2.2), more
local sources [2],[3],[4] were compared and approximate averages taken. The same
value for offshore catering/stewards is also suggested for Worldwide use; the other
factors in Modification Factors for Specific Functions come from the OGP data.
The United Kingdom and Norway Continental Shelf FAR values are given in [5]. They
are for the period 2001 to the first half of 2007. The Alberta FAR can be calculated from
data given in [6]. The USA oil and gas extraction FAR was calculated from data given in
[7]: these data give fatalities per 100,000 employees and it is necessary to make an
assumption about annual working hours per employee: for consistency with the OGP
data, 2000 hours were assumed.
5.0
Recommended data sources for further information
Lost time injury frequencies (LTIFs) for specific countries are given in the OGP reports
[1], however there is no breakdown by company/contractor, onshore/offshore or
function. It might be thought that the FAR/LTIF ratio could be used as a surrogate either
to obtain country specific FAR values or to obtain a more detailed breakdown of LTIF
values. However, a review of the data shows a wide variation in that ratio such that this
would be an unreliable approach.
Country specific data are available from some statutory authorities (see Section 6.2 for
references and URLs):
•
UK
•
Norway
•
Denmark
•
Netherlands
•
USA
•
Canada
As most operators maintain incident databases (data from which have been gathered
into the OGP database [1]), it may be preferable to use operator specific data. However,
if these have not been analysed in a form suitable for QRA, the values presented in
Section 2.0 can be used. In any case, these should be used as to validate any operator
specific risks calculated.
6
©OGP
RADD – Occupational risk
6.0
References
6.1
References for Sections 2.0 to 4.0
[1] OGP, 2007. Safety performance indicators – 2006 data, Report No. 391. Also corresponding reports for 2001-2005 data. http://www.ogp.org.uk/Publications/index.asp.
[2] Spouge et al., 1999. A Guide to Quantitative Risk Assessment for Offshore Installations,
App. XIV, ISBN 1 870553 365, Publication 99/100, Centre for Marine and Petroleum
Technology (CMPT). Now available from the Energy Institute:
http://www.energyinst.org.uk/index.cfm?PageID=5.
[3] DNV, 2000. Occupational Risks for Workers on Offshore Installations, Revision 0, report
for BP Amoco, DNV Order No. 30400100.
[4] BP, 2003. Occupational Risk for Offshore Workers, Rev 0, BP Report No. D/UTG/051/03.
[5] Petroleum Safety Authority Norway, 2008. Risk Levels in the petroleum industry –
Summary Report Norwegian Continental Shelf 2007, Ptil-08-03:
http://www.ptil.no/getfile.php/PDF/Summary_rep_2008.pdf.
[6] Alberta Employment, Immigration and Industry, 2007. Lost-Time Claims, Disabling
Injury Claims and Claim Rates, Upstream Oil and Gas Industries 2002 to 2006.
http://employment.alberta.ca/documents/WHS/WHS-PUB_oid_2006_oil_and_gas.pdf
[7] Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2007. Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI):
http://www.bls.gov/iif/oshwc/cfoi/CFOI_Rates_2006.pdf. Previous years’ reports can
be found at: http://www.bls.gov/iif/oshcfoil.htm.
6.2
References for other data sources
UK
http://www.hse.gov.uk/offshore/statistics/hsr0607.pdf (2006/7; earlier years also
available)
Norway
[5] above: follow link to The Trends in Risk Levels report 2006; summary report in
English; the full report is only in Norwegian, available via the following link:
http://www.ptil.no/nyheter/risikonivaaet-2007-god-utvikling-men-flere-alvorlige-hendelser-article4466-24.html
Denm ark
http://www.ens.dk/graphics/Publikationer/Olie_Gas_UK/Oil_and_Gas_Production_in_De
nmark_2006/html/chapter05.htm
Netherlands
http://www.sodm.nl/data/jvs/jvs2006_eng.pdf: see Appendix F.
USA
http://www.mms.gov/incidents/IncidentStatisticsSummaries.htm#2006-2010:
presentation of
inform-ation lacks exposure data. Also available to purchase: API - Survey on
Petroleum
Industry
Occupational
Injury
and
Illness
Report:
http://www.api.org/ehs/health/measuring/index.cfm
©OGP
7
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