Fungi –distinct group • neither plants nor animals. • resemble plants because: • • Mold, mildew, yeast, smut, blights, mushrooms,etc Have a cell wall nonmotile • Unlike plants they _______and cannot use photosynthesis • sporebearing organisms with absorptive nutrition • can reproduce sexually and asexually • Many are saprophytic • The science discipline dealing with fungi is called __Mycology___________ © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. >100,000 known species of fungi found in various environments primarily terrestrial organisms can adapt to environment extremes especially Temperature and pH extremes ~___% are pathogenic = infect plants and animals. grow best in : moist environment ~___% of fungi are saprobes/saprophytic= live off of _____ tissues © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Fungi Majority are unicellular or colonial; a few have cellular specialization Divided into 2 groups: 1) macroscopic fungi (mushrooms, puffballs) 2) microscopic fungi • ____ • ____ © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microscopic Fungi Exist in two morphologies: 1) yeast round to oval shaped & undergo asexual reproduction by budding are larger than bacteria. Some form __________ = Chain of budding daughter cells © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microscopic Fungi Exist in two morphologies: 2) Mold –consists of filaments called _______ = Thread-like, filamentous, tubular cells Overall: Some fungi exist in either microscopic form – ________ Yeast or mold based on __________________ © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Macroscopic view colonies of ____ like those of bacteria: soft, uniform texture and appearance. colonies of ____ look cottony, hairy, or velvety. The woven, intertwining mass of hyphae that makes up the body or colony of a mold = ___________. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Hyphae –classified by structure Nonseptate hyphae consist of one long continuous cell = no ______ or septa cytoplasm and organelles move freely from one region to another with each hyphae having ___________________. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Hyphae –classified by structure septate hyphae crosswalls division varies from solid partitions to partial walls with small pores Allows flow of __________ And ________ © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Hyphae-classified by function 1.vegetative hyphae Penetrates the substrate digests & absorbs nutrients Releases enzymes & ________________ 2.reproductive or _____ hyphae orient vertically from the vegetative mycelium produce & support spores spores responsible for dissemination, reproduction and survival Producing ________________ © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Spores dispersed widely through the environment by __, _____, and living things. Upon encountering a substrate, a spore will germinate and produce a new fungus colony in a very short time. fungi are very diverse & are classified and identified by their ________ and _________ © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Aspergillus niger Penicillium Microsporum canis-causes ringworm Penicillium © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 1) Fungal Nutrition-saprobes Majority are harmless _____= obtain nutrients/ substrates from dead plants & animals Extremely widespread distribution in many habitats fungi act as ____________. degrade complex organic material in the environment to simple compounds =____ fungi→possess ______ -break down organic matter ___________-beneficial fungi associated with plant roots (help make H2O & nutrients available to plant) © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 2) Parasitic fungi use the bodies of living animals or plants can reach host because spores are carried by wind or water or on insects and animals. Fungi plant diseases-wilts, mildews, blights, _____, and ______ diseases of domestic birds and animals lead to economic losses. Huitlacoche-Mexican delicacy www.flickr.com © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Ustilago sp. Fungal human diseases Cutaneous mycoses/______________- affect hair, skin, and nails ringworms or tineas- occur worldwide and represent the most common fungal diseases in humans. Tinea corporis (body) Tinea pedis (foot) tinea cruris (groin) all caused by various __________ (fungus) species. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Wood’s (UV) lamp→fungus fluoresces Tinea cruris ringworm Tinea pedis Tinea capitis © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Candida albicans-nosocomial pathogen (yeast infections) (HAI- healthcare acquired infections) part of ___________-GI tract, mouth, and vagina does not usually cause disease →bacteria NF suppresses growth = Immune system also suppresses C. albicans growth BUT: Decrease/absence of NF= yeast proliferates and causes disease= If immunosuppressed=increased risk Oral candidiasis (______)= infects neonates during birth © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Candida albicans-nosocomial pathogen Thrush in immune compromised individuals→ _________________ candidal vaginitis→transmitted during sexual intercourse (STI) Vagina – Lactobacillus sp. =↓pH Treatment with intravaginal drugs During pregnancy=hormonal changes → ___% of women have yeast infection during 3rd trimester © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 3) Fungi- produce mycotoxins Aspergillus flavus produces __________ that are highly toxic and carcinogenic to animals and humans. These toxins are the most potent __ (cancer causing agent) yet discovered. Aspergillus flavus infesting peanuts and corn- check with ____ © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Fungi toxin -example 2 Claviceps purpurea parasitizes rye and wheat causing the formation of the toxin _____. Ergotism -the toxic condition in humans and animals gangrene, psychotic delusions, nervous spasms, abortion, and convulsions. Most grains grown in the US are ____________to the ergot fungus but many strains grown in other parts of the world are not. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. the middle ages ergotism known as St Anthony's fire =killed thousands France 943 AD, 40000 deaths were recorded from ergotism. ______________________________________________ USA accusations of witchcraft in Massachusetts communities in the late 1690s – due to ergotism? symptoms of ergot poisoning =______________ © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. fungus infested rye was used in bread making Weather conditions records for 1690 to 1692 show that New England weather was ideal for the growth of the fungus! All the conditions for the ergot poisoning were present! ergot toxin- its active ingredient _______(__). In controlled doses ergot can be used to induce labor, lower blood pressure, and _______________ © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Stachybotrys sp. –sick building syndrome - produces mycotoxins→asthma & other respiratory problems ie. _________ © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 4) Industrial processes Fungi especially the yeasts, are essential to may industrial processes involving ______________ Soy sauce production : Aspergillus oryazae © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 5) antibiotics Some fungi produce metabolic byproducts that are toxic to other microorganisms= ____________ We extract and purify the antibiotics to treat human infections! Examples: Penicillium sp.- penicillin Cephalosporium sp.-cephalosporin. (fungus --- antibiotic) (some bacteria can also make antibiotics) © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.