21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World Reviewer Q4 M1 - Representative Texts and Authors from Asia 1. Illustrado by Miguel Syjuco (Philippines) - Miguel Syjuco is a Filipino writer from Manila and the grand prize winner of the 2008 Man Asian Literary Prize for his first novel Illustrado. 2. Three Sisters by Bi Feiyu (China) - Bi Feiyu is a Chinese writer. His works are known for their complex portrayal of the "female psyche." 3. Shin Kyung-sook (South Korea) - Shin Kyung-sook became the first Korean writer to win the Man Asian Literary Prize in 2012 for her novel Please Look After Mother. 4. Govind Vinayak Karandikar (India) - (2010), better known as Vindā, was an Indian poet, writer, literary critic, and translator in the Marathi-language. - The Wheel by VindaKarandikar (India) 5. Yosuke Tanaka (Japan) - He was born in Tokyo in 1969 and made his debut as a poet in the prestigious literary magazine Eureka at the age of 19. So far, he has published two poetry books, A Day When the Mountains are Visible in 1999, and Sweet Ultramarine Dreams in 2008. M2 - Representative Texts and Authors from North America 1. James Brendan Patterson (New York) - He published his first novel in 1976 called The Thomas Berryman Number. Patterson has written 147 novels since 1976. He has had 114 New York Times bestselling novels, and holds The New York Times record for most #1 New York Times bestsellers by a single author, a total of 67, which is also a Guinness World Record. - He appeared on the Fox TV show The Simpsons (in the episode "Yokel Chords") and in various episodes of Castle as himself. 2. Nicholas Sparks (North Carolina) - He has published twenty-one novels and two non-fiction books, all of which have been New York Times bestsellers, with over 115 million copies sold worldwide in more than 50 languages. - Eleven of his novels have been adapted to film, including The Choice, The Longest Ride, The Best of Me, Safe Haven (on all of which he served as a producer), The Lucky One, Message in a Bottle, A Walk to Remember, Nights in Rodanthe, Dear John, The Last Song and The Notebook 3. John Green (Indianapolis, Indiana) - John Michael Green (born August 24, 1977) is an American author and YouTube content creator. He won the 2006 Printz Award for his debut novel, Looking for Alaska, and his fourth solo novel, The Fault in Our Stars, debuted at number one on The New York Times Best Seller list in January 2012. 4. Suzanne Collins (Hartford, Connecticut) - In September 2008, Scholastic Press released The Hunger Games, the first book of a trilogy by Collins. The Hunger Games was partly inspired by the Greek myth of Theseus and the Minotaur. 5.Billy Collins (New York) - Billy Collins is arguably the greatest poet of the 21st century. - FORGETFULNESS By Billy Collins M3 - Representative Texts and Authors from Europe 1. Joanne Rowling (31, July 1965) born in Yate, Gloucestershire, a British writer and philanthropist. She is best known as the author of the Harry Potter fantasy series and with her pen name J.K. Rowling. - These are under the pen name Robert Galibraith. 2. Stephen Edwin King - (21 September 1947) born in Portland, Maine. He is an American writer of various genre such as horror, supernatural fiction, suspense, science-fiction, and fantasy novels. - Many of his books have been adopted into films, televisions, miniseries, and comic books. - He also has a pen name of Richard Bachmanin which he wrote:Rage (9177), The Long Walk (1979), Roadwork (1981), and The Running Man (1982), and Thinner (1984); being John Swithen: in the short story “The Fifth Quarter'', and Beryl Evans: “the children's book’ Charlie the ChooChoo: From the World of The Dark Tower (2016). He has been described as the ‘King of Horror”, 3. Neil Richard Mackinnon Gaiman - He is a British writer who earned critical praise and popular success with richly imagined fantasy tales that frequently feature a darkly humorous tone. Neil Gaiman is credited with being one of the creators of modern comics, as well as an author whose work crosses genres and reaches audiences of all ages. - Don’t Panic: The Official Hitch Hiker’s Guide to the Galaxy Companion, Violent Cases, Black Orchid, Good Omens, Neverwhere, Stardust, Coraline (2002; film (2009), - The Sandman (1989) that captured an enviable list of awards and was DC Comics’ top selling title; became the first comic ever to receive a literary award, the 1991 World Fantasy Award for Best Short Story. 4. George Raymond Richard Martin - (born on 20, September 1948; as George Raymond Martin) also known as GRRM and George R.R. Martin. - He is an American novelist, short story writer, screenwriter, and television producer. He is known for his international bestselling series of epic fantasy novels, A Song of Ice and Fire and later adapted into the Home Box - Office (HBO) dramatic series of Game Of Thrones (2011). “Sandkings” (1979) the only short story of Martin that have won both the Hugo Award and Nebula Award as the Best Novelette and the Locus Award for best novelette. M4 - Representative Texts and Authors from Latin America Latin American Literature - consists of the oral and written literature of Latin America in diverse languages, like Spanish, Portuguese and the Indigenous languages of the Americas in particular. It became globally prominent during the second half of the 20th century, largely because of the international success of the style known as Magical Realism. 20th century literary movement known as Latin American Boom which was actively supported by Gabriel Garcia Marquez. HISTORY ● Latin American Literature has a rich and complex tradition of literary production that dates back many centuries. ● Pre-Columbian Literature was primarily oral, while the Aztecs and Mayans produced elaborate codices. ● Colonial Literature when Europeans encountered the New World, early explorers and conquistadors produced written accounts of crónicas of their experience, like Columbus’s letters or Bernal Diaz del Castillo’s description of the conquest of Mexico. ● Nineteenth Century Literature was the period of foundational fictions. Novels in the Romantic or Naturalist traditions which attempted to establish a sense of national identity and focused on the role and rights of the indigenous or the dichotomy of “civilization or barbarism”. ● ● ● ● Modernismo, the Vanguards, and Boom precursors emerged in the late 19th century as a poetic movement whose founding text was the Nicaraguan Ruben Dario’s Azul. Avant-Garde also vanguardia (fore guard) was the next artistic movement after Modernismo which instituted a radical search for new, daring, confrontational themes and shockingly novel forms. The Boom was a literary movement of the 1960s and 1970s, after World War II, Latin America enjoyed increasing economic prosperity, and a new-found confidence also gave rise to a literary boom. Post-Boom and Contemporary Literature is characterized by a tendency towards irony and humor and towards the use of popular genres. 1. Gabriel Garcia Marquez - was a famous Columbian novelist, short story writer, journalist, screenwriter and a Nobel Prize winner in 1982 for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent’s life and conflicts. - He was familiarly known as “Gabo” and considered as one of the greatest authors of the 20th century. - One Hundred Years of Solitude, Chronicle of a Death Foretold, Love in time of Cholera, and Autumn of the Patriarch. He was awarded the Neustadt International Prize for Literature (1972) and Nobel Prize in Literature awardee (1982). 2. Carlos FuentesMacías - was a Mexican novelist and essayist. He was described by The New York Times as “one of the most admired writers in the Spanish Speaking World” and an important influence in the Latin American Boom while The Guardian called him “Mexico’s most celebrated novelist. - Miguel de Cervantes Prize, Belisario Dominguez Medal of Honor (1999) as Mexico’s highest award and was often a candidate for the Nobel Prize in Literature, though he never won. Among his works are The Death of Artemio Cruz, Aura, Terra Nostra, The Old Gringo and Christopher Unborn. 3. Mario Vargas Llosa - is a Peruvian Spanish writer whose commitment to social change is evident in his novels, plays, and essays and was awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize in Literature.. - He was an unsuccessful candidate for president in Peru year 1990. He wrote about this experience “A Fish in the Water: A Memoir” (1993) and became a citizen of Spain and was awarded the Cervantes Prize Of the same year. - “The Notebooks of Don Rigoberto” (1997), The feast of the Goat (2000, filmed 2005), The Way to Paradise (2003) The Bad Girl (2006), The Dream of the Celt (2010), The Discreet Hero (2013) and The Neighborhood (2016). 4. Julia Alvarez - is a Dominican-American poet, novelist, and essayist. Many literary critics regard her to be one of the most significant Latina writers and she has achieved critical and commercial success on an international scale. - How the Garcia Girls Lost Their Accents (1991), In the Time of the Butterflies (1994), and Yo! (1997). Her works as a poet include Homecoming (1984), and The Woman I kept to Myself (2004) and Something to Declare (1998) was her autobiographical compilation as an essayist. Her notable award was the National Medal of Arts (2014) from President Obama. M5 - Representative Texts and Authors from Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. 1. Chinua Achebe - a Nigerian novelist, poet, professor, and critic. - He is often called the father of modern African literature. - His most famous novel, Things Fall Apart (1958),is one of the most widely read- books in the world is a devastating depiction of the clash between traditional tribal values and the effects of colonial rule, as well as the tension between masculinity and femininity in highly patriarchal societies. 2. Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie - a Nigerian writer whose works range from novels to short stories to nonfiction. - Adichie’s works are primarily character-driven, interweaving the background of her native Nigeria and social and political events into the narrative. - Purple Hibiscus (2003) is a bildungsroman, depicting the life experience of Kambili and her family during a military coup - Her latest work Americanah (2013) is an insightful portrayal of Nigerian immigrant life and race relations in America and the western world. 3. AyiKwei Armah - is a Ghanaian writer best known as an essayist, as well as having written poetry, short stories, and books for children. - Armah’s novels are known for their intense, powerful depictions of political devastation and social frustration in Armah’s native Ghana, told from the point of view of the individual. - The Beautyful Ones Are Not Yet Born (1968) centers around an unnamed protagonist who attempts to understand his self and his country in the wake of post-independence. 4. Mariama Bâ - a Senegalese author and feminist, whose French- language novels were both translated into more than a dozen languages. - She is one of Africa’s most influential women authors, Mariama Bâ is known for her powerful feminist texts, which address the issues of gender inequality in her native Senegal and wider Africa. - her novel So Long A Letter (1981) depicts, simultaneously, its protagonist’s strength and powerlessness within marriage and wider society. 5. Nuruddin Farah - a Somali novelist. - He has also written plays both for stage and radio, as well as short stories and essays. - The title of his first novel From a Crooked Rib (1970) stems from a Somali proverb “God created woman from a crooked rib, and anyone who tried to straighten it, breaketh it”, and is a commentary on the sufferings of women in Somali society through the narrative of a young woman trapped in an unhappy marriage. M6 - Literary genres and their elements, structures, and traditions in Asia ● - ● - - Haiku unrhymed poetic form consisting of 17 syllables arranged in three lines of 5, 7, and 5 syllables respectively. Haiku is a nature poem which revolves around seasons and nature. This means that Haiku brings the readers closer to natural beauty while highlighting a particular aspect of human psychology or activities which is associated with a seasonal word. Science Fiction (sci-fi or SF) a genre of speculative fiction that contains imagined elements that don’t exist in the real world. Science fiction spans a wide range of themes that often explore time travel, space travel, are set in the future, and deal with the consequences of technological and scientific advances. Ancient Indian poetry such as the Hindu epic Ramayana (5th to 4th century BC) includes Vimana flying machines able to ● - - travel into space or underwater, and destroy entire cities using advanced weapons. Folklore is the expressive body of culture shared by a particular group of people; it encompasses the traditions common to that culture, subculture or group. These include oral traditions such as tales, proverbs and jokes. They can be classified into many different groups that are to be sung or to be spoken. Here are some of the contributions of North American literature in the 21st century literary genres. ● - - Haruki Murakami - was born in Kyoto, Japan on January 12,1949. - He grew up in Kobe and then moved to Tokyo, where he attended Waseda University. - “Haruki Murakami” is not only arguably the most experimental Japanese novelist to have been translated into English, he is also the most popular, with sales in the millions worldwide. His greatest novels inhabit the liminal zone between realism and fable, mystery and science fiction. - Internationally, Murakami is now the most widely-read Japanese novelist of his generation; he has won virtually every prize Japan has to offer, including its greatest, the “Yomiuri Literary Prize”. - The Boy Named Crow by Haruki Murakami - M7 - Literary genres and their elements, structures, and traditions in North America - ● - - ● - North America Literature North America - It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea, and to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean. ● - Speculative Fiction a fiction in which the author speculates upon the results of changing what’s real or possible, not how a character would react to a certain event. This could be science fiction, fantasy or horror. It was first observed and coined by American fictionist Robert Heinlein. Examples of speculative fiction are The Handmaid’s Tale by Margaret Atwood (Canadian) and The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins (American). Graphic Novel is a novel in comic strip format. It is a book format in which a narrative is conveyed with sequential art and a book written and illustrated in the style of a comic book. It was formally introduced by an American Cartoonist in 1964. Examples of graphic novels are Watchmen by Allan Moore (English) and Dracula by Bram Stoker (Irish). Young Adult Fiction is also known as Young-Adult literature. It is a category of fiction written for readers from 12 to 18 years of age. The common themes include friendship, first love, relationships and identity. Examples of young-adult fiction are The Fault In Our Stars by John Green (American) and To all the Boys I’ve Loved Before by Jenny Han (American). Chick Lit a genre of fiction concentrating on young women and their emotional lives. American original fiction genre that tackles the issue of modern literary genres. Examples of Chick Lit are The Devil Wears Prada by Lauren Weisberger (American) and Spellbound by Jane Green (English). ● - ● - Fan Fiction a fiction about characters or settings from an original work of fiction, created by fans of that work rather than by its creator, fans may maintain the creator’s characters and settings or add their own. Example of Fan Fiction is Twilight Saga by Stephenie Meyer (American). Wattpad an Internet community for readers and writers to publish new user-generated stories in different genres, including classics, general fiction, historical fiction, non-fiction, poetry, fanfiction, spiritual, humor and teen fiction. Veronica Roth - Veronica Roth is best known for her trilogy of novels: Divergent, Insurgent, and Allegiant. - Her first two novels sold over five million copies worldwide by fall 2013, just as the film based on the first novel was wrapping up. M8 - Realism, Existentialism and Postmodernism in 21st Century European Literature ● - - ● - Realism denotes a lifelike, immediate quality represents reality by portraying mundane, everyday experiences as they are in real life, capturing all its minutest details Themes: class conflict, philosophy and morality, marriage and family, everyday experiences Existentialism emphasizes individual existence, freedom and choice focuses on the question of human existence, and the feeling that there is no purpose or explanation at the core of existence - Themes: moral individualism, importance of individual and subjectivity, atheism and religion, freedom to choose, social criticism, angst ● - Postmodernism emerged when society came to rely on technology, consumer culture, media and images signifies the boundary between the external world and the individual consciousness questions the notion of the self (you, me, author, character, reader) as a source of meaning Themes: intertextuality, hyperreality, irony, post World War II, late capitalism - M9 - Hybrid Forms and Magical Realism in 21st Century Latin American Literature Lots of students nowadays know more of Paulo Coelho’s book than our very own Filipino authors’. He is a famous 21st Century Latin American writer, known for his famous works: Eleven Minutes (2003), Adultery (2014) and Hippie (2018). The 21st Century Latin American literature introduced new hybrid forms in their literary genres. These include twitter poetry, electronic ballast, blog-aforismos / aphorisms blogs, blogonovela / novel blogs, poemita / micropoems, novela colectiva / collective novels, hypertext documentaries, anipoemas / animated poems and microrrelatos / flash fictions. Twitter Poetry - Poetry restricted to 140 characters only Electronic Ballad - Allows the reader-user to create remixes of voice, sounds, images, and special effects. Hypertext Short Fiction - A genre of electronic literature which is made up of non sequential and interlinking lexia Microrrelatos - Short stories not exceeding a page Blognovela - A long narrative work of fiction with some realism posted in an online journal or informational website. Anipoemas - Animated poems in which letters explain the content of the title of them poem Hypertext Documentaries - An interactive documentary with multimedia platforms as hyperlinks for the users to choose their own narrative. Novela Colectiva - A novel proposal which bets on collective creation in dynamic novel way Poemita - Individual micropoems M10 - Literary Genres and their Elements, Structures and Traditions from Africa Literary Forms Oral Literature - is also called “orature”, have flourished in Africa for many centuries and take a variety of forms including folk tales, myths, epics, funeral dirges, praise poems and proverbs. 1. Myths - usually explain the interrelationships of all things that exist, and provide for the group and its members a necessary sense of their place in relation to their environment and the forces that order events on earth. 2. Epics - are elaborate literary forms, usually performed only by experts on special occasions. They often recount the heroic exploits of ancestors. 3. Proverbs - are short, witty or ironic statements, metaphorical in its formulation which aim to communicate a response to a particular situation, to offer advice, or to be persuasive. Written Literature - includes novels, plays, poems, hymns and tales in the 1950’s and 60’s has been described as literatures of testimony. - The African authors who produced literatures in European language have been described as literatures of revolt. - These texts moved away from the project of recuperating and reconstructing an African past and focus on responding to, and revolting against, colonialism and corruption. M11 - Identify the Figure of Speech and Other Literary Techniques and Devices in the Text: Paradox Paradox - is a figure of speech in which a statement appears to contradict itself. This term comes from the Greek paradoxa, meaning “incredible, contrary to opinion or expectation.” - A paradox can be thought-provoking but they're also fun to consider. - According to Encyclopedia of Rhetoric, paradoxes are “mostly used for expressing astonishment of disbelief at something unusual or unexpected” in everyday communication (Sloane 2001). - Paradox has serious implications because it makes statements that often summarize the major themes of the work, they are used in. Here are some thought-provoking paradox examples: • Save money by spending it. • This is the beginning of the end. • I'm a compulsive liar. • "What a pity that youth must be wasted on the young." - George Bernard Shaw • Here are the rules: Ignore all rules. • I only message those who do not message. • Wise fool • Truth is honey, which is bitter. M12 - Symbolism and Allegory Symbolism - Symbolism is the use of symbols to signify ideas and qualities, by giving them symbolic meanings that are different from their literal sense. - Generally, it is an object representing another, to give an entirely different meaning that is much deeper and more significant. - however, an action, an event or a word spoken by someone may have a symbolic value. For instance, “smile” is a symbol of friendship. Symbols do shift their meanings depending on the context they are used in. Symbols can be inherited or invented. Function of Symbolism - Symbolism gives a writer freedom to add double levels of meanings to his work: a literal one that is self-evident, and the symbolic one whose meaning is far more profound than the literal. - Symbolism in literature evokes interest in readers as they find an opportunity to get an insight into the writer’s mind on how he views the world, and how he thinks of common objects and actions, having broader implications. Allegory - An allegory is a text that has a hidden meaning. It can be a story or a poem, and the meaning behind it is usually political or moral. - In an allegory, the characters often symbolize a concept or idea from real life. - An allegory is a type of extended metaphor. The story or poem is used to draw an extended comparison between two different things-a character or event in the text and something in real life. Many works of art are also allegorical, with the pictures representing people or ideas in real life. M13 - Figures of Speech and Other Literary Techniques and Devices in the Text: Euphemism A euphemism takes the place of a dissimilar word or phrase that gives off a negative meaning. Euphemisms are pleasant words that replace words that seem unpleasant or harsh. For example, the phrases “comfort station” and “water closet” are euphemisms for “public toilet.” They make a word, or phrase, that is commonly associated with something not very nice, seems much better. Euphemisms are used to make what we say in everyday conversation less offensive, disturbing or troubling. Euphemism masks a rude or impolite expression, but conveys the concept clearly and politely. Several techniques are employed to create euphemism. - It may be in the form of abbreviations, such as O. (body odor), and W.C. (toilet). - Sometimes, they are abstractions, such as before I go (before I die). - Using longer words or phrases can also mask unpleasant words, such as flatulence (farting), perspiration (sweat), or mentally challenged (stupid). - Deliberately mispronouncing an offensive word may reduce its severity, such as darn (damn), and shoot (shit). M14 - Choose Appropriate Multimedia Form of Interpreting a Literary Text: Editorial Cartoon Editorial Cartooning - is the process of drawing or sketching pictorial caricatures of a person or object in order to inform, influence, argue, criticize, praise and interpret a certain event or to entertain. Cartoon - is derived from two words: Caricature and Lampoon. - Cartoons differ from the original picture in that they tell something funny or hilarious. - Cartoons are different from posters and paintings. - Cartoon is usually used in comics Caricature - is an exaggerated description, generally, by sketching. It is done in a super-likeness manner using scale and distortion to suggest the artist’s feeling toward the subject. Lampoon - is a piece of harsh satire usually directed against an individual. Editorial cartoons throughout history have made use of similar techniques to get their points across. Among them are: - Symbolism: use of an object to stand for an idea Caricature: exaggeration of a physical feature Captioning and labels: for clarity and emphasis Analogy: comparison of two unlike things that share some characteristics Irony: the difference between the way things are and the way things should be, or the way things are expected to be Juxtaposition: positioning people or objects near each other for effect Exaggeration: overstating or magnifying a problem. Elements of Cartooning 1. Composition - it is the arrangement of all the elements of a good drawing to produce the desired form and specifications. (i.e., lines, shades, exaggerations, etc.) 2. Balance - it is the stability produce by even distribution of those elements with respect to the whole. This is done through contrasting, opposing, and interacting elements. 3. Unity - it is a condition of harmony. It is also the resulting singleness of effect or symmetry and consistency of style and character. M15 - Choose Appropriate Multimedia Form of Interpreting a Literary Text: Still Images Visual elements are included in the text to help the readers 'see' what they're reading. These include pictures, drawings, comics and cartoons, diagrams. Multimedia elements combine more than one type of medium, typically in digital form, such as on computers, audio players, tablets, smartphones, and other technology. Still Image - photography, drawing, painting. - It is a single static image. - This phrase is used in photography, visual media and the computer industry to emphasize that one is not talking about movies, or in very precise or pedantic technical writing such as a standard. - Still images are the important element of a multimedia project or a website. Types of Still Images 1. Bitmaps (or raster-based) 2. Vector-drawn graphics Bitmap - is derived from the words ‘bit’, which means the simplest element in which only two digits are used, and ‘map’, which is a two-dimensional matrix of these bits. A bitmap is a data matrix describing the individual dots of an image that are the smallest elements (pixels) of resolution on a computer screen or print. Pixels are units of measurement used for computer graphics. Bitmaps can be inserted by: 1. Using clip art galleries. 2. Using bitmap software. 3. Capturing and editing images. 4. Scanning Images File Formats Once created (or acquired through scanning) images can be stored in electronic files on a computer's hard disk, floppy disk, or other electronic storage mechanism. 1. The Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) - file format was designed to store high-resolution photographic images and display them attractively on screen. 2. The Graphic Interchange Format (GIF) - GIF files are compressed to produce small file sizes which makes them very useful for transmitting electronically over the phone lines. 3. Portable Network Graphics (PNG) - almost equal to gif except that it didn’t support the animation format. 4. BMP (recognized by many programs on both Macs and PCs) 5. PSD (Photoshop Document, is the default format that Photoshop) 6. TIFF/TIF (Tagged Information File Format, is excellent for both screen display and printed output) 7. EPS (Encapsulated PostScript, are ideal for storing images that are intended to be printed on high-resolution imagesetters or laser printers) Vector-drawn images - created from geometric objects such as lines, rectangles, ovals, polygons using mathematical formulas. M16 - Choosing Appropriate Multimedia Form of Interpreting a Literary Text: Blog Blog - - is short for web log. It is an act of creating and maintaining a blog that is regularly updated and typically run by an individual or small group that is written in an informal or conversational style. It’s a bit like an online diary or journal, except blogs aren’t necessarily private, instead they’re created for an audience. Popular blogging platforms 1. WordPress - is the world’s most popular blogging software. WordPress is a great option if you want to have full control over your blog’s future. 2. Blogger - is a free blogging service by Google.It offers a quick and easy way to create a blog for non-tech-savvy users like students. 3. Tumblr - is a little different than other blogging platforms. It is a microblogging platform with social networking features including following other blogs, reblogging, built-in sharing tools, and more. 4. Medium - was launched in 2012, has grown into a community of writers, bloggers, journalists, and experts. It is an easy-to-use blogging platform with limited social networking features. 5. Ghost - is a minimalist blogging platform with features entirely focused on writing blog posts. Started in 2013, Ghost is available as a hosted platform and as a software that you can install / host yourself. Types of Literary Blogs Poetry Blog - poetry has become a relevant niche for blogs. It is a versatile form of literature and is continuously carried over through innovations and evolutions. Poetry blogs brings longevity to this literary art, increasing its visibility and sparking interest from the online community. Short Story Blog - These types of blogs are good for creative people with a keen eye in creating and telling a work of prose fiction that can be read in one sitting. Music Blogs - Music blogs have a wide audience who search for critiques on the best and trending music like jazz, pop, heavy metal, famous singers, and more. Personal Blogs - Personal blogs belong to individual writers who share their experiences, adventures, and daily life with their audience. The purpose of personal blogging can be anything like making a difference through positive stories or influencing readers with their own views. Movie Blogs - Movie blogs share news and reviews of new movies and the film industry in general. M18 - Do Self-Assessment of the Creative Adaptation of a Literary Text, Based on Rationalized Criteria Prior to the Presentation M17 - Applying ICT Skills in Crafting an Adaptation of a Literary Text Assessment - is synonymous to evaluation or examination. By doing assessments, a person will be able to identify or measure a worth of something, or judge whether a product achieved a certain standard. Self-assessment - is a learning technique where a person evaluates or examines himself or the quality of his work. It can also be defined as a practice of monitoring personal progress and recognizing strengths and weaknesses. Literary Adaptation - is the adapting of literary source (e.g., a novel, a short story, play, poem) to another genre or medium, such as music, a stage play, a ballet, an opera, a film, or even an animation. “To Adapt” - means to transpose from one medium to another. It is the ability to fit or to suit by changing or adjusting and to modify something to create a change in structure, function and form which produces an adjustment. Three Types of Adaptation ● - Close Adaptation is an adaptation in which the dialogue and the actions are preserved intact. ● - Intermediate Adaptation is an adaptation based on a literary or other original source which captures the essence of the original, often by using cinematic equivalents for specific literary techniques. ● - Loose Adaptation is an adaptation in which only a superficial resemblance exists to the original source. ICT (or Information and Communication Technology) skills - are about understanding and applying a range of computer programmes, software and other applications. ICT skills help the editors to craft better and nicer literary works through making good conceptual designs on literary outputs.
