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21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World

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21st Century Literature from the Philippines
and the World
Reviewer Q4
M1 - Representative Texts and Authors from
Asia
1. Illustrado by Miguel Syjuco (Philippines)
- Miguel Syjuco is a Filipino writer from
Manila and the grand prize winner of the
2008 Man Asian Literary Prize for his
first novel Illustrado.
2. Three Sisters by Bi Feiyu (China)
- Bi Feiyu is a Chinese writer. His works
are known for their complex portrayal of
the "female psyche."
3. Shin Kyung-sook (South Korea)
- Shin Kyung-sook became the first
Korean writer to win the Man Asian
Literary Prize in 2012 for her novel
Please Look After Mother.
4. Govind Vinayak Karandikar (India)
- (2010), better known as Vindā, was an
Indian poet, writer, literary critic, and
translator in the Marathi-language.
- The Wheel by VindaKarandikar
(India)
5. Yosuke Tanaka (Japan)
- He was born in Tokyo in 1969 and made
his debut as a poet in the prestigious
literary magazine Eureka at the age of
19. So far, he has published two poetry
books, A Day When the Mountains
are Visible in 1999, and Sweet
Ultramarine Dreams in 2008.
M2 - Representative Texts and Authors from
North America
1. James Brendan Patterson (New York)
- He published his first novel in 1976
called The Thomas Berryman Number.
Patterson has written 147 novels since
1976. He has had 114 New York Times
bestselling novels, and holds The New
York Times record for most #1 New
York Times bestsellers by a single
author, a total of 67, which is also a
Guinness World Record.
- He appeared on the Fox TV show The
Simpsons (in the episode "Yokel
Chords") and in various episodes of
Castle as himself.
2. Nicholas Sparks (North Carolina)
- He has published twenty-one novels and
two non-fiction books, all of which have
been New York Times bestsellers, with
over 115 million copies sold worldwide
in more than 50 languages.
- Eleven of his novels have been
adapted to film, including The Choice,
The Longest Ride, The Best of Me, Safe
Haven (on all of which he served as a
producer), The Lucky One, Message in
a Bottle, A Walk to Remember, Nights
in Rodanthe, Dear John, The Last Song
and The Notebook
3. John Green (Indianapolis, Indiana)
- John Michael Green (born August 24,
1977) is an American author and
YouTube content creator. He won the
2006 Printz Award for his debut novel,
Looking for Alaska, and his fourth solo
novel, The Fault in Our Stars, debuted
at number one on The New York Times
Best Seller list in January 2012.
4. Suzanne Collins (Hartford, Connecticut)
- In September 2008, Scholastic Press
released The Hunger Games, the first
book of a trilogy by Collins. The
Hunger Games was partly inspired by
the Greek myth of Theseus and the
Minotaur.
5.Billy Collins (New York)
- Billy Collins is arguably the greatest
poet of the 21st century.
- FORGETFULNESS By Billy Collins
M3 - Representative Texts and Authors from
Europe
1. Joanne Rowling
(31, July 1965) born in Yate,
Gloucestershire, a British writer and
philanthropist. She is best known as the
author of the Harry Potter fantasy
series and with her pen name J.K.
Rowling.
- These are under the pen name Robert
Galibraith.
2. Stephen Edwin King
- (21 September 1947) born in Portland,
Maine. He is an American writer of
various genre such as horror,
supernatural fiction, suspense,
science-fiction, and fantasy novels.
- Many of his books have been adopted
into films, televisions, miniseries, and
comic books.
- He also has a pen name of Richard
Bachmanin which he wrote:Rage
(9177), The Long Walk (1979),
Roadwork (1981), and The Running
Man (1982), and Thinner (1984); being
John Swithen: in the short story “The
Fifth Quarter'', and Beryl Evans: “the
children's book’ Charlie the ChooChoo: From the World of The Dark
Tower (2016). He has been described as
the ‘King of Horror”,
3. Neil Richard Mackinnon Gaiman
- He is a British writer who earned critical
praise and popular success with richly
imagined fantasy tales that frequently
feature a darkly humorous tone. Neil
Gaiman is credited with being one of the
creators of modern comics, as well as an
author whose work crosses genres and
reaches audiences of all ages.
- Don’t Panic: The Official Hitch Hiker’s
Guide to the Galaxy Companion,
Violent Cases, Black Orchid, Good
Omens, Neverwhere, Stardust, Coraline
(2002; film (2009),
- The Sandman (1989) that captured an
enviable list of awards and was DC
Comics’ top selling title; became the
first comic ever to receive a literary
award, the 1991 World Fantasy Award
for Best Short Story.
4. George Raymond Richard Martin
- (born on 20, September 1948; as George
Raymond Martin) also known as
GRRM and George R.R. Martin.
- He is an American novelist, short story
writer, screenwriter, and television
producer. He is known for his
international bestselling series of epic
fantasy novels, A Song of Ice and Fire
and later adapted into the Home Box
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Office (HBO) dramatic series of Game
Of Thrones (2011).
“Sandkings” (1979) the only short story
of Martin that have won both the Hugo
Award and Nebula Award as the Best
Novelette and the Locus Award for best
novelette.
M4 - Representative Texts and Authors from
Latin America
Latin American Literature
- consists of the oral and written literature
of Latin America in diverse languages,
like Spanish, Portuguese and the
Indigenous languages of the Americas in
particular.
It became globally prominent during the
second half of the 20th century, largely
because of the international success of the style
known as Magical Realism.
20th century literary movement known as
Latin American Boom which was actively
supported by Gabriel Garcia Marquez.
HISTORY
● Latin American Literature has a rich
and complex tradition of literary
production that dates back many
centuries.
● Pre-Columbian Literature was
primarily oral, while the Aztecs and
Mayans produced elaborate codices.
● Colonial Literature when Europeans
encountered the New World, early
explorers and conquistadors produced
written accounts of crónicas of their
experience, like Columbus’s letters or
Bernal Diaz del Castillo’s description of
the conquest of Mexico.
● Nineteenth Century Literature was
the period of foundational fictions.
Novels in the Romantic or Naturalist
traditions which attempted to establish a
sense of national identity and focused on
the role and rights of the indigenous or
the dichotomy of “civilization or
barbarism”.
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Modernismo, the Vanguards, and Boom
precursors emerged in the late 19th
century as a poetic movement whose
founding text was the Nicaraguan Ruben
Dario’s Azul.
Avant-Garde also vanguardia (fore guard) was the next artistic movement
after Modernismo which instituted a
radical search for new, daring,
confrontational themes and shockingly
novel forms.
The Boom was a literary movement of
the 1960s and 1970s, after World War II,
Latin America enjoyed increasing
economic prosperity, and a new-found
confidence also gave rise to a literary
boom.
Post-Boom and Contemporary
Literature is characterized by a tendency
towards irony and humor and towards
the use of popular genres.
1. Gabriel Garcia Marquez
- was a famous Columbian novelist, short
story writer, journalist, screenwriter and
a Nobel Prize winner in 1982 for his
novels and short stories, in which the
fantastic and the realistic are combined
in a richly composed world of
imagination, reflecting a continent’s life
and conflicts.
- He was familiarly known as “Gabo”
and considered as one of the greatest
authors of the 20th century.
- One Hundred Years of Solitude,
Chronicle of a Death Foretold, Love in
time of Cholera, and Autumn of the
Patriarch. He was awarded the Neustadt
International Prize for Literature (1972)
and Nobel Prize in Literature awardee
(1982).
2. Carlos FuentesMacías
- was a Mexican novelist and essayist. He
was described by The New York Times
as “one of the most admired writers in
the Spanish Speaking World” and an
important influence in the Latin
American Boom while The Guardian
called him “Mexico’s most celebrated
novelist.
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Miguel de Cervantes Prize, Belisario
Dominguez Medal of Honor (1999) as
Mexico’s highest award and was often a
candidate for the Nobel Prize in
Literature, though he never won. Among
his works are The Death of Artemio
Cruz, Aura, Terra Nostra, The Old
Gringo and Christopher Unborn.
3. Mario Vargas Llosa
- is a Peruvian Spanish writer whose
commitment to social change is evident
in his novels, plays, and essays and was
awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize in
Literature..
- He was an unsuccessful candidate for
president in Peru year 1990. He wrote
about this experience “A Fish in the
Water: A Memoir” (1993) and became
a citizen of Spain and was awarded the
Cervantes Prize Of the same year.
- “The Notebooks of Don Rigoberto”
(1997), The feast of the Goat (2000,
filmed 2005), The Way to Paradise
(2003) The Bad Girl (2006), The Dream
of the Celt (2010), The Discreet Hero
(2013) and The Neighborhood (2016).
4. Julia Alvarez
- is a Dominican-American poet, novelist,
and essayist. Many literary critics regard
her to be one of the most significant
Latina writers and she has achieved
critical and commercial success on an
international scale.
- How the Garcia Girls Lost Their
Accents (1991), In the Time of the
Butterflies (1994), and Yo! (1997). Her
works as a poet include Homecoming
(1984), and The Woman I kept to
Myself (2004) and Something to
Declare (1998) was her autobiographical
compilation as an essayist. Her notable
award was the National Medal of Arts
(2014) from President Obama.
M5 - Representative Texts and Authors from
Africa
Africa is the world's second-largest and
second-most populous continent, after Asia in
both cases.
1. Chinua Achebe
- a Nigerian novelist, poet, professor, and
critic.
- He is often called the father of
modern African literature.
- His most famous novel, Things Fall
Apart (1958),is one of the most widely
read- books in the world is a devastating
depiction of the clash between
traditional tribal values and the effects
of colonial rule, as well as the tension
between masculinity and femininity in
highly patriarchal societies.
2. Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie
- a Nigerian writer whose works range
from novels to short stories to
nonfiction.
- Adichie’s works are primarily
character-driven, interweaving the
background of her native Nigeria and
social and political events into the
narrative.
- Purple Hibiscus (2003) is a
bildungsroman, depicting the life
experience of Kambili and her family
during a military coup
- Her latest work Americanah (2013) is
an insightful portrayal of Nigerian
immigrant life and race relations in
America and the western world.
3. AyiKwei Armah
- is a Ghanaian writer best known as an
essayist, as well as having written
poetry, short stories, and books for
children.
- Armah’s novels are known for their
intense, powerful depictions of
political devastation and social
frustration in Armah’s native Ghana,
told from the point of view of the
individual.
- The Beautyful Ones Are Not Yet Born
(1968) centers around an unnamed
protagonist who attempts to understand
his self and his country in the wake of
post-independence.
4. Mariama Bâ
- a Senegalese author and feminist, whose
French- language novels were both
translated into more than a dozen
languages.
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She is one of Africa’s most influential
women authors, Mariama Bâ is known
for her powerful feminist texts, which
address the issues of gender inequality
in her native Senegal and wider Africa.
- her novel So Long A Letter (1981)
depicts, simultaneously, its protagonist’s
strength and powerlessness within
marriage and wider society.
5. Nuruddin Farah
- a Somali novelist.
- He has also written plays both for stage
and radio, as well as short stories and
essays.
- The title of his first novel From a
Crooked Rib (1970) stems from a
Somali proverb “God created woman
from a crooked rib, and anyone who
tried to straighten it, breaketh it”, and is
a commentary on the sufferings of
women in Somali society through the
narrative of a young woman trapped in
an unhappy marriage.
M6 - Literary genres and their elements,
structures, and traditions in Asia
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Haiku
unrhymed poetic form consisting of 17
syllables arranged in three lines of 5, 7,
and 5 syllables respectively.
Haiku is a nature poem which revolves
around seasons and nature. This means
that Haiku brings the readers closer to
natural beauty while highlighting a
particular aspect of human psychology
or activities which is associated with a
seasonal word.
Science Fiction (sci-fi or SF)
a genre of speculative fiction that
contains imagined elements that don’t
exist in the real world. Science fiction
spans a wide range of themes that often
explore time travel, space travel, are set
in the future, and deal with the
consequences of technological and
scientific advances.
Ancient Indian poetry such as the Hindu
epic Ramayana (5th to 4th century BC)
includes Vimana flying machines able to
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travel into space or underwater, and
destroy entire cities using advanced
weapons.
Folklore
is the expressive body of culture shared
by a particular group of people; it
encompasses the traditions common to
that culture, subculture or group.
These include oral traditions such as
tales, proverbs and jokes.
They can be classified into many
different groups that are to be sung or to
be spoken.
Here are some of the contributions of North
American literature in the 21st century literary
genres.
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Haruki Murakami
- was born in Kyoto, Japan on January
12,1949.
- He grew up in Kobe and then moved to
Tokyo, where he attended Waseda
University.
- “Haruki Murakami” is not only
arguably the most experimental
Japanese novelist to have been
translated into English, he is also the
most popular, with sales in the millions
worldwide. His greatest novels inhabit
the liminal zone between realism and
fable, mystery and science fiction.
- Internationally, Murakami is now the
most widely-read Japanese novelist of
his generation; he has won virtually
every prize Japan has to offer, including
its greatest, the “Yomiuri Literary
Prize”.
- The Boy Named Crow by Haruki
Murakami
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M7 - Literary genres and their elements,
structures, and traditions in North America
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North America Literature
North America
- It is bordered to the north by the Arctic
Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean,
to the southeast by South America and
the Caribbean Sea, and to the west and
south by the Pacific Ocean.
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Speculative Fiction
a fiction in which the author speculates
upon the results of changing what’s real
or possible, not how a character would
react to a certain event.
This could be science fiction, fantasy or
horror.
It was first observed and coined by
American fictionist Robert Heinlein.
Examples of speculative fiction are The
Handmaid’s Tale by Margaret Atwood
(Canadian) and The Hunger Games by
Suzanne Collins (American).
Graphic Novel
is a novel in comic strip format.
It is a book format in which a narrative
is conveyed with sequential art and a
book written and illustrated in the style
of a comic book.
It was formally introduced by an
American Cartoonist in 1964.
Examples of graphic novels are
Watchmen by Allan Moore (English)
and Dracula by Bram Stoker (Irish).
Young Adult Fiction
is also known as Young-Adult literature.
It is a category of fiction written for
readers from 12 to 18 years of age.
The common themes include friendship,
first love, relationships and identity.
Examples of young-adult fiction are The
Fault In Our Stars by John Green
(American) and To all the Boys I’ve
Loved Before by Jenny Han
(American).
Chick Lit
a genre of fiction concentrating on
young women and their emotional lives.
American original fiction genre that
tackles the issue of modern literary
genres.
Examples of Chick Lit are The Devil
Wears Prada by Lauren Weisberger
(American) and Spellbound by Jane
Green (English).
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Fan Fiction
a fiction about characters or settings
from an original work of fiction, created
by fans of that work rather than by its
creator, fans may maintain the creator’s
characters and settings or add their own.
Example of Fan Fiction is Twilight
Saga by Stephenie Meyer (American).
Wattpad
an Internet community for readers and
writers to publish new user-generated
stories in different genres, including
classics, general fiction, historical
fiction, non-fiction, poetry, fanfiction,
spiritual, humor and teen fiction.
Veronica Roth
- Veronica Roth is best known for her
trilogy of novels: Divergent, Insurgent,
and Allegiant.
- Her first two novels sold over five
million copies worldwide by fall 2013,
just as the film based on the first novel
was wrapping up.
M8 - Realism, Existentialism and
Postmodernism in 21st Century European
Literature
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Realism
denotes a lifelike, immediate quality
represents reality by portraying
mundane, everyday experiences as they
are in real life, capturing all its minutest
details
Themes: class conflict, philosophy and
morality, marriage and family, everyday
experiences
Existentialism
emphasizes individual existence,
freedom and choice
focuses on the question of human
existence, and the feeling that there is no
purpose or explanation at the core of
existence
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Themes: moral individualism,
importance of individual and
subjectivity, atheism and religion,
freedom to choose, social criticism,
angst
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Postmodernism
emerged when society came to rely on
technology, consumer culture, media
and images
signifies the boundary between the
external world and the individual
consciousness
questions the notion of the self (you, me,
author, character, reader) as a source of
meaning
Themes: intertextuality, hyperreality,
irony, post World War II, late capitalism
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M9 - Hybrid Forms and Magical Realism in
21st Century Latin American Literature
Lots of students nowadays know more of Paulo
Coelho’s book than our very own Filipino
authors’. He is a famous 21st Century Latin
American writer, known for his famous works:
Eleven Minutes (2003), Adultery (2014) and
Hippie (2018).
The 21st Century Latin American literature
introduced new hybrid forms in their literary
genres. These include twitter poetry, electronic
ballast, blog-aforismos / aphorisms blogs,
blogonovela / novel blogs, poemita /
micropoems, novela colectiva / collective
novels, hypertext documentaries, anipoemas /
animated poems and microrrelatos / flash
fictions.
Twitter Poetry
- Poetry restricted to 140 characters only
Electronic Ballad
- Allows the reader-user to create remixes
of voice, sounds, images, and special
effects.
Hypertext Short Fiction
- A genre of electronic literature which is
made up of non sequential and
interlinking lexia
Microrrelatos
- Short stories not exceeding a page
Blognovela
- A long narrative work of fiction with
some realism posted in an online journal
or informational website.
Anipoemas
- Animated poems in which letters
explain the content of the title of them
poem
Hypertext Documentaries
- An interactive documentary with
multimedia platforms as hyperlinks for
the users to choose their own narrative.
Novela Colectiva
- A novel proposal which bets on
collective creation in dynamic novel
way
Poemita
- Individual micropoems
M10 - Literary Genres and their Elements,
Structures and Traditions from Africa
Literary Forms
Oral Literature
- is also called “orature”, have flourished
in Africa for many centuries and take a
variety of forms including folk tales,
myths, epics, funeral dirges, praise
poems and proverbs.
1. Myths
- usually explain the interrelationships of
all things that exist, and provide for the
group and its members a necessary
sense of their place in relation to their
environment and the forces that order
events on earth.
2. Epics
- are elaborate literary forms, usually
performed only by experts on special
occasions. They often recount the heroic
exploits of ancestors.
3. Proverbs
- are short, witty or ironic statements,
metaphorical in its formulation which
aim to communicate a response to a
particular situation, to offer advice, or to
be persuasive.
Written Literature
- includes novels, plays, poems, hymns
and tales in the 1950’s and 60’s has been
described as literatures of testimony.
- The African authors who produced
literatures in European language have
been described as literatures of revolt.
- These texts moved away from the
project of recuperating and
reconstructing an African past and focus
on responding to, and revolting against,
colonialism and corruption.
M11 - Identify the Figure of Speech and
Other Literary Techniques and Devices in the
Text: Paradox
Paradox
- is a figure of speech in which a
statement appears to contradict itself.
This term comes from the Greek
paradoxa, meaning “incredible, contrary
to opinion or expectation.”
- A paradox can be thought-provoking but
they're also fun to consider.
- According to Encyclopedia of Rhetoric,
paradoxes are “mostly used for
expressing astonishment of disbelief at
something unusual or unexpected” in
everyday communication (Sloane 2001).
- Paradox has serious implications
because it makes statements that often
summarize the major themes of the
work, they are used in.
Here are some thought-provoking paradox
examples:
• Save money by spending it.
• This is the beginning of the end.
• I'm a compulsive liar.
• "What a pity that youth must be wasted on the
young." - George Bernard Shaw
• Here are the rules: Ignore all rules.
• I only message those who do not message.
• Wise fool
• Truth is honey, which is bitter.
M12 - Symbolism and Allegory
Symbolism
- Symbolism is the use of symbols to
signify ideas and qualities, by giving
them symbolic meanings that are
different from their literal sense.
- Generally, it is an object representing
another, to give an entirely different
meaning that is much deeper and more
significant.
- however, an action, an event or a word
spoken by someone may have a
symbolic value. For instance, “smile” is
a symbol of friendship.
Symbols do shift their meanings depending on
the context they are used in.
Symbols can be inherited or invented.
Function of Symbolism
- Symbolism gives a writer freedom to
add double levels of meanings to his
work: a literal one that is self-evident,
and the symbolic one whose meaning is
far more profound than the literal.
- Symbolism in literature evokes interest
in readers as they find an opportunity to
get an insight into the writer’s mind on
how he views the world, and how he
thinks of common objects and actions,
having broader implications.
Allegory
- An allegory is a text that has a hidden
meaning. It can be a story or a poem,
and the meaning behind it is usually
political or moral.
- In an allegory, the characters often
symbolize a concept or idea from real
life.
- An allegory is a type of extended
metaphor. The story or poem is used to
draw an extended comparison between
two different things-a character or event
in the text and something in real life.
Many works of art are also allegorical, with the
pictures representing people or ideas in real life.
M13 - Figures of Speech and Other Literary
Techniques and Devices in the Text:
Euphemism
A euphemism takes the place of a dissimilar
word or phrase that gives off a negative
meaning.
Euphemisms are pleasant words that replace
words that seem unpleasant or harsh. For
example, the phrases “comfort station” and
“water closet” are euphemisms for “public
toilet.”
They make a word, or phrase, that is commonly
associated with something not very nice, seems
much better.
Euphemisms are used to make what we say in
everyday conversation less offensive,
disturbing or troubling.
Euphemism masks a rude or impolite
expression, but conveys the concept clearly and
politely.
Several techniques are employed to create
euphemism.
- It may be in the form of abbreviations,
such as O. (body odor), and W.C.
(toilet).
- Sometimes, they are abstractions, such
as before I go (before I die).
- Using longer words or phrases can also
mask unpleasant words, such as
flatulence (farting), perspiration (sweat),
or mentally challenged (stupid).
- Deliberately mispronouncing an
offensive word may reduce its severity,
such as darn (damn), and shoot (shit).
M14 - Choose Appropriate Multimedia Form
of Interpreting a Literary Text: Editorial
Cartoon
Editorial Cartooning
- is the process of drawing or sketching
pictorial caricatures of a person or
object in order to inform, influence,
argue, criticize, praise and interpret a
certain event or to entertain.
Cartoon
- is derived from two words: Caricature
and Lampoon.
- Cartoons differ from the original
picture in that they tell something funny
or hilarious.
- Cartoons are different from posters and
paintings.
- Cartoon is usually used in comics
Caricature
- is an exaggerated description, generally,
by sketching. It is done in a
super-likeness manner using scale and
distortion to suggest the artist’s feeling
toward the subject.
Lampoon
- is a piece of harsh satire usually directed
against an individual.
Editorial cartoons throughout history have
made use of similar techniques to get their
points across. Among them are:
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Symbolism: use of an object to stand
for an idea
Caricature: exaggeration of a physical
feature
Captioning and labels: for clarity and
emphasis
Analogy: comparison of two unlike
things that share some characteristics
Irony: the difference between the way
things are and the way things should be,
or the way things are expected to be
Juxtaposition: positioning people or
objects near each other for effect
Exaggeration: overstating or
magnifying a problem.
Elements of Cartooning
1. Composition - it is the arrangement of all the
elements of a good drawing to produce the
desired form and specifications. (i.e., lines,
shades, exaggerations, etc.)
2. Balance - it is the stability produce by even
distribution of those elements with respect to the
whole. This is done through contrasting,
opposing, and interacting elements.
3. Unity - it is a condition of harmony. It is also
the resulting singleness of effect or symmetry
and consistency of style and character.
M15 - Choose Appropriate Multimedia Form
of Interpreting a Literary Text: Still Images
Visual elements are included in the text to help
the readers 'see' what they're reading. These
include pictures, drawings, comics and cartoons,
diagrams.
Multimedia elements combine more than one
type of medium, typically in digital form, such
as on computers, audio players, tablets,
smartphones, and other technology.
Still Image
- photography, drawing, painting.
- It is a single static image.
- This phrase is used in photography,
visual media and the computer industry
to emphasize that one is not talking
about movies, or in very precise or
pedantic technical writing such as a
standard.
- Still images are the important element of
a multimedia project or a website.
Types of Still Images
1. Bitmaps (or raster-based)
2. Vector-drawn graphics
Bitmap
- is derived from the words ‘bit’, which
means the simplest element in which
only two digits are used, and ‘map’,
which is a two-dimensional matrix of
these bits. A bitmap is a data matrix
describing the individual dots of an
image that are the smallest elements
(pixels) of resolution on a computer
screen or print. Pixels are units of
measurement used for computer
graphics.
Bitmaps can be inserted by:
1. Using clip art galleries.
2. Using bitmap software.
3. Capturing and editing images.
4. Scanning Images
File Formats
Once created (or acquired through scanning)
images can be stored in electronic files on a
computer's hard disk, floppy disk, or other
electronic storage mechanism.
1. The Joint Photographic Experts Group
(JPEG)
- file format was designed to store
high-resolution photographic images
and display them attractively on screen.
2. The Graphic Interchange Format (GIF)
- GIF files are compressed to produce
small file sizes which makes them very
useful for transmitting electronically
over the phone lines.
3. Portable Network Graphics (PNG)
- almost equal to gif except that it didn’t
support the animation format.
4. BMP (recognized by many programs on both
Macs and PCs)
5. PSD (Photoshop Document, is the default
format that Photoshop)
6. TIFF/TIF (Tagged Information File Format,
is excellent for both screen display and printed
output)
7. EPS (Encapsulated PostScript, are ideal for
storing images that are intended to be printed on
high-resolution imagesetters or laser printers)
Vector-drawn images
- created from geometric objects such as
lines, rectangles, ovals, polygons using
mathematical formulas.
M16 - Choosing Appropriate Multimedia
Form of Interpreting a Literary Text: Blog
Blog
-
-
is short for web log. It is an act of
creating and maintaining a blog that is
regularly updated and typically run by
an individual or small group that is
written in an informal or conversational
style.
It’s a bit like an online diary or journal,
except blogs aren’t necessarily private,
instead they’re created for an audience.
Popular blogging platforms
1. WordPress - is the world’s most popular
blogging software. WordPress is a great option if
you want to have full control over your blog’s
future.
2. Blogger - is a free blogging service by
Google.It offers a quick and easy way to
create a blog for non-tech-savvy users like
students.
3. Tumblr - is a little different than other
blogging platforms. It is a microblogging
platform with social networking features
including following other blogs, reblogging,
built-in sharing tools, and more.
4. Medium - was launched in 2012, has grown
into a community of writers, bloggers,
journalists, and experts. It is an easy-to-use
blogging platform with limited social
networking features.
5. Ghost - is a minimalist blogging platform
with features entirely focused on writing blog
posts. Started in 2013, Ghost is available as a
hosted platform and as a software that you can
install / host yourself.
Types of Literary Blogs
Poetry Blog
- poetry has become a relevant niche for
blogs. It is a versatile form of literature
and is continuously carried over through
innovations and evolutions. Poetry blogs
brings longevity to this literary art,
increasing its visibility and sparking
interest from the online community.
Short Story Blog
- These types of blogs are good for
creative people with a keen eye in
creating and telling a work of prose
fiction that can be read in one sitting.
Music Blogs
- Music blogs have a wide audience who
search for critiques on the best and
trending music like jazz, pop, heavy
metal, famous singers, and more.
Personal Blogs
- Personal blogs belong to individual
writers who share their experiences,
adventures, and daily life with their
audience. The purpose of personal
blogging can be anything like making a
difference through positive stories or
influencing readers with their own
views.
Movie Blogs
- Movie blogs share news and reviews of
new movies and the film industry in
general.
M18 - Do Self-Assessment of the Creative
Adaptation of a Literary Text, Based on
Rationalized Criteria Prior to the
Presentation
M17 - Applying ICT Skills in Crafting an
Adaptation of a Literary Text
Assessment
- is synonymous to evaluation or
examination. By doing assessments, a
person will be able to identify or
measure a worth of something, or judge
whether a product achieved a certain
standard.
Self-assessment
- is a learning technique where a person
evaluates or examines himself or the
quality of his work. It can also be
defined as a practice of monitoring
personal progress and recognizing
strengths and weaknesses.
Literary Adaptation
- is the adapting of literary source (e.g., a
novel, a short story, play, poem) to
another genre or medium, such as
music, a stage play, a ballet, an opera, a
film, or even an animation.
“To Adapt”
- means to transpose from one medium to
another. It is the ability to fit or to suit
by changing or adjusting and to modify
something to create a change in
structure, function and form which
produces an adjustment.
Three Types of Adaptation
●
-
Close Adaptation
is an adaptation in which the dialogue
and the actions are preserved intact.
●
-
Intermediate Adaptation
is an adaptation based on a literary or
other original source which captures the
essence of the original, often by using
cinematic equivalents for specific
literary techniques.
●
-
Loose Adaptation
is an adaptation in which only a
superficial resemblance exists to the
original source.
ICT (or Information and Communication
Technology) skills
- are about understanding and applying a
range of computer programmes,
software and other applications. ICT
skills help the editors to craft better and
nicer literary works through making
good conceptual designs on literary
outputs.
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