lOMoARcPSD|44222620 STEM-GBIO1-Q1W1 - Module Bachelor of Science in Biology (West Visayas State University) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by Godofredo Toledo (godofredotoledo5@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|44222620 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 SELF-LEARNING PACKAGE Quarter 1 | Week 1 The Cell SHS—General Biology 1 Competencies Explain the postulates of the cell theory (STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-1) Describe the structure and function of major and subcellular organelles (STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-2) Downloaded by Godofredo Toledo (godofredotoledo5@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|44222620 General Biology 1 – SHS Self-Learning Package The Cell First Edition, 2020 Published in the Philippines By the Department of Education Schools Division of Iloilo Luna Street, La Paz, Iloilo City SCIENCE Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Quarter 1| Lesson 1 This Self-Learning Package is published to be utilized by the Schools Division of Iloilo. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this learning resource may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical without written permission from the Schools Division of Iloilo. Development Team of Self-Learning Package Writers: Arleen E. Ladublan Illustrator: Armand Glenn S. Lapor Layout Artists: Lilibeth E. Larupay, Armand Glenn S. Lapor, Zaldy M. Tondo Emmanuel S. Sasi Reviewer: Zaldy M. Tondo Division Quality Assurance Team: Lilibeth E. Larupay, Zaldy M. Tondo Armand Glenn S. Lapor Management Team: Dr. Roel F. Bermejo, Dr. Nordy D. Siason Dr. Lilibeth T. Estoque, Dr. Azucena T. Falales Ruben S. Libutaque, Lilibeth E. Larupay Zaldy M. Tondo SHS—General Biology 1 Competencies Explain the postulates of the cell theory (STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-1) Describe the structure and function of major and subcellular organelles (STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-2) Downloaded by Godofredo Toledo (godofredotoledo5@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|44222620 Introductory Message Welcome! The Self-Learning Package for Senior High School is developed to guide you our dear learners to meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum. The Self-Learning Package aims to guide our learners in accomplishing activities at their own pace and time. This also aims to assist learners in developing SCIENCE and achieving the lifelong learning skills while considering their needs and situations. For learning facilitator: Quarter 1| Lesson 1 The Self-Learning Package is developed to address the current needs of the learner to continue learning in the comforts of their homes or learning centers. As the learning facilitator, make sure that you give them clear instructions on how to study and accomplish the given activities in the material. Learner’s progress must be monitored. For the learner: The Self-Learning Package is developed to help you, dear learner, in your needs to continue learning even if you are not in school. This learning material aims to primarily provide you with meaningful and engaging activities for independent learning. Being an active learner, carefully read and understand to follow the instructions given. REMEMBER …. To answer the given exercises, questions and assessment, USE your Activity Notebook or Answer Sheet. When you are DONE, wait for the teacher/volunteer to collect your activity notebook/ answer sheet. Good luck and God bless. SHS—General Biology 1 Competencies Explain the postulates of the cell theory (STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-1) Describe the structure and function of major and subcellular organelles (STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-2) Downloaded by Godofredo Toledo (godofredotoledo5@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|44222620 SELF-LEARNING PACKAGE IN GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 The Cell Learning Competency: Explain the postulates of the cell theory (STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-1) Describe the structure and function of major and subcellular organelles (STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-2) Downloaded by Godofredo Toledo (godofredotoledo5@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|44222620 Lesson 1 Ready to Launch! A Cell is a basic unit of life. It entails that each organism has a cell. Whether it is simple or complex, an organism is made up of cell or cells. A cell has its own system in order for it to undergo processes that are needed by the organism. The activities that are necessary for the organisms to function will not occur without the existence of cell. The energy that is needed to manufacture food for the organism is processed within the cell. Gas exchange among plants and animals is processed within the cell. The way organisms think, decide, and feel is due to how the cell perform. This module will help you explore on the postulates of the cell theory and how these have helped in understanding the definition of life. Aim at the Target! This module generally aims to: • explain the postulates of the cell theory. (STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-1) Try This! A. Look at the given things below. Which of them consists of cells? Write the letter/(s) that corresponds to your answer. Write your answer on your answer sheet. A B C D E F A. What is something common with the items you chose? Downloaded by Godofredo Toledo (godofredotoledo5@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|44222620 Keep This in Mind! Activity Instruction: Read the conversation below Diego: Mom, this pandemic is caused by a virus. I have so many things in mind about it. Mother: Yes Diego you might have learned from the news how this corona virus could actually damage and kill people. Diego: I took some notes on the definition of corona virus mom. It says here “Coronaviruses are a group of related RNA viruses that cause diseases in mammals and birds. In humans, these viruses cause respiratory tract infections that can range from mild to lethal. ” I wonder mom why these virus can kill, are they living forms? Mother: That is very interesting. I’m glad you are thinking about it. Let me tell you a short history on how people in the past understood what life is. Let’s take a look at this timeline and those people who contributed in defining what composes a living form. TIMELINE ON THE DISCOVERY OF THE CELL 1665 - Robert Hooke coined the term “cell” for the box-like structures he observed when viewing cork tissue through a lens 1670 - Leeuwenhoek discovered bacteria and protozoa, he termed “animalcules”. 1830 - botanist Matthias Schleiden and zoologist Theodor Schwann were studying tissues and proposed that plants and animals are made up of cells. 1855 - Rudolf Virchow later made important contributions to this theory he stated “Omnis cellula e cellula” which means “All cells only arise from pre-existing cells.” Diego: That means, all living things have cells mom? Mother: Yes, the basic unit of life is a cell. Without a cell, no living form can exist. Diego: Since both plants and animals are living forms therefore they both have cells as what Schleiden and Schwann stated! Mother: You are indeed thinking. There are three postulates of the cell theory which you need to remember. First, cell is the basic unit of life. Second, as you mentioned both plants and animals are made up of cells, we can say that all living organisms have cells. Third, those people in the timeline have contributed in the understanding that all cells can only come from pre-existing cell. That means, life comes from life. A cell can give rise to an other cell. A cell has a life, it can give rise to another cell which has also a life. On the other hand, a non life can not give rise to a cell. Example a stone can not produce a living form because stone is non life, it doesn’t have a cell. In modern time, we can state that first, all cells are essentially the same in chemical composition. Second, cells carry genetic material passed to daughter cells during cellular division. Third, energy flow (metabolism and biochemistry) occurs within cells. Downloaded by Godofredo Toledo (godofredotoledo5@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|44222620 Analysis You are tasked to help Diego understand whether corona virus can be considered a living form or not. Answer the questions ON YOUR ANSWER SHEET. First answer the preliminary questions on your answer sheet: Question (1) Read the explanation of Diego’s mother. What are the three important things that all living forms have in common. Question (2). How do you understand by “Omnis cellula e cellula” which means “Cells come from pre-existing cells?” In order to help Diego decide whether to classify Corona virus to be living or not, consider your answers in the preliminary questions. Also, add the things that you might have read or heard about it. Is corona virus a living form or not? Why? Abstraction and Generalization A cell is a basic unit of life. Onion or Alium cepa is composed of several cells. Each cell has organelles that perform functions for the onion to be alive as well. Red Blood Cell, is a cell and functions in the transport of oxygen in the different parts of a human body. Oxygen is needed by the organs in the body in order to function. RBCs are one of the many different kinds of cells in the body. Likewise, protozoans like amoeba might be a single cell but still considered a living form. Amoeba proteus causes dysentery or severe diarrhea. Amoeba is found in decaying vegetations in streams and ponds. A jackfruit is a living organism. The leaves of the tree is composed of cells. Each cell performs photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants make their own food (carbohydrate/sugar) to sustain their needs and also to provide food to the animals. Downloaded by Godofredo Toledo (godofredotoledo5@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|44222620 Application Read the situations below. Answer the questions that follow on your answer sheet. Situation (1) Janine left her bread on the table. The following days Janine found some molds on the bread. Those molds are actually colonies of fungus. Janine observed that as days go by the area covered by molds is getting greater. Which postulate of cell theory explains this. Situation (2) Jose has seen a plantlet. It was kind of unique plant which resembles that of a cactus. In his curiosity, Jose scrape a portion from the plantlet. After a some time, the part where Jose scraped dried up and eventually the plantlet die. What could Jose have taken? What postulate of cell theory explains this. Situation (3) A new species of invertebrate was discovered. It was flat disc shaped organism and belongs to the phylum echinodermata. It stays at a substrate and is fed by the microorganisms that thrive in the substrate. Is the organism composed of cell? Why should it be composed of cell or cells? Reflect Why should living organisms need to have cells? What does the cell do for the organism to live or to continue with life processes? Is it necessary to keep each cell healthy and functioning well? Write your reflection on your answer sheet. Reinforcement & Enrichment You have learned that the cell is the basic unit of life. If you were to make an analogy of a cell, what would that be? Why? (Choose any object that you could think of) Downloaded by Godofredo Toledo (godofredotoledo5@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|44222620 Assess Your Learning Direction: Choose the letter that corresponds with the correct answer. Write your answer on your answer sheet. 1. Cell theory states: I. All living cells must have a cell wall. II. All living cells require glucose for survival. III. The basic unit of life is a cell. A. I only B. II only C. III only D. I and III 2. Which of the following is not a principle of the cell theory? A. All living things are made of cells B. Cells come from pre- existing cells C. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in all living things D. All cells contain the same organelles 3. What did Schleiden and Schwann both discover individually? A. All cells have organelles. B. Spontaneous generation of cells is an incorrect theory. C. All livings things engage in metabolic functions. D. All living things are composed of one or more cells. 4. If all cells are created by other living cells, which of the following is true? A. Spontaneous generation cannot occur. B. Plant cells come from other plant cells. C. Cells divide for reproduction. D. All of the answers are correct. 5. Viruses infect cells and replicate themselves by utilizing various enzymes and cellular components of their host cell. Could you apply the same tenets of cell theory to viral replication? A. No, viruses do not strictly adhere to cell theory because they are not living organisms. B. No, viruses do not strictly adhere to cell theory because viruses do not directly come from other viruses; they require an intermediate cell to replicate. C. Yes, viruses strictly adhere to cell theory because an individual virus is a singular cellular unit. D. Yes, viruses strictly adhere to cell theory because from one virus directly arises another virus. Downloaded by Godofredo Toledo (godofredotoledo5@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|44222620 Lesson 2 Ready to Launch! You have learned from the previous module that every living organism is made up of cell. A cell has its own system in order for it to undergo processes that are needed by the organism. Right now your body is doing a million things at once. It’s sending electrical impulses, pumping blood, filtering urine, digesting food, making protein, storing fat, and other stuffs you might not be thinking of. These are possible because of the cell. Cellular activities are possible because of the little organs found within it. Each little organ or organelle has a specific function that makes the entire cell perform. Cell to cell communication, production of proteins, and gas exchange are some of the most important things needed for life to be sustained. This module will help you explore on the different organelles and how each organelle functions. Thus, understanding more on how organisms sustain life will be taken. Aim at the Target! This module generally aims to: describe the structure and function of major and subcellular organelles (STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-2) Furthermore, it specifically aims to: 1. identify the different organelles found in a cell; and 2. describe the function of each organelle. Try This! Representation is used to describe a principle or an idea to be better understood. Think of a cell, think of an object that can be in analogy with a cell. Describe and explain on your answer sheet. Downloaded by Godofredo Toledo (godofredotoledo5@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|44222620 Keep This in Mind! Activity Instruction: Read the situations below The Toy Company Anna De Juan is a profound manager. Her skills in management has been a manifestation of assuring costumers’ satisfaction and her employees welfare. Because of this, the company has been performing well in the past 10 years. Along with De Juan’s outstanding performance are the best people who work in the different departments that are necessary in keeping the company’s best and quality work. The manufacturing department is involved in the production of the product which is a toy. The department makes use of the different machineries necessary for the fast and mass production. The quality assurance department is where all of the products are being checked whether the toys are of quality. Whenever the toy does not meet the standard, they will be remodeled and be made again to be of good standard. Another department will take the defective toys for remodeling. The quality toys will finally be packed and will be labeled ready for delivery. The transport of the toys is done by the transport system that delivers the product in the different malls and establishments that sell toys. Every performance by the different department is assured and supervised with Anna De Juan as a leading person who makes sure everything is done properly and of quality. The Cell Company The cell can be viewed as a company and a system as well. The different organelles found in the cell have specific functions to do. The nucleus controls the activity and processes of the organelles. Within the nucleus is the nucleolus that contains chromatin network, DNA, and RNA. The RNA is the starting material in the production of proteins necessary for metabolism. Within the cell is the endoplasmic reticulum. Endoplasmic reticulum is classified as smooth ER and rough ER. Rough ER is characterized by the presence of ribosomes attached into it while smooth ER does not have any ribosomes attached to it. Smooth ER provides a surface for the synthesis of lipids while rough ER provides a surface for the synthesis of proteins. Proteins are specifically being produce or made in the ribosomes. The ribosome is where transcription and translation of RNA into proteins take place. Both transcription and translation are processes needed to make proteins. To assure that the proteins are non defective, golgi apparatus is responsible in packaging and checking of it. However, when defective proteins are found, the lysosome serves as the waste organelle that digests and eliminates the defective ones. The proteins are delivered and transported by the vesicles in the different parts of the cell or even in the neighboring cells that need of proteins. All of the processes done within the cell is powered by the energy (ATP) being produced by the mitochondria, considered to be the powerhouse. Among the plants, the chloroplast contains the chlorophyll that is responsible in the production of glucose or sugar. All of the organelles are kept in place by the cytoplasm, the floor of the cell. All of the organelles mentioned are equally important, however the basic thing that defines the boundary is the cell membrane. Cell to cell communication, permeability of the materials is controlled by the cell membrane. It is made up of proteins, glycoproteins, and phospholipid bilayer. Downloaded by Godofredo Toledo (godofredotoledo5@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|44222620 Analysis Think of a cell as a toy company and answer the questions below. Do this on your answer sheet. (1) If Anna De Juan would not perform well, what could happen to the company. Likewise, what would happen of the nucleus couldn’t perform well? (2) There are instances that employees are not paid well so they leave their jobs and employees leaving a company is a sign of low performance. The revenue or return of investment can be affected. In what instance in the cell that the organelles might not perform well? Explain. (3) In the production of toy or protein, why is it necessary for the defective products to be remodeled or perhaps be disposed? What organelle in the cell is responsible for this? (4) The cell membrane serves as a boundary, it defines one cell from another. In analogy, it is the fence of the cell. Aside from the mentioned function of the cell membrane, what other functions can it perform? (5) The company needs to perform at its best for customers’ satisfaction and for the welfare of the employees. What about the cell, why there is a need for the cell to perform well? Abstraction and Generalization Plants contain chloroplast that houses chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is a green pigment responsible in the process of photosynthesis. The pigment traps the light from the sun, then chemical reaction takes place. As a result of the process, oxygen is released. Fishes with internalized and endothermic red muscles (i.e. tunas and deep water fish) challenged by fast-moving prey and performance-suppressing cold water. Their red muscles are found to be rich in mitochondria, the powerhouse of the cell. It is a single celled organism that appears transparent and gelatin like – with an arguably “forever” changing shape, with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles (such as food vacuoles, contractile vacuoles, golgi apparatus, mitochondria etc.). amoeba needs a contractile vacuole in order to maintain a balance of water in its one-celled body. A sperm is a cell which also has its organelles. The head of the sperm contains the nucleus. The midpiece of the sperm is packed with mitochondria. The tail of the sperm moves like a propeller, around and around. This tail is a long flagella that pushes the sperm forward. Flagella, a cytoskeleton is maintained by the microtubule, a structural component of a cell. Downloaded by Godofredo Toledo (godofredotoledo5@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|44222620 Application Read the situations below. Answer the questions that follow on your answer sheet. Situation (1) Deep water fish has an evident of higher red muscles compared to coastal or shallow water fish. The red muscles are found to be rich in capillaries that deliver oxygen. Likewise, there is a lot of mitochondria present. Explain why there must be a lot of mitochondria found in the red muscles. Situation (2) Seeing the anatomy of a sperm cell, the head contains the nucleus. The neck contains the mitochondria. While the tail is a cytoskeleton that propels the sperm to move. Explain why each organelle are contained in different parts. Nucleus in the head, mitochondria in the neck. What is the importance of flagellum? Reflect You have learned that the cell is composed of organelles that perform functions for the organism to be well and to grow well. Think of any disease that may result because one of the organelles malfunctioned. Describe and explain. Do this on your answer sheet. Reinforcement & Enrichment You have learned that the cell is composed of organelles that perform functions for the organism to be well and to grow well. Think of any disease that may result because one of the organelles malfunctioned. Describe and explain. Downloaded by Godofredo Toledo (godofredotoledo5@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|44222620 Assess Your Learning Direction: Choose the letter that corresponds with the correct answer. Write your answer on your answer sheet. 1. Which of the functions below can be done by the endoplasmic reticulum? A. synthesis and transport of proteins B. destroy old cell parts C. make ribosomes D. package proteins 2. Whenever animals take in sugar, this is broken down for energy to be released and the organism itself consumes. The by product is CO2 which is taken by the plants. In the process, energy is needed. Which organelle is of help? A. Mitochondria B. Golgi Apparatus C. Vacuole D. Nucleus 3. A couple is told by their doctor that the reason why they cannot have children is that the sperm of the male lack motility because it does not have the structures responsible for propulsion. Which cellular structures are likely to be the underlying cause of this lack of motility? A. Microtubules B. Golgi apparatus C. Endoplasmic reticulum D. Vacuoles 4. A lack of water can cause plant cells to become flaccid. This gives the plant a wilted appearance as shown in the figure below. Which of the following cell structures is most likely responsible for the plant’s wilted appearance? A. Mitochondria B. Ribosomes C. Nucleus D. Central vacuole 5. Phenytoin is a prescription drug that is used to treat patients with epilepsy. A side effect of phenytoin is that it can be toxic to mitochondria. Which of the following processes will be most immediately disrupted by this side effect? A. Lysosome synthesis B. Protein synthesis C. Lipid synthesis D. ATP synthesis Downloaded by Godofredo Toledo (godofredotoledo5@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|44222620 References & Photo Credits AMOEBA. https://commons.wikimedia.org CORONA VIRUS. https://health.mil/News/Articles/2020/01/24/Coronavirus GLASS OF WATER. https://pxhere.com/en/photo/801119 HOOKE. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Hooke_portrait.jpg JACKFRUIT. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jackfruit.jpg LEUWENHOEK. https://commons.wikimedia.org MOBILE PHONE. https://www.wallpaperflare.com ONION CELLS. https://www.flickr.com/photos/kaibara/3839720754 PHILIPPINE EAGLE. https://commons.wikimedia.org RED BLOOD CELLS. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Red_Blood_Cell.jpg ROCK. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Logan_Rock_Treen_closeup.jpg SCHLEIDEN. https://commons.wikimedia.org SCHWANN.https://commons.wikimedia.org SPERM. https://www.flickr.com/photos/ Syme, D. & Shadwick, R. (2011). Red muscle function in stiff-bodied swimmers: there and almost back again. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov TUNA. https://www.needpix.com/photo/287321/tuna-fish-fishing-seafood-freshwater-underwater-ocean-marine VIRCHOW. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rudolf_Virchow_NLM3.jpg WITHERED PLANT. https://pixabay.com/photos/withered-blossom-bloom-plant4091775/ Answer Key: 1. A 1. A 2. D 2. A 3. D 3. A 4. D 4. D 5. B 5. D Downloaded by Godofredo Toledo (godofredotoledo5@gmail.com)
