AVSEC LESSON 1
AVIATON SECURITY
Aviation Security
(AVSEC)
• A combination of measures and human and
material resources intended to safeguard
international civil aviation against acts of
unlawful interference.
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1-THREATS
Nature of the Threat
Sabotage of Aircraft
Sabotage of Airports
Hijacking of aircraft on the ground or in
flight; and
 Armed attacks on / off airport facilities.
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Types of Offenders
Mentally challenged persons
Persons seeking revenge – disgruntled exemployees
Terrorists, individuals and groups
Criminals, individuals and groups
Terrorists
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State; and attack is against the Country or
Government
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To gain international attention and publicity for
their cause Target specific individuals on an
aircraft,
such as Diplomats or VIPs
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Engender fear of flying in the general
public and disrupt normal life; and
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Obtain the release of prisoners, perhaps
from their own group
Reasons for Attack
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Strong reaction from Governments,
and Organizations affected
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Very high visibility or publicity through
the media for their cause
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Characteristics of Terrorists
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Have access to necessary resources
such as money, technical expertise,
weapons, explosives and sometimes
supported by governments or States; and
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Aims are political in nature
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Characteristics of Criminals
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Monetary gain
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Extortion
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Personal
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2- REGULATION AND POLICY
INTERNATIONAL AVIATION SECURITY POLICY
• After the advent of the first acts of unlawful interference
against civil aviation, ICAO initiated two types of documents
designed to set the framework for a worldwide prevention
of and response to such acts. The overall framework of civil
aviation is as shown below;
• International –ICAO
• National –State
• Local -Airport
• INTERNATIONAL - ICAO
• Legal Instruments – (Conventions –SARPs -Doc 8973/7)
• Annexes 17
National –State security policy
• National civil aviation security program
• National civil aviation security authority
• National civil aviation security Committee
Local-Airport security policy
• Airport Civil Aviation program
• Airport Civil Aviation Authority
• Airport Civil Aviation Committee
• THE INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORK
– Legal Instruments –Conventions and
Protocols
• In response to the rising level of threats
against civil aviation, ICAO developed several
legal instruments addressing the prevention
and repression of unlawful acts.
• Tokyo Convention (1963) –
–Signed in Japan, Tokyo
–The convention for dealing with
offences committed on board aircraft.
Legal Instruments –Conventions and
Protocols
• The Hague Convention (1970)
– Signed at The Hague on December
16, 1970
– The convention for the suppression of
unlawful seizure of aircraft
• Montreal Convention (1971)
– Signed at Montreal on September 23,
1971
• The convention for the suppression of
the unlawful Acts against the safety of
Civil Aviation
• Supplementary protocol (Montreal) 1998
– Done at Montreal 1998.
Legal Instruments –Conventions
and Protocols
Marking of plastics explosives (1991)
–Signed at Montreal on March 01,
1991.
–Convention on the marking of
plastics explosives for the purpose
of detection
• To effectively prevent and respond to acts
of unlawful interference, states must use
these conventions and protocol and create
a national framework to allow their
Technical Documents –Annexes and Other
Documents
• Further to the above legal instruments, ICAO
developed two technical documents that provide
states with SARPs and guidance;
• Annex 17, Security – This document provides
technical specifications in the form of SARPs
for safeguarding international Civil Aviation
against Acts of unlawful interference.
• Document 8973/7 – Is a security manual
against acts of unlawful interference that
provides states with guidance for the
development and implementation of a
national and an airport civil aviation security
THE NATIONAL FRAMEWORK
National Civil Aviation Security Program
• States must adopt the provisions of ICAO
Annex 17 Security. They require, among other
things, the implementation of a National Civil
Aviation Security Program. ICAO Document
8973/7, Vol. 1 Chapter 7 provides detailed
guidance for its implementation.
National Civil Aviation Security Program
OBJECTIVES
• This program is established in accordance with the
government policy on national security.
• Its objective is to safeguard civil aviation operations
against acts of unlawful interference through
regulations, practices and procedures.
• In order for States to translate ICAO security
requirements into practical enforceable measures
meeting national needs, the National Civil Aviation
Security Program must be based on regulatory
framework.
CONTENTS
• Coordination and communication
• Protection of airports, aircraft and air navigation
facilities
• Control of persons and items on board aircraft
• Response to unlawful acts
• Provision of security equipment
National Civil Aviation Security
Authority
Each State must create a National Civil Aviation
Security Authority responsible to develop,
implement and maintain all elements of the
National Civil Aviation Security program. In many
States, this authority is part of the Civil Aviation
Authority. Its responsibilities are to:
– Carry out audits, inspections and tests .Assess
the national threat levels .Develop and
implement the national security program.
Ensure all airports develop and implement
their own civil aviation programs .Adjust the
program following audits, inspections, tests
and actual incidents
National Civil Aviation Security
Committee
• Each State must create a National Civil Aviation
Security Committee. If the state has more than one
international airport, individual committees must be
established to address the specific needs of each
airport.
ROLE OF THE COMMITTEE
• To provide advice on security policies
• Recommend measures and procedures
• Review their efficiency and ensure the required level or
coordination to achieve the success of the security
program
• It should also ensure the liaison with committees at
each airport
THE LOCAL FRAMEWORK
• It deals with airport security to ensure security
takes place at the airport itself. It is the most
action oriented and detailed one in its
application.
Airport Civil Aviation Security Program
• It is an extension of the national program and
consists of the same objectives and
components. However, it is more action
oriented: it is where the prevention of and the
response to threats and acts of unlawful
interference take place.
• The key partners are the national civil aviation
security authority, the airport operator and the
aircraft operators.
Airport Civil Aviation Security Authority
Is responsible for coordinating the implementation
of security controls
•
ROLES
• Collect and maintain statistics on airport
vulnerable points
• Conduct regular exercises, tests and inspections
• Provide input into plans for new or expanded
airport facilities
• Ensure that all security personnel are qualified
and trained
• Report on weaknesses and implement corrective
measures
• Coordinate at the airport level the
implementation of national aviation security
• Airport Civil Aviation Security Committee
• Assists the authority in coordinating the
implementation of security controls and procedures as
specified in the airport security program.
• Membership of the committee must include;
– Airport management
– Airlines and other aircraft operators
– Head or airport security
– Police
– Air traffic services
– Medical services
– Rescue and fire-fighting services
ORGANISATION CONCERNED WITH AVIATION SECURITY
• International Air Transport Association (IATA)
• Airport Council International (ACI)
• European Civil Aviation Conference (ECAC)
•
3-ACTS OF UNLAWFUL
INTERFERENCE
• These are acts or attempted acts that jeopardize
the safety of civil aviation and air transport, i.e
• Unlawful seizure of aircraft in flight
• Unlawful seizure of aircraft on the ground
• Hostage taking on board aircraft or on
aerodromes
• Forcible intrusion on board aircraft, airport
or on the premises of an aeronautical facility
• Introduction of weapon or hazardous device
on board aircraft or at an airport for criminal
purposes
• Communication of false information that can
jeopardize the safety of an aircraft in flight or
on the ground
4-MITIGATIOM
COUNTER MEASURES
• Legislative counter measures
• Technical counter measures
• Physical counter measures
LEGAL COUNTER MEASURE
• Incorporate the provisions of international
Conventions within the scope of the criminal
law of the State; and
• Establish a comprehensive legal framework in
support of its national civil aviation activities
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Technical Countermeasures
• Total of 19 Annexes to the Chicago
Convention on International Civil
Aviation.
• Annex 17 details International Standards
and Recommended Practices for
Safeguarding International Civil Aviation
against Acts of Unlawful
Interference
.
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Physical Countermeasures
• Control of access to security restricted
areas
• Screening of staff
• Screening of crewmembers and ground
staff
• Screening of hold baggage, cargo and
mail
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AVSEC LESSON 2
AERODROME PROCEDURES
• DEFINITION OF TERMS
•
• Aerodrome – A defined area on the land or water
(including any building, installation and equipment)
intended to be used wholly or in part for the arrival,
departure and surface movement of the aircraft.
• Runway- A defined rectangular area on a land
aerodrome prepared for landing and take-off of an
aircraft.
• Taxiway- A defined path on a land aerodrome
prepared for taxiing of an aircraft.
• Apron A defined area on a land aerodrome intended
to accommodate aircraft for purpose of loading or
unloading passengers, cargo, refueling, parking and
maintenance.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Ramp
• Maneuvering Area - That part of the
Airport used for take-off, landing & taxiing
of aircraft, excluding aprons.
•
• Movement Area - That part of the Airport
to be used for the take-off, landing, taxiing
and parking of aircraft, consisting of the
maneuvering area and the apron
1-TYPICAL AIRPORT
•
RUNWAY CHARACTERISTICS
• Runways Orientations – Runways are not placed at
random. Aerodynamic considerations dictate that
aircraft take-off and land facing into wind, it
reduces the ground run required to become
airborne or to decelerate and stop.
• Runways Numbering – For purpose if identification,
runways are numbered using a two digit number
from 01 to 36. This number represents the
magnetic (azimuth) orientation of the runway’s
heading rounded to the nearest 10 degrees.
AIRPORT LAYOUT
RUNWAY CHARACTERISTICS
A runway numbered 09 points East (90°), runway 18
is south(180°), runway 27 points west (270°),and
runway 36 points to the south (360° rather than 0°).
If there is more than one runway pointing in the
same direction/parallel runways, each runway is
identified by appending Left (L), Center (C) and Right
(R) to the number to identify its position when
facing its direction
There are two practical application for this numbering
system
– Provides the pilot with confirmation that they are
indeed on the runway that was assigned to them for
taking off or landing.
– While positioned at the beginning of the runway prior
to take off, pilots can check their compass if it reads
.
• Runways surface Type – The choice of material used to
construct the runway depends on the use and the local
ground conditions.
• In the biggest airport, you will find long hard surface
type runways (asphalt and concrete). In smallest airport,
you can find only a soft surface type runway (grass and
gravel)
• Number of Runways –Many airports have more than one
runway, sometimes up to five. Multiple runways can converge,
intersect or parallel.
• There are two reasons why airports may have more than
one runway;
– The limitation that aircraft have to operate in cross wind
conditions.
– Runway capacity i.e. number of aircraft movements on the
runway over a given period of time.
Runway closed –When a runway is closed there is a
permanent or temporary cross on the runway. If you see a
cross on the runway or in the charts, this runway is closed
and it is forbidden to land on a closed runway except for
emergency purposes.
• Runway Length and width –The runway length is
generally;
• 500 to 1000 meters long and 25-45 meters wide for small
airfields
• 2000 to 4200 meters long and 45-60 meters wide for the
larger airfields
• You can find normalized distances on charts
• Runway Sections –A runway can have different sections
that can be used by aircraft for taxi, landing or taking-off
operation.
• The normal used portion of the runway is from
• STOP WAY/BLAST PAD –Are often constructed just
before the start of a runway where jet blast produced by
large aircraft during take-off roll could otherwise erode
the ground and eventually damage the runway.
• Overrun areas are also constructed at the end of
runways as emergency space to slowly stop aircraft that
overrun the runway on a landing gone wrong or slowly
stop a plane on a rejected take-off or a take-off gone
wrong.
• Blast pads are often not as strong as the main paved surface of
the runway and are marked with yellow chevrons. Aircraft is
not allowed to taxi, take-off or land on blast pads except in an
emergency.
• DISPALCED THRESHOLD –Exists because obstacles just before
the runway, runway strength or noise restrictions may make
the beginning sections of the runway unsuitable for landings.
• It is marked with white paint arrows that lead up to the
beginning of the landing portion of the runway.
• Displaced thresholds may be used for taxiing and take-off
rollout but not for touchdown and landing operations.
• CALCULATION OF DECLARED DISTANCES
• The introduction of stop ways and clearways and the use of
displaced threshold on runways has created a need for
accurate information regarding the various physical distances
available and suitable for the landing and take-off or aircraft.
• For these purpose, the term “declared distances” is used with
the following four distances associated with a particular
runway:
• TORA = Take Off Run Available
Is the length of the runway declared available and suitable for
ground run of an aircraft taking-off. This means the maximum
run distance for an aircraft during a take-off
• RESA = Runway End Safety Area
– Is the length of the stop way
• CWY =Clearway
– Is an area beyond the paved runway, free of obstructions and
under the control of the airport authorities
• TODA = Take Off Distance Available
– The length of the take-off run available plus the length of the
clearway and stop way, if clearway and stop way is provided.
– This distance is the take-off distance for an aircraft to reach the
minimum 50ft.
TODA= TORA+RESA+CWY
• ASDA = Accelerate Stop Distance Available
– Is the length of the take-off available plus the length of
the stop way, if stop way is provided
– ASDA is the maximum run distance for an aircraft when
performing a rejected take- off.
• LDA= Landing Distance Available
– The length of runway which is declared available and
suitable for ground run of an aircraft landing.
– LDA never includes runway section before displaced
threshold before touch down point.
• TAXIWAY
– Taxiway is a defined path on the land aerodrome
established for the taxiing of an aircraft and intended to
provide a link between one part of the aerodrome and
another.
– Taxiways usually connect aprons and runways.
– The rapid exit taxiway located along the runway at an
approximately angle of 30, allow aircraft on the landing
roll to exit the runway at relatively high speed.
– It reduces the time that landing aircraft spend on the
runway (runway occupancy time) and it increases the rate
at which aircraft can be processed (the capacity of the
runway)
– The width of a taxiway must be sufficient to meet the
requirements of the critical aircraft. The width of taxiways
ranges from 7.5m to 23m.
– Taxiways must be of sufficient strength to accommodate
the weight of the critical aircraft.
• APRON
– Is a defined area on the land aerodrome intended to
accommodate aircraft for the purpose of loading or
unloading passengers, mail or cargo, fuelling, parking
or maintenance
– There is a special type of apron called a De-icing
Center.
– At airports where snow and ice conditions are
frequent, air safety requires that departing aircraft be
free of any accumulation of snow, ice and frost on
their surfaces. It is done in De-icing Center.
– The size of an apron must be sufficient to
accommodate the number of aircraft expected at
peak times plus adequate circulation.
– Each aircraft is parked on a defined surface called a
stand. A number designates each stand.
– Aprons must be of sufficient strength to
accommodate the weight of the critical aircraft.
2-AIRPORTMARKINGS
RUNWAY MARKINGS
– Threshold Marking –Indicates the beginning of the usable
pavement area. They consist of a pattern of longitudinal
narrow stripes.
– Aiming Marking –They allow pilots on approach to
visualize the landing area from a distance. They are
longitudinal rectangles located exactly 300m from the
runway threshold.
– Touchdown zone marking –They provide pilots with visual
information relative to the area within landing aircraft
should touch down. These are longitudinal stripes located
on either side of the centerline extending several hundred
meters from the threshold.
– Center line –They provide guidance for pilots to ensure
that their aircraft remains well within the runway surface,
when following the center line.
– Runway Designation Marking -This marking consists of a
two digit number indicating the magnetic heading of the
runway to the nearest 10 degrees. Designation Marking
will include a letter, such as 'L' identifying the left runway
as seen from the approach, 'C' identifying the center
runway where there are 3 parallel runways or 'R' for the
right runway, as appropriate.
• TAXIWAY MARKINGS
• Centerline Marking The Taxiway Center line marking consists of a
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single continuous yellow line marking the center of the taxiway.
Runway Taxi-Holding Position (RTHP) Marking RTHPs are
established on each taxiway leading to a runway in order to
protect aircraft on take-off and landing by ensuring that other
taxiing aircraft and vehicles are held well clear of the runway and,
where appropriate, outside the ILS Sensitive Area
Intermediate Taxi-Holding Position (ITHP) marking at those
aerodromes where the taxiway layout is complex or involves
multiple intersecting taxiways, ITHPs may be established in order
to protect a priority taxiway route.
Taxiway Edge Marking Edge markings are used where the area
beyond the taxiway edge is paved but not normally available for
use by aircraft.
Information Markings Information Markings, in the form of surface
painted directions, may be provided where the use of a sign might
cause an unacceptable obstruction or to assist in the prevention of
APRON MARKINGS
– Self-maneuvering Stand Markings Self-maneuvering stand
markings are provided to assist pilots in taxiing their aircraft
to the correct parking position without the assistance either
of a marshaled or a VDGS.
– Parking Spots and Parking Circles At some small aerodromes
where aircraft parking space is at a premium, a yellow spot,
number or circle may be painted on the apron indicating an
individual aircraft parking position
– White markings on an apron are intended for the guidance,
control and movement of ground service vehicles
• RAMP MARKINGS
RAMP MARKINGS
Where fixed obstacles are insufficiently conspicuous by day,
they are normally marked either by alternating bands or by a
cheered pattern of red or orange and white.
• Vehicles and other mobile equipment frequently employed
on the movement area are normally painted yellow or
alternatively may be fitted with distinctive yellow markers
or flags.
• Unserviceable parts of the movement area are normally
delineated either by marker boards painted in alternate
bands of red or orange and, or by diagonally split orange/
flags.
• Where practicable, an unserviceable part of the movement
area would also be marked by one or more large crosses.
3-AIRPORT LIGHTING
• OBSTACLE LIGHTS
• Fixed obstacles of 45 m or less in height, width and length are
normally lit by a single steady red light placed at the highest
practicable point; those obstacles of greater size are normally
provided with additional red lights in order to outline the extent
of the obstruction
• Surface obstructions and unserviceable parts of the
movement area are normally delineated by portable
red lights.
• Mobile obstacles such as vehicles and equipment
frequently employed on the movement area normally
display an Omni-directional yellow flashing light that
meets the specification set out in CAP 168 Licensing of
Aerodromes. This is to be switched on at all times
when a vehicle is being operated airside.
• Emergency service vehicles responding to an incident
display flashing blue lights. In conditions where nonemergency vehicles not normally based at the airport
are operated on airside areas, standard hazard lights
will be used.
4-AIRPORT SERVICES
Airport services include;
Passenger services
Apron/Ramp services
Cargo handling
Aircraft Services
– Fuel and oil handling
– Aircraft maintenance
– Flight operations and crew administration
– Surface transport
– Catering services
– Cabin Services
• Ramp Services:
• Marshalling of aircraft on the ground at arrival and departure
• Communication between the aircraft and the airside supplier of
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• Provision and operation of appropriate units for engine starting
• Moving of aircraft at arrival and departure
• Transport, loading on to and unloading from the aircraft of inflight
kitchen
– RADIO TELEPHONY (RTF)
• RTF provides the means by which pilots, air traffic services
personnel and other ground personnel communicate with
each other.
• The information and instructions transmitted are of vital
importance in the safe and expeditious (marked by speech
and efficiency) operation of an aircraft.
• RADIO PRINCIPLES /TRANSMITTING TECHNIQUE
• The following transmitting techniques will assist in ensuring
that transmitted speech is clear:
• Listen out on the frequency some seconds before transmitting to
ensure that there will be no
• interference with a transmission from another station
• Press the transmit switch fully before speaking and do not release
•
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•
•
•
it until the message is completed. This will ensure that the entire
message is transmitted
Use a normal conversational tone, and speak clearly and distinctly
and maintain the speaking
volume at a constant level
Make a slight pause before and after numbers will assist in
making them easier to understand
Avoid using hesitation sounds such as "er"
Suspend speech temporarily if it becomes necessary to turn the
head away from the microphone
STANDARD PHASEOLOGY WORDS AND PHRASES
WORD/PHRASE
1. How do you read
2. I say again
3. Correct
4. Disregard
5. Stand by
6. Over
7. Roger
MEANING
What is the readability of my transmission
I repeat for clarity or emphasis
Yes or accurate
Ignore
Wait and I will call you
My transmission is ended and I expect a
response from you
I have received all your last transmission