% THE INDOTH'ICE OT THE FtrI.IPINOS rple, without distrusting men, rething more lofty, in someone neone who knows better the red promise. and has promised victory to rho struggles, to one who acts ; redemption after the sacrifice. and God will fuIfill his! :t* I Doetor Saneianco in his Progreso de Filipinas (Philippine Progress) has dealt with this qr:estioncackled about it, as he says. Citing iacts and reports furnished by the very same Peninsular authorities who govern the Philippines, he has demonstrated that such indolence does not exist and whatever is said about it does not deserve a reply nor even s.light.attention. However, as it is still being discussed, not only by the government employees who hold it responsible for their orvn stupidities, not only by the friars who consider it neeessary to make themselves irreplaceable, but also by serious and disinterested persons; and as against the evideuee cited by Dr. Sancianco, others of greater or less weight ean be presented, it seems to us desirable to study thoroughly this question without contempt or sensitiveness, without bias, without pessimisrn. And as we carr only serve our country by telling her the truth, however bitter it be, as a categorieal and artificial denial cannot destroy a real and positive faet, despite the briliiance of .the arguments, as a mere assertion is not enough to create an impossible thing, 'ive are going to examine the question calmly with ail the impartiality of which a man is capable who is ccnvinced that there is no redemption unless based soiidly on virtue. Very much misused is the word indolence, in the sense of little love for work, iack of aetivity, ete.; but ridicule has covered the misuse. This popular subject has sufiered the same fate as certain panaceas and specifics which have been discredited because of Jhe impossible virtues attributed to them by charlatans. In the Medieval Age, and ' ?27 228 even in many Catholic countries of our times, whatever suF\erstitious folk cannot understand, or men because of malice refuse to confess, is attributed to the devil; in the Philippines, one's own and another's shortcomings, the stupidities of some, and the crimes of others are attributed to indolence. Thus, as in the Medievai Age, one who tried to seek an explanation of naturai phenornena outside of the devii's influence was persecuted,'in the Philippines one who seeks the origin of his ignoraace beycnd the accepted meets a worse fate. -beliefs It turns out that there are some who are ver3r much interested in declaring this misuse a dogma and others in combatting it as a ridiculous superstition, if not a punishable fraud. Iilowever, it should not be deduced that a thing does not exist because of its misuse. We believe that there shouid be something behurd so much outcry, for so many people cannot have agreed to lie at the same time, among whom, as we have said, are some very serious and disinterested individuals. Some will act in bad {aith through levity, through lack of discernment, faulty reasoning, ignorance of the past, etc.,. others wili repeat what they hear without investigation nor reflection; others will speak through pessimism or impelled by that human characteristic which regards perfect or almost perfect 'vhatever is one's own and defective what is another's; but it cannot tre denieC thai there are some who worship truth, if not always the truth itseif, at least its semblance, which is truth in the mind of the erowd. Analyzing carefuily then all the incidents and a}l the men we have known since our childhood and the Life in our country, we believe that indolence exists there.' The Filipinos who can stand beside the most active men of the pfhis article was written in Spain and hence the use of ,,therer' in relerring to the Philippines. It was published in instalments irr La Sotidortdod., Yol. II, 158-160. (15 July 1890), 167-169 (31 July 1890), 1?8-180 (15 Au8rrst 1830), 190-195 (31 August 1890), 203-204 (1 September 1890). a world will doubtless not chi true that there they have against the climate, against r we should not take the excen we should seek the weUare what we believe is true. 't indolence actually and posil t regarding it as the couse of tt we should regard it as the efi ness, which fosters the growth Wilh the exception of Dr. dealt with the subjeet of ir with denying or affirming it; has studied its eauses. Ilo existence and exaggerate it : to prescribe remedies taken h other Dutch and English cc having seen a fever cured wif this fish for every rise in ter patients. We shall do the opposite. we shall examine the causes strictly speaking, is not a ci however in its true worth the The predisposition exists. The warm climate requires ua1, just as cold incites him this reason the Spaniard is m and the French more so tl Europeans who accuse the Pt lence (and I'm no longer re also to the Germans and Eng the tropical countries? Sur never walking but riding, ng move their shoes but even to 228 ountries of our times, whatof understand, or men because , is attributed to the devil; in urd another's shortcomings, the crimes of others are attributed re Medieval Age, one who tried naturai phenomena outside of secuted, in the Philippines one ignorance beycnd the accepted are some rvho are very much misuse a dogma and others in s superstition, if not a punlshhould not be deducerl ihat a e of its misuse. rould be something behind so people eannot have agreed to g whom, as we have said, are sinterested individuals. Some 3h levity, through lack of dis, ignorance of the past, etc.l rey hear without investigation speak through pessimism or aracteristie which regards perlver is one's own and defective mnot be denied that there are uot always the truth itself, at truth in the mind of the erowd. rll the incidents and ail the rnen childhood and the l"ife in our indolenee exists there.l The ide the most active men of the ain and henee the use of ..there, irr s published in instalments in .Lo Soli1890), 167-163 (31 July 1890), 1?8-190 st 1890), 2W-ZA4 (1 Septcmber 1890). 229 world will doubtless not challenge this adrriission. It is true' that there they have to work and struggle mueh against the climate, against nature, and against men; but we should not take the exception for the general rule and we should seek the welfare of our country by stating what we believe is true. 'W'e must eonfess that there indolence actually and positively exists; but instead of regarding it as the cause of the backwardness and disorder, we should regard it as the effect of rlisorder and backwardness, which fosters the growth of a disastrous predtsposttion. \4rith the exception of Dr. Sancianco, those who have dealt with the subject of indolence have been satisfied with denying or affirrning it; we d.on,t know anyone who has studied its causes. However, those who admit its existence and exaggerate it more or less have not failed to prescribe remedies taken here and there, from Java and other Dutch and Engiish colonies, like the quack who, having seen a fever cured with a dozen sard.ines, prescribed this fish for every rise in temperature he observed in his patients. We shall do the opposite. Before proposing a remedy, rve shall examine the causes and though a predisposition, strictly speaking, is not a cause, lve are going to study however in its true worth the predisposition due. to nature. The predisposition exists. Why shouid it not exist? The warm climate requires quiet and rest for the indivirl. ual, just as cold incites him to work and to action. For this reason the Spaniard is more indolent than the French, and the French more so than the German. The very Europeans who accuse the peoples of the colonies of indoIence (and I'm no ionger referring to the Spaniards but also to the Germans and Englishmen), how do they live in the tropical countries? Surrounded by many servants, never walking but riding, nepding servants not only to remove their shoes'but even to fan them! And nevertheress 230 l,ive and eat better, work for themselves and to enrich elves, with the hope of a Iuture, free, respected, while poor colonial, the ind,olent colonial, is poorly nourished .,i6.:, tbd for. others.,. and is forced and ;t'-treii Uy.ut.*ithout.h:ry:-]"tl: 'What? The white men will reply to work! i"i +*p"tled k lertr"p that they are not made to sufier the rigors of the ?. 6hrat.. A mistakel Man can live under any climate if he requirements anci conditions. $ ffsly adapt himseif to its the in the European warm countries is the abuse fffiat tills ;E ;:;- ' lffiat . ; oJ:alcohol, the desire to live as in his own country under s-ry and another sun, We the inhabitants of trop live well in northern Europe whenever we eduntries 'tfre same preeautions as the people there do. The Sgopeans can also live well in the torrid zone if they would only get rid of their prejudices. The fact is that in the tropical countries severe work is not a good thing as in cold countries, for there it is annihilation, it is death, it is destruction. Nature, as a just 4gther knowing this, has therefore made the land more {ertile, more productive, as a compensation. An hour's *ork under that burning sun and in the midst of pernicious influences coming out of an active nature is equivalent to a day's work in a temperate climaie; it is proper then that the land yield a hundredfold! Moreover, don't we see the active European who has gained strength during winter, who feels the fresh blood of spring boil in. his veins, don't \4?e see him abandon his work during the few days of his changeable summer, close his office, where the work after all is not hard-for D&ny, consisting of talking and gesticulating in the shade beside a desk-run to wateringplaees, sit down at the caf6s, stroll about, etc.? What wonder then that the inhabitant of tropical countries, worn out and wiih his blood thinned by the prolonged and excessive heat, is redueed to inaction? Who is the indolent one in the offices in Manila? Is it the poor clerk who comes in at eight in the morning and leaves at one o,clock in the afternoon with on\ writes and works by hims his chiel who eomes in a before twelve, reads his nerr feet stretched out on a'chai everything with his friends? Indio coadjutor, poorly paid visit all the indigent sick liv curate who gets fabulously eats and drinks well, and d he can collect exeessive fee Leaving aside the Europei Chinese engage, the indusl their country driven by hur ambition is to amass a small of some 'porters, an occupa foilow, almost all of them a merce; so very rarely do thr know of no one. The Chir other colonies do so only f, and then retire. W9 find then the tenden and rve have to admit it ai alter natulal laws, and beca have disappeared. Man is n His aim is not merely to pro rvhite Christians rvho rvish tc a kind of mo'tive power so less costly than steam. His yrassions of another man. I for himself and his fellor+' towards progress and perfec The evil is not that a t exists, btrt that it is fostered as weil as among nations, 1 but also tendencies toward 230- work for themselves and to enrich i 3f * future, free, respected, while tol?t colonial, is poorly nourished bi\ for others, and is for."a ,rJ rat? The white men will reply t made to sufier the rigors il; tn caq live under any climate"f if he r its requirements and conditioni. n the warm countries is the uburu live as in his own country under sun. lVe the inhabitants of trop r northern Europe *h"rrurru" o]u s as the people there do. The weII in the tomid ,o"u if tiuy ir prejudices. bopical countries severe work is d-countries, for there it is annidestruction. Nature, as just a therefore made tf,u furra *J. as a compensation. An hour,s m and in the midst oi p".ni.ior. n active nature is equivalent to n-climate; it is proper then that ld!. Moreou"., drrrl, *u ."u-iil g"i"ud strength during wirrt"r, rf spring boil in his veins, don,t ork during the few a"vr'oi ij, ris offiee, where.the work after consisting of talking and gesti- ii: " desk-run to *"di;;- rf6s, stroll about, ete,? .l{hat .h{ :f tropical countries, worn p"d by the prolonsed and exinaction? Who is ifru inaof.nt Is it the poo, .1""k 1? ning alrd leaves at one *ho ",;fr.i 23t in the afternoon with only his parasol, and copies and writes and worl<s by himself and for his chief, or is it his chief who comes in a carriage at ten o,clock, leaves before twelve, reads his newspaper u,hile smoking with his feet stretched out on a'chair or a table, or rp"ufing ill of everything with his friends? who is the indolent one, the Indio coadjtrtor, poorly paid and badty treated, who has to visit all the indigent sick riving in the eountry, or the friar curate who gets fabulously rich, goes about in a carriage, eats and drinks well, and does not troubre himserf unress he can collect excessive fees? Leaving aside the Europeans, in what hard work do the chinese engage, the industrious chinese who flee from their country driven by hungei and want and whose sore ambition is to amass a sma[ fortune? with the exception of some'porters, an oceupation which the Filipinos also follow, almost all of them are engaged in trading, in eommerce; so ve'y rarely do they take up agrieulture that we know of no one. The Chinese who cuitivate the soil in other colonies do so only for a certain number of years and then retire. w9 find then the tendency to indolence very natural and rve have to admit it and bless it because we cannot alter natu'al laws, and because *,ithout it the race would have disappeared. Man is not a brute, he is not a machine. His aim is not merely to produce despite the claim of some rvhite christians rvho lvish to make of the colorld christian a kind of mcitive power somewhat more .intelrigent and less costly than steam. His purpose is not to satisfy the 1:assions of another man. His object is to seek happiness for himself and his fellorv men by following thl road towards progress and perfection. The e'il is not that a more or ress latent indolence exists, but that it is fostered and magnified. Among men, as well as among nations, there exist not only apiitudes but also tendencies t,ward good and evil. To foster the I ,232 good ones and. aid them, as well as correct the bad ones and repress them would be the duty of society o.of gor"rr,ments, if less noble thoughts did not absorb their attention. The evil is that indolence in the phitippine, i;-; *lerrin"a indolence, a snow-ball indolence, if we b; p".trrr"a the expression, an evil w-rrich increases "r* in direct proportion to the square of the periods of time, an effect oi;ir;*r""r,_ ment and backwardness, as we said and not a eause of them. others w* think otherwise, .rp".trirr-'rh*";;"ir"r" h3nd in-the misgovernment, but it does not *"tt""i*" fr"r"" affirrned one thing and we are going to prove it. II when the condition, of the patient is examined after a Iong chronic illness, the question may arise whether the weakenihg of the fibers and the debility of the orr*, responsible for the persistenee of ".u the *ruay o" il'lorrrrrruation is the effect of the poor treatment. The attend.ing physician attributes the failure of his skilr to iiu' ooo" constitution of the patient, to the climate, to his ings, etc. on th.e other hand, the patient will"""."u"aattribute aggravation j\ of his ilness t" ir," method of treatment followed. only 'che eommon men, trr- -;;; *u, shake their heads unable to reach a decision. "".r, Something like this. happens to the philippine question. Instead of physician, read philippines; insteatl of malady, indolence. As it happens in similar cases, when_ patient a gets worse, everybody loses his head, eaeh one dodges the to throw it to somebody else, and instead responsibiiity of djs"ove"irrg the:eauses to combat the evil i" ii"*, they devote themselves at best to attacking the symptoms. Ifere a bloodIetting, a tax; there a plaJ"r, fo;; Iabor; farther there a sedative, a trifling refoim, etc. Er.; -orr", a- new remedy: il"'ltlfi:,*rT: viaticum, the friars; another piopor., a shower-bath; stilr ;;;;","rh"'r:rtJ 4 another, preteuding to hold r ftrsion. "Nothing; the patieat I red corpuscles; some tiay wl agricultural colony which will So on all sidss there are ] clenehing of fists, many ernpl great deal of talk, much fear end! Yes, hlood transfusion, U new vitality! Yes, if the ne you are going to introduce ir globules that were a cancer i resist the evils of the organil blood-lettings that she underg sistance than eight million red disorders, all the ilegeneration pal organs, be thaxl<ful thal coagulations which impede c grenes, be thankful that they While the patient breattres and however late we may be, : superfluous, at least, if she die known. We are not trying t physician and strll less on the mentioned, if the predispositio and natural predisposition--di disappear, a vietim of excessiv Indolence in the Philippine not a hereditary one. The Fil what they are now, witnesser the first years of the discover; lhe Malqyan Filipinos befo peans earried on an active t selves but also with all thei Chinese manuscript of the Xn Hirth (Globas, Sept. 1889) aa aother occasion, speai<s of I 1 233 12 well as correct the bad ones e duty of society or of govern' fid not absorb their attention. the Philippines is a magtrified nee, if we may be Permitted increases in direct ProPortion f time, an effect of misgovern' e said and not a cause of them. especially those who have a rut it does not matter; we have e going to prove it. tr e patient is examined after a :stion may arise whether the the debility of the organs are p of the malady or its continoor treatment. The attending lure of his skill to the poor r the climate, to his surroundmd, the patient will athibute s to the method of treatment o. men, the curious ones, will l reach a decision. :ns to the Philippirre question. Philippines; instead of malady, ses, when a patient gets worse, fi one dodges the responsibility se, and instead of discovering il in them, they devote themthe symptoms. Ifere a bloodr, forced labor; farther there a c. Every new amival proposes nae, the relic of a saint, the r proposes a shower-bath; still another, pretending to hold modern id.eas, a blood transfusion. "Nothing; the patient has only eight million indolent red corpuscles; some tiny white ones in the form of an agricultural colony which will get us out of the trouble." So on aII sidss there are lamentations, gnawing of lips, clenching of fists, many empty words, much ignorance, a great deal of talk, much fear. The patient is ntiaring his end! Yes, hlood transfusion, blood transfusion! New life, new vitality! Yes, if the nern' white corpuscles, all 'that you are going to introduce into her veins, the nevr white globules that were a cancer in another organism, have to resist the evils of the oriJanism, have to resist the many blood-lettings that she undergoes eani day, have more resistance than eight million red corpuscles, must cure all the disorders, all the degeneration, all the trouble in the principal organs, be thankful that they are transformed into coagulations which impede cireulation and produce ganllrenes, be thankful that they do not reproduce the cancer! Whiie the patient breathes, we should not lose hope, and however late we may be, never is a conscientious study superfluous, at least, if she dies, the cause of death will be known. We are not trying to put all the blame on the physician and still less on the patient. As we have already mentioned, if the predisposition due to the climate-a just and natural predisposition-did not exist, the raee would disappear, a victim of excessive work in a tropical country. Indoience in the Philippines is a chroni.c malady, but not a hereditary one. The Filipinos have not always been what they are now, witnesses being all the historians of the first years of the discovery of the Philippines. the Malqyan tr'ilipinos before the coming of the Europeans carried on an aetive trade, not only among themselves but also with all their neighboring countries. A Chinese manuscript of the XIII century, translated by Dr. Hhth (Globus, Sept. 1889) and which we will take up on mother occasion, speai<s of the relations of China wi-th 234 I the IslandsTpurely commercial relations-and the activity and honesty of Luzon traders who 'took Chinese products and distributed them throughout the Islands, traveling for nine months, and returned afterwards to pay religiously even for goods that the Chinese did not remember to have given them. The products which they exported in exchange were crude wax, cotton, pearls, tortoise-sheli, betelnuts, dry-goods, etc. The first thing noticed by Pigafetta, who came with Magellan lrL 1.521, on arriving in Samar-the first island of the Archipelago they reached-was the courtesy and kindness of the inhabitants (cortest. e'bu,oni) and their trade. "To honor our captain," he says, "they conducted him to their boats where they had'their merehandise consisting of cloves, cinnamon, pepper, nutmegs, maee, gold, and other things; and they made us understand through gestures that such articles could be found in the islands to which weweregoing...." Further on he mentions vessels and utensils of pure gold he found in Butuan where the people were engdged in mining; he describes the silk dres*"es, daggers with long gold hitts and scabbards of carved rvood, gold teeth, and others. Among the cereals and fruit; he merttions rice, millet, oranges, lemon, Indian corn, etc. That the Islands maintained relations with neighboring countries and even with distant ones was proven by the Siamese boats loaded with gold and slaves which Magelian found at Cebri. These boats paid certain duties to the ruler of the island. In the same year 1521 the survivors of Magellan's expedition found the son of the rajah of Luzon who, as captain-general of the Sultan of Borneo and admiral of his fleer, had conquered for him {he great city of Lave (Sarawak?). Might this captain, who was greatly feared by all his enemies (temuto somrnamente de gentili), t Literally. "extremely feared by the heathen". z be the najah Matanda who found in Tondo in 1570? In 1539, the warriors of Ie able shuggle for Sumatra, ar Siry Timor, Rajah oI Batta, r terrible Alzadin, Sultan of At of the Far East. (Marsileu, xx) At that time, that sea, w a handful of emeralds on i directions junks, paraus, boh shuttles and so large that ro-\ilers on one side (Morga) commerce, industry, and agri moving to the tune of war sonl of the prowess of Philippir Chapter XV.) rffealth abounded in the tr the abundance of foodstufis bitants alrnost all of whom (quost, tutti larsarano i popri survivors of Magellan's ex;red provisioned. Shortly after, : a vessel, plundered and sacker giarnmo) and captured in it of . Paragua together with his In this sarne vessel they ca1 this is the first mention of Phi bards were used by the chie savages in the interior. They let him ransom hnnsel ing 400 measures (cavanes) and 450 chickens. llhis is the in Philippine history. the Pr 'Lombard; Lantako; It is ttre s.mail 234 rcial relations-and the activity ers who 'took Chinese products ghout the Islands, traveling for I afterwards to pay religiously nese did not remember to have ; which they exported in exiton, pearls, tortoise-shell, betel- by Pigafetta, who came with rg in Samar-the first island of d-was the courtesy and kindrtesi e .buoni) and their trade. , says, "they conducted him to I their merchandise consisting nutmegS, mace, gold, and other understand through gestures found in the islands to which vessels and utensils of pure 'here the people were engdged silk dres-"es, daggers with iong of carved wood, gold teetlr, lals and fruits he mentions rice, an corn, etc. red relations with neighboring ;tant ones was proven by the old and slaves which Magellan ,ts paid certain duties to the same year 1521 the survivors und the son of the rajah of aI of the Sultan of Borneo and quered for him {he great city I this captain, who was greatly muto sommomente de gentili), te heathea". 235 !e the najah Matanda whom the spaniards afterwards found in Tondo in 1ST0? In 1539, t,e warriors of Luzon took part in the formidable skuggie for-sumaha, and under itu o"a"", Si.v.Ti*or, pui* of Batta, conquered ,"d ;;;ilw"i'arei the terrible AJzadin, S** of Atchirl celebrated, in tJle arrnals of the Far East. (I$arsileu, Ilistory o! Sumatro, Chapter xx) At that time, ttrat sea, where float these islands like a handful of emeralds on a crystal tray, sailed in all directions junks, par&us,-balangols, rsintas_<raft light as shuttles and so that thly" can ho1d, one hundred _t"g" ro-wers on one side (Morga); that sea bore ur""y*h""u commerce, indushry, and agriculture by the force ot'ou", moving to the tune ofvar songs, genealogy songs, uoi .or,g, of tle prowess of philippirie'i.itiur. (Colin, Book I, Chapter XV.) l'ealth abounded in the rslands. pigafetta telrs us of the abundance of foodstu-ffs in paragua and of its inhabitants alrnost all of whom cultivated their own farms (quan tutii lauary, pow campi.) On this island the ! survivors of Magellan's expedition rvere well received and provisioned. Shortly after, these saine people captured a vessel, plundered and sacked it (pigtiammo'e r,o ,ir"nrngian'mo) and captured in it the of the same Island of. Paragua together with his son "hiuf ald brother. In this sarne vessel they captured. bronze lombards,, and this is the first mention oi er.iippine artiilery. These rombards were used by the chief oi paragua in fighting the savages in the interior. They let him ransom himseU within seven days, demand'ZOing 400 measures (cavanes) of rice, 20 pigs, So"t , and 450 chickens. fhis is the first case of piracy reeorded in Philippine history. The paragua chief paid everything 'Ircmbard; It is the snnall Moro canno. still in r:se. (Rizal) .Lanta,ko; 236 and moreover spontaneously added coeonuts, bananas, sugar cane, and jars fuli of palm-wine. When Caesar was taken prisoner by the corsairs and required to pay a ransom of iwenty-five talents, he replied: "I'11 give you fifty, but afterwards I'1I have You crucified!" the chief of Paragua was rnore generous: He forgot' while his eonduct might reveal weakness, it also showed that the islands had abundant supplies. This chief was named Tuan Mahamud; his brother, Guantail; and his sotl, Tuan Mahamed. (Martin M6ndez, Purser of the ship Victoria, Archivo de Indias). A very extraordinary thing which showed the facility with which the Filipinos learned Spanish was that fifty years before the arrival of the Spaniards in tuzon, in the .tr"ry tu*" year of 1521 when they first earne to tire Islands, there were already people oI Luzon who understood Cas' tilian. In the negotiations for peace between the survivors of Magelian's expedition and the ehiefs of Paragua after the death of the servant-interpreter Henr5r, "they availed themselves of the services of a Moro who had been captured in the iciand of the King of Luz6n who understood some Castilian," (Martin M6ndez, dnc. c'tt.) Wbere did this extemporaneous interpreter learn Castilian? In the Moluceas? In Malacea, from the Portuguese? In Cebri during the short stay of Magellan's expedition? The Spaniards had not reaehed Luz6n before 1571. Legazpi's expedition found in Butuan several traders from Luz6n embarked in their tr)araws (boats) laden with iron, wax, biankets, porcelain, etc. (Gaspar de San Agustin), plenty of foodstufis, trade, activity, life in all the southern islands. The first news they heard was that Luz6n, or its capital, Manila, was the point to which the largest boats from China went and that even the traders from Borneo went there to get their stock. (G. de S' A.) They reached the Island'of Cebri, "abounding t'n prouisions, with mines and gold placers and peopled with natives", as Morga says. ,o frequented by many ships I kingdoms near India,,, says received peacefully, soon taken by force and burned supplies and naturally faml one hundred thousand inhi and among the members of boring islands quickly rer." the abundance of their owa All the histories of those in long accounts of the inr people--mines, gold placers, (trade), shipbuiiding, poult cotton-weaving, &stilleries, fisheries, the civet industry, A11 these eould be found at r time and conditions of the l was life, there was aetivity, tl And if this, which is a der whose mind is imbued nitl worth should be the testim Morga who vras Lieutenant and ,Iustiee in the Audiencia, after rendering valuable ser appointed Criminal Judge in Counsellor of the Inquisitiol highly credibie, not only be have spoken of him in terrrs also because his work-from tioni-is written with much with reference to the Authorit as to the mistakes they comn says in chapter VIII, speeki. Chinese-"are, verv far from and have euen forgotten mucl 236 r added coeonuts, bananas, sugar .wine. When Caesar was taken d required to pay a ransom oI fied: "I'11 give you fifty, but aified!" as more generous: He forgot. eveal weakness, it also showed ilant supplies. This chief was brother, Guantail; and his son, M6ndez, Purser of the ship ). ing which showed the facility .ear:red Spanisir was that flfty t}e Spaniards in Luzon, in the u they fiist came to the Islands, of Luzon who understood Casbr peace between the suryivors rd the chiefs of Paragua after terpreter Hen4r, "they availed a Moro who had been captured f Luz6n who understood some , iloc. czt.) Where did this exrarn Castilian? In the MoluePortqguese? In Cebf during 's expedition? The Spaniards re 1571. nd in Butuan several traders retr parauts (boats) iaden with n, etc. (Gaspar de San Agustrade, activity, life in all the t news they heard \&'as that a, was the point to which the 'ent and that even the traders et their stock" (G. de S.A.) of Cebri, "abounding in prouild placers and peopled with E 237 natives", as Mlsa .,y"ry populous and the pofr is "1y1. frequented b, ships that-errne from tb.e islaads and kingdoms near TT, India,,, ,l* Co-fri,- and although -m they were received peaeefully, ,ooo dir.ord"*";* -Tb; ;;, was taken by force *d b*rr"d. fire destroyed the food suppries and naturany faminu b"oku out in that town of one hundred thousand inhabitaats, as the historians say, and among the members of *" U,riliJneigh_ boring islands q-*:klv ""p"Aiuoo; the situation, thanl., to the abundance of th"; "";u;J f*f ,,rppLi*r. AII the histories of tt";ose &J il;;'#;*.,ilr* in tong ,..o,r.rt",:f .rhu people_mirr"., g,oJ.d placers, looml,. culti"";J b"rtu", (trade), shipbuiidrng, po,rlir, *U cotton-weaving, &stilleries, manufagture of armsr pearlfisheries, the civet industry, fr"r" ta leather ;;; ;q ;;1.;-r;;,:rl AIt these courd be found."i ur""y time and conditions of the Irl;d", was life, there was activity, tlere *tl indusfury, etc. *n. "r"t;;;irif;fr* they prove that there wrs mor"ment. And if this, which is a deduction, does not convinee one whose mind is ilfued with unjust prejudices, of some .worth should be testimony ,fr. O". Morga who was _the "f of*".i"I""a T,ieutenant Cor"*o" the irir[*** and Justiee in the Audiencia oi U*rrit" for seven V"r"r, *a after rendering val rable servicer., ,iru t .H;;;, ,* appointed criminal Judge in the Audiencia of Mexico and Counsellor of the Inquisition. Ifi; highty eredibie, not only bu."uru testimony, we sa5/, is ,ii"Ii'j"l'1_:_:1, haveipok"r, oi'rrir, in terms ,h"t;":dl,"*" also because his work_fro* *ii.i tioni-is with much with reference to the iuthoriti* tru" phiiippine, ,rwe, as to the mistakes they commttrJ- .,*u ;;;r;;;.;{**. says in chapter WII, speaking oi the occupations of the Chinese-,,are, very fo f.o*:pilr*l* these occupations and have euen forgotten much-obri 1ar:ming, poultrg and, ;lt;;; H"TillH; ;;;;:rff"Jl1ffiT; 238 stock-raising. wear./tng cotton blanketa as theg used to ilo ushen theg were pogans and along time ofter the conquest of the countrY," The whole chapter vIII of his *ork deals with this. moribund and greatly forgotten industry and yet in spite of that how long is his chaPter VIII! And not only Morga, not only Chirinb, Colin, Argensola, Gaspar de San Agustin, and others agree in this matter; rriodern travelers after two hundred and fifty years, consiCering the prevailing decadence and rnisery, assert the sanne thing. When Dr. Hans Meyer saw how well the uncolquered tribes cultivate their land, working energetically, he asks himself if they would not become indolent when they ir. turn were converted into Christianity and placed under a paternal government. Consequently the -Filipinos, in spite of the climate, in spi.te of their few nbcessities (they then had less than now) were not the indolent creatures of our time, and as we shall see later on, neither were their morals and their mode of living what they are now pleased to attribute to them. How then and in what way was the active and enterprising heathen Indio of ancient times converted into a lazy and indolent Christian, as our contemporary writers say of him? We have already spoken of the Inore or less latent tend' ency to inclolence existing in the PhiUppines and -should exist everywhere, in the whole world, in every man, for all of us hate work in varying degrees, according to whether it is more or less hard, more or less unprofitable. The d.olce tar niente of the Italians, the rasccrse la barnga (scrateh the belly) of the Spaniards and the supreme ambition of the botugeois to live in peaee and tranquility on his income, attest this. What forces contribute to awaken from its lethargy thls terrible predisposition? How did the Filipino people so devotecl to their custotns a their former indushy, rtheir the point of forgetting com: . A fatal combination of c ent of the will despite th offspring of stupid.itf and if corollaries of false principk of more or less base passior wopk, an evil which instead r mature reflection, and recogl by a deplorable policy ttrror obstinaey, has gone from ba condition in which we see it First eame the wars, in! new order naturally brough, subject the people either by c fights, there were deaths; tho fully Seemed to repent of it; and some occurred;' naturall many skilied workers perishe invasion of Limahong, add thr inhabitants of the philippiur the honor of Spain, to exk Borneo; in the Moluccas, ar Dutch foe, costiy wars; futil it was known that thousanc archers and rowers were s( they ever returned to their l at one time Greece sent to Filipino youth who joined the farewell forever. Before the stormy sea, the endless wan For this reason, G. de San Ag there were many people in tL t 239 bhnkets os theg used to do mg time olter the conquest ot is work deals with this. mori' lustry and yet in sPite of that rty Chirinb, Colin, Argensola, others agree in this matter; undred and fiftY Years' conence and rniserY, assert the Meyer saw how well the unr land, working energeticallY, d not become indolent when into CliristianitY and Placed : , in spite of the climate, in .they then had less than now) res of our time, and as we e their morals and their mode pleased to attribute to them. ay was the aetive and enter:nt times eonverted into a lazY r contemporary writers saY of I the rnore or less latent tend' n the Philippines and should role world, in every man, for gdegrees, according to whether ,re or less unprofitable. The lians, the rascorse la barnga Spaniards and the supreme I live in peace and tranquilitY awaken from its lethargy thls w did the Filipino people so devoteil to their customs as to border on habit, abandor, their former industry, ,their trade, their sea-faring, etc. to the point of forgetting compietely their past? III A fatal eombination of circumstances, some independ,- ent of the will despite the efforts of men, others the ofispring of stupidity and ignorance, others the inevitabre eorollaries of false prineiples, and still others the result of more or less base passions, has indueed the decline of work, an evil which instead of being remedied by prudence, mature reflection, and recognition of the errors eommitted. by a deplorable policy through regrettable blind.ness and obstinacy, has gone from bad to worse until reaching the condition in which we see it now. First came the wars, internal disturbances which the new order naturally brought about. It was necessary to subject the people either by cajolery or by force; there were fights, there were deaths; those who have submitted peacefully Seemed to repent of it; insurrections were suspected and some occurred; naturally there were executions and. many skilled workers perished. To these disorders add the invasion of Limahong, add the eontinuous wars io which the inhabitants of the Philippines were &agged to maintain the honor of Spain, to extend the sway of her flag in Borneo; in the Moluccas, and Indochina. To repel the Dutch foe, costiy wars; futile expeditions in each which it was known that thousands aud thousands of Filipino archers and rowers were sent but nothing was said if they ever returned to their homes. Like tiie tribute that at one time Greece sent to the Minotaur of Crete, the Filipino youth who joined the expedition bade their country farewell forever. Before them, in the horizon, wes tire stormy sea, the endless wars, the hazardous expeditions. For this reason, G. de San Agustin says: ,,Though formeriy there were many people in this town of Durnangrs, in th* 244 course of time there has been a, gredt dtminution because the natioes are the best soilors and most skilled, rotuJers on the whole coast, and so the governors in the port of Iloilo get here most of the crew for the vessels they send out When the Spaniards anived in this island (Panay), it is said it had more than flfty thousand families; but they diminished greatly , r . . and at present they are about fourteen thousand tax-payers . . . ." From fiftythousand families to fourteen thousand tax-payers in a little over half a century! 'We would never get through if we had to quote all the evidence presented by authors on the frightful diminution of the inhabitants of the Philippiaes in the first years following the discovery. In the time of their first bishop, that is, ten years after Legazpi, Philip II said that they had been reduced to less than two-thirds. Add to these fatal expeditions that wasted all the moral and material energies of the country the frightfuI depredati,ons of the terrible pirates of the South instigated and erlcouraged by the Government, first to provoke a quarrel with them and afterwards. to leave unarmed the islands subjected to it. During these incursioru, which reached the very shores of Manila until Malate itseU, could be seen through the sinister glow of burning towns depart Ior captivity and slavery chains of wretched men who had not been able to defend themselves, leaving behind them the ashes of their homes and the corpses of their parents and children. Morga, who gives an account of the first piratical incursion, says: "This boldness of the Mindanaos in the Pintados Islands caused great damage and fear and fright which they instilled in the inhabitants who, being under Spanish rule, were disarmed and subjected to tributes so that they were left without the means to defend themselves nor were they protected by the Government, unlike the time when there qrere nc Spaniards in the land . . . ." These piratical incu-rsions reduced more and more the number of inbabit- 24L ants' of the philippines, ior the notorious for their atrocities anr they consider.ed it Dec€SSar1, in 6 pendence to rveaken the Spaniar of their subjects or because the5 hatred and profound resentmenl pinos who, though belonging helped the foreigners to deprir liberty. And these expeditions ries, occurring five or ten times i cost the Islands mor.e than eighl "With the invasions of the pi: naos", says Fr. G. de San Ag Bantayan Island has greatly dimi captured the inhabitants u,ith e and were far from Cebri rvher.e year L688 the Jolo enemy caus island Ieaving it almost d.epopuh These severe attacks coming counter effect on the interior u,h comparisons, was like the effect o individual who has just lcst a grei to face so many calamities, to secr offensive in these disastrous stru cose Joloan from his neighbors the needs of the empire of the reasons why the philippines *.as position between New Spain an( porary documents attest); to v.,rr growing colonies of the Moluccas some neighbors; in short to mail with New Spain, it was necess€u large ships which. as we have see the country because of their equipt t'equired, were not less so for tl Fernando de los Rios Coronel, w , 40 ,n a gteat ih,minution beeduse brs and most skilled, rowers the governors in the port of rew for the vessels they send iads arived in this island e than flfty thousand families; , . . '. and at present they are E-payers, . . ." From fiftythousand tax-payers in a Iittle gh if we had to quote all the ion the frightful diminution of rines in the first years followme of their first bishop, that Philip II said that they had vo-thirds. rns that wasted all the moral :ountry the frightful depredaof the South instigated and nt, firsi to provoke a quarrel I leave unarmed the islands incursions, whieh reached the Malate itself, eould be seen lurning towns depart for capetched men who had not been ring behind them the ashes of rf their parenk and children. f the first piratical incursion, IHindanaos in the Pintados nd fear and fright which they o, being under Spanish rule, !o tributes so that they were lefend themselves nor were nent, unlike the iime when land. . . ." Thesepiratieal more the number of inbabit- 24L ants'of the Phitippines, i'or the independent Malays were notorious for their atrocities and murders whethe, i".urr" they considered it necessary in order to preserve their inde_ pendence to rveaken the Spaniards by .educirrg thu ,r-b". of their subjects or because they were animated by a great hatred and profound resentmerri against the christia. Fiii_ pinos who, though belonging to their r.ace, served and helped the foreigners to deprive them of p.ecious liberty' And these expeditions lasted nearrytheir threJ centuries, occuming five or ten times a year, and each expedition cost the Islands mole than elght Lundred prisonels. "With the invasions of the pirates, Joloans, and Mincla_ naos", says Fr. G. de San Agustin, .,the population of Bantayan Island has greatry diminished, bu""*"'thu pirut", captured the inhabitants with ease as they had no forts and x'ere far from Cebri w-here help could come. In the year 1688 the Jolo enemy caused much damage in this island leaving it almost depopulated..,, (p..3g0) These severe attacks coming from outside produced a counte. effect on the interior which. following our crinicar comparisons, was like the effect of a cathartic or diet on an individual who has just lcst a great crear of blood. In order to- face so many calamities, to secure their hcld, to tal<e the offensive in these disastrous struggres, to isorais the bericose Joloan from his neighbors of the south, to care the needs of the empire of the Indies (for one of for the reasons why the philippines was retained was its strategic position between New spain and the Indies. as contemporary documents attest ) ; to wrest from the D,tch their growing colonies of the Moruccas and get rid of troubresome neighbor.s; in short to maintain the trade of China with New Spain, it was necessary to construct nerv and Iarge ships which. as we hr,re ."er, costly as they wer.e to the country because of their equipment and the r"owers they t'equired, were not less so for the way they were built. Fernando de los Rios Coronel, who fought in there *rrs 242 and later becamc a priest, speaking of these ships to the king, said that "As the.y w'ere so large, the necessal'5r 11*5",' scarcely could bc found in the mountains (of rhe. I']hilippines!) and thus it lvas imirerative to seek it eve'n rvith great difficu.ity. in the interior and once found, in order to haul and bring it to the shipyard, it was necessary to employ so manJmen that the towns of the sut'rottnding countt'y becatne depopulated. They got'it out with immense labor, damage, and cost to them. The Indios furnished the masts o[ a galleon, according to the Franciscan friars; and I hearC. the governor of the province whel'e they *'ere cut. lvhich is Laguna de Bay, say that to haul thetn seveu league-; across iough mountains took 6,000 i:r,dicts th,t'ee 'nrc:'rths and theg were paid bg tlte touotts 40 reales eaclt. a nt"olnth, tllithoi,lt food wh.ich the uretclrcd lridio' has to get him^ self...." And Gaspar de S. Agustin says: ''In these times (1690) Bakolor has not the people that it had in the past on account ot: the'uprising in that province under Governor Sabiniano Manrique de Lara and of the continuous cuttirtg of timber for His Maiestg's shipyards, which, hinders them from cultiuating the uerg fertile ploin' theE hotse, etc." If this is not sufficient to explain the depopulation of the Islands and the neglect o[ industry, agriculture, and co-mmerce, then add "the lndios who were hanged, those rvho left their wives and children and fled in disgust to the mountains, those who were sold into slavery to pay the taxes levied on them", as Fernando de ios Rios says. Add all this to what Philip II said in reprimanding Bishop Salazar about "lndios sold by some encomenderos to others, those flogged to death; the women who are crushed to death by their heavy burdens and who sleep in the fields and give birth and nurse their children there and die bitten by poisonous insects; the many who are executed and left to die of hunger, and who die lor eating poisonous and the children killed by their mothers at herbs birth,r' arrd you will under years the population of the tbfud. We don't say this or de San Agustin, the anti-l e*cellence, and he proved it by mentioning often the st: farms once flourishing and populated towns which be families of principales. Is it strange then that thr should be &spirited when ir they could not tell if they r they have planted, if their or if their crop would feer strange when we see the pl time advise their poor paris &om the tyranny of the eao mines, to abandon their ind pointing to them heaven as for death as their only conr Man works for a purpose reduce him to inaction. Th world will fold his arms th folly to be so, that his m trouble, that because of it he at home and the greed of seems that these thoughts ne who cry out agairxt ihe ind Even if the Filipino were if we supposE that his zrial', movement of a wheel fitted in motion; even if we regar and understandirg of the 1 have to explain the existenc the farms by their tiilers-mr of their homes by wars and I 1 2 )caking of these ships to the so large, the necessat'5r ti*Uur re rnountains (of Lire. Philip,tive to seek it even rvith great rce found, in order to haul and ; necessary to employ so manJsurrotrnding country becatne rvith immense labor, damage, ios furnished the masts o[ a 'anciscan friars; and I hearC. u'here they lvere ctrt. rvhich to haul them seven league-; k 6,000 Indios three 'nto:l-tlts cuns 40 reales each a ntonth, *clrcd lndia' has to glet hint- says: 'In these times (1690) that it had in the past on hat province under Governor and of the continttous cuttittg ;hipgat'ds, which hinders thern 'tile plain theg haue, etc." rxplain the depopulation of the rdustry, agriculture, and coinrvho were hanged, those rvho rn and fled in disgust to the sold into slavery to pay the 'rnando de los Rios says. Add said in reprimanding Bishop I some encomenderos to othels, women who are crushed to rs and who sleep in the fields ir children there and die bitten rny who are executed and left bo die lor eating poisonous ln killed by their mothers at 243 birth,t' arrd you will understand how in less than thirty years the population of the Philippines was reduced onethird. We don't say this ourselves; it was said by Gaspar de San Agustin, the anti-Filipino Augustinian friar por ercellence, and he proved it t-hroughout the rest of his work by mentioning often the state of neglect in whieh lay the farms once flouri"hing and so well cultivated, the sparsely populated towns which before were inhabited bir many farniliss of prinCipales. Is it strange then that the inhabitants of the phitppines should be dispirited when in thg face of so many caramities they could not tell if they would ever see sprout the seed they have planted, if their farms would be their graves, or if their crop would feed their executioner? What is strange when we see the pious but impotent friars of that time advise their poor parishioners, in order to free them from tlre tyranny of the encomenderos, te stop work in the mines, to abandon their industries, to destroy their looms. pointing to them heaven as their sole hope, preparing them for death as their only consolation? Man works for a purpose; remove the purpose and you reduce him to inaction. The most industrious man in the world will fold his arms the moment he learns'that it is Iolly to be so, that his work will be the cause of his trouble, that because of it he will be the object sf vexations at home and the greed of the pirates from outside. It seems that these thoughts never crossed the minds of those who cry out agairst the indolence of the Filipinos. Even if the Filipino were not a man like the rest; even if we supposE that his zeal for work is as essential as the movement of a wheel fitted in the gear of other wheels in motion; even if we regard him as lacking in foresight and understanding of the past and the present; we still have to explain the existence of the evil. The neglect of the farms by their tillers-many of whom were dragged out of their homes by wa's and piracy-was sufficient to nullify 244 the hard labor of so many generations. In the Philippines, abandon for a year the best cultivated land and you will see that you will have to begin all over again. The rain will wi.pe out the furrows, the floods will drown the planting, weeds and shrubs will grow everyv/here, qnd on seeing io rnuch futile labor, the farmer drops his hoe and abandons his plow. Isn't there left the fine life of a pirate? thus is understood the sad disappointment we find in the writings of the friars of the XVII centur5r in speaking of flooded plains, once very fertile, of depopulated provinees and towns, of products which have disappeared from trade, of the extermination of leading families. Those pages seem like a sad and monotonous night seene after a lively day. About Cagayan, Fr. San Agustin said with sad brevity: "They had mueh cotton which they made into good eloth that the Chinese and the Japanese bought and carried BWay.l' In the time of this historian industry and eonomeree had come to an end! It seems that these causes are suffieient to breed indolence even in the bosom of a beehive. Thus is explained why after thirty-two years of Spanish rule, the circumspect and 'prudent Morga said that the lndtos "have forgotten much about farming, poultry and sioch raising, co',;ton gtowing, and weaving of blankets as they did when they were Pagans and lorug after the country liad been conquered. Still they struggled on for a long time against indolence, indeed, but their enennies were so many that at last they gave up. It is very true that vre h becomes disturbed and dis< youngest child nor the st if his power is unlimited. not responsible for his ar not being free. are not rr fortunes or their woes. I n'ill be seen later on. we perpetuation of such a diso Among other things the the evil and aggravate it: (1) The eonstantry less in the Philippines. The G contact betrve.en the Filipir raee who are independen Siamese, Cambodians, and . and feelings differ very mu has looked upon them with harshly, as Morga attests until they have finally stop fact, the Government at one rvere planning. an uprising; was n<.rt even an atteml executions indeed. And a 'the oniy ones that absorbe wit!- them being cut off, thr also ceased. The only tnc the Philippines continued c Spain, and this trade benefil individuals of Manila. In to send to the Philippines itr which led to the closing d, and ruined Spanish industr silver that every yea! was Mexico. Nothing from the , ry 'We know the causes that predisposed and provoked the evil. Let us now see what factors foster and sustain it. In this connection, the Government and we the governed should bow our heads and say: We deserve our fate. 14 xerations. In the Philippines, cultivated land and you will Srn all over again. The rain the floods wrll drown the rill grow everJrwhere, end on lhe farmer drops his hoe and :e left the fine life of a pirate? d disappointment we find in tre XVII centur5r in speaking fertile, of depopulated provets which have disappeared on of leading families. Those onotonous night seene after a 0r. San Agustin said with sad otton which they made into rnd the Japanese bought and of this historian industry and d! are sufficient to breed indor beehive. Thus is explained rf Spanish rule, the circumsaid that the Indios "have rg, poultry and sioch raising, of blankets as they did when after the country had been a long time against indolence, re so many that at last they v rredisposed and provoked the ctors foster and sustain it. In ment and we the governed ': We deserve our fate. 245 It is rrery true that vre have once said that wher-r a house becomes disturbed and disorderly, rve should not blame the youngest child nor the servants but its head. especially if his power is unlimited. He who does not act freely is not responsible for his actions; and the Filipino people, not being free. are not responsible either for their misfortunes or their woes. It is true we said this; but as will be seen later on. we also have a large share in the perpetuation of such a disorder'. Among other things the following contiibuted to foster the evil aud aggravate it: (1) The constantty lessening encoulagement to labor in the Phiiippines. The Government. fearing the frequent contact betrveen thc Filipinos and other men of the same race who are independent and free like the Borneans, Siamese, Cambodians, and Japanese-people whose customs and feelings differ very much from those of the Chinesehas looked upon them with great mistrust and treated them harshly, as Morga attests in the latter part of his book, until they have finally stopped eoming to the country. In fact, the Government at one time thought that the Borneans were planning. an uprising; we say thouglfi, because there was not even an attempt, though there were many executions indeed. And as these nations were precisely 'the only ones that absorbed Philippine products, relations witt- them being cut off, their consumption of our products also ceased. The only twc countries whose relations with the Philippines continued were China and Mexico or New Spain, and this trade benefited only China and some private indiviciuals of Manila. In fact, the Celestial Empire uJed to send to the Philippines its junks laden with merchandise, which ied to the closing down of the factories in Seville and ruined Spanish industry, and returned laden vrith the silver that every year v/as sent to the Philippines from Mexico. Nothing from the Philippines then *rr".rt to China, ?A' 248 not even gold, for in those years the Chinese traders would accept no payment except silver coin. To Mexico went something more-some blankets and textile which the encomenderos obtained by force or bought at.an absurd price fronr the Fiiipinos. Also went small quantilies of wax, amber, gold, civet, etc., but no more, as Admiral Jer6nimo de Bafruelos y Carrillo attested, when he petitioned tlre King to allow tlte people of Manila to load as manu ships as tltey could usith. the prodtr,cts of the countrg, such os u)or. gold., perttrmeg, iuory, and cotton eloth tohich theg Thus usould theg win shou.Id buy from tha natfues peoples, the triendsltip of th.ese Juntish. Neus Spain with their products, and the rnoneg brough.t to Manila usould. not leaue this place. The coastwise trade, so flourishing formerly, disappeared on account of the piraey of the Malayans of the South; and trade in tlre interior of the Islands almost disappeared completely owing to restrictions, passports, and other administrative requirements. Of no little importance weJe the impediments and obstaclbs u'hich since the very beginning have been thrown in the .vay of the farmer by the rulers who were influenced by childish fear and saw everyrvhere signs of conspiracies and uprisings. The Filipinos were not allowed to go to their rrqork or farms (granjeri.as as they were then calied) unless with a permit from the Governor or the provincial governors and justices and even of the priests, as Morga says. Those who know the administrative slowness and confusion in a country where the authorities rvork scarcely two hours a day; those who know the cost of going to and coming from the provincial capital to ask for a permit; those who are aware of the petty retaliation of the little office tyrants will understand how with this barbaric arrangement it is possible to have only the most absurd agriculture. It is true that this absurdity-which would be ludicrous if it weqe not so serious-has disappeared long ago; but il the ruling h and reguiations have been su pirate has disappeared, but tl the farms and awaiting to kidr Well now, the Governmeut whir denies all the farmers even does allow it, it makes its ar withdraws it at pleasure. A farmer, thanks to his Ereans his meager eapital into the fu opened; but, when harvest ti: Government-which is unabl deprive him of his weapon. defend himself and without inaction and abandoned the fa in gambling as a better rneens , gambling'table is under goven A deplorable eounselor is fear, but, in confiscating the w-eapon , foe! The miserly return ihat the would in the end discourage h we learn that the encornenilet slavery and compeiling them to the rest sell them their product for nothing or cheated them n ing ab-out Ipi6n in Panay Fr. ( was formerly very rich in g vexations they received from they have ceased getting it, p than to suffer such hardship speaking of other toums, h" sr: the bad treatment of the erlcon istration of justice had treated their children, and they only Ioo at the expense of the modest 247 ,6 rrs the Chinese traders would rlver coin. To Mexico went kets and textile which the )rce or bought at. an absurd lso went small quantities of but no more, as Admiral Jer attested, when he petitioned t of Manila to load, ds rnony products of the countrg, such , and. cotton cloth, uhich th,eg Thus uould theE win , tundsh Neus Spain u:ith their gllr to M,antla wou.ld not leate rishing formerly, disappeared the Malayans of the South; re Islands almost disappeared )ns, passports, and other ad- tr,ere the impediments and 'beginning have been thrown re rulers who were influenced ryrvhere signs of conspiracies ; were not allowed to go to hs as they were then called) e Governor or the provincial ven of the priests, as Morga adrninistrative slowness and the authorities rvork scarcely ;now the cost of going to and capital to ask for a permit; petty retaliation of the little rd how with this barbaric have only the most absurd this absurdity-which would so serious-has disappeared long ago; but if the ruling has disappeared other things and regulations have been substituted for it. The Moro pirate has disappeared, but the handit remains, infesting the farms and awaiting to kidnap the farmer for a ransom. Well now, the Government which constantly fears the people, denies all the farmers even the use of a rifle, or if it does allow it, it makes its acquisition very difficult and withdraws it at pleasure. And so it happens that the farmer, thanks to his means of defense, sows and pours his meager capital into the lurrows he has so laboriously opened; but, when harvest time comes, it occurs to the Government-which is unable to repress banditry-to deprive him of his weapon. Then, without a means to defend himseif qnd without security, he is reduced to inaction and abandoned the farm, the work, and indulges in gambling as a better means of gaining a livelihood. The gambling-table is under government protection; it is saferl A deplorable counselor is fear, which does not oniy weaken, but, in confiscating the weapons, strengthens the very same foe! The miserly return that the Filipino gets from his labor would in the end discourage him. Through the historians we learn that the encomenderos, after reducing many to slavery and compelling them to wcrk for their benefit, made the rest seli them their products at an insignificant price or for nothing or cheated them with false measures. Speaking about Ipi5n in Panay Fr. G. de San Agustin says: "It was formerly very rich in gold . . . but irked by the vexations they received from some provincial governors, they have ceased getting it, preferring to live in poverty than to suffer such hardships." (P. 3?8) Further oD, speaking of other towns, he says: "They were imitated'by the bad treatment of the encomend.eros who, in the administration of justice had treated them more like slaves than their ehildren, and they <.rnly looked after their own interests at the expense of the modest fortunes and lives of their 248 charges." (P. 422) Further on: "In Leyte, where they wanted to kill an encotnendero of the town of Dagami for the great vexations that he was causing them, demanding for a tribute of wax which he weighed on a false balance he himseU has made . . . ." This state of aftairs has lasted a long time and stiil exists, despite the fact that the breed of eneornenderos has become extinet. A name is gone but the vice and passions do not disappnar while reforn'rs merely change narnes. The wars with the Dutch, the invasions and piracy of the Joloans and Mindanaos have ended, the people have been transformed; new towns have arisen while others have become impoverished; but surviving are the vexa' tions and the frauds as much as, if not worse than in those early years. We will not cite our ovrn experiences, for aside from the faet that we don't know which to select, critical individuals may reproaeh us with being partial; neither will we cite those of other Filipinos who write for the newspapers, no. We will confine ourselves to translating the words of a modern French traveler who stayed in the Philippines for a long time: ". . . the good curate", he says, referring to the rosy pieture of the Philippines given him by a member of a religious'order, "had not told me of the governor, (Alcalde Mayor) the highest functionary of the district, who is so busy with enriching himsel'f that he has no time to tyrannize his docile subjects' The governor, in eharge of administering the country and collecting the various taxes in the name of the Government, devotes himself ahnost entirely to business; for him the high and noble functions of his ofiEce are nothing more than instrurnents for personal gain. He monopolizes all business, and instead of stimulating around him iove of work, instead of curbing the very natural indolence of the natives, abusing his authority, he thinks of nothing else bu.t of destroying ali competition whieh might bother him or attempt to share in his profits. Little does it matter if the counby is iu without trade, without i: gets rich quickly." The traveler, however, particular-ly the govenaor; We are not quoting pas travelers because we don'l we don't want to quote ft The great difficulty th. with the Administration al off every commereial or Filipinos and all those in to engage in business tu many eomings and goinl and how much patieuce a Government a pefmit for on the good will of this o on a good bribe to another the applicatiori, a gift to tt pass it on to his chief. Ot good humor and time to lor talent to see its expedieuq stupidity not to seent a n enterprise; and may they r hunting, or playing cards r eonvents'or in their counb patience, a great knowledg mo.ney, much politics, m: How strange it is that the despite its very fertile soil 1 most flourishing csuntries and well-being frona the & right? The rnost commerci have been the freest counl Unite<i States prove this. 248 ter on: "In lreyte, where they d,qo ol the town of Dagami for B was causing them, demanding r.tre weighed on a false balance ded a long time and stiil exists, rcd of encotnenderos has beeome lut the vice and passions do not erely change names. :h, the invasions and piraey of s have ended, the people have rwas have arisen while others [; but surviving are the vexafi as, if not worse than in those cite oui own experiences, for re don't know which to selecf :proach us with being partial; f other Filipinos who write for rill confine ourselves to trans- xn French traveler who stayed g time: ". the good curate,,, ' picture of the Philippines given igious'order, "had not told me trayqr) the highest functionary ttsy with enriching himseLf that nizs his docile subjects. The rinisfsping the eountry and colthe name of the Government, irely to business; for him the lf his office are nothing more ,nal gain. He monopolizes all imulating around him love of lhe very natural indolence of rthority, he thinks of noihing rmpetition which might bother in his profits. Little does it 249 matter if the countr5r is impoverished, is without education, without trade, without industry, provided the governor gets rich quickly." The traveler, however, has been unfair in picking out particularly the govemor; why the governor only? We, are not quoting passage$ from the writings of other travelers because we don't have their works before us and The great difficulty that every enterprise encountered with the Administration also contributed not a little to kill off every eommercial or industrial movement. All the Filipinos and all those in the philippines who have wished to engage in business know how many documents, how many comings and goings, how many stamped paperxi, and how much patience are necessary to secure from the Government a pefmit for an enterprise. one must count on the good will of this one, on the influence of that one, on a good bribe to another so that he would not pigeonhole the applicatiori, a gift to the one further on so that-he rnay pass it on to his chief. one must pray to God to give him good humor and time to look it over; to give anothei enough talent to see its expediency; to ore further away sufficient stupidity not to scent a revolutionary purpose Lehind the' enterprise; and may they not spend their time taking baths, hunting, or playing cards with the Reverend Friars in their convents or in their country houses. And above all, much patience, a great knowledge of how to get along, plenty of moRey, much politics, many bows, complete ,"jign"iiorr. How strange it is that the philippines should ,"*J' poo, despite its very fertile soil when History tells ,s thaf the most flourishing eountries today date their development an$ well-being foom the day they got their libertv .iuit right? The rnost commercial and most industriou-s countries "ni have been the freest countries. France, England, and the Unite<i States prove this.. Hong Kong, which is not worth 250 the most insignificant island of the Philippines, has more commercial activity than all our islands put together because it is free and well governed' Trad.ing urith- China which rvas the whole occupation of the colonizers of the Philippines was not only prejudicial to Spain but also to.the Iife of her colonies. In fact, the government officials and private citizens of Manila, finding an easy means oI enriching themselves, neglected everything. They did not see to it that the land is cultivated nor did they encourage industry. For what? They had the trade with China; all they had to do was to take advantage of it and gather the gold that dropped on its path from Mexico to the interior of the Celestial Empire, an abyss from which it did not come out again. The pernicious influence of the rulers, that of surrounding themselves with servants and despising physical or manual labor as unworthy of the nobility and aristocratic pride of the heroes of so rnany centuries; those lordly manners that the Filipinos have translated into Tila ka Kasttla (You're like a Spaniard); and the desire of the ruled to be the equal of the rulers, if not entirely, at least in manners-all these naturally produced aversion to activity ahd hatred or fear of work' Moreover, why work? Many Filipinos said to themselves, The curate says that the' rieh man will not go to heaven. The rich man on earth is exposed to all kinds of vexation, to all kinds of trouble: to be appointed Cabeza Ce Barangag (Head of the Barangay), to be deported if an uprising breaks out, to be forced to lend money to the military chief of the town, who, in order to pay you for favors received, will seize your workmen and farm animals to compel you to beg him for clemency and thus very easily pays up. Why be.rich? So that ail the officers of justice would keep a lynx eye on your actions; so that a.t the least mistake they wouid stir enemies against you and indict you and coneoct a labyrinthine and complicated story against 2t you from which,you can on! thread but by Dana,s o showa if you are not afterwards set need be. The lzrdio, whom t imbecile, is not so much so that it is ridiculous to work he did. A saying of his is thl fat, and aE among his bad qr of applying to hirnself all the he hears, he prefers to rernai playing the r6le of the wretch Add to this the introducti Teaq to say that before the did not gambl+_the pe lndio1 in adventurous and excitable is one of them. pigafetta te[s on Peragua Island_cockfigbti in Luz6n and all the islandl, f, gams are found two Tagalog tlri (Saft). But there ; ;" Goverament is resporuible for i Tliough Pigafetta iells us abo; gUa and not Cebti or any othe r ; < he stayed-a long time. itorg" the fact that he spent ,"r*- y scribes verious kinds of fowl Neither does Morga speak ;I about vices and otlrer tefects, or lessl insignificant. Moreover, two.Iagalog words-scb*g ; ":t,.:t#"r#'AtL,i"ffi -.--.-. 1 I* of thread ro gurac iirn ;;; EoEsttr. l ;l,H:ffi:1*.,htI 25L the Phiiippines, has more our islands put together rned. was the whole occupation les was not only prej.udiciai her colonies. In fact, the r citi2ens of Manila, finding ,emselves, negleeted everythat the land is cultivated ry. For what? They had y had to do was to take : gold that dropped on its or of the Celestial Empire, come out again. : rulers, thai of surrounding espising physical or manual ility and aristocratic pride rries; those lordly manners .ated into Tila ko Kastrla he desire of the ruled to be tirely, at least in manners-:rsion to activity ahd hatred ry Filipinos said to themhe rieh man will not go to :th is exposed to a1l kinds ble: to be appointed Cabeza rangay), to be deported if orced to lend money to the o, in order to pay you for workmen and farm anintals 3mency and thus very easily rat ail the officers of justice actions; so that at the ieast s against you and indict you il complicated story against vju fym which'you can only get out, not by Ariadne!. thread but by Dana's ! shower of gold, and stiil be grateful if you are not afterwards set aside for some other-case if need be. The Indio, whom they pretend to regard as an irnbecile, is not so rnuch so that he does not trnderstand that it is ridiculous to work himself to death to live as he did. A saying of his is that swine is cookei!;n its dnil f1t, a1d as among his bad qualities he has the good one of applying to hirnself all the reproaches and censLes that he hears, he prefers to remain miserable and indolent to playing the r6le of the wretched pachyderm. Add to this the introduction bf gambling. .lVe don,t y"-T ,: :.y that before the coming of tt Jpaniards the " Indios did not gambl*-the passion for gambliig is innate in advent,rous and excitable races. and-the nai"vr,,""" is one of them. pigafetta tells us of cockfights ani betting ort Paragua Island-cocrcfighting must h"r" existed in Luz6n and all the islands, for in the terminorogy "rro oi trr. g4me are found two Tagalog words- sobong -trrat *a tan (eaft). But there is not the reast doubi<niirtl the Goverament is resporuibre for its promotion and perfection. fiiough Pigafetta terls us about ii rr" mentions onry paragua and not cebt or any other island in the soutti *h.r" he stayed a long tirne. Morga does not mentioi it, a"rpit" the_fact that he spent r.u"r, years in Manila; ,# i" a"scribes verious kinds of fowl, rvild hens, Neither does Morga sp_eak of garnbri"g *rr.r, "rra i""oo.t "r. t"il., about vices and other defects. rrro"u o" Iess hiddei, more or less insignificant. Moreover, with the.exception'oi the two-Tagalog words-sobong and tori,-tlie otir*"r** of 'SJre was. thc daughhr, according to Grcek mythology, of King Mboc of Crete, who g've lheseus, e hci and soi xing;,egeue-ii.et-", .of thrcad to sntda hirrr out ot thc tabyrin6-"i ti;d;ooL. . ;y*:t rfu atrriet my-tholo6r.rhc wa.r ttc mcther of pcrrcus by zc'* urhc fo** tor"r. vbltrd hcr er r goldco rhowc,r f" U ) ,f the Philippines, has more . our islands put together ,erned. was the whole oecupation ines was not only prejudicial rf her colonies. In fact, the te citizens of Manila, finding hemselves, neglected every: that the land is cultivated try. For what? They had ey had to do was to take re gold that dropped on its ior of the Celestiai Empire, t come out again. re rulers, that of surrounding lespising physical or manual bility and aristocratic pride ;uries; those lordly manners ;lated into Tila ka Kastila the desire of the ruled to be rtirely, at least in manners-ersion to activity aird hatred ay Filipinos said to themlhe rich man will not go to rth is exposed to ail kinds .bie: to be appointed Cabeza uangay), to be deported if brced to lend money to the ro, in order to pay you for workmen and farm animals emency and thus very easily hat ail the officers of justice ' actions; so that at the least s against you and indict you il complicated story against 25L you from which you can only get out, not by Arladne,s. thread but by Dana's E shower of gold, and still be grateful if you are not afterwards set aside for some other case if need be. The Indio, whom they pretend to regard as an imbecile, is not so much so that he does not understand that it is ridiculous to work himself to death to live as he did. A saying of his is that swine is coolced in its iwn fot, and as among his bad qualities he has the good one of applying to hiraself all the reproaches and cerrsures that he hears, he prefers to remain miserable and indolent to playing the r6le of the wretched pachyderm. Add to this the introduction bf gambling. I[e don,t meal to say that before the coming of the spaniards the Indios did not gamble-the passion for gambling is innate in adventurous and excitable races.andlhe MJayan race is one of them. Pigafetta tells us of cockfights and betting ort Paragua Island-cockfighting must also have existed in Luz6n and all the islar,rds, for in the terminology of the gqmc are found two Tagalog words-s abong <ng[t) and tan (gaft). But there is not the least doubt tlr"t tt Government is responsible for its promotion and perfection." Tliough Pigafetta tells us about it, he mentions orrly patagua and not cebri or any other island in the south where he stayecl a long time. Morga does not mention it, despite the fact that he spent seven years in Manila, and he describes various ktnds of fowl, rvild hens, and roosters. Neither does Morga speak of gambling when he talks about vices and other defects. more or iess hidden, more or less insignificant. Moreover, with the.exceptlon of the two-Tagalog words-scbong and tari-ttie oth"", are of r slrc was thc daughtrr, according to Greek mythology, of King Mha of Crete, who g've ltese.s, a hcro and son of Klng -aue"u. ii-a&or", e bdl of thread to gutdc hirn out of tl'c labrrrinth-or [.-uiaoi*, BoErt€r. . 'Iu-cl$d€rt n;4hology rhc war {tc uoiher of pcrlctll by Zcu* who vLltrd hcr er r goldca rLovcr.la bcr prlca: torcr. 252 Spanish origin, like soltodc (the.act of seJting free the cocks for the fight and the fight itself) pgstri (from the Spanish word opuesta, bet), logro (winnings), pogo (payment), sentenaador (referee), cose (to cover the bets), etc. We say the sarne about gambling. The qord sugal (from the Spanish jugar, to gamble), like kumpisal (confesar, to confess to a priest) indicates that gambling was unknown in the Philippines before the Spaniards, the Tagalog word lord (play) not leing equivalent to sugol. The word balaso, (from the Spanish baraiar) proves that the introduction of playing-cards was not due to the Chinese, who also have a kind of playing-cards, because if it were so, it wouid have taken the Chinese name. What more? The words tayd (tallar, to bet) , pais-paris (Spanish pares, pairs of cards), politana (napolitana, a winning combination of cards) , sapote (to statk the cards) , Kapote (to slam) , monte (a cardgame), etc., all prove the foreign origin of this terrible plant which only produces vice and has found in the character of the lndio a suitable soil, fertilized by circumstances. Along with gambling whieh breeds dislike for steady and difficult work by its promise of easy money and its appeal to the emotions, with the lotteries, with the pro' digality and hospitality of the Filipinos went also, to su'ell this train of misfortunes, the religious functions-the large number of fiestas, the lengthy Masses at which women spetrt their, whole.mornings, the novenae, their afternoons, and the processions and rosaries, their nights. Consider that lack oI eapital, lack of means, paralyzes all activity and you will 'ire indolent; for if any see why tlne lndio must perforce money might remain to him from the trials, imposts exactions, he would have to give it to the curates for bulls. scapularies, candles, novenae. etc. And if this does nd ,rlm." to produce an indolent character, if climate and nature are not enough in themselves to daze him ,'d . deprive him of all energy, thr his religion teach him to irz season, not by means of prayer-s; to protect his anima water, exorcisms, and bene animal; to drive away the lo the image of St. Augustine, trust greatly in God, but ii and, not bother the Creato importunities redound to the have obseled that the people are the laziest, just as spoiled Whether they believe in mir they lazy because they t -are say; but the fact is that the before the word miracle u,as i The facility with *,hich ind endless worr!, of all people h a seeret report, an administra of being a filibustero (rebel) which need not be proven or necessary to produce the desi dence in the future; the unc of one's labor, as in a city in t every individual ;,ields to fatr or goes about amusing hiEsr days that remain of his life n possible. The apathy of the Governn: pertainin.g to commerce or al Iittle to foster indolence. Th, all either for the manufacturer r:ient gives no aid either wher the Iocusis lay waste the fields, in its path the wealth of the lan a market for the products of 252 i the act of setting free the cocks itsetf) pg,std. (from the SPanish lwinnings), pago (PaYment), e (to cover the bets), etc' We r1g. The word sugal. (Irom the ). like kumPisal. (confesar, to s that gambling was unknown in ipaniards, the Tagalog word lord rnt to sugal. The word balasa ) proves that the introduction of to the Chinese, who also have a ruse if it were so, it would have What more? The words tagd (Spanish T)ares, Pairs of cards), ring combination of cards) , saPote tote (to slam) , monte (a carde foreign origin of this terrible es vice and has found in the uitable soil, fertiiized by circum*'hich breeds dislike for steadY promise of easY money and its rith the lotteries, with the Pro' the Filipinos went also, to swell the religious functions-the large rh1'Masses at which women sPent novenae, their afternoons' and the :eir nights. Consider that lack oi ual5,zes all activitY and You wili oerforce be indolent; for if an1' him from the trials, imPosts to give it to the curates for bulis. :nae. etc. And if this does no: d.olent character, if climate ani rn themselves to daze him ani 253 deprive him of all energy, then consider that the doctrines of his religion teach him to irrigate his fields during tlre crryseason, not by means of canals but with Masses :rncl praye's; to protect his_animal during an epiclenric with holy water, exorcisms, and benedictions costing five chcrc,s an animal; to drive away the locusts lvith a pi.ocersinn led by the imagg of St. Augustine, etc. Doubtllss it is good to trust greatly in God, but it is better to do what one can and' not bother the creator so often even when trrese importunities redound to the benefit of tlis minister.s. .we have observed that the peopres who berieve most in miraeles are the laziest, just as spoiled children are the most ilr-bred. whether they believe in miracles to lull their lazi,ess ol. they are iazy because they believe in mirac]es, we cannot sa-v; but the faet is that the Firipinos were much less lazy before the word miracle was introduced into their language. The faciiity with which individuai liberty is curtaiiei; the endless worry of all peopre knowing that ihey are riabre to a secret report, an administrative action, and to be accused of being a filibustero (reber) or a suspect, an accusati,n which need not be proven or is the preserlce of the accuser. necessary to produee the desired result; the lack of co,fidenee in the {uture; the uncertainty of reaping the Iruit of one's labor, as in a city in the grip of an eiidJmic rvhere every individual yields to fate, shuts himself in his house or goes about amusing himself trying to spenrl. the few days that remain of his rife in the least disagreeable way possible. The apathy of the Government itserf toward everythiirg pertaining to commerce or agriculture contributes not a little to foster iqdolence. There is no encourageurent at all either for the manufacturer or the farmer; thl Government gives no aid either when the harvest is poor, when the loeusis lay waste the fields, o.when a typhoon destroys in iis path the wealth of the land; nor does it-bother to seek a market for the products of its coronies. why shourd 2s4 it do so when these same products are burdened with imposts and duties and h:rve uo [t'ee entry in the ports of the mothel. countl'y, nor. is thei}' consttmptiotr thet'e encourageci? While we see all the $'alls of London covered with advertisements of the prociucts of its colonies, while the English make heroic eflorts to substitute Ceylon tea for Chinese, they themselves starting the sacrifice of their taste and stomach, in Spain with the exception of tcbaceo, nothing Ironr the Philippines is knorvn, neither its sugar, coffee, hemp, fine textile, nor its llocano blankets' The name of Manila is kirown only thanks to the shawls from China or Indochina which at one time reached Spain by way of Manila-silk shawls embroidered fantastieally but coarsely wilich no one in Manila has thought of imitating, as they are so easily made; but the Government is engrossed in other things and the Filipinos do not knorv that in the Peninsula such articies are more esteemed than their delieate pifi.a embroideries and very fine jusi gauze. Just as our indigo trade disappeared due to the fraudulent manipulations of the Cliinese whom the Government could not watch, busy with other things as it w'as, so are our other industries now dying. The fine manufactures of ihe Bisayas are gradually disappearing from the market and frora use, the people getting poorer cannot affcrel to l:uy the costly fabrics and have to be content with calico or ihe irnitations by the Germans who in:itate even the rvorks of our silversmiths. The fact that the best estates, the best tracts cf lanri !n some provinces, the more profitable ones because of tireir accessibility, are in the hands of the religi.ous corporations whose desideratum is the ignorance ancl the eondition of semi-wretchedness of the Filipinos so that they can continue governing them and make themselves nece$sary to their hapless existence, is one of the reasons why many tonns do not progress despite the efiorts of ttrelr inhabitants. \Ye will be contradicted with the argument that the towns 255 rhich are the property of the I than those which do not trelong Just as their brethrerr in Europe,l have chosen the best valleyl, t cultivation of the vine or the ma the Philippine monks have knoq towns, the beautiful plains, th ttake of them very rich estat€s. have deceived many by makr,rg I estates were p:oiperiag it *r" t 6eir superyision and ihey hane the E'ilipino. But they forlet tbat they have not succeeded to ger tacts of land for one reiuion o Baurang and Liang, are inferior to regions cultivated entirely by Filip iaterference. Add to this laek of matcrial in moral suppor.t and you,ll see tt rho is not lazy must be a fool frat future awaits one who dl rfirdies, who rises above the cro. co_rnes a great chemist 6 through stu a long course of training during w uent no: anyone gave him the Ie tte,uaiveriity and works. A ; beld to fill a eertain position. Ib Lb knowledge and persev€rance n il the position is abolished becau to gtve the reason. But .when a 'The great chemist" alluded to was & _' Ec position for which L" e."Ii6l'ib*;; frector ---_-- of the Municipal Laboratory of E 8000.00. $rhen the go""-o, genenl, Vt I -:.r e Fiiipinq hc reduc.ed the catary to : Xariano poncc, dated London" S D.._-; E' rr-88.) 2s4 255 ie products are burdened witl ve llo [r'ee entry in the polts d is their consumptiou there er' all the s,alls of London covered I procitrcts <-,f its colonies, rvl,ilt lorts to substitute Cel,lon tea for starting the sacrifice of their r rvith the exception of tcbaceq tes is knorvn, neither its sugar, nor its llocano blankets. Tb€ only thanks to the shawls from t one time reached Spain by way 'oidered fantastieally but coarsely rs thought of imitating, as they re Government is engrossed in rinos do not know that in the more esteemed than their deliI very fine jusi gauze. Just as d due to the fraudulent rnan!hom the Government could not ngs as it was, so are our other r fine manulactures of ihe Bisaring from the rnarket and frore orer cannot afforei t0 bu, ,h. be content with calico or ihe s who irnitate even the rvorks itates, the best traets cf iand in profitable ones because of tireir rds of the rel-igious corporations ignorance and the eondition of Jipinos so that they can continue r themselves necessary to their f the reasons why rnany towns he efforts of their inhabitants. th the argurnent that the towns t:-- are the property of the friars are relatively richer :;: those which do not berong to them. l{e beiieve itr .i"=: as their brethren in Europe, in forrnding their convents, -'': chosen the best valreys, the best uprands for the -"'--"'ation of the vine or the manufacture of bu.", so also -' Philippine monks have known how to select the best =:=s, the beautiful plains, the well_watered fields to -=ie of them very rieh estates. For sometime the friars -.''e deceived many by rnaking them berieve that if these =-ies were proipering it was bmatrse they were under =3-r supervision and they have goaded the indolence of =: Filipino. But they forget that in some provinces, where -:1' have not succeeded to get possessi,on of th" iest :acts of land for one reason or another, their eslates, 3:urang and Liang, are inferior to Taal, Balayan, .rrJ iip", .=gions cultivated entirely by Filipinos, without rrry *oitirh -:erference. Add to this laek of material inducement the absence of aoral support and you,ll see that in that .orrit"y" onu rho is not lazy must be a foor or at reast an imiecile. what future awaits one who distinguishes himseu,who shrdies, wlio rises above the crowdf y";;; A U.comes a great chemist 6 through study anr "I"nafter sacrifiJe and a long ceurse of training during which neither tr." ii"*r"ment nor anyone gave him the least help, graduates from theruniversity and works. A competitive examination is held to fiIl a certain position. The young *"i"i"".*u his knowledge and perseverance wins it, Lut "r winning it the position is aborished because . .. . we after do not wish to give the reason. But.when a munieipar raboratory l$ great "The chemiat,'-alluded to nas Anaeleto del ' Bssario, a l.ilipino The position for which he_qualified thr;;h ;o-petitive examination was % Director of the Munieipat Iaboratory of il*U" wit$ an arurual J* Wben the governor general, valeriano Weyler, :q000.00. " hc war e Filipinq Le r$yced- tfri *f""y to !S0O.O0 year. Iearned that (gtzal,s letter to Marhno ponce, dated landon, g o."o.uui-rggg a in Eprrtorcrto giaolino, 4 r-u.; - 256 closed in order to abolish the position of director who got his post through a competitive exarnination, while other positions, like that of press censor, are retained, it is because of the belief that the light of progress !{[ hurt the people more than all the adulterated foods. In t}e same way, another yoring man t wins a prize in a literary contest. and as long as his identity was unknowu, his y7s3t1.ig .liscussed, the ne\lrspapers praise it, and consider it a masterpiece; the sealed envelopes are opened, the winner turns out to be a Filipino, and ,ynong tle losers are Peninsulars; then all the newspapers extol the losers! Not one word of encouragement foom the Government nor from anybody for the native who fondly culAvates ttre language and literature of the mother couatry! Fina1ly, leaving out many other more or less insignificant reasons, ttre enumeration of whieh would be interminable, we are going to conclude this dreary list with the principal one and the greatest of all-theeducation of the Filipino. The edueation of the Filipino from birth until the is brutallzing, depressing, and anti-h,man (the word human is not expressive enough; whether the approves it or not, let it go). IJndoubtedly, the ment, some Jesuit pries$ and some Dominiqans like Benavides, have done much by {ounding colleges,.pri schools, etc. But this is not enaugh; their effect turns to be useless. For five or ten years t.he youth comes contact with books, chosen by the very same priests boldly declare that it is aa evil for ttre Filipinos to Castilian, that the Eilipino should aot be setrrarated his carabao, that he should not have any further etc. During these five or ten years the majority of ? Tlris was Riza] himsell whose compci{on El Couelo de bs won first prize.in the contest sponsored by the Liceo Artistico-Literario Manila in 18?9 when he bas a studert at the University of Santo Tom6g 8 The Real Academia de Ia I-engua, the authority ou the Spsnjsh and publisher of what is popularly catled Diccicuario de la Lengua have grasped nothing more what the books say, not evr selves, During these five < tq eontend tfith the daily dignity, gradually o, b*L that eternal,, tenacious, pet natrve, to make him accept. Ievel of a beast, an efioti' sr viduals, writers or not. If t on some, on others it has an ing of a eord that is stretch try to make of the Filipino from.him divine actions. A cause he must be a God w under that ciimate and the cin Deprive a man then ol his ,l;g, him of his moral stamiaa bi erren to those who want to mak fo creation has his spur, his E€ respect; tahe it away from him md he who demands activity ft worms. Thus is explained, why tle .Ionger the same.as those of tl" f morally or physieaitry. Ihe old writers, like Chirin pleased to describe them as aptitudes for anything they tal and resolute, very clean and r clothing, and of good mien al Others delight in detailed aecour qleasant manners, of their aptit dancing, and singing, of the facili not only Spanish but also Latir themselves (Colin) I others, of their dealings and thet social , .l o03{83*r? 256 251 h the position of direetor who got petitive exqrnination, while other s censor, are retained, it is because Iight of progress vrilt hurt the r adulterated foo<is. In tle same t wins a prize in a literary contest, rtity was unknown, his work is :rls praise it, and eonsider it a mvelopes are opened, the winner ro, and among the losers are Perewspapers extol the losers! Not nt from the Government nor from rho fondly cultivates t.he language rother countr5r! Fi:ra1ly, leaving rr less insignificant reasons, tfue ,uld be fu1fu3rninafule, we are going list with the principal one and dueation of ttre Filipino. llipino from birth until the grave , And antr-human (the word iaenough; whether the Academy' go). Undoubtedly, the Governs and some Dominiqans like Fr. rch by founding colleges, -primary not eaaugh; their effect turns out or ten years tbe youth comes in rn by t"he very same priests who u evil for the Filipinos to know p should uot be separated from ld not have any further ambition, ten years the majority of sfudents se eompeition EL Couelo ik bs D:otes. rasorcd by the Liceo Artistico-Literario de udent at the University of SaDto Tom{s. gua, the euthority on the Spsnjsh language y called Diccicuario de Ia Lengua Espefiola. have grasped nothing more than that no one understands what the books say, not even perhaps the professors themselves. During these five or,ten years the students have tq contend ffith the daily preaching that lowers human dignity, gradually or brutally killing their self-respectthat eternal,,. tenacious, persistent effort to humble the native, to make him aceept the yoke, to reduee him to the level of a beast, an effort supported by some private individuals, writers or not. If this produces the desired effect' on some, on others it has an opposite effect, Iike the breaking of a cord that is stretehed too far. fhus, while they try to make of the Filipino a kind of animal, they e;pect from.him divine actions. And we say divine actions because he must be a God who does not beeome indolent under that climate and the eircumstances already mentioned. Deprive a marl then of his dignity, and you not only deprive him of his moral starriina but also yo_q render him useless even to those who want to make-use of him. Every being in creation has his spur, his mainspring; man's is hi.s selfrespect; take it away from him and he becomes a corpse; and he who demands activity from. a corpse will find only worms. Thus is explained why the Filipinos oi today are no ionger the same.as those of the time of the discovery, either morally or physieaily. llhe old writers, like Chirino, Morga, and Colin, are pleased to describe thenr as "weli-featured with good aptitudes for anything they take up, keen and irascible, and resolute, very elean and neat in their persons and clothing, and of good mien and bearing" etc. (Morga) Others delight in detailed accounts of their intelligenee and pleasant manners, of their aptitude for music, the drama, dancing, and singing, of the facility with which they learned, not only Spaniih but also Latin, which they aequired by themselves (Colin) I others, of their exquisite urbanity in ,n"tl*,"*gs and their social life; others, like the eariy 258 Augustinians whose accounts Gaspar de San Agustin copies, frnd them more gallant and genteel than the inhabitants of the Moluceas, etc. "All live ofi their husbandry", adds Morga, "their farms, fisheries, and trade, sailing frorn island to island and going by land from one province to the other." On thg other hand, our present-day writers, withsut being better than the old ones, either. as men or as historiaDs, without being more brave than Hern6n Cortes and Saleedo, nor more prudent than Legazpi, nor more righteous than lVlorga, nor more studious than Colin and Gaspar de San Agustin,:our writers today, we say, find that the lndio is '1a creature something more than a monkey but much less than a rnan, an anthropoid, dull-witted, imbecile, exceedingly homely, dirty, meek, smiling, ill-dressed, indolent, vicious, Iazy, brainless, unmoral, etc." To what is this retrogression due? Is it the lucky civilization, is it the religion of salvation of the friars, called euphemistically of Jesus Christ, that has produced this miracle, that has arrophied his brain, paralyzed his heart and converted him into the vicious animal that writers depict? Alas! The whole misfortune of the Fiiipinos of today is that they have become brutes only half-way. The Filipino ii convinced that to be happy it is neeessary lor him to lay aside his dignity as a rational being, to hear Mass, ro confess, obey the curate, believe whatever he is told, pay whatever is demanded of him, pay and always pay; toil, sufier and keep silent, without aspiring to knorv, io under. stand not even Castilian, usithout separating himsef lrqm his carabao, as the friars impudently say,D without protesting against an injustice, against an arbitrariness, against an assault, against an insult; that is, not to have a heart, brain, or gall-a creature with arms and a purse full of golde Cl. Fray Miguel Lucio Bustamante, Si Tandong Bcsrong Macunat, lffJi, I parnphlet written in Tagalog against educa,ing the Filipinos. 259 there's the ideal lnilio! Unfort talization is not yet eomplete, or is inherent in his being in spi& protests, he still aspires, he thir there's the trouble! v In the preceding chapter we r ing from the governrnent whic evil we are discussing. Now those emanating from the pec ments are correlated and comp ernment is an anomaly amoag a orrupt people cannot exist un Like people, like goveramen! r popular adage. All these causes can be redur of education and laek of nationr We have already spoken oI I the beginning, so we will not from it. Ihe very limited home edur sterile education in the few edt subjection of youth to his elders aspire to excel those who prece content to follow or walk beb evitably results from this, and as copying faiis to develop hi5 inhs .becomes sterile; hence decadenci derived from the absence of sti: The modesty infused into th or to speak more clearly, ffug insir daily and constant plucking of tt fly to the region of light, dqade all tendeney towards advaneeme a man gives up without fighting , I 259 aspar de San Agustin copies, lteel than the inhabitants of ofi their husbandry", adds s, and trade, sqiling from land from one province to resent-day writers, without , either. as men or as histove than Herndn Cortes and m Legazpi, nor more rightIiou-s than Colin and Gaspar rday, we say, find that the ; more than a monkey but opoid, dull-witted, imbecile, ek, smiling, ill-dressed, inuomoral, etc." due? Is it the lucky civillvation of the friars, called it, that has produced this brain, paralyzed his heart icious animal that writers of the Fiiipinos of today is only half-way. The Filippy it is necessary for him tional being, to hear Mass, ve whatever he is told, pay pay and always pay; toil, tspiring to knorv, to under. ut separating himselt from rtly say,o without protesting r arbitrariness, against an not to have a heart, brain, urd a purse full of gold- i Tan-ilang Bosrorrg Macunat, L88i, iuca.ing the Filipinos. ihere's the ideal Indio! Unfortunately, or because tlle brutalization is not yet complete, or because the quality of man is inherent in his being in spite of his condition, the lndio protests, he still aspires, he thinks and strives to rise-and there's the trouble! v In the'preceding ehapter we outlined the .causes proceeding from the government which foster and maintain the evil we are discussing. Now it behooves us to anal5ze those emanating from the people. Peoples and governments are correlated and complementary. A stupid government is an anomaly among a righteous people, just as a corrupt people cannot exist under rulers and wise laws. Like people, like goverrlment, we will say, paraphrasing a popular adage. All these causes can be reduced to two classes: Defects of education and laek of national, sentiment. 'We have already spoken oI the influence of climate at the beginning, so we will not treat of the effects arising from it. The very limited home education, the tyrannical arrd sterile education in the few educational centers, the biin.l subjection of youth to his elders, influence the mind not to aspire to excel those who preceded hiar and. merely to be content to follow or walk behind them. Stagnation inevitably results from this, and as he who devotes hirnself to copying faiis to develop his inherent qualities, he naturally becomes sterile; hence decadence. Indolenee is a corollary derived from the absence of stimulus and vitality. The modesty infused. into the conviction ol everyone, or to speak more clearly, the insinuated inferiority, a kind, of daily and constant plucking of the soul so that it would not fly to the region of light, deadens the energies, paralyzes all tendency towards advaneement, and at the least strife a man gives up without fighting. If by one of those rare 260 aicidents, some madman, that is, an active man, excels, instead of his example serving as a stimulus to others, it only induces them to persist in their indolence' "There is the one who will work for us, iet us sleep!," relatives and friends say to themselves. It is true also that sometimes the spirit of rivalry is awakened, but only it awakens rvith bad humor and envy and instead of being a helpful lever, it is a discouraging obstacle. Nurtured with the stories of anchorites who lead a contemplative and lazy life, the Filipinos spend theirs giving their money to the Chureh in the hope of miracles and other wonderful things. 'Their will is hypnotized. Since childhood they have learned to act mechanically, without knowing the purpose, thanks to the exercise imposed upon lhem very. early of praying for whole hours in an unknown language, of worshipping without understanding, of accept' ing beliefs without questioning, of imposing upon themselves absurdities, while the protests of reason are repressed. Is it any wonder that the Filipino, with this viciow dressi:rg of his intelligence and u,ill, who was formeff logical and consistent-as proven by.the analysis of his past and his language-should now be a monstrosity of disastrous contradictions? This incessant struggle between reason and duty, between his organism. and his new ideals, this civil war which disturbs the peace of his conscienee all his life, will in the end paralyz,e all his energies, and with the aid of the severe climate, makes his eternal vacillation, his doubts, the orilin of his indolent disposition. can't do more than old So and So!-Don't aspire -"You to be greater than the eurate! You belong to an in{erior race! You haven't any energy." They say this to the child; and as it is repeated so often, it has perforce become engraved in his mind and thence it seals and shapies all his actions. The child or the youth who tries to be anything else is charged of being vain and presumptuous; the curate ridicules him with cruel sarcasm, his relatives look upon him with fear, and str going forward! Get in line His mind conditioned thus, pernicious of ali routines-a but imposed and forced. Ar self is not naturally incliner disposed to accept ail the tn to all strangers. The good : seduce him, and captivate h times he exchanges the good to him adorned and glitterin are freedom to give axpans[6 and good examples, beautiful l necessary for his spirit, thougl by the elements and the ovet mighty'forces, to store up enr in order to struggie against unfavorable natural environr progress it is essentiai that speak, shouid boil in his vei requires change, implies tle erected as God, for the prest over the old and aceepted onr to his fancy, to ofier him e: him with lights like the ignis' at night; ail the flattering pro not suffice so iong as his spir is not respected. ?he reasons arising foom I ment are even more lamenta Convinced through insinual bewildered by his education-. cussed above can be called er susceptibility and poetical in the Filipino in the gxghang€ the different nations, allows 260 that is, an active man, exeeh rving as a stimulus to others, it ist in their indolence. ,,There b : us, let us sleep!," relatives and It is true also that sometimel keaed, but only it awakens with instead of being a helpful lever, e. s of anchorites who lead a conhe Filipinos spend theirs grving h in the hope of miracies and Iheir will is hypnotized. Since Bd to act mechanically, without ks to the exercise imposed upon for whole hours in an unknown dthout understanding, of aeceptluing, of imposing upon themprotests of reason are repressed- the Filipino, with this vicious l and u'ill, who was formeff roven by.the analysis of his past row be a monstrosity of disas- s incessant struggle between is organism.and his new ideals, bs the peace of his conseienee paralyze all his energies, and ne climate, makes his eternal rilin of his indolent disposition. r old So and So!-Don.t aspire rte! You belong to an in{erior lergy." Thuy say this to the o often, it has perforee beiome thence it seals and shapes all he youth who tries to bL anyrg vain and presumptuous; the uel sarcasm, his relatives look upon him with fear, *u ,::*ers pity him greatly. No going forward! Get in line and follow the crowd! HiS mind conditioned thus, the Fiiipino follows the most pernicious of all routines-a routine, not based on reason but imposed and foreed. And note that the Filipino him- self is not naturally inclined to routine, for his mind is disposed to accept all the truth, just as his house is open to strangers. The good and the beautiful attraet him, _all seduce him, and captivate him; like the Japanese, marly times he exchanges the good for the bad, if it is presented to him adorned and glittering. What he lacks principally are freedom to give expansion to his adventuresome spirit and good examples, beautiful prospeets in the distance. It is necessary for his spirit, though it is dismayed and frightened by the elements and the overwhelming manifestation of its mighty'forces, to store up energy, to pursue 1ofty purposes, in order to struggle against the obstacles in the midst of unfavorable natural environment. In order that he may progress it is essential that a revolutionary spirit, so to speak, should boil in his veins, since progress necessarily requires change. implies the overthrow of the past, there erected as God, for the present, the triumph of r.ew ideas over the old and accepted ones. It is not enough to appeal to his faney, to offer him exquisite things, nor to dazzle him with lights like the ignis fatuu.s w\ich mislead traveiers at night; all the flattering promises of the fairest hopes will not suffice so long as his spirit is not free, his intelligence is not respected. The reasons arising from the.absence of nationar sentiment are even more lamentable and more transeendental. convinced through insinuation of his inferiority, his mind. bewildered by his education-if the brutalization we discussed abo.ve can be called edueation-with only his racial susceptibility and poetical imagination remaining in him, the Filipino in the exchange of usages and. ideas among the different nations, allows himself to be guided. by his 262 fancy and self-love. It is sufficient that a foreigne" p'"i'" to him the imported merchandise and find fault with the native product for him to shift hastily, without thinking that everything has its weak side and the most sensible custom appears ridiculous to the eyes oi those who do not follow it. They dazzled him with tinsel, with strings of multicolored glass beads, with noisy rattles, shining mirrors, and other trinkets, and in exehange he gave his go1d, his conscience, and even his liberty. He changed his religion for the rituals of another religion, the convictions and usages dictated by his climate and his neeessities for other usages and other convictions which have gro$/n under another sky and under a difterent inspiration. His spirit, disposed to everything which seemed to be good, then was transformed aceording to the taste of the natioa that imposed upon him its God and its laws; and as the trader with whom he dealt did not bring along the useful iron implements, the hoes to till the fields, but stamped papers, crucifixes, bulls, and prayer-books; as he did not have for an ideal and prototype the tanned and muscular laborer but the aristocratic lord, carried in a soft litter, the result was that the imita.tive peopie became clerks, devout, prayerloving, acquired ideas of luxurious and ostentatious living without improvirig correspondingly their means of subsistence. l\{oreover, the lack of national sentiment breeds another evil which is the icarcity o! any opposition to the measures that are prejudicial to the people and the absence -of any initiative that wili redound to their welfare. A man in the Philippines is only an individual; he is not a member of a nation. He is deprived of the right of association and therefcre he is weak and inert. The Philippines is an organism whose cells must have no arterial system to water them, nor a nervous system to register their impressions; nonetheless these celis must yield their product, get it where they can; if they perish, let them perish. In the 2 opinion of some persons, thfo may rernain a colony. perha a colony may flourish. The result of this is that rnulgated, no oR€ protests; ev until later the evils are felt as the organism ncither has n proceeds, believing that the t needs a reform but as he mu and gets no reform. Th" pa breathe fresh air; but -as sr susceptibility of the physician ready provided everything ne guishes for fear of receiviig a and a new blood-letting. And In addition to this, Iove of have ot accepting the few adn the lot of the Filipinos on accou ances they bring them, lead to stupid and incompetent men who submit to everythhg, w and exactions of the curates : with imbeciiity in the lower e giddiness in the upper, with endiess apprenticerlipr. *itU administrative obsthcles, wittr i neither initiative nor cohesion, who nearly all strive tb anass a country, with people who exis birth, to create prosperit5r, t industry, to establish entripris prosper with difficulty even i countries, cannot be expected tr Yes! Every attempt is use! from a profound study of the r order to combat indolence sop , 263 ient that a foreigner praise se and find fault with the ! hastily, without thinking l and the most sensible cuss oi those who do not follow sel, with strings of multiy rattles, shining mirrors, ange he gave his gold, his '. He changed his religion igion, the convietions and nd his necessities for other which have grown under ent inspiration. His spirit, emed to be good, then was ste of the nation that imts laws; and as the trader ring along the useful iron fields, but stamped papers, ,ks; as he did not have for rned and muscular laborer I in a soft litter, the result ame clerks, devout, prayerous and ostentatious living ngly their means of sub- il sentiment breeds another opposition to the measures ile and the absence of any reir welfare. A man in the I; he is not a member of a r right of association and rt. The Philippines is an ave no arterial system to rm to register their impresust yield their producl, get h, let them perish. In the opinion of some per:sons, this is desirable so that a colony may remain a colony. Perhaps they are right, but not that a colony may flourish. The result of this is that if a harmful measure is p*emulgated, no oR€ protests; everything goes well apparently until later the evils are felt. Another bloodJetting and as the orginism neitl?er has nerves nor voice, the physician proceeds, believing that the treatment is n+t injurious. He needs a reform but as he must not speak, he keeps silent and gets no reform. The patient wants to eat, wants to breathe fresh air; but'as such desires may oftend the susceptibility of the physician who thinks that he has already provided everything necessary, he sufiers and languishes for fear of receiving a bawling, enduring a plaster, and a new blood-letting. And so on indefinitely. In addition to this, love of peace and the horror many have of accepting the few administrative posts that fall to the lot of the Filipinos on account of the troubles and annoyances they bring thern, lead to the appointment of the most stupid and incompetent men to municipal posts-officials who submit to everything, who endure ali the caprices and exactions of the curates and their superiors. And with imbecility in the lower echelons, and ignorance and giddiness in the upper, with the frequent changes and endless apprenticeships. with great fear and ,r,r*u"o.r, administrative obsthcles, with a voiceless people that have neither initiative nor cohesion, with government employees, who nearly all strive to aihass a fcrtune and return to their country, with people who exist with great dif;Eeult3r from birth, to create prosperity, to develop agriculture and industry, to establish entelprises and associations, urhich prosper with difficulty even in free and well-organized countries, cannot be expeeted to happen in the Philippines. Yes! Every attempt is useless whieh does not spring &oro a profouad study of the malady that aflicts us. In order to combat indolence sopre have proposed increasi+gl 264 tlre needs of the lnd.i'o, raising his taxes, etc. Vlhat hap pened? Criminals have multiplied; penury has been aggravated. lllhy? Because the Indao already has enough necessities with the Church functions, feasts, head-ships of the barangag, and bribes that he must give so that his life may drag on wretchgdly. The eord is already too taut. olile have heard many complaints and every day we read papers about the eftorts the Government is making the in to pull the country out of its state of indolence. In considering its plans, its illusions, and its difficulties comes to our mind the story of the gardener who wished a tree he planted in a small pot to grow big. The gardener spent his tirne fertilizing and watering the handful of earth, pruning the plant frequently, pulling at it to lengthen it and hasten its growth, grafting on it cedars and oaks until one day the little tree died. The gardener was convinced that it belonged to a degenerate species. He attributed the failure of his experiment to everything exc€pt to the iaek of soil and to his indescribable foIly. I[ithout education and liberty-the soil and the sun of mankir.d-no reform is possible, no m(asure can give the desired result. This does not mean that we should first demand for the Filipino the education of the sage and all imaginable liberties before putting a,hoe in his hand or placing him in a workshop; such a pretension would be an absurdity and vain folly. What we want is that no obstacles be placed on his way, not to increase the many that the glimate and the situation of the isiands already ereate for him, not to begrudge him educational opportunities for fear that when he becomes intelligent he will separate from the colonizing nation or demand rights to which he is entitled. Since some day or other he will become enlightened, whether the Government likes it or not, let his enlightenment be as a gift given to him and not as a spoil of war. 'We wish the policy to be sincere and consistent 265 or highly civilizing, without distrust, without fsar ne1 Ynisg the sake of the good, civilizatio without ulterior thoughts of if not, a policy of courageous, r and selfish, without hypocrisy thought out and studied slrs-te pelling obedience, fe; lrrling t to enjoy. If the. Government assured that some day or othe find a people who will be witt there's nothing like a favor tr or it is either hurled into his spite of himself. If the Gove systematic and regulated explo independence of the colonists v sheen of opulence, paying witt Ireedom, as the English do irr I rule of native potentatm, ther ways, construct railroads, fostr Government attend more to u to the interests of the four fi out intelligent employees to d, a}l well paid, so that they w and lay aside ali religious pr advantage in that while it ma5 the instinct of liberty, yet ihe lose her colonies she will at l and not regret haying reared ; *+ il ug his taxes, etc. What hap- rultiplied; penury has been : the Indio already has euough . functions, feasts, head-ships s that he must give so that dly. The cord is already too rlaints and every day we read :ts the Government is making s state of indolence. In cons, and its difficulties comes to rdener who wished a tree he r big. The'gardener spent his the handful of earth, pruning at it to lengthen it and hasten dars and oaks until one day rdener was convinced that it :ies. He attributed the failure ring except to the iack of soil /. erty-the soil and the sun of ible, no m(.asure can give the of mean that we should first e education of the sage and e putting a.hoe in his hand or ;uch a pretension would be an rat we want is that ho obstacles o increase the many that the ttre isiands already create for rcational opportunities for fear lligent he will separate from :mand rights to which he is rr other he will become enmment likes it or not, let his lven to him and not as a spoil f to be sincere and consistent 26s or highly civilizing, without petty reservhtions, without distrust, without fear nor misgivings, wishing the good for the.sake of the good, civili"ation for the sake of civhization, without ulterior thoughts of gratitude or ingratitude, or if not, a policy of courageous, open exploitatioi, tyru.r.ri."t, and selfish, without hypoc,sy or clueeptio", *niJ""*"u thought out and studied system for domination and. corl-: pelling obedience, for ruling to get rich, and. getting rich .to enjo_y., If the. Gover,nment adopts the first,-it cai rest assured that some day.or other it wirl reap trre f"uits anj people who wil be with it at heart i" l"d I there's nothing like a favor to wirr friendship o, urr*ity, or it is either hurled into his face or bestowed ii* i" spite of himself. u the Government decides in"" favor of systematic and regulated exproitation, stifling the desire for. i.dependence of the coronisk with the iingle-of e"ra *-J ii" sheen of opulence, paying with. materiar iveartriirr"i".t-ri freedom, as the English do in Ind.ia, leaving them ,rrau, ifru rule of native potentates, then build f"v "o*J", 'rrrays' construct railroads, foster freedom ""ileti.igiof trade; t-he Government attend more to material interesk irr"i il ];;il; to the interesh of the four friar corporatio"r,""ii* h;;; ;";; out intelligent employeel to develop industry,.5ust 5udges, all well paid, so that they wouid not pilfer oi bu-"";;: and lay aside all religious pretext. This poricy has the advantage in that while it may not compreteiy tutt ir }".p the instinct of liberty, yet the day that it"'"r"ri.", ;;;; lose her colonies she wil at ieast keep the s"iJ and not regret having reared. ungrateful childien. "*r"r"a *** .t