HOW TO USE THIS
COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIAL
Welcome to the module in Agricultural Crops Production NC II. This
module contains training materials and activities for you to complete.
The unit of competency " Perform Nursery Operation “contains knowledge,
skills and attitudes required for a trainer course. It is one of the specialized
modules in Agricultural Crops Production NC I.
You are required to go through a series of learning activities in order
to complete each learning outcome of the module. In each learning outcome
are Information Sheets and Resources Sheets (Reference Materials for
further reading to help you better understand the required activities). Follow
these activities on your own and answer the self-check at the end of each
learning outcome. You may remove a blank answer sheet at the end of each
module (or get one from your facilitator/trainer) to write your answers for
each self-check. If you have questions, don’t hesitates to ask your facilitator
for assistance.
You may already have some or most of the knowledge and skills
covered in this learner's guide because you have:

been working for some time

already completed training in this area.
If you can demonstrate to your trainer that you are competent in a
particular skill or skills, talk to him/her about having them formally
recognized so you don't have to do the same training again. If you have a
qualification or Certificate of Competency from previous trainings, show it to
your trainer. If the skills you acquired are still current and relevant to the
unit/s of competency they may become part of the evidence you can present
for RPL. If you are not sure about the currency of your skills, discuss this
with your trainer.
This module was prepared to help you achieve the required
competency, in Utilize Electronic Media in Facilitating Training. This will be
the source of information for you to acquire knowledge and skills in this
particular trade independently and at your own pace, with minimum
supervision or help from your instructor.

Talk to your trainer and agree on how you will both organize the Training
of this unit. Read through the module carefully. It is divided into
sections, which cover all the skills, and knowledge you need to
successfully complete this module.
Work through all the information and complete the activities in
each section. Read information sheets and complete the self-check.
Suggested references are included to supplement the materials
provided in this module.

Most probably your trainer will also be your supervisor or
manager. He/she is there to support you and show you the
correct way to do things.

Your trainer will tell you about the important things you need to
consider when you are completing activities and it is important
that you listen and take notes.

You will be given plenty of opportunity to ask questions and
practice on the job. Make sure you practice your new skills
during regular work shifts. This way you will improve both your
speed and memory and also your confidence.

Talk to more experience workmates and ask for their guidance.

Use the self-check questions at the end of each section to test
your own progress. When you are ready, ask your trainer to
watch you perform the activities outlined in this module.

As you work through the activities, ask for written feedback on
your progress. Your trainer keeps feedback/ pre-assessment
reports for this reason. When you have successfully completed
each element, ask your trainer to mark on the reports that you
are ready for assessment.

When you have completed this module (or several modules), and
feel confident that you have had sufficient practice, your trainer
will arrange an appointment with registered assessor to assess
you. The results of your assessment will be recorded in your
competency Achievement Record.
Instructional Sheets:
 Information Sheet – This will provide you with information
(Concepts, principles and other relevant information) needed in
performing certain activities.
 Task Sheet– This will guide you in performing single task, operation
process in a job.
 Job Sheet – This is designed to guide you how to do the job that will
contribute to the attainment of the learning outcome.
 Assignment Sheet – The assignment sheet is a guide used to enhance
(follow up) what you have learned in the information sheet or job
sheet.
 Worksheet – are the different forms that you need to fill up certain
activities that you performed.
AGRICULTURAL
CROP
PRODUCTION NCII
Date Developed:
JULY 2022
PERFORM
NURSERY
PRODUCTION
Developed by:
Page 2 of 43
FERDELYN B.
ESPIRITU
LIST OF COMPETENCIES
CORE
NO
.
UNIT OF
COMPETENCIES
MODULE TITLE
CODE
1
Perform Nursery
Operations
Performing Nursery
Operations
AFF6101
2
Plant Crops
Planting Crops
AFF6102
3
Care and Maintain Crops
Caring and Maintaining
Crops
AFF6103
4
Carry-out harvest and
postharvest operations
Carrying -out harvest
and postharvest
operations
AFF6104
AGRICULTURAL
CROP
PRODUCTION NCII
Date Developed:
JULY 2022
PERFORM
NURSERY
PRODUCTION
Developed by:
Page 3 of 43
FERDELYN B.
ESPIRITU
MODULE CONTENT
UNIT OF COMPETENCY
:
Perform Nursery Operations
MODULE TITLE
:
Performing Nursery Operations
MODULE DESCRIPTOR:
This unit covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes required to perform
nursery operations for agricultural crops including establishing nursery
shed, preparation and handling of planting materials, preparation of growing
media, transplanting germinated seedlings
and handling of nursery tools
and equipment.
NOMINAL DURATION:
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this module you MUST be able to:
1. Prepare nursery tools, farm implements and simple equipment
2. Maintain nursery facilities
3. Handle seeds/planting material
4. Prepare growing media
5. Conduct propagation activities
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:
1. Tools, farm implements and simple equipment are prepared according
work requirements.
2. Basic pre-operative checking of tools, farm implements and equipment
is performed in accordance with manufacturer’s manual and GAP
standard
3.
Tool with wear and corrosions are segregated and treated according
to maintenance plan and procedure
4. Nursery sanitation is maintained according to GAP standard.
5. Repair and maintenance of nursery facilities are performed to
maximize their efficiency and effectiveness.
6. Preventive measures are applied for inclement
weather.
7. Safety measures are practice according to OSHS.
8. Planting materials are determined according to kinds and varieties.
9. Quality seeds are selected according to prescribed characteristics.
AGRICULTURAL
CROP
PRODUCTION NCII
Date Developed:
JULY 2022
PERFORM
NURSERY
PRODUCTION
Developed by:
Page 4 of 43
FERDELYN B.
ESPIRITU
10. Seeds testing are conducted to determine the percentage germination
of the seed stock in accordance with the standard procedures.
11. Planting materials are treated following standard protocol.
12. Seed scarification is performed for germination purposes based on
type of crop.
13. Growing media are prepared according to prescribed mixture and
crop requirement.
14. Growing media are placed in prescribed containers according to crop
requirements.
15. Containers are arranged and labeled according to varieties/species.
16. Seedbed is prepared based on crop species.
17. Nursery shed is set-up according to plant requirement.
18. Quality seedlings are selected based on prescribed characteristics.
19. Propagation materials are selected according to propagation activity.
20. Plant propagation techniques are performed based on recommended
practices.
21. Germinated seedlings are maintained until fully established.
22. Pricking and thinking
recommended practices.
of
seedlings
are
AGRICULTURAL
CROP
PRODUCTION NCII
Date Developed:
JULY 2022
PERFORM
NURSERY
PRODUCTION
Developed by:
performed
based
Page 5 of 43
FERDELYN B.
ESPIRITU
on
LEARNING OUTCOME NO. 1
Prepare
nursery
tools,
farm
implements
and
simple
equipment
Contents:
1. Proper handling of nursery tools, farm implements and simple
equipment.
2. Identification of tools and its usage.
3. Classification of tools according to its category of usage.
Assessment Criteria
1. Tools, farm implements and simple equipment are prepared
according work requirements.
2. Basic pre-operative checking of tools, farm implements and
equipment is performed in accordance with manufacturer’s manual
and GAP standard.
3. Tool with wear and corrosions are segregated and treated according
to maintenance plan and procedure.
Conditions
The participants will have access to:
1. Prepare tools, farm implements and simple equipment according to
work requirements.
2. Performed basic pre-operative checking of tools, farm implements
and equipment in accordance with the manufacturer’s manual and
GAP standard.
3. Segregate and treat tools with wear and corrosion according to
maintenance plan and procedure
Assessment Method:
1. Written Examination
2. Demonstration
3. Oral Questioning
4. Interview
AGRICULTURAL
CROPS
PRODUCTION NCII
PERFORM NURSERY
PRODUCTION
Date Developed:
JULY 2022
Page 6 of 26
Developed by:
FERDELYN B. ESPIRITU
Learning Experiences
(Prepare nursery tools, farm implements and simple equipment)
Learning Activities
Special Instructions
Read the Information Sheet
1.1-1 very well on Prepare
nursery tools farm implements
and simple equipment then
find out how much you can
remember and how much you
have learned by doing the
Self-check 1.1-1
In terms of problems relating to the
subject matter or topic do not hesitate to
approach your trainer. Ask queries if
you are in doubt for clarification or
verification. If you feel you are
knowledgeable on Prepare nursery tools
farm implements and simple equipment
you can answer Self-Check 1.1-1.
Demonstrate task sheet 1.1-1
on how to pre- operate the
tools, farm implements and
equipment.
Based
on
standard provide trainee’s
material to practice the task.
(Basic pre-operative of tools,
farm
implements
and
equipment
In terms of problems relating to the
subject matter or topic do not hesitate to
approach your trainer. Ask queries if
you are in doubt for clarification or
verification. If you feel you are
knowledgeable on demonstrating on how
to pre- operate the tools, farm
implements and equipment you can
answer Task Sheet No. 1.1-1.
Read Information Sheet 1.1-2
on how to Maintain nursery
facilities
If you scored 100% upon comparing
your answer to the Answer Key of SelfCheck 1.1-2, you may now proceed to
task Sheet 1.1-2, if not review the
information sheet and go over the SelfCheck again.
Read Information Sheet 1.1-3
on plan and procedure of tool
maintenance
If you scored 100% upon comparing
your answer to the Answer Key of SelfCheck 1.1-3, you may now proceed to
task Sheet 1.1-3, if not review the
information sheet and go over the SelfCheck again.
Demonstrate task sheet 1.1-3
on plan and procedure of tool
maintenance.
Based
on
standard provide trainee’s
material to practice the task.
In terms of problems relating to the
subject matter or topic do not hesitate to
approach your trainer. Ask queries if
you are in doubt for clarification or
verification. If you feel you are
knowledgeable on demonstrating on
AGRICULTURAL
CROPS
PRODUCTION NCII
PERFORM NURSERY
PRODUCTION
Date Developed:
JULY 2022
Page 7 of 26
Developed by:
FERDELYN B. ESPIRITU
plan and procedure of tool maintenance
you can answer Task Sheet No. 1.1-3.
Information Sheet 1.1-1
Prepare nursery tools, farm implements and simple
equipment
Learning Objectives:
After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST be able to:
1. Classify what is the difference of tools, farm equipment and farm
implement.
2. Know the usage of different tools, farm equipment and farm
implements.
3. Determine the advantage of using tools, farm equipment and farm
implement.
Farm tools, implements, and equipment play very important role in
agricultural crop production. Their availability makes the work much easier
and faster. However, even if one may have the most sophisticated tools and
implements, but does not know how to use them, they are useless. In order
to do crop production operations successfully, one must have a good
working knowledge of the tools, implements and equipment before using
them.
Hand Tools
Hand tools are usually light and are used without the help of animals
or machines. They are being used in performing farm activities which involve
small areas like school garden and home garden.
Bolo is used for cutting tall grasses
and weeds and chopping branches
of trees.
AGRICULTURAL
CROPS
PRODUCTION NCII
PERFORM NURSERY
PRODUCTION
Date Developed:
JULY 2022
Page 8 of 26
Developed by:
FERDELYN B. ESPIRITU
Crowbar is used for digging big holes
and for digging out big stones and
stumps.
Pick-mattock is used for digging
canals, breaking hard topsoil and
for digging up stones and tree
stumps.
Grab-hoe is used for breaking hard
topsoil and pulverizing soil.
Spade is used for removing trash or
soil, digging canals or ditches and
mixing soil media.
Shovel is used in removing trash,
digging loose soil, moving soil from
one place to another and for mixing
soil media.
AGRICULTURAL
CROPS
PRODUCTION NCII
PERFORM NURSERY
PRODUCTION
Date Developed:
JULY 2022
Page 9 of 26
Developed by:
FERDELYN B. ESPIRITU
Rake is used for cleaning the ground
and leveling the topsoil.
Spading fork is used for loosening the
soil, digging out root crops and
turning over the materials in a
compost heap.
Light hoe is used for loosening and
leveling soil and digging out furrows
for planting
Hand trowel is used for loosening the
soil around the growing plants and
putting small amount of manure
fertilizer in the soil.
Hand cultivator is used for cultivating
the garden plot by loosening the soil
and removing weeds around the plant.
AGRICULTURAL
CROPS
PRODUCTION NCII
PERFORM NURSERY
PRODUCTION
Date Developed:
JULY 2022
Page 10 of 26
Developed by:
FERDELYN B. ESPIRITU
Hand fork is used for inter row
cultivation.
Pruning shears is for cutting
branches of planting materials and
unnecessary branches of plants.
Axe is for cutting bigger size post.
Knife is for cutting planting materials
and for performing other operations in
horticulture
Sprinklers – for watering seedlings
and young plants
AGRICULTURAL
CROPS
PRODUCTION NCII
PERFORM NURSERY
PRODUCTION
Date Developed:
JULY 2022
Page 11 of 26
Developed by:
FERDELYN B. ESPIRITU
Water pails – for hauling
manure and fertilizers
water,
Sprayers are for spraying insecticides, foliar fertilizers, fungicides and
herbicides
Wheel barrow is used for hauling
trash, manures, fertilizers, planting
materials and other equipment
Sickle is a hand-held agricultural tool
with a variously curved blade typically
used for cutting weeds.
AGRICULTURAL
CROPS
PRODUCTION NCII
PERFORM NURSERY
PRODUCTION
Date Developed:
JULY 2022
Page 12 of 26
Developed by:
FERDELYN B. ESPIRITU
Farm Implements
These are accessories which are being pulled by working animals or
mounted to machineries (hand tractor, tractor) which are usually used in the
preparation of land. These are usually made of a special kind of metal.
Examples are:
1. Plows. These are farm implements either pulled by a working animal or a
tractor. The plow is specifically used for tilling large areas, making furrows
and inter row cultivation. Plows pulled by working animals are made of
either a combination of metal or wood or pure metal. They are used to till
areas with a shallower depth than that of the disc plows
which are pulled by tractors.
Native plow Disc plow
2. Harrow. The native wooden harrow is made of wood with a metal teeth and
pulled by a carabao while the disc harrow is made of metal mounted to a
tractor. Harrows are used for tilling and pulverizing the soil.
Native wooden harrow
AGRICULTURAL
CROPS PRODUCTION
NCII
PERFORM NURSERY
PRODUCTION
Disc harrow
Date Developed:
JULY 2022
Page 13 of 26
Developed by:
FERDELYN B. ESPIRITU
3. Rotavator - is an implement mounted to a tractor used for tilling and
pulverized the soil.
Self- Check 1.1-1
Basic pre-operative of tools, farm implements and equipment
These are machineries used in crop production. They are used in land
preparation and in transporting farm inputs and products. These equipment
need a highly skilled operator to use.
Hand tractor is used to pull a plow and harrow in preparing a large area of
land.
Four wheel tractor is used to pull disc plow and disc harrow in preparing
much bigger area of land.
Water pumps are used to draw irrigation water from a source.
Hand Tractor
Four Wheel Tractor
Thresh
Corn DE husker
AGRICULTURAL
CROPS PRODUCTION
NCII
PERFORM NURSERY
PRODUCTION
Water Pump
Rice harvester
Date Developed:
JULY 2022
Page 14 of 26
Developed by:
FERDELYN B. ESPIRITU
Miller
Ride Seeder
AGRICULTURAL
CROPS PRODUCTION
NCII
PERFORM NURSERY
PRODUCTION
Date Developed:
JULY 2022
Page 15 of 26
Developed by:
FERDELYN B. ESPIRITU
Self-check 1.1-1
Multiple Choice: Read the question carefully and select the best answer
by writing only the letter of your choice on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following is an example of digging tool?
a. Knife
b. Bolo
c. Grab hoe
d. Pruning shear
e. Pruning saw
2. Which tools is use to cut tall grasses?
a. Crowbar
b. Pick-mattock
c. Bolo
d. Shovel
3. What tool does NOT belong to the group?
a. Crowbar
b. Pruning shear
c. Pick mattock
d. Shovel
4. Farm tools are very important in agricultural crop production except?
a. Make work easier
b. Save time and effort
c. Make work difficult to do
d. Make work faster
5. Blade flattened and the other pointed at right angles to its handle this
tool is _______?
a. Crowbar
b. Grab hoe
c. Pick mattock
d. Bolo
6. It resembles the appearance of a spoon and use for transferring soil to a
wheel barrow, and use to mix a soil media, this tool is?
AGRICULTURAL
CROPS PRODUCTION
NCII
PERFORM NURSERY
PRODUCTION
Date Developed:
JULY 2022
Page 16 of 26
Developed by:
FERDELYN B. ESPIRITU
a. Spading fork
b. Hand trowel
c. Grub hoe
d. Spade
7. What implement is being pulled by a working animal to till the land?
a. Harrow
b. Native plow
c. Disc harrow
d. Disc plow
8. Mounted to a tractor that is used to pulverize the newly plowed soil,
this implements is?
a. Trailer
b. Wheel barrow
c. Disc plow
d. Disc harrow
9. This equipment used to transfer/transport things, it has two handles
and single wheel at the front?
a. Hand tractor
b. Basket
c. Wheel barrow
d. Tractor
10.
This tool is used to harvest crops?
a. Spade
b. Basket
c. Knife
d. Bolo
Answer the following: Read the question carefully and identify which is
ask. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1.
2.
Define equipment. (4 points)
Give the specific uses and function of the following equipment:
A. Hand tractor (3 points)
B. Four wheel tractor (3 points)
C. Water pump (3 points)
AGRICULTURAL
CROPS PRODUCTION
NCII
PERFORM NURSERY
PRODUCTION
Date Developed:
JULY 2022
Page 17 of 26
Developed by:
FERDELYN B. ESPIRITU
ANSWER KEY 1.1-1
1. C
2. C
3. B
4. C
5. C
6. D
7. B
8. D
9. C
10. C
Equipment
-is something you cannot carry on your hand.
-is any kind of machinery used in farming and highly needed.
Hand tractor- is used to pull a plow and harrow in preparing a large area
of land.
Four wheel tractor is used to pull disc plow and disc harrow in preparing
much bigger area of land.
Water pumps are used to draw irrigation water from a source.
AGRICULTURAL
CROPS PRODUCTION
NCII
PERFORM NURSERY
PRODUCTION
Date Developed:
JULY 2022
Page 18 of 26
Developed by:
FERDELYN B. ESPIRITU
INFORMATION SHEET NO 1.1-2
Maintain nursery facilities
Learning Objectives:
After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, you must be able to:
1.
It must be ensured that there is adequate water supply for irrigation,
Besides, the nursery must be located near a water source so that there is no
water scarcity at any time in the course of raising plants. The nursery site
must have adequate drainage facility and be free from waterlogging.
Planting Material Preparation
Nursery operation-except direct seeded plants
Site or infrastructure
1. Open field- field grown crops and transplanted rice
 Seedbed
 Seed boxes
 Seedling tray
2. Nursery (shaded or open)
 Pots
 Plastic bags
 Seedboxes
 Seedling tray




Seeds are maintain until ready for planting, transplanting or
repotting/rebagging
Asexually propagated plant materials grown until ready for planting in the
field
Soil medium
Necessary nutrients: water, pest management and social requirements
imposed during seedlings stage
AGRICULTURAL
CROPS PRODUCTION
NCII
PERFORM NURSERY
PRODUCTION
Date Developed:
JULY 2022
Page 19 of 26
Developed by:
FERDELYN B. ESPIRITU
Size and age of Seedlings






Seedling height- 30cm
Number of developed leaves- 3-4 leaves
Age of planting
2-4 weeks- cereals and field crops(annuals)
2-3 months- papaya
4-6 months- jackfruit/guyabano
3-4 months- guava
6-10 months- coffee
6-9 months- coconut
8-15 months- oil palm(5-6 leaves developed)
Shade management
Generally, seed germination requires partial shade condition
After potting coconut, mango, and citrus can be exposed to full sunlight
However, coffee, banana, cacao, rambutan, mangosteen, lanzones, and
grafted, budded planting materials need 20-25% partial shade.
Irrigation methods
1. Flooding – wetting all land surface
2. By furrows – wetting part of the ground surface
3. By sprinkle – same way as rain
4. Sub irrigation – surface is wetted a little
5. Localized – water is applied at each plant drainage
This Photo by Unknown Author is
licensed under CC BY-NC
This Photo by Unknown Author is
licensed under CC BY-NC-ND
Plant propagation
techniques
This Photo by Unknown Author is
licensed under CC BY-NC-ND
This Photo by Unknown Author is
licensed under CC BY-SA-NC
AGRICULTURAL
CROPS PRODUCTION
NCII
PERFORM NURSERY
PRODUCTION
Why is plant
propagation
important
Date Developed:
JULY 2022
Page 20 of 26
Developed by:
FERDELYN B. ESPIRITU


Produce new and better plants faster can produce exact duplicates
of desired plants.
Can increase quality of plants
Asexual propagation
 Asexual propagation
 Reproduction of new plants from existing stem, leaf or
root of parent plant
 No seed is form
 Produces an exact duplicate of the parent plant called
clone
 Can produce ne plants
What are the types asexual propagation
 Stem cuttings
 Leaf cuttings
 Leaf-bud cuttings
 Budding
 Layering
 Separation techniques
 Tissue culture
 Grafting
Stem cutting--- A portion of the stem that contains a terminal bud or lateral
buds is cut and placed in growing media to produce roots.
E.g
sineguelas macopa, black pepper, vanilla
This Photo by Unknown Author is
licensed under CC BY-SA
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under
CC BY
Leaf cuttings
AGRICULTURAL
CROPS PRODUCTION
NCII
PERFORM NURSERY
PRODUCTION
Date Developed:
JULY 2022
Page 21 of 26
Developed by:
FERDELYN B. ESPIRITU
This Photo by Unknown Author is
licensed under CC BY-SA-NC
This Photo by Unknown Author is
licensed under CC BY-NC
Consist of a leaf blade or leaf blade with Petiole
Leaf without a petiole. This method is used for plants with thick, fleshly
leaves.
Leaf bud cutting
Consist of a leaf, petiole, and a short piece of stem with a lateral bud.
This Photo by Unknown Author is
licensed under CC BY-NC
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed
under CC BY
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under
CC BY-SA
BUDDING
AGRICULTURAL
CROPS PRODUCTION
NCII
PERFORM NURSERY
PRODUCTION
Date Developed:
JULY 2022
Page 22 of 26
Developed by:
FERDELYN B. ESPIRITU
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed
under CC BY
 Transfer of a bud from one plant to another plant of the same
species
 Although the concept between various method is the same, the
precise cuts made in each sere different purpose
Preparation of scion bud
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed
under CC BY
Insertion of Scion bud in T-shape
This Photo by Unknown Author is
licensed under CC BY
Rapping of insertion
LAYERING
Air layering/marocotting
AGRICULTURAL
CROPS PRODUCTION
NCII
PERFORM NURSERY
PRODUCTION
Date Developed:
JULY 2022
Page 23 of 26
Developed by:
FERDELYN B. ESPIRITU
Air layering is a propagation method for
woody plants that allows you to root
branches while still attached to the
parent plant. It is useful for plants
that are hard to propagate by cuttings
or if you want your new plant to have
a larger size than could be accomplished
by taking cuttings.
Simple layering
Simple layering is one of the easiest methods of propagating new plants.
Unlike cuttings, which have to survive on their own,
layered shoots are encouraged to form roots while still
attached to the parent plant.
The propagation of plants by bending a stem to the
ground and covering the tip with the soil so that roots
and new shoots may develop.
AGRICULTURAL
CROPS PRODUCTION
NCII
PERFORM NURSERY
PRODUCTION
Date Developed:
JULY 2022
Page 24 of 26
Developed by:
FERDELYN B. ESPIRITU
Serpentine layering
Simple layering repeated over and over again with the same stem-simply
snake
it and out of the soil. Care for the layered plants is similar to that used for
plants propagated by simple layering.
Layering has evolved as common means of vegetative propagation of
numerous species in natural environments. Layering is also utilized by
horticulturist to propagate desirable plants. Natural layering typically occurs
when a branch touches the ground, where upon it produces adventitious
roots.
Separation and division
Take mature plants that were stolon`s
or offspring from a parent plant and
separate.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
AGRICULTURAL
CROPS PRODUCTION
NCII
PERFORM NURSERY
PRODUCTION
Date Developed:
JULY 2022
Page 25 of 26
Developed by:
FERDELYN B. ESPIRITU
Tissue culture
Tissue culture often called micropropagation is a special of asexual
propagation where a very small piece of tissue is excised and placed in s
sterile culture in a test tube, petri dish or tissue culture containing a special
culture medium.
Areas of Tissue Culture Collection
This Photo by Unknown Author is
licensed under CC BY-SA-NC
Overview of the Tissue Culture Process
AGRICULTURAL
CROPS PRODUCTION
NCII
PERFORM NURSERY
PRODUCTION
Date Developed:
JULY 2022
Page 26 of 26
Developed by:
FERDELYN B. ESPIRITU
The advantages of plant tissue culture
1. It can create a large number of clones from a single explant.
2. It is easy to select desirable traits directly from the culture setup(in vitro),
thereby decreasing the amount of space required for field trials.
3. the time required is much shortened, no need to wait for the whole life
cycle of seed development.
4. For species that have long generation time, low levels of seed production, or
seeds that do not readily germinate, rapid propagation is possible.
Grafting
Grafting is a method of asexual propagation widely used in agriculture and
horticulture where the tissues of plant are encourage to fuse with those
of another in such a way so that maximum cambial contact takes place.
To understand the grafting
Rootstock:
The part of a tree which becomes the root system of a grafted or bedded tree.
Scion :
A piece of last years growth with three or four buds; the part inserted in the
under stock.
Cambium :
The growing part of the tree; located between the wood and bark.
Types of grafting


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

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Cleft grafting
Bark graft
Side-veneer graft
Splice graft
Whip and tongue graft
Saddle graft
Bridge graft
Inarch graft
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 Approach graft
Cleft graft
 One of the simplest and the most popular forms of grafting.
 Cleft grafting is a method for top working both flowering and
fruiting trees in order to change varieties.
 He rootstock used for cleft grafting should range from 1 to 4
inches in diameter and should be straight.
 The scion should be about ¼ inch in diameter, straight, and long
enough to have three buds.
Advantages of grafting Dwarfing: to induce or cold tolerance or other
characteristics to the scion ease of propagation: be……
Bark graft
 This technique can be applied to rootstock of larger diameter (4
to 12 inches)
 Cot surface of the rootstock and make a vertical slit through the
bark where the scion can be inserted ( 2 inches long and spaced
1 inch apart).
 Prepare several scion for each graft. Cut the base of each scion
to 1 ½ inch tapered wedge on the side only.
Bark graft
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Side/Veneer graft
 Usually done on potted rootstock
 Make a shallow downward cut about ¾ inch to 1 inch long
at the base of the stem on the potted rootstock to exposed
a flap of bark with some wood still attached.
 Make an inward cut at the base so that the flap of bark
and wood can be removed from the rootstock.
 Choose a scion with diameter the same as or slightly
smaller than rootstock. Make a sloping cut ¾ to 1 inch
long at the base of a scion.
Side-Veneer Graft
Splice graft
 In splice grafting, both the stock and scion must be of the
same diameter.
 Cut of the rootstock using a diagonal cut ¾ to 1 inch long
 Make the same type of cut at the base of the scion. Fit the
scion to the stock
 Wrap this junction securely with a rubber grafting strip or
twine.
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Date Developed:
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Splice graft
Whip and tongue graft
 Both the rootstock and scion should be of equal size and
preferably no more than ½ inch in diameter.
 Cut off the stock using a diagonal cut.
 Make the same kind of cut at the base of the scion.
Whip and Tongue Graft
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Date Developed:
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Page 30 of 26
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Saddle graft
 Both rootstock and scion should be the same diameter.
 Stock should not be more than 1 inch in diameter.
 Using two opposing upward strokes of the grafting knife,
sever the top from the rootstock. The resulting cut should
resemble an inverted V, with the surface of the cuts
ranging from ½ to 1 inch long.
 Now reverse the technique to prepare the base of the scion.
Saddle Graft
Approach graft
 Approach grafting is a method used to propagate plants
in which one independent plant is fused with another
independent plant. It is usually done when two plants
grow close to each other.
 At the point where the two plants will join, a 1-2 inch
long slice of bark is cut on each stem.
 The two stems are bound together, with the cut areas
touching, using any wrapping material.
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Approach Graft
Advantages of grafting
Dwarfing: to induce or cold tolerance or other characteristics to the scion.
Ease of propagation: because the scion is difficult to propagate vegetatively
by other means, such as by cuttings.
Hybrid seedlings: to speed maturity of hybrids in fruit tree breeding
programs. Hybrid seedlings may take teen or more years to
lower and fruit on their own roots.
Grafting can reduce the time to flowering and shorten the
breeding program.
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Date Developed:
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Self-check 1.1-2
Multiple Choice: Read the question carefully and select the best answer by
writing only the letter of your choice on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. A portion of the stem that contains a terminal bud or lateral buds is cut
and
placed in growing media to produce roots.
a. Plant propagation
b. Stem cutting
c. Asexual propagation
d. Leaf bud cutting
2. Transfer of bud from one plant to another plant at the same species.
a. Stem cutting
b. Plant propagation
c. Budding
d. Layering
3. Is a propagation method for woody plants that allows you to root branches
while still attached to the parent plant.
a. Air layering
b. Stem cutting
c. Budding
d. Grafting
4. Is a method of asexual propagation widely used in agriculture and
horticulture where the tissues of plant are encourage to fuse with those of
another in such a way so that maximum cambial contact takes place.
a. Budding
b. Stem cutting
c. Layering
d. Grafting
5. Called micropropagation is a special of asexual propagation when a very
small piece of tissue is excised and placed in sterile culture in a test tube.
a. Tissue culture
b. Air layering
c. Budding
d. Leaf cutting
6. Produce new and better plants faster can produce exact duplicates of
desire
plants.
a. Asexual propagation
b. Plant propagation
c. Stem cutting
d. Leaf cutting
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7. Consist of a leaf, petiole, and short piece of stem with a lateral bud.
a. Air layering
b. Simple layering
c. Stem cutting
d. Leaf bed cutting
8. Reproduction of new plants from existing stem, leaf or root of parent plant.
a. Budding
b. Plant propagation
c. Asexual propagation
d. Separation and division
9. Take mature plants that where stolon`s or offspring from a parent plant
and
separate.
a. Tissue culture
b. Separation and division
c. Grafting
d. Budding
10. Is a method for top working both flowering and fruiting three in order to
change varieties.
a. Cleft graft
b. Bark graft
c. Side/Veneer graft
d. Saddle graft
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Date Developed:
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ANSWER KEY 1.1-2
1. B
2. C
3. A
4. D
5. A
6. B
7. D
8. C
9. B
10.A
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INFORMATION SHEET NO 1.1-3
Plan and procedure of tool maintenance
Imagine that the long, hot summer vacation has finally come to an end
and it‘s the beginning of the school year and you are ready to start working
your vegetable gardens. But before that let us check first our tools,
implements and equipment you are going to use.
Garbed with your working clothes and personal protective equipment
(PPE). Proceed to the shop to retrieve your tools so that you can start clearing
away the last remnants of summer and begin breaking the soil for a new year.
Imagine your frustration as you start pulling out all of your tools to see that
they are covered with dust and dirt that has hardened and crusty globs of oil
that have collected dust last vacation. It seems that you are going to spend
more time cleaning and repairing tools on this nice day than you will actually
use them.
How to Clean Your Tools and Equipment:
Let‘s start with the basics. Your shovel, spade, hoe, or even the blades
on a hedge trimmer will be a lot easier to use if you take a few minutes to
knock some of the rust off the blade. Not only will this extend the life of the
tool, but also it will cut through the soil better, and thus require less effort to
use, if it has a nice sharp blade. It is a good idea to keep a large whetstone in
your shop. A whetstone is an ideal tool to use to keep all of the cutting edges
of your garden tools honed. It will work well on your shovel, as well as many
other common garden tools.
The best way to use the stone is to find a way to stabilize the tool that
you want to work on. A bench vise is ideal. You will be able to clamp the tool
into place at an angle, so you can work on it. Clamping the garden tool into
place with a vise frees up both of your hands to use the whetstone and gives
you more control over what you are doing.
Apply a little bit of lubricating oil to the end of the tool and carefully
begin to work the stone over the blade. Maintain a 30degree angle between
the stone and the blade to form the ideal cutting edge for your tool. Not only
will the edge become sharper, but you will also be removing any pitting and
rust that has formed at the edge of your tool‘s blade.
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In instances where the moving parts of your garden tools
Such as with of any new pruners, shears, and loppers) have frozen in
place, like springs and pivot joints, you should disassemble them first
carefully break free any rust or dirt that may keep the tool from functioning
properly. Clean accumulated rust and dirt off all metal
surfaces with a wire brush. Remove stubborn rust from
small tools with fine steel wool. Using an old toothbrush
with some lightweight lubricating oil is
a great way to work fresh oil into the
joints of most garden tools. Not only
will this fresh oil helps your tool to
work as it was intended, but it will also prevent the
formation of rust. Use medium-grit sandpaper to remove
rust on larger tools such as shovels, spades, and hoes.
Once your tools are cleaned, they're ready to be
sharpened. When sharpening, try to maintain the original
factory bevel or angle. For pruners, use a whetstone
because it produces a very sharp cutting edge. Depending
on the type of whetstone, apply a few drops of oil or water to
the stone. With the beveled side of the blade against the
stone, rub the sharp edge of the blade toward the stone in a
curved motion, as if you were trying to shave off a thin slice
from the stone.
When working with a file, stabilize the blades in a vise or against a solid
surface such as a work bench to avoid injury and ensure an even stroke.
Always push the file across the blade in a motion away from your body. Move
the file diagonally, so that its cutting teeth are biting into the metal on the
tool. When sharpening with a file, do not use oil; metal filings will accumulate
and clog the file's serrations.
Farm implements like ordinary plow and wooden harrow should be
checked thoroughly before use. Loosened bolts and nuts should be tightened
firmly. Disc plow and harrow should also be lubricated on their moving parts
like bearings. Tractors should be tuned-up very well by skilled operator.
Check on their oil, lubricant, fuel and cooling system.
Tools that are worn out should be separated and be fixed immediately
to avoid accident
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Date Developed:
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SELF-CHECK 1.1-3
TRUE OR FALSE: Read and analyze each statement below. Write true if the
statement is correct; False if the statement is incorrect on the space provided
for.
_____1.The best way to use the stone is to find a way to stabilize the tool that
you want to work on.
_____2.Tools that are worn out should be separated and be fixed immediately
to avoid accident.
_____3. When sharpening, try to maintain the original factory bevel or angle.
_____4. Always push the file across the blade in a motion away from your
body.
_____5. Clean accumulated rust and dirt off all metal surfaces with a wire
brush.
_____6. Move the file diagonally, so that its cutting teeth are biting into the
metal on the tool.
_____7. Use medium-grit sandpaper to remove rust on larger tools such as
shovels, spades, and hoes.
_____8. When sharpening with a file, do not use oil; metal filings will
accumulate and clog the file's serrations.
_____9.Oil will help tools to work as intended and will prevent the formation of
rust.
____10.For pruners, use a whetstone because it produces a very sharp cutting
edge.
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ANSWER KEY
1.
True
2.
True
3.
True
4.
True
5.
True
6.
True
7.
True
8.
True
9.
True
10.
True
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Date Developed:
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TASK SHEET 1.1-1
Title:
Proper Use of Shovel
Performance Objective:
Given the necessary tools, materials and
equipment, you should be able to perform the
proper use of shovel. Allotted time (2 hours).
Supplies/Materials:
 Footwear
 Long pants
 Gloves
 Rag
 Shovel
Steps/Procedure:
1. Keep feet wide apart. Place front foot close to shovel.
2. Put weight on front foot. Use leg to push shovel.
3. Shift weight to rear foot. Keep load close to body.
4. Turn feet in direction of throw
5. Perform house keeping
Assessment Method :
Demonstration With Oral Questioning
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Date Developed:
JULY 2022
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Performance Criteria Checklist 1.1-1
CRITERIA
Did you….
Yes
Proper distance of the feet from each other

The weight is on front foot

The load is close to your body

Direction of the feet when throwing load

Practice good housekeeping

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Date Developed:
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No
LEARNING OUTCOME NO. 2
Maintain nursery facilities
Contents:
1. Proper handling of nursery tools, farm implements and simple
equipment.
2. Identification of tools and its usage.
3. Classification of tools according to its category of usage.
Assessment Criteria
1. Tools, farm implements and simple equipment are prepared
according work requirements.
2. Basic pre-operative checking of tools, farm implements and
equipment is performed in accordance with manufacturer’s manual
and GAP standard.
3. Tool with wear and corrosions are segregated and treated according
to maintenance plan and procedure.
Conditions
The participants will have access to:
1. Prepare tools, farm implements and simple equipment according to
work requirements.
2. Performed basic pre-operative checking of tools, farm implements
and equipment in accordance with the manufacturer’s manual and
GAP standard.
3. Segregate and treat tools with wear and corrosion according to
maintenance plan and procedure
Assessment Method:
Written Examination
Demonstration
5. Oral Questioning
6. Interview
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Date Developed:
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Date Developed:
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Page 43 of 26
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