i
EFFECT OF REPLACEMENT OF COARSE AGGREGATE BY PILI NUT (CANARIUM
OVATUM) SHELLS ON THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
A Research Study
Presented to The Faculty of the
Senior High School Academic Department
Calbiga, Samar
In Partial Fulfilment
Of the Requirement for the subject
Practical Research 2
JOHANESE O. LLANTADA
October 2023
ii
Research Title
: EFFECT OF REPLACEMENT OF COARSE AGGREGATE BY
PILI NUT (CANARIUM OVATUM) SHELLS ON THE COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
Researcher
: JOHANESE O. LLANTADA
Language Used
: English
Research Type
: Practical Research II Study
Degree
: Senior High School Grade 12
Year Completed
: June 2023
Keywords
:.
ABSTRACT
The increasing costs and environmental ramifications of construction materials, particularly aggregates,
necessitate the exploration of more cost-effective and sustainable alternatives, such as the utilization of
agricultural waste. Pili nut shells (PNS), typically considered agricultural byproducts, are often discarded as
waste; however, they possess inherent characteristics that render them a viable alternative construction
material. In response to these challenges, this study investigates the potential of repurposing agricultural
waste, specifically PNS, as substitutes for traditional coarse aggregates (CA) in concrete. Three replacement
ratios (30 percent, 50 percent, and 100 percent) were tested using a compressive testing machine after curing
for 7, 14, and 28 days. The target was to achieve a standard compressive strength of 15 newtons per square
millimeter, as per the M15 grade mix commonly used for walls and footings. The results indicated that a 30
percent replacement of PNS after 28 days of curing yielded the highest compressive strength at 15.33 newtons
per square millimeter. However, it is noteworthy that while partial replacement of PNS proves effective as
CA, its effectiveness diminishes as larger proportions are used, resulting in a reduction in compressive
strength in the concrete mixture. Based on the study's findings, the following recommendations are made: (1)
It is advisable to limit the partial replacement of PNS in the concrete mixture to 30 percent for the most
optimal results; (2) The use of dried PNS as aggregate is suitable primarily for non-load-bearing components
such as slab-on fills and partition walls; and (3) further research is needed to explore methods for enhancing
the structural properties and reducing the compressive strength limitations of PNS.
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE
PAGE
EFFECT OF REPLACEMENT OF COARSE AGGREGATE BY PILI NUT (CANARIUM
OVATUM) SHELLS ON THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF
CONCRETE........................................................i
RESEARCH ABSTRACT................................................ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS.................................................iii
LIST OF TABLES/FIGURES .............................................iv
INTRODUCTION .....................................................1
METHODOLOGY .....................................................4
General Procedure .......................................................................................................4
Process Flowchart ........................................................................................................5
RESULTS ...........................................................6
Slump Test ................................................................................................................... 6
Compressive Strength Test......................................................................................... 6
Data and Results……………………………………………………………………...7
DISCUSSIONS ...................................................... 11
Summary of Findings ............................................................................................... 11
Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 11
Recommendations .................................................................................................... 12
B I B L I O G R A P H Y ................................................13
C U R R I C U L U M V I T A E ..........................................14
A P P E N D I C E S ...................................................16
iv
LIST OF TABLES/FIGURES
TABLE
PAGE
Table 1.1 Masses of constituents for pili nut shell replacement
4
Table 2.1 Result of Slump Test
6
Table 3.1 Compressive strength of 30 percent PNS replacement
7
Table 3.2 Compressive strength of 50 percent PNS replacement
8
Table 3.3 Compressive strength of 100 percent PNS replacement
9
FIGURE
Figure 1.1
7
Figure 1.2
8
Figure 1.3
9
1
INTRODUCTION
The surge in aggregate mining since the 1950s (Yanik, 2016) has been primarily driven by factors
such as rapid human population growth, urbanization, infrastructure development, and changing lifestyles
(Tugrul & Yilmaz, 2018; Wiwattananukul et al., 2019; Danielsen & Kuznetsova, 2015). The increasing
urbanization per capita, expected to accommodate more than two-thirds (approximately 7 billion) of the
world's population by 2050 (Ritchie & Roser, 2018), plays a significant role in this phenomenon.
Consequently, the rising costs of construction materials have become a major concern within the construction
industry, as exemplified by the 10.4 percent annual increase in the Construction Materials Wholesale Price
Index (CMWPI) in September 2022, the highest rate in the country since October 2008 (Philippine Statistics
Authority, 2022).
Concrete, which plays a vital role in the construction of bridges, roads, dams, and various structures,
is the second most widely used substance globally after water (Gagg, 2014). Concrete comprises a solid and
chemically inert material known as aggregate, which includes elements like sand, gravel, crushed stone,
crushed blast-furnace slag, and construction and demolition (C&D) waste (Mehta & Monteiro, 2014). This
aggregate, when combined with cement, typically constitutes 60-80% of concrete's total volume.
There are two types of aggregate: (1) coarse aggregate (CA), referring to aggregate particles larger
than 4.75 mm (No. 4 sieve); and (2) fine aggregate, referring to aggregate particles smaller than 4.75 mm but
larger than 75 µm (No. 200 sieve). The primary focus of the present study centers on CA, which serve as a
crucial structural framework, enhancing strength and load-bearing capacity due to their larger particle size and
interlocking characteristics (Kuo et al., 1998). However, the extraction of traditional CA depletes natural stone
deposits and disrupts the ecological balance by removing nearly all natural vegetation, topsoil, and subsoil,
resulting in wildlife and biodiversity loss. This leads to economic challenges, sourcing difficulties, and
environmental concerns related to extraction (Langer & Arbogast, 2002; Jullien et al., 2012; Bendixen et al.,
2021). Therefore, there is a need for sustainable alternatives to meet construction needs while mitigating
environmental impacts.
To transform concrete into an economically viable and ecologically sustainable option, it is necessary
to consider alternative materials for CA, which constitute the majority of its composition. In a study by
Ghanbari et al. (2017), the production of natural aggregates in Iranian quarries consumed approximately 1.48
2
million tons of oil equivalent (toe) annually and resulted in 2.88 million tons of CO2eq emissions per year.
Interestingly, combining natural aggregates with recycled aggregates from C&D waste at a 50% ratio yielded
annual energy savings of around 30% (8.99 million toe) and a 36% reduction in CO2 emissions (20.69 million
tons of CO2eq) over a 20-year period. Since the cumulative energy demand in the production of aggregates
often translates to increasing construction material costs and energy prices, this study primarily explores the
utilization of agricultural waste materials for sustainable and cost-effective solutions (Shafigh et al., 2014).
Multiple studies have investigated the feasibility of agricultural waste materials as alternative
aggregates for concrete's compressive strength. In India, Kanojia and Jain (2017) explored the use of waste
coconut shells from temples and industries in concrete production. Their study assessed how replacing
traditional coarse aggregates with coconut shells impacted concrete strength and density. The results showed
that increasing the proportion of coconut shells led to reduced compressive strength, with a 40% replacement
resulting in a 62.6% drop in 7-day strength, but only a 21.5% decrease in 28-day strength. This replacement
also reduced the concrete's weight by 7.47%. For concrete with a characteristic strength of 20 N/mm², no extra
cement was needed for a 5% replacement, and only 3.6% more cement was required for a 10% replacement.
Despite increased costs due to additional cement, the researchers concluded that using coconut shells in
concrete offers benefits such as efficient waste utilization and reduced resource depletion, making it a feasible
option for concrete production.
In the study by Manimaran et al. (2017), researchers assessed the viability of using alternative
materials like bamboo and quarry dust as aggregates. The laboratory investigation focused on M40 concrete,
with varying volumes of bamboo (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%) replacing coarse aggregate. The results
showed that a 15% bamboo replacement demonstrated improved compressive strength, flexural strength, split
tensile strength, and durability compared to standard concrete. Similarly, the study examined the impact of
replacing fine aggregate with quarry dust (0%, 15%, 20%, and 25%). It was found that replacing 15% of
coarse aggregate with bamboo and 15% of fine aggregate with quarry dust yielded satisfactory results
compared to conventional concrete for both 7 and 28 days. This research demonstrates that using bamboo and
quarry dust as substitutes for coarse and fine aggregates in concrete can help reduce agricultural waste and its
associated disposal challenges.
3
Numerous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of partially substituting CA with agricultural
byproducts, such as corn cobs (Khan et al., 2022), oil palm shells (Alengaram et al., 2013), and palm kernel
shells (Itam et al., 2016) in construction materials. Regrettably, the utilization of Pili nut shells (PNS) in
construction applications remains underrepresented in the existing body of literature, despite their abundant
availability and the consequential waste generated each year. A study conducted by Morales (2017) serves as a
notable exception, revealing that PNS, whether employed independently or as a constituent, substantially
enhance both the physical and mechanical attributes of particleboards. This observation suggests that the
inherent characteristics of PNS make them a viable alternative construction material, thereby implying their
potential applicability as CA in concrete.
This research study focuses on exploring the feasibility of utilizing Pili nut (Canarium ovatum) shells
as a substitute for traditional coarse aggregates and its effects on the compressive strength of concrete. Pili
nuts, a native variety in the Philippines, are particularly abundant in the Visayas and Bicol regions and are
used in various commercial products across the country. Notably, a study by Gallegos et al. (2013) has
revealed commendable mechanical properties of PNS, with fracture forces ranging from 2.66 to 3.15
kilonewtons in longitudinal and transverse positions. The sturdy shells of Pili, attributed to the hypodermal
cells of the endocarp, have the potential to enhance the compressive strength of concrete structures.
4
METHODOLOGY
This chapter outlines the research procedures employed in this study, encompassing research design,
sampling procedures, and data gathering methods. The study adopted an experimental and comparative design
with the primary objective of assessing the impact of PNS aggregates on conventional concrete and
considering it as a potential alternative. Specifically, it aimed to examine the influence of PNS on the
compressive strength of concrete and compare it with concrete utilizing conventional aggregates.
General Procedure
First, the crushed PNS were weighed in varying proportions: 24 kilograms, 12 kilograms, and 4.8
kilograms, depending on the desired percentage. The concrete mix ratio employed was M15 grade mix ratio or
1:2:4, translating to 1 part cement, 2 parts sand, and 4 parts coarse aggregates.
The mixtures were prepared with different percentages of Pili nut shells: 100 percent, 50 percent, and
30 percent. The composition for 100 percent replacement included 24 kilograms of PNS, 5 liters of water, 12
kilograms of sand, and 6 kilograms of cement. For 50 percent Pili replacement, it consisted of 12 kilograms of
PNS, 5 liters of water, 12 kilograms of gravel, 12 kilograms of sand, and 6 kilograms of cement. Lastly, the 30
percent mixture incorporated 4.8 kilograms of PNS, 19.2 kilograms of gravel, 12 kilograms of sand, 6
kilograms of cement, and 5 liters of water (see Table 1).
Table 1.1: Masses of constituents for pili nut shell replacement
Pili nut shell
replacement
(%)
Crushed Pili
Nut Shell (kg)
Gravel (kg)
Cement (kg)
Sand (kg)
Water (L)
0%
0
24
6
12
5
30%
4.8
19.2
6
12
5
50%
12
12
6
12
5
100%
24
0
6
12
5
The materials used were mixed, and a slump test was conducted using the slump cone with
dimensions of 15 cm bottom diameter, 10 cm top diameter, and 30 cm in height to ensure the appropriate
wetness level. The mixing process for concrete with Pili nut shells was identical to regular concrete, differing
only in the substitution of coarse aggregate with Pili nut shells.
5
The mixed concrete was then molded in 15 cm by 15 cm cubic molder to undergo curing processes
lasting 7, 14, and 28 days, with four samples for each duration, including one with 100 percent conventional
aggregates. Finally, the mixtures were subjected to a compressive strength test using a compression testing
machine, with a target strength of 15 N/mm².
The data were then obtained, analyzed, tabulated, and interpreted with the support of statistical tools,
particularly Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).
Process Flowchart
Weigh the crushed PNS and
Gather the Materials
Start the Concrete Mixture (Use
M15 grade mix ratio)
Begin Slump Testing
Mold and Cure for 7, 14, and 28 days
.
Begin Compressive Strength Testing
Compare conventional CA to alternative
PNS aggregate
6
RESULTS
Slump Test
The slump test was used on slump cone with dimensions of 15 cm bottom diameter, 10 cm top
diameter, and 30 cm in height to determine the workability and consistency of the concrete mix with replaced
PNS aggregate and conventional CA. The minimum height of concrete during the slump testing was 10 cm.
Table 2.1 Result of Slump Test
Result of Slump Test (cm)
No. of days for
0% replacement
30% replacement
50% replacement
100% replacement
7 days
12.9 cm
15 cm
11.5 cm
10.16 cm
14 days
12.9 cm
15 cm
11.5 cm
10.16 cm
28 days
12.9 cm
15 cm
11.5 cm
10.16 cm
c2uring
The results in Table 2.1 from the slump test show that the concrete mix containing varying
proportions of PNS had enough water content to stick together and maintain the minimum height of 10 cm, a
critical indicator of the concrete’s workability. This means that PNS have the characteristics necessary to be an
alternative coarse aggregate.
Compressive Strength
The compression testing machine in Eastern Visayas State University (EVSU) was used to determine
the effect of replacement of coarse aggregate by PNS on compressive strength of concrete and compare it to
conventional coarse aggregate (gravel), with an expected compressive strength of 15 N/mm² (Newton per
square millimeters) or above.
To calculate the compressive strength of the 15*15 cm concrete cube samples, the universal testing
machine having a capacity of 5000 kilo newton (KN) was used. During the test, the strength was obtained in
KN. The measured compressive strength of the sample was calculated by dividing the utmost load applied to
the area of the concrete and expressed in N/mm². Reading of the meter begins when cracks appear on the
cubes.
7
Data and Results
The given data in the table indicates the compressive strength of the samples. The interpretations of
the tables are discussed per percentage of replacement.
Table 3.1 Comparison between the compressive strength of concrete with 30 percent replacement of
PNS and conventional coarse aggregates.
Compressive strength (N/mm2)
SAMPLE IDENTIFICATION
7 days
14 days
28 days
Replaced Aggregates (RA)
9.86
11.53
15.33
Conventional Aggregates (CA)
8.37
10.01
15.11
Table 3.1 shows that 30 percent of RA was good for the compressive strength of concrete. Based on
the data, concrete with 30 percent of replacement of PNS as coarse aggregates has higher compressive
strength than the concrete containing only conventional aggregates.
Figure 1.1
16
14
12
10
7 days
8
14 days
6
28 days
4
2
0
30% RA
CA
Figure 1.1 shows that the compressive strength rises as the curing time also lengthens. Based on the
data supplied, the compressive strength improves linearly with an increasing degree of compaction across all
gradations and cure times. For the 7 days curing period, concrete containing 30 percent PNS is 17.18 percent
heavier than the usual mixture with 9.86 N/mm² strength.
8
For the 14 days curing period, concrete containing 30 percent PNS is 15.18 percent heavier than the
usual mixture with 11.53 N/mm². Lastly, concrete containing 30 percent PNS is 1.45 percent heavier than the
usual mixture with 15.33 N/mm² after 28 days of curing.
Table 3.2 Comparison between the compressive strength of concrete with 50 percent replacement of
PNS and conventional coarse aggregates.
Compressive strength (N/mm2)
SAMPLE IDENTIFICATION
7 days
14 days
28 days
Replaced Aggregates (RA)
7.13
10.37
11.50
Conventional Aggregates (CA)
10.01
12.41
15.23
Table 3.2 shows that 50 percent of PNS as coarse aggregate was not good for the mixture. Based on
the data, concrete with 50 percent replacement of PNS as coarse aggregate has lower compressive strength
than the concrete with conventional aggregates only. Due to the chemical composition of PNS, having holes
and a smooth texture, greater amount of PNS loosens the concrete and produces small holes, making it easier
to break than the concrete mixture with conventional aggregates only.
Figure 1.2
16
14
12
10
7 days
8
14 days
6
28 days
4
2
0
50% RA
CA
Figure 1.2 shows that the compressive strength of concrete increases as the cure time also increases.
Comparing the compressive strength of concrete containing 50 percent PNS with the concrete that contains
conventional aggregates only, the compressive strength of the former is less than the latter. Based on the data
9
supplied, the compressive strength decreases linearly to a decreasing degree of compaction across all
gradations and cure times.
For the 7-day curing period, concrete with 50 percent PNS is 28.20 percent lighter than the usual
mixture with 7.13 N/mm2 strength. For the 14-day curing period, concrete containing 50 percent PNS is 16.4
percent lighter than the usual mixture with 10.37 N/mm2 strength, and for the 28-day curing period, concrete
containing 50 percent PNS is 32.43 percent lighter than the usual mixture with 11.50 N/mm 2 strength.
Table 3.3 Comparison between the compressive strength of concrete with 100 percent replacement of
PNS and conventional coarse aggregates.
Compressive strength (N/mm2)
SAMPLE IDENTIFICATION
7 days
14 days
28 days
Replaced Aggregates (RA)
3.86
5.27
8.49
Conventional Aggregates (CA)
10.01
12.41
15.23
Table 4 shows that 100 percent of PNS as coarse aggregate was not good for the mixture. Given on
the data, concrete with 100 percent replacement of PNS as coarse aggregate has lower compressive strength
than the concrete with conventional aggregates only. Due to the chemical composition of PNS, having holes
and a smooth texture, greater amount of PNS produces small holes and makes the concrete less compact,
making it easier to break than the concrete mixture with conventional aggregates only.
Figure 1.3
20
15
7 days
10
14 days
5
28 days
0
100%
RA
CA
10
Figure 1.3 shows that the compressive strength of concrete increases as the cure time also increases.
Comparing the compressive strength of concrete containing 100 percent PNS with the concrete that contains
conventional aggregates only, the compressive strength of the former is less than the latter. Based on the data
supplied, the compressive strength decreases linearly to a decreasing degree of compaction across all
gradations and cure times.
For the 7-day curing period, concrete with 100 percent PNS is 61.43 percent lighter than the usual
mixture with 3.86 N/mm2 strength. For the 14-day curing period, concrete with 100 percent PNS is 57.53
percent lighter than the usual mixture with 5.27 N/mm2 strength, and for the 28-day curing period, concrete
containing 100 percent PNS is 44.25 percent lighter than the usual mixture with 8.49 N/mm2 strength.
11
DISCUSSIONS
This chapter presents the summary and conclusion derived from the experiment, determining the
effects of the replacement of PNS as course aggregate on the compressive strength of concrete. It also
provides recommendations that can be pursued by the next researchers.
Summary Of Findings
1. What is the efficiency of PNS as substitute to coarse aggregate in terms of the following:
a. Workability
According to the slump test, PNS was a workable material in replacing coarse aggregate to produce
concrete blocks since it attained the minimum height of concrete which means that the degree of the wetness
was enough to be adhesive for the test.
b. Compressive Strength
The compressive strength of concrete containing PNS was capable to be a partial replacement of
coarse aggregate at 30 percent, cured for 28 days reaching 15.33 N/mm2 strength.
2. What is the latent factor that helps PNS harden the concrete?
The latent factor that helps PNS harden the concrete was the hypodermal cells of its endocarp that
make it hard to break and which can be used as components to strengthen the framework of concrete.
3. What is the effect of the usage of PNS as alternative on coarse aggregate to produce concrete?
A 30 percent replacement of PNS after 28 days of curing yielded the highest compressive strength at
15.33 newtons per square millimeter, achieving the standard compressive strength of 15 newtons per square
millimeter. However, higher ratios are not recommended as it reduces the compressive strength.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the indicated findings, the following conclusions were drawn:
•
Concrete with 30 percent replacement of PNS after 28 days of curing has the highest compressive
strength (15.33 N/mm2).
•
Only 30 percent of PNS is effective in the mixture for concrete production as higher ratios lead to
compressive strength reduction.
•
PNS are readily available as waste material from the agricultural industry, thus reducing the overall
cost of concrete production and promoting a more sustainable approach to waste management.
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RECOMMENDATIONS
This study revealed the effectiveness of PNS as replacement of coarse aggregate on the production of
concrete. Thus, the following recommendations are hereby presented:
1. Investigate the use of PNS as additives or partial replacement of coarse aggregate in different concrete
mixtures. This could involve varying the percentage of PNS replacement and testing its impact on the
strength, durability, and other properties of the concrete.
2. Conduct a comprehensive environmental impact assessment of using PNS as a replacement for coarse
aggregate in concrete production. This could include evaluating the energy consumption, carbon
emissions, and other environmental factors associated with using PNS compared to conventional
aggregates.
3. Explore different curing and molding durations to determine if longer curing periods or different
molding techniques can improve the compressive strength of concrete with PNS replacement.
4. Conduct a durability study to determine the long-term performance of concrete mixtures containing
PNS replacements. This can include testing for factors such as water absorption, freeze-thaw
resistance, and chemical resistance.
13
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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14
C UR R I C ULUM VITAE
15
PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Name
: Johanese O. Llantada
Sex
: Male
Civil Status
: Single
Birthdate
: December 9, 2005
Address
: Brgy. Polangi, Calbiga, Samar
PARENTS
Father
: Noel. C. Llantada
Mother
: Alfreda O. Llantada
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Elementary
: Calbiga Central Elementary School
Year
: 2011-2018
Secondary
: Calbiga National High School
Year
: 2018-2024
16
APPE NDICE S