Acetyl-L-Carnitine
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
Acetyl-L-Carnitine may reverse age-related cognitive decline, and improve memory.
Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR, ALC or LAC) is a synthesized version of L-Carnitine. Which is a derivative of the amino acids lysine and methionine.
ALCAR is more bioavailable than L-Carnitine. It easily crosses the blood-brain barrier. And delivers L-Carnitine across cell membranes (which it would not be able to cross on
its own).
L-Carnitine is naturally made in your liver and kidneys. And then transported to other tissues including your brain and heart.
ALCAR helps:
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Brain Energy Metabolism. ALCAR helps transport of fatty acids into mitochondria where they’re needed for energy metabolism. Fueling your cells “power
plants” can boost physical and mental energy.
Neurotransmitters. ALCAR is a necessary ingredient for acetylcholine formation. Which boosts memory, mental alertness, and fluid thought.
Brain Optimization. The antioxidant properties of Acetyl-L-Carnitine provides neuroprotective qualities, boosts Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), and
promotes cerebral blood circulation.
Table of Contents
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Overview
L-Carnitine vs. Acetyl-L-Carnitine: What’s the Difference?
How does Acetyl-L-Carnitine Work in the Brain?
How things go bad:
ALCAR to the rescue.
How does Acetyl-L-Carnitine feel?
The Research
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ALCAR helps with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)
Acetyl-L-Carnitine slows rate of cognitive decline
ALCAR effective for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Acetyl-L-Carnitine protects from oxidative damage of Ecstasy (MDMA)
ALCAR for Erectile Dysfunction?
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
L-Carnitine is an amino acid that’s synthesized in your body. You also get it from red meat and dairy.
L-Carnitine is considered a “conditionally essential” nutrient because when your body uses it faster than it can produce it, you need supplemental L-Carnitine either from
food or a supplement.
L-Carnitine is used throughout your body. Here we’re talking about the Acetyl-L-Carnitine form of L-Carnitine because of its affects on brain health and chemistry.
L-Carnitine vs. Acetyl-L-Carnitine: What’s the Difference?
L-Carnitine and Acetyl-L-Carnitine are often referred to as Carnitine. But each are structurally different, and each has its advantages.
L-Carnitine: Provides energy for the mitochondria of your cells, but is not capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier. Supplemental L-Carnitine is difficult for your body to
absorb; only 18% of it reaches your bloodstream.
L-Carnitine is favored by athletes and dieters who want Carnitine’s fat-metabolizing benefits. But are not seeking any brain benefits.
L-Carnitine
Acetyl-L-Carnitine: Is easier to absorb and used by your body than L-Carnitine. One study showed using 2 grams daily for 50 days boosted blood ALCAR levels by 43%.[i]
Acetyl-L-Carnitine
ALCAR does everything that L-Carnitine does, but can also cross the blood-brain barrier. In another study, researchers found that ALCAR protects brain cells from oxidative
stress, while L-Carnitine does not.[ii]
How does Acetyl-L-Carnitine Work in the Brain?
Acetyl-L-Carnitine boosts brain health and function in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
ALCAR boosts acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter tied to memory and overall brain function.Acetyl-L-Carnitine is a precursor to acetylcholine in the presence of
Coenzyme-A. ALCAR donates a “methyl group” to make acetylcholine.[iii]
Alzheimer’s-diseased brains show a 25% to 40% reduction in carnitine acetyltransferase, a brain enzyme that works with L-Carnitine & Acetyl-L-Carnitine.
This brain enzyme decline led researchers to link low ALCAR with low acetylcholine, and Alzheimer’s onset. They went on to suggest ALCAR as a viable therapy for brain
regeneration.[iv]
2.
ALCAR promotes brain energy by fueling your brain cell’s mitochondria.[v]
ALCAR works as a shuttle transport for fatty acids through cell membranes. Right to the cell powerplant mitochondria.[vi]
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As ALCAR shuttles fatty acids into mitochondria, it provides the fuel that is burned for energy.
As ALCAR shuttles fatty acids out of mitochondria, it flushes out toxic byproducts.
ALCAR maintains mitochondria in nearly every cell of your body. Your brain consumes at least 20% of your body’s energy. And generates a lot of toxic byproducts. So
ALCAR is particularly important for a healthy brain.
How things go bad:
As we get older, our brain chemistry and energy metabolism changes.[vii]
↓ Nerve growth factor in the brain declines
↓ Acetyl-L-Carnitine levels decline
↓ Acetylcholine levels decline
↓ Mitochondria loses efficiency
All of these age-related changes are contributing factors to the neurodegenerative diseases of aging, including Alzheimer’s and dementia.
ALCAR to the rescue.
Research from the Linus Pauling Institute at Oregon State University shows that Acetyl-L-Carnitine will:[viii]
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Restore efficient mitochondrial energy production
Replenish age-related changes to mitochondrial structure
Replenish ALCAR and acetylcholine levels in the brain and body
ALCAR’s has the ability to boost acetylcholine and rejuvenate brain cells (including mitochondria). This has been proven to benefit those with age-related brain diseases like
Alzheimer’s and major depression.[ix]
How does Acetyl-L-Carnitine feel?
You may not feel ALCAR… unless you’re elderly or have Erectile Dysfunction. Within those specific groups, Acetyl-L-Carnitine helps with memory, mood, mental performance
and the ability to get and maintain an erection.
ALCAR’s brain support and its ability to fuel the mitochondria in your brain cells should boost cognition in all age and gender groups.
As a nootropic, ALCAR user reviews report a boost in energy and quick thinking.
The Research
In one study, researchers showed that ALCAR may have positive effects for depression and dementia.[x]
Another study out of Italy; researchers showed that Acetyl-L-Carnitine stimulated the growth of new neurites. More of these minute projections from nerve cell bodies
meant increased signaling between cells throughout the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord).[xi]
And a study conducted at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York found that ALCAR has potential in treating the symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease. By directly
affecting mitochondrial respiration and assisting dopamine neurons and the use of dopamine in the brain.
ALCAR helps with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)
A gold-standard double-blind, randomized controlled trial on 1,204 people showed significant effect on attention, mental performance, memory and higher mental
functions.[xii]
In this study ALCAR seemed to ward off further brain deterioration. And could be considered as therapy for brain degeneration.
Acetyl-L-Carnitine slows rate of cognitive decline
130 Alzheimer’s patients were given ALCAR or a placebo daily for a year. They were tested across 14 points of cognitive performance.
This research showed a slower decline in cognitive performance with the ALCAR group compared to the placebo group.[xiii]
ALCAR effective for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Acetyl-L-Carnitine has been shown to improve fatigue in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome.
In a randomized, double-blind, crossover study; 36 people were treated for 3 months with either amantadine (used to treat Chronic Fatigue), or 1 gram of ALCAR twice
daily.
The results of the study showed that ALCAR was better tolerated and more effective than the pharmaceutical for fatigue.[xiv]
Acetyl-L-Carnitine protects from oxidative damage of Ecstasy (MDMA)
Research has shown ALCAR to be effective in protecting your mitochondria from oxidative stress. But these guys took it a step further.
Male rats were given Acetyl-L-Carnitine before a dose of Ecstasy (MDMA). ALCAR pretreatment “exerts effective neuroprotection against MDMA-induced neurotoxicity at the
mitochondrial level”, said the researchers.[xv]
Keep that in mind before your next party.
ALCAR for Erectile Dysfunction?
In this study, 120 patients were split into 3 groups. Group 1 was given 160 mg of testosterone per day. The 2 nd group was given 2 grams of Propionyl-L-Carnitine plus 2
grams of Acetyl-L-Carnitine per day. And the 3rd group a placebo.
Did you know that there’s an International Index of Erectile Function?
Turns out the Propionyl-L-Carnitine/Acetyl-L-Carnitine stack was better than testosterone for erectile dysfunction. Without the side effects of an enlarged prostate, better
orgasms, more sexual desire and improved mood.[xvi]
Propionyl-L-Carnitine
Dosage Notes
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Acetyl-L-Carnitine suggested dosage for cognitive benefits is 1 – 4 grams per day.
For improved mood and elimination of chronic fatigue, 1 – 3 grams of ALCAR per day.
For age-related memory concerns, 1 – 2 grams of ALCAR per day.
ALCAR is water-soluble and can be taken on an empty stomach with water. A few supplement manufacturers recommend taking their Acetyl-L-Carnitine with a meal. Which
implies that it’s fat-soluble for which I’ve found no evidence in the scientific literature.
Side Effects
Acetyl-L-Carnitine is produced naturally in your body. So is considered well-tolerated and safe.
Side effects are rare but can include nausea, vomiting, increased agitation, weight loss, and restlessness.
You can also see an increase in seizure frequency if you have any kind of seizure disorder.
Available Forms
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Acetyl-L-Carnitine: L-Carnitine with an extra acetyl group. This version is more bioavailable and easily crosses the blood-brain barrier.
L-Carnitine: This is the standard form of carnitine found in food.
Lipo-Carn®: A proprietary blend of Alpha-Lipoic Acid and Acetyl-L-Carnitine. Studies show this combination is a powerful anti-aging duo.
Together, these two help combat diabetes, boost energy production, maintain proper cognitive function, protects the body from radiation and chemical toxins
and helps immunity.[xvii]
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Propionyl-L-Carnitine: L-Carnitine combined with propionic acid. This form is noted for its antioxidant activity, and is used for heart health applications. Also
useful for erectile dysfunction.
ALCAR 750 mg is also included in the Performance Lab Energy nootropic stack.
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Acetyl-L-Carnitine 500 – 1,500 mg per day
We recommend using Acetyl-L-Carnitine as a nootropic supplement.
Your body does synthesize some ALCAR on its own. And from the food you eat. But most Acetyl-L-Carnitine comes from red meat. And unless you eat a lot of great quality
grass-fed beef or mutton…
ALCAR is especially helpful for those suffering from age-related cognitive decline. Studies show it helps stop or reverse brain degeneration with Alzheimer’s Disease, and
depressive disorders. Particularly in the early stages of the disease.
We suggest starting with a dose of 500 mg daily. ALCAR is a great compliment to a stack including Piracetam. Add a choline source (Alpha GPC or CDP-Choline) at a ratio of
1:4. 1 gram of Alpha GPC to 4 grams of Piracetam. Take enough choline to eliminate a racetam-induced headache. Then add 500 mg of ALCAR.
Some have found ALCAR stacked with Coenzyme Q-10 has a profound effect on everything from mood to bipolar disorder. Especially combined with Alpha-Lipoic Acid.
Age-related cognitive disorders like Alzheimer’s may want to up the dose to 1,500 mg per day.
Alpha GPC
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
Alpha GPC has been shown to reverse age-related cognitive decline, improve memory and learning, and boost athletic workouts.
Alpha GPC (L-Alpha Glycerylphosphorylcholine, choline alfoscerate) is a choline source derived from soy or sunflower lecithin. It is also naturally present in small
amounts in your body.
Alpha GPC is more bioavailable than other sources of choline for brain benefits. Unlike choline citrate or choline bitartrate, it easily crosses the blood-brain barrier. This
makes Alpha GPC a preferred choline source with experienced nootropic users.
Alpha GPC is a precursor to the essential neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
Alpha GPC helps:
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Brain Energy. Alpha GPC improves mood, and boosts mental energy. The extra choline can increase alertness and clarity of thought.
Neurotransmitters. Alpha GPC is prized for its ability to improve memory. Its high bioavailability makes it a great source of choline for producing the
neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
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Brain Optimization. Alpha GPC boosts the development of new brain cells. And enhances your brain’s ability to repair damaged cell membranes.
Table of Contents
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Overview
Alpha GPC vs. CDP-Choline vs. Choline Bitartrate: What’s the Difference?
How does Alpha GPC Work in the Brain?
How things go bad:
Alpha GPC to the rescue
How does Alpha GPC feel?
The Research
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Alpha GPC Increases the Release of Dopamine
Alpha GPC Facilitates Learning and Memory
Alpha GPC Relieves Cognitive Impairment in Alzheimer’s
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
Alpha GPC
Alpha GPC is a type of choline that’s produced in small amounts in your body. You can also get it from eating organ meats, dairy and wheat germ.
Choline is considered an essential nutrient because when your body uses it faster than it can produce it, you need supplemental choline either from food or a supplement.
You need choline for the production of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. And to form phosphatidylcholine (PC), used in building cell membranes.
In fact, choline is so vital to cognition and nerve function that, without it, we couldn’t move, think, sleep or remember anything.
Alpha GPC is used throughout your body. It even helps the production of human growth hormone. Athletes use it for peak performance, and to help build lean muscle mass.
It provides more energy for a workout and quicker recovery.[i]
Here we’re talking about how Alpha GPC affects your brain health and chemistry.
Alpha GPC vs. CDP-Choline vs. Choline Bitartrate: What’s the Difference?
Choline is a water-soluble nutrient and its composition is similar to B-vitamins. Alpha GPC, CDP-Choline, Choline Citrate and Choline Bitartrate are all sources of choline.
CDP-Choline (cytidine 5′-diphosphocholine): Is only about 18% choline by weight. Your body naturally synthesizes choline into CDP-Choline (Citicoline). It’s then
converted to phosphatidylcholine (PC) which assists cell membranes, and helps create acetylcholine.
Choline Bitartrate: An economical form of choline, and about 40% choline by weight. So 1 gram of Choline Bitartrate offers 400 mg of actual choline. It does not easily
cross the blood-brain barrier. So you won’t experience the same level of nootropic benefits as with Alpha GPC or CDP-Choline.
Alpha GPC: About 40% choline by weight and easily crosses the blood-brain barrier. Alpha GPC naturally occurs in your brain as a byproduct of phosphatidylcholine
(PC). When your brain needs more choline, and the choline floating around in your brain is running low, it breaks down PC from cell membranes. And turns it into Alpha
GPC.
Your body and brain loves it when you use Alpha GPC. Because it doesn’t have to cannibalize its own cells to get more choline.
How does Alpha GPC Work in the Brain?
Alpha GPC boosts brain health and function in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
Alpha GPC boosts acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter tied to memory and overall brain function. Alpha GPC is a precursor to acetylcholine. Improving the
efficiency of communications between neurons in your brain. This increase in neural signaling boosts memory, learning, cognitive processing and mental clarity.
In one study, 32 healthy volunteers received either Alpha GPC or a placebo as a pretreatment. Ten days later they were injected with scopolamine to induce amnesia. The
researchers found Alpha GPC was able to prevent the impairment of attention and memory normally caused by scopolamine.[ii]
These researchers showed that memory function in young healthy people could be racked up a notch. Simply by taking Alpha GPC as a supplement.
2.
Alpha GPC directly impacts development of cell membranes in the cerebral cortex. This outer layer of neural tissues or “gray matter” is the information
processing center of your brain. It controls intelligence, motor function, organization, personality, planning and touch.[iii]
Published in Clinical Therapeutics, researchers conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s patients. 400 mg capsules were
administered 3- times per day for 180 days. The conclusion of this trial showed consistent improvement in dementia patients given Alpha GPC.[iv]
How things go bad:
As we get older, our brain chemistry and energy metabolism changes.
↓ Recall, reaction time and mood diminish
↓ Brain cell membranes degenerate
↓ Acetylcholine levels decline[v]
↓ Nerve growth factor in the brain declines
All of these age-related changes are contributing factors to the neurodegenerative diseases of aging, including Alzheimer’s and dementia.
But even if you’re not concerned with the effects of aging, Alpha GPC can help.
Alpha GPC to the rescue
Research from hundreds of studies have shown that Alpha GPC will:
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Improve memory and learning ability[vi]
Restore the bioavailability of acetylcholine[vii]
Restore and boost nerve growth factor receptors in the brain[viii]
Increase growth hormones in all age groups[ix]
Boost cognitive performance and memory in Alzheimer’s patients[x]
Alpha GPC is water-soluble and quickly enters your brain after you take it. Once in your brain, it boosts signal transmission, and protects neurons.
Alpha GPC improves your brain function and learning processes by directly increasing synthesis and secretion of acetylcholine. As your body calls for it.
This form of choline is not a precursor to phosphatidylcholine (PC), but is a metabolite of PC. This means once PC is metabolized and stripped of its fatty acids – all that
remains is Alpha GPC.
Instead of scavenging your brain’s own membranes for Alpha GPC, you give it exactly the type of choline its looking for.
How does Alpha GPC feel?
If you have trouble getting started in the morning, try coffee and 400 mg of Alpha GPC. Instead of your usual high sugar, high carbohydrate breakfast.
Alpha GPC can be a great way to boost your energy. Take it 45 minutes before you work out.
Alpha GPC helps with memory, mood, mental performance and energy. Its brain support and ability to fuel the acetylcholine in your brain cells should boost cognition in all
age and gender groups.
The Research
In one study, researchers showed that Alpha GPC had positive effects for increasing human growth hormone.[xi]
Alpha GPC Increases the Release of Dopamine
Another trial demonstrated the increase in the release of dopamine.[xii] This is particularly significant in showing Alpha GPC can help those suffering from dopamine
deficiencies. And alleviating the symptoms of diseases like depressive disorders and Parkinson’s Disease.
Alpha GPC Facilitates Learning and Memory
An ongoing trial demonstrates Alpha GPC improving memory and attention. This research shows Alpha GPC increasing the effectiveness of pairing it with donepezil
(acetylcholinesterase inhibitor). Far better than using donepezil on its own.
And in rats, Alpha GPC boosted learning and memory. It increased brain energy mechanisms and decreased age-related structural changes in the brain.[xiii][xiv]
Alpha GPC Relieves Cognitive Impairment in Alzheimer’s
Thirteen published clinical trials, involving a total of 4,054 Alzheimer’s patients consistently showed Alpha GPC:[xv]
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Boosted memory and attention
Promoted recovery in stroke patients
Reversed the symptoms of acute cerebrovascular disease
Is far more effective than using choline or lecithin in treating disease
Dosage Notes
Alpha GPC is about 40% choline by weight. So 1,000 mg of Alpha GPC provides approximately 400 mg of choline.
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Alpha GPC suggested dosage for cognitive benefits is 400 – 1,200 mg per day.
Athletic training suggested dosage of Alpha GPC is 400 mg first thing in the morning, and another 400 mg dose 15 – 30 minutes before working out.
Clinical treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease, dementia and other cognitive disorders dosage of up to 1,200 mg per day.
For higher dosages, split the daily Alpha GPC total into 2 or 3 doses per day. For example, 1,200 mg would be taken 400 mg at a time.
Side Effects
Alpha GPC is produced naturally in your body. So is considered well-tolerated and safe.
Side effects are rare but can include fatigue, headaches, nervousness, nausea, diarrhea and gastrointestinal issues. This is often an indication you have too much choline in
your body.
Because Alpha GPC causes an energy boost in many neurohackers, avoid dosing in the evening. Or you may have difficulty getting to sleep.
Available Forms
Because Alpha GPC tends to liquefy at 99-100%, many suppliers offer 50% Alpha GPC powder combined with 50% of a filler like silicon dioxide. Adjust your dosage
accordingly.
Alpha GPC is made from soy or sunflower lecithin. So if you’re trying to avoid soy in your diet look for A-GPC “no soy” or labeled as derived from sunflower lecithin.
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Alpha GPC 400 – 1,200 mg per day
We recommend using Alpha GPC as a nootropic supplement.
Your body does make some Alpha GPC on its own. And from the food you eat. But studies have shown we don’t get an adequate supply of choline from food sources in our
modern diet.
Alpha GPC is especially helpful for those suffering from age-related cognitive decline. Studies show it helps stop or reverse brain degeneration like Alzheimer’s Disease, and
other cognitive disorders. Particularly in the early to mid-stages of the disease.
We suggest starting with a dose of 400 mg daily. And Alpha GPC is a great compliment to a stack including any nootropic from the racetam-family. Anything that causes an
increase in uptake of acetylcholine in your brain.
You need to provide your brain with the choline it is demanding. Or it starts cannibalizing your own brain cells for more acetylcholine. Signs that you’re lacking adequate
choline are headaches.
Use Alpha GPC at a ratio of 1:4. For example, 400 mg of Alpha GPC to 1,600 mg of a racetam like Piracetam.
Age-related cognitive disorders like Alzheimer’s may want to up the dose to 1,200 mg per day.
Alpha-Lipoic Acid
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
Alpha-Lipoic Acid has been shown to boost acetylcholine, improve cognition and memory, and is a powerful antioxidant.
Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA) is a sulfur-containing fatty acid naturally found in your body. Lipoic acid is unique among other antioxidants because it is both water- and fatsoluble.
You get small amounts of lipoic acid in your diet from spinach and collard greens, broccoli, beef and organ meats.
But lipoic acid declines in your body as you age. So you need to supplement with Alpha-Lipoic Acid to achieve the levels your body needs to run optimally.
With the unique ability to work in all cell environments, lipoic acid can neutralize free radicals. Damaging free radicals resulting from oxidation in cells is implicated in many
types of age-related diseases.
Lipoic acid can navigate cells throughout your body. Which means it can also easily cross the blood-brain barrier.
Alpha-Lipoic Acid has powerful protective benefits against cognitive and neurological diseases like Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and depression.
Alpha-Lipoic Acid helps:
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Protect Neurons. Alpha Lipoic Acid has a powerful ability to neutralize the damaging effects of oxidative stress. Studies show lipoic acid even reducing brain
damage after a stroke.[i]
Neurotransmitters. Lipoic acid boosts the production of acetylcholine and glucose uptake in the brain. Showing promise in preventing or managing Alzheimer’s
Disease.[ii]
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Brain Energy. ALA regenerates other depleted antioxidants (Vitamins C & E, glutathione), and recycles CoQ10. Reducing inflammation, and getting rid of heavy
metals. Boosting cellular energy and memory.
Table of Contents
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Overview
Alpha-Lipoic Acid vs. S-Lipoic Acid vs. R-Lipoic Acid
How does Alpha-Lipoic Acid Work in the Brain?
How things go bad:
Alpha-Lipoic Acid to the rescue
How does Alpha-Lipoic Acid feel?
The Research
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Alpha-Lipoic Acid Reduces Wrinkles
Alpha-Lipoic Acid Critical for Cellular Energy
Memory Loss Reversed with ALA and Acetyl-L-Carnitine
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
Alpha-Lipoic Acid is an antioxidant produced in small amounts in your body. You also get it from eating spinach and collard greens, broccoli, beef and organ meats.
Alpha-Lipoic Acid
Alpha-Lipoic Acid (ALA) is a unique antioxidant because it is both water- and fat-soluble. Meaning it works in all parts of the human cell. The more lipoic acid you have in
your system; the more antioxidant benefits you experience.
You need alpha-lipoic acid’s antioxidant power. Because it regenerates other antioxidants that were depleted by the ongoing fight with free radicals in your cells. It allows
you to use the antioxidants Vitamin C & E, glutathione and CoQ10 already in your body over and over again.
In fact, alpha-lipoic acid is so efficient at what it does, it boosts the energy in your cells while reducing inflammation, and getting rid of heavy metals.
In your brain, alpha-lipoic acid boosts the production of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. And even increases glucose uptake in brain cells. Providing you with a boost
of mental energy.
Alpha-Lipoic Acid is used throughout your body. It helps increase insulin sensitivity which reduces the threat of diabetes. And ALA reduces the chances of metabolic
syndrome which is associated with cardiovascular disease, diabetes and weight gain.
Alpha-Lipoic Acid vs. S-Lipoic Acid vs. R-Lipoic Acid
Lipoic Acid is also known as Alpha-Lipoic Acid, ALA and Thioctic acid. The Alpha-Lipoic Acid you get as a supplement is usually a 50/50 mixture of R-(natural) and S(unnatural) enantiomers. They are mirror images of each other and called a ‘racemic’ mixture.
Most commercially available forms of Alpha-Lipoic Acid include the ‘S-form’, or unnatural form of lipoic acid. Chemically synthesized in 1952, and not found in nature.
It is thought that the two enantiomers differ biologically. But much of the research done over the last 30 years has been with the racemic versi on of Alpha-Lipoic Acid
because the R-form was not commercially available.
S-Lipoic Acid (the enantiomer not found in nature) may not produce the most essential properties of Lipoic Acid. Including interactions with proteins, enzymes and genes.
R-Lipoic Acid is the form of lipoic acid occurring naturally in the human body, animals, and plants. This is the only form that functions as a co-factor for mitochondrial
enzymes involved in energy production.
Be aware that most commercially available forms of Alpha-Lipoic Acid include both S- and R-forms of lipoic acid.
Alpha-Lipoic Acid is produced as a mixture because R-Lipoic Acid, when separated from the S-form, is very unstable. And deteriorates very quickly making it unusable as a
dietary supplement.
Very few companies go through the complicated, expensive process required to remove the synthetic S-ALA from R-ALA. So unless the bottle specifically states 100% RALA, you’re getting a 50/50 blend.
Know that R-ALA may be up to 12 times more effective than S-ALA.
How does Alpha-Lipoic Acid Work in the Brain?
Alpha-Lipoic Acid boosts brain health and function in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
Alpha-Lipoic Acid boosts acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter tied to memory and overall brain function.
ALA increases acetylcholine production by activation of choline acetyltransferase and increases glucose uptake. This process supplies more Acetyl-CoA for the production of
acetylcholine.[iii]
2.
Alpha-Lipoic Acid is a promising weapon in the fight against neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s.
Oxidative stress plays a key role in cognitive disorders because neurons are highly vulnerable to free radical damage.
A recent study showed that lipoic acid may help slow down the progression of Alzheimer’s Disease. An area where no known cure has been produced by the big
pharmaceutical companies.
In this study 43 patients with dementia were given 600 mg of Alpha-Lipoic Acid daily for 4 years. Researchers concluded from this study, “alpha-lipoic acid might be a
successful ‘neuroprotective’ therapy option for Alzheimer’s disease.”[iv]
How things go bad:
As we get older, our brain chemistry and metabolism changes.
↓ Acetylcholine levels decline
↓ Oxidative (free radical) damage in neural cells
↓ Heavy metal accumulation in cells
All of these age-related changes are contributing factors to the neurodegenerative diseases of aging, including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and dementia. But even if you’re not
concerned with the effects of aging, Alpha-Lipoic Acid can help.
Alpha-Lipoic Acid to the rescue
Research from hundreds of studies have shown that Alpha-Lipoic Acid will:
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

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Increase the production of acetylcholine
Improve memory and learning ability
Restore the health of neurons
Boost cognitive performance and memory in Alzheimer’s patients.
Alpha-Lipoic Acid is both water- and fat-soluble and quickly crosses the blood-brain barrier after you take it.
ALA improves your brain function and learning processes by directly increasing the production of acetylcholine.
Alpha-Lipoic Acid also helps regenerate depleted antioxidants in your system including Vitamins C and E, glutathione and Coenzyme Q10.
By reducing inflammation and heavy metals in your brain, you boost cognitive processes and fluid thinking.
How does Alpha-Lipoic Acid feel?
You may not feel ALA… unless you’re diabetic or have Alzheimer’s. Within these specific groups, Alpha-Lipoic Acid helps with nerve pain, memory, recall and mental
performance.
Alpha-Lipoic Acid’s provides brain support because it has the ability to boost acetylcholine. So should boost cognition in all age and gender groups.
Your entire body, even your DNA is under endless assault. This assault is caused by everything from poor diet to pollution. And your brain cells are getting hit by free
radicals thousands of times per day. This oxidation is damaging your cells.
Antioxidants fight back against these free radicals. When you supplement with Alpha-Lipoic Acid, not only are you using arguably the most effective free radical scavenger
on the planet. You’re regenerating antioxidants like Vitamin C & E, glutathione and CoQ10.[v]
And they join the fight against free radicals alongside Alpha-Lipoic Acid.
The Research
Alpha-lipoic acid plays an essential role in mitochondria. The heart of energy-generation in the human cell. Scientists at Emory University School of Medicine found ALA can
stimulate telomerase, the enzyme that lengthens telomeres.
The effects of many chronic diseases can be traced back to telomere shortening. (Telomeres are the ‘caps’ on the end of each chromosome in your DNA).
Any treatment that can restore healthy telomeres has great potential in the fight against chronic disease.
In this study scientists showed Alpha-Lipoic Acid boosted the production of PGC1-alpha. The telomerase that lengthens telomeres. And they did it in just one day of
treatment.[vi]
Alpha-Lipoic Acid Reduces Wrinkles
A topical solution of 5% Alpha-Lipoic Acid was applied to the faces of volunteers. This double-blind, placebo-controlled trial showed a reduction in facial lines, almost
complete eradication of fine lines, and an overall improvement of skin color and texture in most volunteers.[vii]
Alpha-Lipoic Acid Critical for Cellular Energy
Cellular energy is behind every single action that happens in your body. Including your brain. Cellular energy is required for muscle movement, producing new cells, wound
healing and thinking.
The mitochondria in each of your cells is the source of this energy. This ongoing energy production process is call the Krebs Cycle. Alpha-Lipoic Acid is a cofactor to two
key enzymatic reactions within the Krebs Cycle.
In the simplest terms, without ALA, cellular energy is not possible. And without cellular energy, well… life is not possible.[viii]
Memory Loss Reversed with ALA and Acetyl-L-Carnitine
Accumulated oxidative damage to brain cell mitochondria eventually leads to neuronal and cognitive dysfunction.
One study on rats showed supplementing with ALCAR and Alpha-Lipoic Acid improved memory. By lowering oxidative damage and improving mitochondrial function.[ix]
Dosage Notes
Taking Alpha-Lipoic Acid with a meal decreases it bioavailability. So we recommend taking ALA on an empty stomach (1 hour before eating).
Most Alpha-Lipoic Acid supplements contain a 50/50 mixture of R-LA and S-LA. Supplements claiming to contain only R-LA are often more expensive. And information
regarding their purity is not often available.
Peak plasma (blood) concentrations of R-LA were found to be 40-50% higher than S-LA. This suggests that R-LA is better absorbed than S-LA.[x]
The only pre-formulated nootropic stack that I’ve been able to find that uses pure R-LA is Performance Lab® Energy which contains 150 mg of the patented BioEnhanced® version of R-Lipoic Acid.
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Alpha-Lipoic Acid dosage for cognitive benefits is 2- 600 mg per day.
ALA dosage for diabetic neuropathy is 800 mg per day divided into two doses.
Alpha-Lipoic Acid dosing for antioxidant benefits is 50 – 100 mg per day.
Side Effects
Side effects for using Alpha-Lipoic Acid as a supplement are generally rare. But can include diarrhea, fatigue, insomnia and skin rash.
Alpha-Lipoic Acid can lower blood sugar levels. So if you have diabetes or low blood sugar, you should take Alpha-Lipoic Acid under the supervision of your doctor.
Alpha-Lipoic Acid supplementation can lower levels of thyroid hormone. So get your thyroid labs done when using ALA. And adjust your dosage of both ALA and thyroid
meds accordingly.
Alpha-Lipoic Acid can lower levels of Vitamin B1 (Thiamine). This can be dangerous for alcoholics, or in cases of malnutrition. It would be wise to add Vitamin B 1 or
Sulbutiamine if your taking ALA.
The chemical structure of Biotin is similar that Alpha-Lipoic Acid. And there is some evidence that ALA can compete with Biotin for transport across cell membranes. This
may require higher doses of Biotin if you’re using ALA.
Available Forms
Most Alpha-Lipoic Acid available as a supplement is a 50/50 combination of R-LA and S-LA. S-LA is the synthetic version of ALA and not found in nature.
R-LA and S-LA are combined because R-LA is highly unstable on its own. And degenerates quickly.
Studies have shown that 30-40% of an oral dose of Alpha-Lipoic Acid is absorbed. Oral ALA supplements are better absorbed on an empty stomach. Taking ALA with food
reduces total plasma (blood) concentrations by about 30%.
The sodium salt version of R-LA may be better absorbed than free lipoic acid, likely because of it higher solubility.[xi] Which is available in the Performance Lab® Energy
stack.
Alpha-Lipoic Acid 50 – 600 mg per day.
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
We recommend using Alpha-Lipoic Acid as a nootropic supplement.
Your body does make some Alpha-Lipoic Acid on its own. And from the food you eat. But the science is clear that supplemental ALA is a potent antioxidant. And
acetylcholine booster.
Alpha-Lipoic Acid can lengthen telomeres which is great for your neurons. And neurogenesis (new neuron creation).
ALA also helps regenerate antioxidants already in your system that have been depleted while doing their job. Of getting rid of free radicals in your cells. So you get a double
benefit while using Alpha-Lipoic Acid in the antioxidant department.
Alpha-Lipoic Acid also helps in the creation of acetylcholine. Which boosts all cognitive functions including memory, recall, focus and concentration.
ALA is especially helpful for those suffering with diabetes. Studies show it helps relieve diabetic neuropathy or nerve pain. But care must be taken because ALA can lower
blood sugar levels. So work with your doctor is using Alpha-Lipoic Acid.
We suggest starting with a dose of 400 mg daily. And work your way up to 600 mg per day. Taken in two doses during the day. Alpha-Lipoic Acid is often stacked with Bvitamins.
Aniracetam
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
Aniracetam has been shown to relieve depression, boost learning & memory, improve verbal fluidity, increase music listening pleasure, and make you more social.
Aniracetam (1-p-anisoyl-2-pyrrolidinone) is a fat-soluble ampakine nootropic in the racetam-class of compounds. Aniracetam is up to 10-times more potent than the
original racetam, Piracetam.
Aniracetam was patented by Swiss-based pharmaceutical company F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG in the 1978. It is similar in structure to Piracetam. Aniracetam, like all
racetam nootropics, has a pyrrolidone nucleus at its core.
Aniracetam is sold as a prescription drug (Ampamet, Draganon, Memodrin, Referan, Sarpul) in Europe. And as a supplement in the United States.
A favorite racetam among the nootropics community. Neurohackers use Aniracetam to boost memory and learning. And to relieve anxiety, depression, stress, and improve
sociability.[i]
Aniracetam helps:
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Brain Optimization: Aniracetam significantly improves brain function after traumatic brain injury including stroke (ischemia).[ii] And enhances your brain’s
ability to repair damaged cell membranes.
Neurotransmitters: Aniracetam reduces the desensitization of glutamate (AMPA) receptors in your brain. Which boosts neural signaling by increasing the
effectiveness of glutamate. Resulting in better focus and concentration.[iii]
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Brain Energy: Aniracetam improves memory and recall. It releases 200 – 300% more acetylcholine in the brain. Which can increase focus, and clarity of
thought.[iv]
Table of Contents
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Overview
Aniracetam vs. Piracetam: What’s the Difference?
How does Aniracetam Work in the Brain?
How things go bad:
Aniracetam to the rescue
How does Aniracetam feel?
The Research
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Aniracetam as an Antidepressant
Aniracetam Improves Learning & Memory
Aniracetam Repairs Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
Aniracetam
Aniracetam is in the racetam-family of nootropic compounds. It is a fat-soluble ampakine nootropic. AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic) refers to
one of three glutamate receptors in your brain.[v]
The racetam-class of nootropics have a pyrrolidone nucleus at their core. And Aniracetam is a Cholinergic compound, meaning it affects acetylcholine levels in the brain.
Aniracetam is sold as a prescription drug in Europe and some of Asia under the names Ampamet, Draganon, Memodrin, Referan, and Sarpul. It is sold as an over-thecounter, unrestricted compound in the United States. But not as a dietary supplement.
One of the original synthetic nootropic compounds, it is known as a cognitive enhancer. And is known for its anxiolytic, or anti-anxiety effects.
Aniracetam is considered to be up to 10-times more potent than Piracetam. As an ampakine nootropic, it helps increase attention span, alertness and boosts memory.
Ampakines tend to have a stimulant effect. But do not produce the same stimulant side effects as Ritalin or coffee from prolonged use.
Aniracetam vs. Piracetam: What’s the Difference?
Swiss-based pharmaceutical company F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG developed Aniracetam in the late 1970’s as a derivative of Piracetam.
Aniracetam is fat-soluble while Piracetam is water-soluble. Fat-soluble molecules cross the blood-brain barrier more easily than water-soluble molecules.
Aniracetam works faster in the brain after taking it than Piracetam because of its superior bioavailability to the brain. But its effects don’t last as long as Piracetam.
The potency of Aniracetam seems almost counter-intuitive. Because most of an Aniracetam dose is lost in the liver during digestion. Only 0.2% or the original dose is
available to the brain.[vi] Piracetam is nearly 100% bioavailable.[vii]
Both Aniracetam and Piracetam are cognitive enhancers. And both have neuroprotective qualities. Both racetams are able to improve learning and memory. And both are
able to repair brain damage.
Aniracetam has additional benefits not shared with Piracetam. Aniracetam can reduce anxiety, depression and fear. And increase sociability.[viii] This may indicate its
effects on dopamine and serotonin receptors in the brain.
How does Aniracetam Work in the Brain?
Aniracetam boosts brain health and function in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
Aniracetam modulates AMPA receptors in the brain. The main metabolite of Aniracetam (70-80%) is N-anisoyl-GABA and is responsible for many of its effects.
2-Pyrrolidinone and p-anisilic acid are additional metabolites of the drug (20-30%), both of which are also active.[ix]
The main function of these metabolites is on the glutamate system in the brain. It reduces the desensitization of glutamate receptors. This causes the neurotransmitter
glutamate to become more available in the brain.
More glutamate means better cognition and memory. And neural protection and repair due to brain injury.
2.
Aniracetam also seems to affect dopamine and serotonin receptors in the brain. Leading to improved mood and sociability.
One study published in the European Journal of Pharmacology demonstrated the anti-anxiety effects of Aniracetam. Researchers tracked the brain pathways in mice
showing Aniracetam’s mechanism of action.[x] Illustrating the effect on dopamine and serotonin.
How things go bad:
Glutamate is an excitatory relative of GABA. While GABA has a calming effect, glutamate stimulates. Glutamate is the most common neurotransmitter in the central nervous
system.
But glutamate is actually toxic to neurons. And too much of it in your brain can kill brain cells. Lou Gehrig’s Disease for example, is caused by excess glutamate.
But glutamate is a pivotal neurotransmitter in the brain. It links the brain circuits involved in memory, learning and perception.
↑ Too much glutamate can kill neurons
↓ Too little glutamate can cause problems with memory, learning and perception
↓ Acetylcholine levels decline
All of these changes can happen at any age. And are a product of the food we eat, what we drink, lifestyle habits, the air we breathe and more.
So Aniracetam can help for age-related cognitive decline, as well as a student looking to do better in school. By boosting acetylcholine and controlling glutamate in the
brain.
Aniracetam to the rescue
Aniracetam modulates AMPA receptors which are involved in how glutamate is used in your brain. More of the neurotransmitter glutamate is available. Which means better
neural signaling across synapses. Your brain is working optimally despite stress, fatigue and anxiety.
There is anecdotal evidence that Aniracetam boosts communication between left and right brain hemispheres. You become more creative. And are prone to making
innovative and resourceful decisions.
Aniracetam combined with choline boosts the production of the crucial neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Improving memory, recall and focus.
Aniracetam is fat-soluble and quickly enters your brain after you take it. Once in your brain, it boosts signal transmission, and protects neurons.
Aniracetam boosts acetylcholine so you should add a good choline source. Try Alpha GPC or CDP-Choline with Aniracetam. And give your brain the choline it needs.
How does Aniracetam feel?
Nootropics users report:
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Aniracetam as a study aid. On its own, Aniracetam seems to increase attention span for many neurohackers. And when combined with caffeine, many report
being able to work effortlessly for hours on end.
Increased auditory perception. If you love music, Aniracetam can take you deeper into your listening experience. Minute details like background guitars, and
other auditory effects come alive. Every instrument becomes part of the sound stage.
Increased visual acuity. The visual effects of Aniracetam feel like your brain is processing a broader spectrum of what’s in your visual range. Nature and your
surroundings look more vibrant and beautiful.
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Sociability. Many users report being able to articulate thoughts, and improved speaking ability. Language and your vocabulary seem to flow effortlessly.
Thoughts and ideas come with less effort.
You should be able to experience the effects of Aniracetam soon after you take it. It’s fat-soluble so it’s digested and enters your cells quickly. And unlike other stimulants,
there is no “crash” once Aniracetam leaves your system.
The Research
Researchers worked with 276 patients with cognitive disorders. They were given Aniracetam and tested at 3, 6 and 12 months.
Improved emotional states and better motor functionality was observed within 3 months. A boost in cognitive performance was observed within 6 months.
Findings concluded Aniracetam “is a promising option for patients with cognitive deficit” disorders. Improvements held throughout the 12-month study. And there was a
favorable effect on emotional stability in patients with dementia.[xi]
Aniracetam as an Antidepressant
A study published in Psychopharmacology in 2001 showed Aniracetam helped stimulate the release of dopamine. The study reported Aniracetam as effective against
depression caused by age-related brain dysfunction.[xii]
Aniracetam Improves Learning & Memory
Researchers put rats and mice through six scenarios. From drug-induced memory loss to electric shock avoidance, while administering Aniracetam. The results of all tests
conclusively showed Aniracetam improving cognitive function. It didn’t matter what they put these animals through. Learning and memory improved with the use of
Aniracetam.[xiii]
Aniracetam Repairs Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
We’re exposed to toxins everywhere we go. And in everything we do during our day. This toxin exposure wreaks havoc in our body, including our brain.
In this study, scientists showed one way to repair damage to synaptic transmission in the brain. They exposed pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats to ethanol and a saccharinlike sweetener. Pups born to these female rats would normally be extremely cognitively impaired. Just like babies born to alcoholic mothers.
In this study, the pups born with fetal alcohol syndrome were treated with Aniracetam 18 and 27 days after birth. Aniracetam completely restored synaptic transmissions in
their brains. And reversed any cognitive deficits associated with fetal alcohol syndrome.[xiv]
Dosage Notes
Recommended Aniracetam dosage is 1,500 mg per day. Taken in two 750 mg doses. One Aniracetam dose in the morning, and one in the early afternoon.
Aniracetam is sold in tablet, capsule and powder form. Tablets and capsules are usually 750 mg each.
Since Aniracetam is a fat-soluble nootropic, you should take it with a meal containing healthy fats. Or with a tablespoon of extra virgin, expeller cold-pressed coconut or
olive oil. Or other similar healthy fat to ensure quick absorption.
Side Effects
Aniracetam is non-toxic. So is considered well-tolerated and safe.
Side effects are rare but can include anxiety, fatigue, headaches, nervousness and nausea. Side effects are often a result of unusually high doses of the nootropic.
Headaches from using Aniracetam typically happen when you forget to combine it with a good choline supplement. Headaches are often a symptom of a choline deficit in
your brain.
Available Forms
Aniracetam is sold in tablet, capsule and powder form. Tablets and capsules are usually 750 mg each.
In Europe and some other countries around the world, Aniracetam is a prescription drug. And sold under the brand names Ampamet, Draganon, Memodrin, Referan, and
Sarpul.
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Aniracetam 1,500 mg per day
We recommend using Aniracetam as a nootropic supplement.
Your body does not make Aniracetam on its own. So to get its benefits you must take it as a supplement.
Aniracetam is especially helpful for those suffering from depression. Studies show it helps stop and reverse the symptoms associated with depression. This nootropic helps
boost the activity of dopamine and serotonin in your brain.
Personally, I’ve found Aniracetam to be more effective (and safer) than any prescription anti-depressant I’ve ever tried.
Aniracetam is also particularly useful to students and executives who want to boost cognition, learning and memory. My experience using Aniracetam shows it helps boost
study scores, work flow, learning and memory.
Aniracetam also helps improve verbal fluidity and sociability. Words seem to come easily, and vocabulary you didn’t know you had access to come into play.
Music sounds richer and fuller, and your listening experience enters a new level of music appreciation.
You should use Aniracetam with a good choline supplement like Alpha GPC or CDP-Choline. It helps boost neural acetylcholine, so demands the presence of more choline in
your brain.
You can safely boost daily intake of Aniracetam to 3,000 mg. if needed.
Ashwagandha
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
Ashwagandha has been shown to repair and reverse damage to the brain caused by chronic anxiety and stress.
Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) is one of the most powerful herbs in Ayurvedic healing. This ancient remedy has remarkable stress-relieving properties. And
stands shoulder to shoulder with some of the most potent drugs used to treat depression and anxiety.
In Sanskrit, Ashwagandha means “smell of horse”. Meaning this herb imparts the strength and vigor of a stallion.
This healing remedy is native to India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. And is now being grown in other regions including the United States.
Ashwagandha helps protect your central nervous system. And is a promising alternative treatment for a variety of degenerative brain diseases including Alzheimer’s and
Parkinson’s.
As an antioxidant, Ashwagandha seeks out and destroys free radicals. Free radicals have been implicated in many age-related diseases. There’s even some emerging
evidence that Ashwagandha offers anti-cancer benefits.
Here we’re going to explore how Ashwagandha benefits your brain.
Ashwagandha helps:
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Reduce Stress: Ashwagandha helps reduce anxiety and depression. It reduces the stress hormone cortisol, lowers blood sugar levels, and improves lipid
profiles.[i]
Neuronal Regeneration: Ashwagandha helps regenerate axons and dendrites of brain nerve cells. And helps reconstruct synapses, the junctions where nerve
cells communicate with other cells.[ii] Boosting memory and restoring neural networks affected by neurodegenerative disease.
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Neurotransmitters: Ashwagandha extract inhibits acetylcholinesterase. The enzyme responsible for breaking down the key neurotransmitter acetylcholine.[iii]
Boosting memory, learning and cognition.
Table of Contents
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Overview
How does Ashwagandha Work in the Brain?
How things go bad:
Ashwagandha to the rescue
How does Ashwagandha feel?
The Research
o
o
Ashwagandha as a nootropic
Ashwagandha as an anti-depressant
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
Ashwagandha
Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) is one of the most powerful herbs in Ayurvedic healing. This ancient herbal remedy has remarkable anti-depressant qualities.
And has been shown to be as good as many prescription pharmaceuticals in treating depression and anxiety.
Ashwagandha is often referred to as “Indian ginseng” because of its rejuvenating properties. But botanically, Ashwagandha and ginseng are unrelated.
Native to India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Ashwagandha is now being grown in other regions including the United States.
Ashwagandha is in the same family as the tomato. It’s a small woody shrub with oval leaves, and five-petal yellow flowers. The fruit is red and the size of a raisin. The plant
is also known as the “Winter Cherry”.
Ashwagandha is known as an adaptogen. Which means it helps your body adapt to stress, both mental and physical.
The Indian Materia Medica lists Ashwagandha for:
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general debility
impotence
general aphrodisiac purposes
brain fatigue
low sperm count
nervous exhaustion
where general vigor must be restored.
Ashwagandha extract has been shown to be an effective antioxidant in the brain. Clearing the cellular waste implicated in Alzheimer’s Disease.[iv]
Is also boosts memory and cognition. By reducing stress and increasing acetylcholine. And regeneration of nerve networks in the brain.
How does Ashwagandha Work in the Brain?
Ashwagandha boosts brain health and function in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
Ashwagandha enhances GABA receptors and serotonin in the brain. It appears to work on neuron receptors, enabling GABA to connect easier. This inhibits the
signals present under a stress response in the brain. Anxiety goes down.
A study was conducted at The Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine with 75 volunteers with moderate to severe anxiety. Ashwagandha produced a significant decrease
in anxiety levels over the control group.[v]
2.
Ashwagandha improves cognitive and psychomotor performance in a healthy brain.
Researchers at Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences in Hyderabad, India worked with 20 healthy male volunteers. In this double-blind, placebo-controlled trial participants
were given 250 mg capsules of standardized Ashwagandha extract for 14 days.
Significant improvements in reaction times were reported at the end of the trial. The study suggests that Ashwagandha extract improves cognitive and psychomotor
(physical reaction) performance even when you’re in the best of health.[vi]
How things go bad:
Chronic stress and cortisol can damage your brain. Neuroscientists at the University of California, Berkeley, found that chronic stress triggers long-term changes in
brain structure and function.[vii]
Chronic stress changes neural networks. Cortisol creates a domino effect that hard-wires pathways between the hippocampus and amygdala. (The amygdala (lizard brain) is
the area responsible for your fight-or-flight response).
This hard-wiring caused by stress is not the way the brain was designed. But chronic, ongoing stress tricks the brain into rebuilding circuits and hunkering down for the long
haul.
This re-wiring appears to be permanent. Unless you intervene with something like Ashwagandha.
Chronic stress seems to ‘flip a switch’ in stem cells in the brain. And turns them into a type of cell that prevents connections to the prefrontal cortex. Preventing improved
learning and memory.
And laying down the scaffolding linked to anxiety, depression and PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder).
↓ Chronic stress coats neurons in myelin
↓ Chronic stress reduces the number of neurons
↓ Gray matter decreases and white matter increases.
Under conditions of chronic stress and excess cortisol, your brain’s neurons are coated (or sheathed) in myelin.
Under healthy conditions this “sheathing” is a protective measure. But this excessive sheathing is likely an evolutionary measure made to reinforce the connection between
the hippocampus and amygdala. Improving the fight-or-flight response during extended periods of threat or attack.
In the modern world, chronic stress hijacks your fight-or-flight response system. It backfires in daily life in which you are not in physical danger.
Ashwagandha to the rescue
Ashwagandha undoes damage to the brain caused by chronic stress. And helps keep it healthy.
Ashwagandha improves cognitive function. Glycowithanolides, one of the many compounds found in this herb, reduces cortisol. And overall energy levels are enhanced
through optimizing mitochondrial function.
It also has GABA-mimicking effects in the brain. Comparable to the effects of prescription benzodiazepines like lorazepam (Ativan).
Ashwagandha can also help prevent and repair damage caused by Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and Huntington’s disease. Through its antioxidant and inflammation-reducing
mechanisms.
Ashwagandha even provides protection and regeneration of neurons during opiate and heroin withdrawal. And eases withdrawal symptoms.
In Ayurvedic medicine, Rasayana herbs are used to promote a youthful state of physical and mental health. The ancients considered Medhya Rasayana herbs to be working
with higher brain function. These are mind-rejuvenating herbs.
Of the 8 or 9 most cherished herbal remedies, Ashwagandha is the highest or most prominent of Ayurvedic Rasayana herbs. Acting as an adaptogen, rejuvenating the
nervous system, and boosting the body’s resilience to stress.
How does Ashwagandha feel?
Ashwagandha users report:
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Ashwagandha as a stress-reliever. If you are experiencing severe fatigue and brain fog, it’s likely stress. Chronic or severe stress can disguise
itself in many ways. Including feeling abnormally fatigued.You find that you are not sleeping well. Or don’t feel rested and refreshed when waking up
in the morning. Even after taking a sleeping pill.Many report a rapid change in energy and motivation as soon as they take Ashwagandha. Others
won’t feel the effects for a couple of weeks before relief sets in. You’ll know Ashwagandha is working when you wake up in the morning feeling
refreshed. And eagerly looking forward to starting your day.
Ashwagandha as an anti-anxiety aid. As an anti-anxiety aid users say they feel their self-confidence has been restored. Your speech will feel
more fluid and easier, especially in public settings. No more panic attacks.

Ashwagandha as an anti-depressant. Depression, even if it’s not professionally diagnosed, can destroy your life. Ashwagandha users say it is the best antidepressant they’ve ever used. Their energy is restored, motivation is back, and they’re able to focus.
Ashwagandha works on many levels in the brain. Cortisol levels are stabilized. And the damage to your brain begins to correct itself. Acetylcholine levels rise so you’re able
to think clearly again.
Neurons get repaired, and cognition and memory return to levels you experienced when you were younger. And GABA receptors are re-activated producing a calming effect.
The Research
Researchers at Asha Hospital in Hyderabad, India did a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial with 64 subjects who had a history of chronic stress. The study
group took a 300 mg capsule of full-spectrum Ashwagandha root twice a day for 60 days.
Follow up calls to participants were done on the 15 th, 30th, 45th and 60th day of the trial. Researchers reported serum cortisol levels were substantially reduced.
The report concluded “that a high-concentration full-spectrum Ashwagandha root extract safely and effectively improves an individual’s resistance towards
stress and thereby improves self-assessed quality of life”.[viii]
Ashwagandha as a nootropic
One study done in a lab in India subjected laboratory mice to electroconvulsive shock treatment. Or were given scopolamine to induce amnesia (memory loss).
Both sets of mice were given Ashwagandha extract daily after the shock or chemical treatments. Ashwagandha extract restored their memory and motor skills.[ix]
Ashwagandha as an anti-depressant
Scientists did a study on rats to compare Ashwagandha with the popular benzodiazepine anti-depressant lorazepam (Ativan). And the tricyclic anti-depressant imipramine
(Tofranil).
Researchers gave the rats either Ashwagandha, lorazepam or imipramine. 30 minutes later they put the rats through a maze, had them interacting socially, and even forced
them to swim.
They concluded that as a mood stabilizer, Ashwagandha worked on depression and anxiety as well as either of the two anti-depressants.[x]
Dosage Notes
Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India recommends 3 – 6 grams daily of standard ground Ashwagandha powder.
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For arthritis: 250 – 500 mg of extract (4-5% withanolides)
For antioxidant protection: 100 – 200 mg of extract (4-5% withanolides)
For immunity: 100 – 200 mg of extract (4-5% withanolides)
For relaxation: 250 – 500 mg of extract (4-5% withanolides)
For stress: 250 – 500 mg of extract (4-5% withanolides)
For sexual performance: 250 – 500 mg of extract (4-5% withanolides)
For higher doses like 500 mg, take 250 mg in the morning and another 250 mg early afternoon. And note the distinction between standard ground Ashwagandha powder
and an extract. The extract is much more concentrated.
Side Effects
Note: Ashwagandha stimulates your thyroid. So if you are hypothyroid, use Ashwagandha with caution. And check with your endocrinologist to be safe.
Ashwagandha is non-toxic at moderate doses. If you are pregnant do not use Ashwagandha as it could cause a miscarriage. This herb is an adaptogen with powerful
hormonal effects.
Ashwagandha can enhance the effects of sedatives, anti-depressant and anti-anxiety medications, including St. John’s Wort.
It can also interact and possibly amplify the effects of immune suppressants, blood pressure medication, and drugs used to control blood glucose levels.
Ashwagandha can boost the effects of alcohol. And do not use Ashwagandha if you have bleeding issues, or before surgery.
Other possible side effects include diarrhea, nausea, abdominal pain, drowsiness and slowed pulse.
Available Forms
Ashwagandha is available as a powder, capsules, tincture and tea. The root and berry of the plant are used. The ground root of the herb is used as the base of an
Ashwagandha supplement.
Active ingredients of Ashwagandha include alkaloids, saponins, and withanolides. Look for the percentage of active ingredients listed on the bottle or package. Typically,
you’ll see something like “standardized to 4-5% of withanolides”.
Avoid supplements that list “other ingredients” on the label. And look for Certified Organic to ensure the root used to make your Ashwagandha supplement is free of
heavy metals, pesticides and herbicides.
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Ashwagandha Extract 250 – 500 mg per day
We recommend using Ashwagandha as a nootropic supplement.
Your body does not make Ashwagandha on its own. So to get its benefits you must take it as a supplement.
Ashwagandha is especially helpful for those suffering from anxiety and stress. Studies show it helps stop and reverse the devastating effects of stress on your brain, and
body. This nootropic helps repair the damage to neurons and synapses caused by chronic stress.
Ashwagandha is a powerful adaptogen. Which means it helps increase the effect of certain hormones when activity is low. And will block excess stimulation when activity is
too high.
Ashwagandha as an adaptogen helps balance cortisol in the body caused by chronic stress. Chronically elevated cortisol levels suppress immunity, create fat deposits on the
belly, face and neck, reduces libido, causes bone loss, causes insulin resistance, and brain fog.
Balancing cortisol levels with Ashwagandha improves your sleep quality, immunity, stress response, organ function, reduces fatigue, and brain fog.
Ashwagandha is also helpful for those suffering from anxiety and panic disorders. A study published in Phytomedicine showed the calming effect of this herb was equal to
the drug Ativan (lorazepam). Without the side effects.
You can safely take up to 750 mg of Ashwagandha extract daily if needed. Most get all the benefit they need with 500 mg. Dosed 250 mg in the morning, and another 250
mg early afternoon.
Artichoke Extract (Luteolin)
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
Artichoke Extract (Luteolin) has been shown to boost memory and learning, improve motivation and mood, and stimulate the growth of new neurons in the brain.
Artichoke Extract (Luteolin) is a natural PDE4 inhibitor in the brain. Excess PDE4 degrades cAMP. cAMP is important for neural signaling within brain cells.
As a secondary messenger in neurons, cAMP produces proteins needed for neuron and synapse growth. This process is called Long-Term Potentiation (LTP).
LTP is the process where synaptic connections get stronger in response to electrical stimulation in the brain. This process happens naturally through life experience. It’s a
critical part of synaptic plasticity.
Brain structure changes over time through synaptic plasticity. And is how experience is recorded through learning and memory.
When PDE4 increases, cAMP is depressed. And learning, memory and mood suffer.
Artichoke Extract helps:


Neurotransmitters. Artichoke Extract inhibits PDE4 in the brain. Which stabilizes and increases cAMP. Boosting learning, motivation, memory and mood.
Neurogenesis. Artichoke Extract helps generate growth of dendrites on neurons. And helps reconstruct synapses, the junctions where nerve cells communicate
with other neurons. Boosting memory and restoring neural networks.

Reduce Inflammation. Artichoke Extract helps reduce inflammation in the brain. By preventing the over-production of cytokines, and taming the flames of
inflammation in neurons. Preventing memory loss and neurological dysfunction.
Table of Contents

Overview
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Artichoke Extract (Luteolin) vs. Pure Luteolin: What’s the Difference?
How does Artichoke Extract Work in the Brain?
How things go bad:
Artichoke Extract to the rescue
How does Artichoke Extract feel?
The Research
o
o
Artichoke Extract Improves Mood
Artichoke Extract Improves Memory
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
Artichoke
Artichoke Extract contains a naturally occurring compound called luteolin. Luteolin is a powerful phosphodiesterase (PDE4) inhibitor. Excess PDE4 in your brain is bad
news because it degrades cAMP.
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a derivative of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is fuel for mitochondria in each of your cells. cAMP is part of that
cellular energy source.
As a secondary messenger in neurons, cAMP helps produce proteins for increased neuron growth. Neuron dendrites connect to other neurons through a process called
Long-Term Potentiation (LTP).
LTP creates an increase in the production of cAMP. Which triggers a biochemical cascade of reactions. These effects reveal themselves to us as learning and memory.
When cAMP is degraded, it interferes with efficient brain signaling. And interferes with Long-Term Potentiation. Making it harder to develop memories, and to learn.
Artichoke Extract reduces PDE4. When PDE4 is reduced, you not only maintain healthy cAMP cellular energy. Brain signaling is actually amplified.[i]
When luteolin is combined with another natural herb called Forskolin, you get double duty. Luteolin reduces PDE4 which maintains cellular signal strength. And Forskolin
boosts cAMP. Increasing brain signal strength.
Artichoke Extract (Luteolin) vs. Pure Luteolin: What’s the Difference?
Luteolin is not bioavailable on its own if taken as a supplement.[ii] It requires the presence of other naturally occurring bioflavonoids to be metabolized by your body. And
to reach the cells in active form.
Artichoke Extract contains the compounds apigenin-7-rutinoside and narirutin, which unlocks Luteolin’s potential to work in your cells.[iii]
How does Artichoke Extract Work in the Brain?
Artichoke Extract boosts brain health and function in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
Artichoke Extract inhibits PDE4 which boosts cAMP activity in brain cells. cAMP helps stimulate the production of CREB (cAMP response element-binding
protein).
An increase in CREB enhances Long-Term Potentiation (LTP). LTP is the connection between brain synapses. Strengthening in response to stimulation by neurons on either
side. A major component in both learning and memory.
Memories are stored at a cellular level. And retrieved at a cellular level. This well-travelled pathway is strengthened by boosting cAMP with Artichoke Extract.
This improvement in memory was demonstrated by researchers at the University of Genoa in Italy. Rats and mice were used in this study. The PDE4 inhibitor used was a
chemical derivative of rolipram. (Rolipram cannot be used in human patients because it causes vomiting).
Results of the study showed this derivative enhanced memory function even at low doses. Acting on the same neural pathways as Artichoke Extract in humans.[iv]
2.
Artichoke Extract reduces brain inflammation.
Researchers studied the effect of Luteolin on immune system cells in the brain called microglia.
Microglia produce cytokines in response to infections and toxins. Over-production of cytokines results in inflammation and the destruction of neurons.
In this study, brain cells in mice were pretreated with Luteolin before being exposed to a substance that induced inflammation in brain cells. The same type of inflammation
humans experience from daily exposure to toxins.
The study showed that Luteolin offered protection against brain inflammation. And its consequences, including problems with cognition and memory.
The research team concluded that Luteolin “may be useful for mitigating neural inflammation”.[v]
How things go bad:
Environmental factors, ADHD, illness, stress and aging changes our brain chemistry.
↓ Mood and motivation declines
↓ Memory and recall declines
↓ Long-term memory fades
All of these changes are contributing factors to poor quality of life. And as they progress, to neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s, dementia and Parkinson’s.
Artichoke Extract to the rescue
Research from hundreds of studies, and feedback from neurohackers have shown that Artichoke Extract can:

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Improve memory by inhibiting PDE4 in the brain (which boosts cAMP activity)
Boost dopamine levels in the brain
Tame inflammation in the brain
Artichoke Extract is water-soluble and quickly enters your brain after you take it. Once in your brain, it inhibits PDE4 which boosts cAMP activity. cAMP is involved in the
Long-Term Potentiation process of preserving memories.
Artichoke Extract combined with Forskolin is even more effective. Because not only are you helping cAMP activity in the brain, you’re boosting it with Forskolin.
Inhibiting PDE4 and boosting cAMP also makes the effect of normal dopamine production more effective. Boosting processes in this stream of chemical reactions in the brain
increases learning and memory.[vi] Without the side effects of stimulating dopamine production through the use of drugs like Adderall or Ritalin.
How does Artichoke Extract feel?
Many neurohackers report that Artichoke Extract with Forskolin improves mood. It motivates you to want to learn, and to get things done. Some say it works as good as
Modafinil.
The general consensus is:
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Improved mood and motivation
Increased ability to study
Increased ability to retain information
Improved long-term memory
The Research
Microglia cells are immune cells in your brain and spinal cord. They produce signaling molecules called cytokines. These cytokines are cell signaling molecules that aid
communication between cells in immune responses.
When microglial cells are not regulated, they produce excessive levels of cytokines. And inflammatory cytokines kill neurons. Leading to cognitive aging and
neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s. And are responsible for producing symptoms like sleepiness, loss of appetite, memory deficits and depression.
Researchers at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign worked with a group of young, and older mice. The mice were fed a control diet, or a luteolin-supplemented
diet for 4 weeks.
The research team found that luteolin helped regulate microglial cells. And stopped them from producing excess cytokines. This reduced inflammation in the brains of aged
mice. And restored memory to levels observed in younger mice.[vii]
Artichoke Extract Improves Mood
Users report that Artichoke Extract boosts mood. Researchers at Kurume University School of Medicine in Japan demonstrated in the lab how this boost in mood occurs.
When dopamine D1 receptors in the prefrontal cortex of the brain malfunction, psychotic symptoms and other nasty symptoms show up. Including schizophrenia.
The study group found that dopamine D1 receptors signal through the cAMP cascade. Which is modulated by PDE4 enzymes.
In this study, researchers inhibited PDE4 production in the lab. Showing that an increase in dopamine resulted in influencing cognitive function. Proving the antipsychotic
action of suppressing PDE4.[viii]
Artichoke Extract Improves Memory
Researchers at the West Virginia University Health Sciences Center in the USA worked with tame and wild-type mice. Suppressing PDE4 in the mice enhanced memory. And
increased the growth of new neurons in the hippocampus of the brains in these mice.[ix]
Dosage Notes
For PDE4 suppression: 900 mg Artichoke Extract per day
CILTEP Stack – Artichoke Extract + Forskolin + ALCAR + Caffeine
For boosting cAMP: 4 mg Forskolin (Coleus forskohlii) extract per day
Note: Check the label of the Forskolin supplement for the amount of actual Forskolin in each capsule. For example, 385 mg of Forskohlii may only be guaranteed to contain
3.85 – 4 mg of actual Forskolin. Which is what you need. Also note that more Forskolin is not better as it causes a strong fatigue effect at higher doses.
Forskolin 4 mg
For counteracting Forskolin’s effect on Acetylcholinesterase: 800 mg Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR) – (200 mg of ALCAR for every 1 mg of Forskolin) per day
Many users of this stack report it helpful to supplement with 500 mg Phenylalanine, a B-Vitamin Complex and caffeine (coffee or preferably green tea).
Side Effects
Acetylcholinesterase is upregulated by cAMP which makes you sleepy. This means that available Acetylcholine in your brain drops. You can counteract this with Acetyl-lCarnitine (ALCAR), which calms the upregulation of Acetylcholinesterase.
Artichoke extracts have been documented to lower blood cholesterol in human and animal studies. This means it may potentiate the effects of cholesterol-lowering and
statin drugs.
Artichoke Extract affects the liver by stimulating the flow of bile. So if you have liver disease be careful about using this herb.
Artichoke Extract can also cause gallbladder contractions. So if you have gallbladder disease or gallstones, check with doctor before taking this herb.
Available Forms
Two very different forms of artichoke are available. The Globe Artichoke (Cynara cardunculus) which has been cultivated and used since ancient times. And the
Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus) which is from the Northeastern USA.
All references to Artichoke Extract in this article is for the Globe Artichoke.
Users report that Artichoke Extract (Standardized to 5% Cynarins) of most premium brands are helpful in reducing PDE4.
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Artichoke Extract (Luteolin) 900 mg per day
e recommend using Artichoke Extract as a nootropic supplement.
Your body does not make Artichoke Extract (Luteolin) on its own. So you must take it as a standardized supplement.
Luteolin on its own as a supplement does not appear to be effective. Luteolin is not bioavailable so your body can’t use it. Luteolin as part of the Artichoke plant is used by
your body. Because it contains other flavonoids that help your body absorb it.
Artichoke Extract is especially helpful when combined with Forskolin. It helps boost memory, increases motivation and the desire to learn. And helps improve mood.
We suggest dosing Artichoke Extract at 900 mg per day taken in the morning. With 4 mg of Forskolin. Stack this with 800 mg of ALCAR to keep your acetylcholine levels up.
We’ve also found that combining this Artichoke Extract stack with caffeine is helpful. The L-Theanine in green tea works with the caffeine boost we need. Without the side
effects of coffee.
We’ve also found that more in not better with this stack. And taking it early in the day is good for a productive day. The effects last all day.
And finally, we are making the effects of normal dopamine function more effective with this stack. It triggers the desirable downstream processes that increase learning and
memory.
The chemical dynamics of the dopamine system are preserved. And we don’t get the negative side effects of using a stimulant like Adderall or Ritalin.
This Artichoke Extract (Luteolin) stack increases mental endurance for encoding long-term memories.
Bacopa Monnieri
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
Bacopa Monnieri has been shown to boost memory and cognition, improve mood, and reduce stress.
Bacopa Monnieri (Brahmi) is a perennial, creeping, aquatic herb. Originally from the wetlands of India, and other southeastern Asian countries.
Bacopa, also known as water hyssop, is often referred to as “Brahmi”. Named after the supreme god Brahma.
The nootropic benefits of Bacopa Monnieri were first revealed in ancient Ayurvedic texts. In was recommended to devotees to help memorize long passages of text. And
enhance cognition.
And Bacopa Monnieri is an adaptogen. It helps prevent the chemical and physical effects of stress. Instead of just suppressing them like many modern antidepressants.
Bacopa Monnieri helps:


Neurotransmitters. Bacopa affects brain levels of acetylcholine which is important for memory and cognition.
Cognition. Bacopa has antioxidant effects which enhances cognitive function. Bacopa extract helps prevent arterial plaque that can lead to heart attack, stroke
and other neurodegenerative diseases.

Anxiety and stress. Bacopa has a significant anxiolytic (anti-anxiety) effect. It appears to modulate brain levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin. This has an
effect on mood regulation.
Table of Contents
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
Overview
How does Bacopa Monnieri Work in the Brain?
How things go bad:
Bacopa Monnieri to the rescue
How does Bacopa Monnieri feel?
The Research
o
o
o
Bacopa Monnieri as a Nootropic
Bacopa Monnieri for Stress Reduction
Bacopa Monnieri for Longevity
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
Bacopa Monnieri (Brahmi) is an aquatic herb originally found in the wetlands and marshy areas of Southeast Asia and India.
Bacopa Monnieri
Bacopa, also known as water hyssop, is often referred to as “Brahmi”. Named after the supreme god Brahma.
Ancient Ayurvedic texts talked about Bacopa. It was recommended to devotees to help memorize long passages of text.
In the West, Bacopa Monnieri is often used to reduce anxiety, depression and stress. But it’s gaining popularity in the nootropic community as a powerful memory and
cognition booster.
The active compound Bacoside A in Bacopa easily crosses the blood-brain barrier.
How does Bacopa Monnieri Work in the Brain?
Bacopa Monnieri boosts brain health and function in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
Bacopa Monnieri boosts memory. Bacopa’s two active components are bacosides A and B. They improve the signaling of electrical impulses between neurons
in your brain. Bacosides also help rebuild damaged neurons.
Bacopa Monnieri helps you learn and remember things more easily. In one study, researchers gave 54 volunteers in Portland, Oregon 300 mg of B. Monnieri per day for 12
weeks.
After the 12-week study, the people taking Bacopa had:

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Better word recall
Better attention
Better memory scores
A greater ability to focus while learning
Less anxiety and lower heart rates[i]
2.
Bacopa Monnieri reduces stress. Bacopa has traditionally been used in Ayurveda as a tonic for the nervous system. It helps to reduce anxiety.
Research at Banaras Hindu University in India showed Bacopa as effective for anxiety as the benzodiazepine drug lorazepam. One of the side effects of lorazepam is
memory loss. Bacopa Monnieri on the other hand, reduced anxiety while boosting cognition.[ii]
How things go bad:
Chronic stress and cortisol can damage your brain. Neuroscientists at the University of California, Berkeley, found that chronic stress triggers long-term change in brain
structure and function.[iii]
Chronic stress damages neural networks. Certain proteins are over-expressed damaging neurons as a result.
Toxins invade cells, hijacking their normal, healthy function. And oxidative damage by free radicals harm brain cells if they’re not removed.
↓ Chronic stress reduces memory capacity
↓ Toxins kill brain cells from the inside
↓ Free radicals destroy neurons and synapses
Under conditions of chronic stress your brain loses the capacity to transmit signals between neurons efficiently. Memory, cognition, and decision-making all suffer as a
result.
Bacopa Monnieri to the rescue
Bacopa Monnieri undoes damage to the brain caused by chronic stress. And helps keep it healthy. This is a little complicated, so stay with me here.
Your brain is protected by heat-shock protein 70 (Hsp70), cytochrome enzymes EROD and PROD, and superoxide dismutase (SOD).
Hsp70 helps proteins in cells retain normal structure so they remain functional. EROD (7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase) and PROD (7-pentoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase) are
detox enzymes. They protect your brain by converting bad toxins into less harmful compounds. And SOD battles destructive free radicals called superoxides. And converts
them into harmless organic compounds.
Bacopa Monnieri Keeps Your Brain Healthy Under Stress
When you are under stress, levels of Hsp70 increase in all regions of your brain. But research shows that animals pretreated with Bacopa for 7 days prevented most of this
increase in Hsp70. Particularly in areas of the brain responsible for memory.
This means that producing less Hsp70 under stress, Bacopa makes your brain less susceptible to stress. Bacopa kept those regions of the brain in a non-stressed state.
Even in the presence of stress.
Bacopa also has a preemptive action on EROD and PROD. Rats treated with Bacopa, but not under stress, saw an increase in these two enzymes. Suggesting that Bacopa
helps stockpile these protective enzymes to help you better deal with stress.
And when it comes to SOD, researchers said, “Bacopa helps in coping with the combined hypoxic, hypothermic, and immobilization stress, which could lead to an onslaught
of free radicals.” So Bacopa helps SOD activity and prepares cells to weather attacks by free radicals.[iv]
Translated, this all means Bacopa helps your brain deal with stress. And helps boost memory.
How does Bacopa Monnieri feel?
The effects of Bacopa are not felt immediately. But seem to build over time. Some users report a pronounced anti-anxiety effect within 2 – 4 days of supplementing with
Bacopa.
In one study done in Australia, results were measured at 5 and 12 weeks of taking Bacopa. The results showed improved speed of information processing, and an increase
in learning and memory. Maximum reduction in anxiety was realized after 12 weeks of use.[v]
Some neurohackers say they feel the effects of Bacopa Monnieri sooner than 4 weeks. And the effects seem to keep working even after stopping supplementation. The
effects are long-term.
Long term users say they consistently feel calmer, can think quicker and have better memory.
The Research
Bacopa Monnieri as a Nootropic
This double-blind placebo-controlled investigation was done at Swinburne University in Australia. 107 healthy participants were given 300 mg of Bacopa Monnieri extract for
90 days.
After 90 days, the people who took B. Monnieri extract showed significant improvement in spatial memory, memory accuracy and their ability to process visual
information.[vi]
Bacopa Monnieri for Stress Reduction
Bacopa is likely best known for reducing stress. Recent research at Swinburne University of Technology in Australia confirmed this in the lab.
In this double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study 17 healthy volunteers were given 320 mg or 640 mg of Bacopa extract. The study reported significant mood
improvement, and decreased levels of cortisol.
This study demonstrated Bacopa’s adaptogenic qualities. Bacopa Monnieri counteracted the effects of stress by regulating hormones involved in the stress response.[vii]
Bacopa Monnieri for Longevity
Long-term exposure to aluminum can increase your risk of Alzheimer’s Disease by 60 percent.[viii] (So check your underarm deodorant label before you read the rest of
this article).
Research shows that Bacopa Monnieri can protect you from toxins that are harmful to your brain. Including aluminum.
It prevents the buildup of toxins between and inside neurons. And prevents damage to the hippocampus. The area of your brain critical for learning, memory and cognitive
power.
Scientists at Jawaharlal Nehru University in India laced rats’ drinking water with aluminum chloride. The same aluminum that’s toxic to your brain. Some of the rats in this
study had the protective power of Bacopa Monnieri going for them.
Bacopa Monnieri protected the rat’s brains from oxidative damage from the aluminum. And it worked as well as the Alzheimer’s drug selegiline. Bacopa restored the enzyme
superoxide dismutase (SOD) to levels near normal. Indicating Bacopa Monnieri’s anti-aging potential.[ix]
Dosage Notes
There is no ‘right’ dosage of Bacopa. Each person’s body is unique. In general, use the lowest dosage that works for you. And Bacopa works better if taken a few days in a
row rather than just once.
Recommended dosage of Bacopa Monnieri containing 45% bacosides is 200 – 450 mg per day.
Recommended dosage of Bacopa Monnieri containing 20% bacosides is 750 mg per day.
Higher dosing should be divided equally with your first dose in the morning, and next dose early afternoon.
Bacopa is fat-soluble so should be taken with a healthy fat source like organic, cold-pressed virgin olive or coconut oil. Fat helps your body absorb the compounds in Bacopa
that bring you benefit. And helps deliver it into your brain cells.
Side Effects
Side effects for Bacopa are rare when taken as directed. But can include fatigue and upset stomach.
Available Forms
The bioactive component of Bacopa Monnieri is Bacoside A. Which is a mixture of saponins with bacoside A3, bacopaside II, and jujubogenin isomer of bacopasaponin C.
Bacopa Monnieri extract can be found in some of higher quality pre-formulated nootropic stacks. For example, Mind Lab Pro® contains 11 brain enhancing nootropic
compounds including Bacopa Monnieri extract with 24% bacosides and all the bioactive saponins and isomers listed above.
I recommend Mind Lab Pro because it addresses all aspects of anxiety resistance, memory and cognitive enhancement, stabilizes mood, brain repair, and maintenance.
This premium nootropic stack is designed to affect neurotransmitters, cognitive energy, brain waves, neuroprotection, and regeneration. See my Mind Lab Pro review for a
detailed report.
Bacopa supplements are also available as a powder, capsules and tablets. Check the label for the concentration of Bacosides. A Bacopa extract with a higher Bacoside
concentration requires a lower dose.
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Bacopa Monnieri up to 450 mg per day
We recommend using Bacopa Monnieri as a nootropic supplement.
Your body does not make Bacopa Monnieri on its own. So you must take it as a supplement.
B. Monnieri is especially helpful for those suffering from anxiety and stress. Studies show it helps stop and reverse the devastating effects of stress on your brain, and body.
This nootropic helps repair damage to neurons and synapses caused by chronic stress.
Bacopa is a powerful adaptogen. Which means it helps increase the effect of certain hormones when activity is low. And will block excess stimulation when activity is high.
Bacopa Monnieri is also helpful for those suffering from anxiety and panic disorders. A study published in Phytomedicine showed the calming effect of this herb was equal to
the drug Ativan (lorazepam). Without the side effects.
The ancient Ayurvedic texts knew what we’re only now discovering. That Bacopa is a powerful memory enhancer. Recent studies in Australia and the USA show B. Monnieri
helps improve word recall, memory scores, attention and learning.
You can buy individual Bacopa Monnieri supplements. Or you could try my favorite pre-formulated nootropic stack Mind Lab Pro® which includes the full spectrum saponins,
bacosides, and isomers in its Bacopa Monnieri extract.
Mind Lab Pro contains a synergistic blend of 11 brain enhancing nootropics covering all aspects of cognition and brain health. See my full Mind Lab Pro review for more.
You can safely take up to 450 mg of Bacopa Monnieri extract (45% Bacosides) daily if needed. Half the dose first thing in the morning. And the other half early afternoon.
And it’s fat-soluble. So to ensure absorption take it with a tablespoon of virgin coconut or MCT oil.
Berberine
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
Berberine is known for treating diabetes, improving cholesterol, lowering blood pressure, boosting mood and is a neuroprotectant
Berberine (Coptis chinensis, Hydrastis canadensis) is a natural plant alkaloid that has been used for millennia in traditional Ayurvedic and Chinese medicine to treat
diarrhea and gastrointestinal issues.
Berberine is a unique and powerful dietary supplement with nootropic benefits. Research and clinical experience in the last 5 years demonstrates Berberine’s ability to
provide positive effects on blood sugar, cholesterol, heart disease, blood pressure, autoimmune disease, inflammation, weight control, gut problems, cancer and Alzheimer’s
Disease.
Berberine has recently been shown to help control blood sugar as effectively as the prescription diabetes drug metformin.
But even if you’re not concerned with diabetes or pre-diabetes, you may find benefit in adding Berberine to your nootropic stack. Our modern Western diet is detrimental to
overall health. And particularly cognitive health. Berberine can be a powerful ally in achieving and maintaining optimal performance.
Here we’ll explore how Berberine benefits your brain.
Berberine helps:


Neurotransmitters: Supplementing with Berberine has been shown to increase levels of serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine in the brain.
Learning & memory: Berberine preserves Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) in synapses normally lost from diabetes.[i]

AMPK: Berberine increases adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). This enzyme AMPK is the master metabolic switch in each of your cells.
When AMPK levels increase you get an energy boost, blood glucose is regulated, insulin sensitivity improves, reduced triglycerides, and increased fat-burning in
mitochondria.
Table of Contents
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Overview
How does Berberine work in the Brain?
How things go bad
Berberine to the rescue
How does Berberine feel?
The Research
o
o
o
Berberine improves learning & memory
Berberine as an anti-depressant
Berberine as good as metformin for diabetes
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
Berberine (Coptis chinensis, Hydrastis canadensis) is a bright yellow alkaloid extracted from plants such as Indian Barberry (tree turmeric), Oregon Grape and goldenseal.
Other plants containing Berberine used in medical practice include Chinese goldthread, Japanese goldthread, Phellondendron amurense, and the Amur cork tree (Huang
Bo).[ii]
Berberine
Plants containing Berberine have been used in traditional Ayurvedic and Chinese medicine as an antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-diarrheal, anti-microbial, antiprotozoal and immune-enhancing therapy for thousands of years.[iii]
If you’ve only just found out about Berberine, it’s not surprising. This botanical extract came from obscurity to front and center of the dietary supplement market because of
recently published research. Of the 4,434 clinical studies for Berberine listed on PubMed, over a third have been published i n the last 5 years.[iv]
Berberine is one of the few nootropic supplements known to activate (adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase) AMPK. This is especially relevant if you’re
diabetic, pre-diabetic, or over-weight. All conditions that negatively affect cognition.
The enzyme AMPK is the metabolic master switch inside each one of your cells.[v] And is critical for regulating cellular metabolism including lipid, glucose and energy
imbalances.[vi] AMPK directly influences brain cell energy, function, repair, and maintenance.
Berberine activates AMPK, and AMPK activation boosts fat burning in mitochondria. Studies have shown that supplementing with Berberine prevents fat accumulation in the
body.
A study in Phytomedicine had obese human subjects taking 500 mg of Berberine 3-times per day for 12 weeks. The result was a reduction in body weight, blood lipid and
hormone levels normalized, and inflammation went down.[vii]
Berberine activates AMPK and increases its phosphorylation (high energy exchange in a brain cell), which elevates the AMP/ATP ratio, and reduces oxygen consumption.
This increase is called glycolysis.
This suggests that Berberine enhances glucose metabolism through the stimulation of glycolysis. Which is related to an inhibition of glucose oxidation in mitochondria.[viii]
More efficient mitochondria protected from oxidative stress means better brain function and memory.
Berberine supplementation helps control food intake and operates as a memory enhancer. Helping you cut down on weight gain, reduces the likelihood of metabolic
syndrome, and helps prevent or control type-2 diabetes.
How does Berberine work in the Brain?
Berberine boosts brain health and function in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
Berberine normalizes blood sugar. Glucose is the primary source of energy for every cell in your body. Because your brain is so rich in neurons, the demand
for energy uses a half of all the sugar energy in your body.
Learning, memory and thinking or cognition are closely linked to glucose levels. And how efficiently your brain uses this fuel source. If there isn’t enough glucose in your
brain, neurotransmitters are not produced. And communication between neurons breaks down.
Hypoglycemia, a common problem with diabetes caused by low blood glucose levels leads to a loss of energy for brain function. And is linked to poor attention and cognitive
function.[ix]
Problems with blood sugar and type-1 or 2 diabetes affects brain cell connectivity, causes the brain to shrink, and restricts cerebral blood flow. Causing major problems with
cognition, and if severe enough, promotes the development of dementia. Berberine helps prevent this cognitive decline by controlling blood sugar and brain cell
metabolism.[x]
2.
Berberine boosts memory. Studies show that Berberine inhibits acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and increases glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1)[xi] The
enzyme AChE breaks down acetylcholine (ACh) which is critical for concentration, focus and memory. By preventing the breakdown of ACh, more of this
neurotransmitter is available for learning, memory and recall.
GLP-1 is a peptide hormone that plays a crucial role in controlling diabetes. And is involved in cognition, learning and neuroprotection. Studies have shown that GLP-1
enhances synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. And reduces the aggregation of amyloid β protein (Aβ) and the microtubule-associated protein Tau which are associated
with Alzheimer’s Disease.[xii]
Increasing GLP-1 with Berberine increases neuroplasticity and reduces protein aggregation resulting in an increase in long-term potentiation. And improved long-term
memory.
How things go bad
Most of us in our Western society suffer from chronic nutritional overload.[xiii] Over eating or not eating the right foods in the right amounts messes with the uptake of
glucose and fat from our blood for effective energy regulation.
The result is an accumulation of cellular waste and damaged proteins. Impairing genes that should help us live longer and boosting genes that cause inflammation.
As the cells in our body and brain consistently deal with over-nourishment, the enzyme AMPK decreases.[xiv] Resulting in weight gain, diabetes, neurodegenerative disease
and ultimately, premature death.
Decreases in AMPK activity results in:
↓ Chronic inflammation
↓ Accelerated aging
↑ High cholesterol and triglycerides
↑ Increased belly fat
↓ Insulin resistance
↓ Mitochondrial insufficiency and dysfunction
↓ Neurodegeneration
The consequences to brain function of low AMPK activity results in decreased alertness, brain fog, slower thinking, poor memory and a decline in mood.
Berberine to the rescue
Berberine has been used for thousands of years as treatment for bacterial infections, fungus, protozoa, viruses, chlamydia and candida. It helps protect against cholera and
E coli. It is used as an anti-diarrheal, and to reduce inflammation.
Up until just a few years ago, you’d find Berberine in the pharmacy section for gastrointestinal issues.
In the last 5 years, research has shown Berberine to be effective for treating diabetes, metabolic syndrome, inflammation and even cancer.
Berberine is gaining a reputation for its anti-diabetic effects. Helping to prevent or treat type-2 diabetes. It helps with glucose metabolism, maintenance of healthy lipid
levels (LDL & HDL cholesterol), improves insulin sensitivity, helps lower blood pressure, weight management, the immune system, and boosts cognition.
Research shows that Berberine may provide anti-aging benefits by extending the life of telomeres.[xv] And studies have found it’s able to suppress the growth of several
different types of tumor and cancer cells.[xvi]
Reviews from those using Berberine frequently mention a lift in mood. Likely because it provides a significant increase in the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine
and serotonin.
Berberine may also help prevent Alzheimer’s disease because of its effects on β-amyloid pathways, and the enzyme that degrades acetylcholine, acetylcholinesterase.[xvii]
How does Berberine feel?
If you start feeling shaky between meals, get a little dizzy or nauseous, or feel like your mood has taken a sudden turn south – you may want to try Berberine.
Many neurohackers report how supplementing with Berberine has made a dramatic change in how they feel. And their quality of life.
It may take up to a month to begin feeling dramatic changes in how you feel. Many report seeing or feeling positive changes within days.
Sugar cravings disappear. No sugar crashes late afternoon. Energy levels rise and stamina increases.
Many find that thinking is easier and quicker. Brain fog is no longer a problem. And mood is much better.
Berberine helps with weight loss so you may find your waist getting smaller. It may not be a dramatic difference but you’ll feel better.
Many people report a greater improvement in symptoms when switching from metformin or statins to Berberine.
Berberine is proven to help regulate blood sugar. Your friends and family will thank you for no longer subjecting them to mood swings.
Berberine can increase neurotransmitter levels. So a boost in dopamine and serotonin may put you in a better mood.
Many report skin conditions or gastrointestinal issues brought on by stress are no longer a problem. Less indigestion and heart burn.
If you have blood sugar issues, you may not realize how bad you feel until you start feeling better by adding Berberine to your nootropic stack.
The Research
A lot of the research lately has centered around using Berberine to treat various problems associated with diabetes. So why is this important to the nootropics community?
The latest figures released by the CDC in the United States reported that 29 million people have diabetes. This number was up from 26 million in 2010. The CDC went on to
say that one in four people with diabetes don’t know they have it.[xviii]
Another 86 million adults in the USA are pre-diabetic. That’s one in three American adults. Pre-diabetic means blood sugar levels are higher than normal but not high
enough to be classified as type-2 diabetes.
And this is not just an American problem. The World Health Organization reports that as of 2014, 422 million people worldwide are dealing with type-2 diabetes.[xix] I
imagine that just like in the USA, hundreds of millions more are pre-diabetic.
Now let’s take a quick look at how diabetes affects the brain. Those with type-2 diabetes are more apt to get Alzheimer’s or some other form of dementia. If you’re diabetic
or pre-diabetic, learning, executive function and psychomotor performance all suffer.[xx]
All the brain functions affected by diabetes and its causes can be repaired and maintained with the use of the right nootropics.
The most important nootropic supplement in the management of diabetes is Berberine. And its effects on brain function will help anyone working on brain optimization.
Berberine improves learning & memory
Problems with memory are often associated with how brain cells use glucose, by oxidative stress, and cholinergic dysfunction. Research has found that treatment with
antihyperglycemics that affect blood sugar (glucose), antioxidants and cholinergic agonists boosted memory.
Berberine works as an antioxidant, and is an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. A study in India was done with diabetic rats with severe learning and memory problems.
The rats were given 25 – 100 mg/kg of Berberine twice daily for 30 days. Learning and memory improved along with lower hyperglycemia, less oxidative stress, and more
cholinergic activity.[xxi]
Diabetes kills brain cells (apoptosis), negatively affects synaptic plasticity and long-term potentiation in the brain. Which causes problems with learning and memory.
Researchers in Iran working with diabetic rats were able to restore learning and memory with 100 mg/kg of Berberine per day.[xxii]
Researchers in Korea gave Berberine to rats 30 minutes before injecting them with scopolamine. The team found that daily dosing of Berberine improved the memory
impairment caused by scopolamine.
Digging deeper, the researchers learned that Berberine increased cholinergic activity, restored Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), and cAMP-response elementbinding protein mRNA expression in the hippocampus. And Berberine also significantly decreased proinflammatory cytokines like interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α and
cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA in the hippocampus.[xxiii]
Berberine as an anti-depressant
While not considered a first-line treatment for depression, several neurohackers report the “side effect” of a better mood when supplementing with Berberine. We have
some clinical evidence from animal trials that could explain this antidepressant effect of Berberine. But no human clinical trials.
Similar to L-Deprenyl, Berberine seems to be a monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A) inhibitor.[xxiv] The enzyme MAO is involved in the degradation of norepinephrine and
dopamine in the brain. And research has shown that an overabundance of MAO-A and B happens as you get older. Inhibiting MAO-A increases norepinephrine and
dopamine in your brain. Which in turn improves your mood.
Research with mice showed that supplementing with Berberine increased norepinephrine (31%), serotonin (47%) and dopamine (31%) in the whole brain. Increasing these
major neurotransmitters is certainly going to have a positive effect on mood.
Major depression and anxiety have long been treated as a dysfunction of the GABA, serotonin and glutamate systems in the brain. And while SSRI’s and other prescription
antidepressants have had some success in treating anxiety and depression, full remission of symptoms has not happened.
Some of the latest research has shown that sigma-receptors play a role in depressive disorders. And companies are working on developing drugs that modulate the sigma-1
receptor.[xxv] Turns out that Berberine is a modulator of sigma-1 receptors.[xxvi]
Berberine as good as metformin for diabetes
Probably the most celebrated clinical evidence for Berberine is its ability to control blood sugar and lipid metabolism in diabetes. Berberine stimulates the uptake of glucose
into cells, improves insulin sensitivity and reduces glucose production in the liver.
This famous study was done in China with adults diagnosed with type-2 diabetes. In study A, patients were randomly assigned treatment of Berberine or metformin 3-times
per day for 3 months. The hypoglycemic effect of Berberine was similar to that of metformin. Both decreased hemoglobin A1c, fasting blood glucose and plasma
triglycerides.
In study B, 48 type-2 diabetic adults were supplementing with Berberine for 3 months. Results were similar to the study A group. But the researchers noted that total
cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol decreased significantly as well.
The researchers concluded that Berberine is a potent hypoglycemic agent with beneficial effects on lipid metabolism.[xxvii] But without the increased risk of death from
heart attack by using metformin.
Dosage Notes
Recommended dose of Berberine is 900 – 1,500 mg per day.
Berberine has a short half-life, so you need to dose it several times a day to keep stable levels in your blood.
When you first start supplementing with Berberine, you may experience diarrhea, the sweats, or even vomiting. This supplement is a powerful antibiotic. The good news is
it only kills the ‘bad’ bacteria in your gut. Not the good bacteria like prescription antibiotics. But when those bad bacteria decide to leave your body, it may not be pleasant.
You may be able to avoid an unpleasant reaction to Berberine by starting with a lower dose at first. And work your way up.
The debate continues on how bioavailable Berberine actually is. Recent reports suggest that it’s not detectable in blood because it’s absorbed so quickly into cells. But
several clinical studies suggest Berberine is poorly absorbed. And this can be counteracted with the sodium caprate that comes in coconut oil.[xxviii]
Take your nootropic stack containing Berberine with a tablespoon of virgin, unrefined coconut oil and problem solved.
It’s best to split your dose so you’re taking 500 mg of Berberine 3-times per day. Preferably about 30 minutes before meals to prevent the glucose and lipid spike the comes
with eating a meal.
Side Effects
If you are dealing with a medical condition or are taking any medication (including antibiotics), you should speak with your doctor before taking Berberine. Especially if
you’re currently using blood-sugar lowering medication.
Diabetics who are controlling blood sugar with insulin must use caution because Berberine can lower blood sugar. I’ve seen more than one review of someone remarking,
“dropped my blood sugar extremely low!”.
If you’re dealing with low blood pressure be careful using Berberine because it can lower blood pressure.
If you’re pregnant or nursing you should NOT use Berberine.
Berberine inhibits cytochromes P450 (CYP3A4, CYP2D6 and 2C9) in your liver.[xxix] Which means it can cause a substantial increase in the bioavailability of certain drugs
and nootropics. Which can be dangerous. You may need to lower your dosage of certain drugs to prevent this potential toxicity. Or avoid Berberine altogether.
Berberine affects muscle protein synthesis and causes muscle atrophy.[xxx] So if you’re worried about muscle loss, don’t use Berberine. Or amp up your exercise program
to counteract these effects.
Berberine has a very good safety profile. The primary side effects are related to digestion like cramps, diarrhea, gas, constipation or stomach pain.
As with any nootropic, start with the lowest recommended dose and you’ll likely avoid any problems. And spreading your dose throughout the day helps avoid side effects.
Available Forms
Berberine is available as a powder, and in capsules as Berberine HCl (hydrochloride) or Berberine Sulfate.
One company claims that the sulfate version is superior because once the sulfate is removed during digestion, it can participate in “phase II detoxification reactions in the
liver”. I cannot find any science to back up this claim.
If you choose the powder form, you’d be wise to put it in capsules because Berberine is an ammonium salt alkaloid. Which tastes nasty.
I’ve tried several different brands of Berberine, but keep coming back to and using Amazing Formulas Berberine by Amazing Nutrition® based and manufactured in
Carlstadt, New Jersey.
Studies with animals show that Berberine could cause DNA damage promoting tumor growth. This DNA damage can be avoided by using Milk Thistle with Berberine. The
radical-scavenging and antioxidant properties of the compound silymarin in Milk Thistle appears to counteract this effect.[xxxi]
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Berberine 900 – 1,500 mg per day
I recommend using Berberine as a nootropic supplement.
Your body does not make Berberine on its own. So to get its benefits you must take it as a supplement.
Berberine is especially helpful for those dealing with diabetes, high cholesterol, obesity, gut bacterial overgrowth, and Alzheimer’s.
Berberine is a powerful nootropic supplement. It may help reduce sugar cravings, avoid that afternoon energy slump, boost energy levels, reduce brain fog, improve your
mood and tame digestive issues.
You can safely take up to 1,500 mg of Berberine daily if needed. But dosed 500 mg at a time and preferably before you eat.
I use and recommend Amazing Formulas Berberine which is made in the USA in a facility that tests each batch of product they produce.
You can help absorption by taking Berberine with a tablespoon of unrefined coconut oil (for the sodium caprate). And I recommend taking it with 175 mg of Milk Thistle
extract each time to avoid possible DNA damage from long-term use.
Cacao
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
Cacao is known for elevating mood, boosting learning and memory, and is a potent neuroprotectant
Cacao (cocoa, cocoa flavonoids, cocoa flavanols, cocoa extract) beans are a seed of the fruit of the Theobroma cacao tree.
Cacao and dark chocolate contain high concentrations of polyphenolic compounds called flavanols.
These flavanols, especially epicatechin and proanthocyanins, act as potent antioxidants.
Cocao flavanols provide numerous health and nootropic benefits including boosting cerebral blood flow, blood vessel elasticity and reduced blood pressure. And cacao is a
strong anti-inflammatory.
Cacao stimulates the release of several major neurotransmitters. Resulting in improved mood while boosting learning and memory.
Cacao is antiaging, helping prevent neurodegenerative disease like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. And reduces the risk of diabetes by decreasing insulin resistance.
Cacao is the natural source of chocolate. But what you may not realize is a lot of what you call chocolate has very little cocao content at all.
In this review you’ll find the type of cocoa that works best as a nootropic, the science, dosage, side effects and types to buy. We’ll even look into why some people snort
cocao as a party drug.
Here we’ll explore how Cacao benefits your brain.
Cacao helps:


Neurotransmitters: Cacao stimulates the release of phenylethylamine (PEA) which boosts focus and awareness. And anandamide (the bliss molecule) which
helps you feel good. Cacao is a source of tryptophan which is the precursor to serotonin. And theobromine which boosts blood flow, is a stimulant, and may
account for chocolate’s aphrodisiac qualities.
Cerebral Circulation: Studies show that consumption of a flavanol-rich cocao drink increases blood flow for up to 2 hours in certain regions of the brain.
Improving cognition, memory, and preventing neurodegeneration.[i]

Antioxidant: Cacao beans are one of the richest sources of antioxidants around. Reducing free radicals that would normally cause oxidative damage in your
brain and body.
Table of Contents
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Overview
o
Cacao vs Cocoa: What’s the difference?
How does Cacao work in the Brain?
How things go bad
Cacao to the rescue
How does Cacao feel?
The Research
o
o
o
Cacao improves learning & memory
Cacao improves mood
Cacao prevents dementia
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
Cacao (cocoa, cocoa flavonoids, cocoa flavanols, cocoa extract) comes from the bean of the Cocao tree (Theobroma cacao). A name derived from the Greek for “food of the
gods”; from θεός (theos), meaning “god”, and βρῶμα (broma), meaning “food”.
Cacao Tree (Theobroma cacao)
Native to Central and South America, cocao residue has been found in Olmec vessels found near Veracruz, Mexico dating from 1750 BC. Aztec Emperor Montezuma loved
cocoa, calling it a “divine drink, which builds up resistance and fights fatigue. A cup of this precious drink permits a man to walk for a whole day without food”.[ii]
Cacao beans were brought back to Spain by the first European settlers in the 1500’s.
As a nootropic, cocao offers a host of brain benefits. It’s a source of tryptophan, anandamide, phenylethylamine, theobromine, magnesium, caffeine, vitamins, minerals,
flavonoids, and is a prebiotic.
Cacao boosts cerebral blood flow, endorphins, learning, memory, focus, reduces free radical damage, suppresses cortisol, and reduces stress.
In fact, chocolate consumption leads to better cognition. One study found that the countries with the highest chocolate consumption produced a greater number of Nobel
Laureates.[iii]
But not all chocolate is created equal. Here’s why …
Cacao vs Cocoa: What’s the difference?
“Cacao” and “Cocoa” are NOT the same thing. They’re both chocolate and start from the same place. But how they are processed make all the difference in their nootropic
benefits.
Cocao beans
Chocolate in all forms start from the Theobroma cacao tree. Seed pods harvested from this tree are cracked open for the 30 – 40 cacao beans inside.
The cacao beans are then placed in piles or bins, often seeded with microbial bacteria (Cocobiota), and left to ferment for up to 7 days.[iv]
This fermentation process is key for developing the characteristic chocolate flavor.[v]
After fermentation, the cacao beans are dried, cleaned and the cocao nibs removed from their shell.
Cocoa refers to cocao that has been roasted. ALL cocao is roasted at varying degrees to enhance that distinct chocolate flavor. And to kill pathogens and bacteria.
THERE IS NO SUCH THING A “RAW COCAO”! No matter what the marketer tries to sell you.
Anything heated above 104 degrees F begins to lose its nutritional value. But the cocao fermentation process itself can heat up to 120 degrees.
The key is cocoa roasted at the lowest heat possible but still maintaining most of cocao’s nutritional value.
Dutch-pressed cocoa (dark cocoa) is cocao powder that has been processed using an alkalizing agent (potassium carbonate) to give it a darker color and milder taste. This
is the form of cocoa often used in ice cream, hot cocoa, baking and chocolate bars.
Research has shown natural cocao powder (i.e. minimally processed) contains the highest ‘total antioxidant capacity’ (TAC).[vi]
Milk chocolate contains the least amount of cocoa solid and has the lowest TAC and procyanidin levels.
The alkalization process used in Dutch-processed cocoa also has far less procyanidin content.[vii]
Shells are removed from the cocao nibs using a winnowing machine. Some of the nibs are packaged and sold as is. Since cocao nibs come directly from the cocao tree, they
contain the highest levels of flavanols. And provide the most nootropic benefit.
But most cocao nibs are ground into a chocolate liquor which is then processed into chocolate by mixing in cocao butter, sugar and other flavoring, and emulsifiers.
One study surveyed a broad range of chocolate- and cocoa-containing products marketed across the United States. The study included 3 or 4 of the top selling products
within these categories; natural cocoa powder, unsweetened baking chocolate, dark chocolate, semisweet baking chips, milk chocolate, and chocolate syrup.
Researchers tested for percent fat (% fat), percent nonfat cocoa solids (% NFCS), antioxidant level by ORAC, total polyphenols, epicatechin, catechin, total monomers, and
flavan-3-ol oligomers and polymers (procyanidins).
The study found a 5-fold variation on epicatechin and catechins between products. In decreasing order: cocoa powder > baking chocolate > dark chocolate and baking chips
> milk chocolate > chocolate syrup.[viii]
Meaning cocao powder provided the most nootropic benefit, and chocolate syrup the least.
How does Cacao work in the Brain?
Cacao boosts brain health and function in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
Cacao improves mood. Cacao stimulates the release of endorphins in your brain.[ix] It contains tyrosine which is a precursor to dopamine, and tryptophan
which is a precursor to serotonin. All neurotransmitters contributing to mood.
Researchers at the Neuroscience Institute in San Diego found that chocolate blocks the breakdown of anandamide which helps increase happiness levels.[x]
And Dr. David Lewis of the Mind Lab (funded by Cadbury) found that chocolate provides, “A buzz that, in many cases, lasted four times as long as a most passionate
kiss”.[xi]
2.
Cacao boosts memory. The flavonoids in cacao cross the blood-brain barrier and accumulate in the hippocampus. An area of the brain involved in learning and
memory. Scientists believe flavanols directly interact with cellular cascades yielding expression of proteins that promote neurogenesis, neuronal function, and
brain connectivity.
And flavanonols improve cerebral blood flow and the creation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) which provide long-term protective effects on cognition and behavior.[xii]
Cocao contains caffeine which in low doses improves memory, mood, and concentration.[xiii]
A University of Oslo team conducted a cross-sectional study with 2,841 people to examine the relation between intake of flavonoids from chocolate, wine, and tea and
cognitive performance.
The researchers found that subjects who consumed more chocolate, wine, and tea (all three) had higher cognitive test scores than those who did not.
The scientists concluded that intake of these foods and cognition was dose dependent. With the maximum effect for chocolate and wine.
The study authors said, “a diet high in some flavonoid-rich foods is associated with better performance in several cognitive abilities in a dose-dependent manner”.[xiv]
They also pointed out that dark chocolate contains a greater amount of flavonoids per serving than tea and red wine. Which increases blood flow to gray matter in the brain.
Reducing the risk of dementia and stroke.
How things go bad
Most of us do not get the phytonutrients from food our body and brain need every day. These nutrients contribute to neurotransmitter release, better blood flow, and
neuroprotection. One of the main nutrient functions is preventing oxidative damage from free radicals.
A deficiency in antioxidants contributes to:
↑ Chronic inflammation
↑ Accelerated aging
↑ High cholesterol and triglycerides
↑ Increased belly fat
↑ Insulin resistance
↑ Mitochondrial insufficiency and dysfunction
↑ Neurodegeneration
Cacao is one of the most potent antioxidants available. It has more antioxidant activity than the majority of nootropics that fight free radicals reviewed here on Nootropics
Expert.
Cacao to the rescue
Most of us love chocolate because it tastes great and we love the way it makes us feel.
And minimally processed chocolate (80% cocao or above) is one of the best nootropics that anyone can easily find.
Cacao is a source of tryptophan, the precursor to the neurotransmitter serotonin which puts us in a good mood.
Cacao stimulates the release of phenylethylamine (PEA) which in turn releases norepinephrine and dopamine. Producing the euphoric effect often associated with a
“runner’s high”.
Cacao boosts the release of anandamide which is also known as the “bliss molecule”.
Flavanol-rich cacao improves blood flow to the brain which boosts oxygen and nutrient delivery to brain cells. Resulting in better memory and processing speed.
Cacao contains more antioxidants than other “superfoods” including acai, blueberries, tea, and pomegranate.[xv]
Cacao helps relieve stress by suppressing the release of cortisol. And providing a substantial amount of magnesium which improves memory, focus, mood, and sleep.
Dark chocolate reduces your craving for sweet, salty, and fatty foods. And chocolate loves Bifidobacterium which makes it a great prebiotic.[xvi]
Research has found that seniors who ate more dark chocolate were less likely to develop dementia.
How does Cacao feel?
Tripping on chocolate. People actually snort raw cacao. And report a smooth, invigorating, easy-going kind of high. A “rush of well-being flooded over my body”.
Can’t say I’ve tried it …
But then again, the seeds of the cacao tree were originally considered to have divine properties. “Food of the gods” ring a bell?
Minimally-processed cocao releases a potent amount of endorphins which can leave you feeling euphoric. Especially while enjoying some EDM.
Cacao also contains phenylethylamine (PEA) which leads to tyrosine which leads to dopamine. Fueling your brain’s pleasure and reward system.
The magnesium in cacao relaxes you. And the epicatechin in cacao boosts blood flow which means you can go faster and further. More oxygen to muscles allow you to make
the most of whatever it is you love to do.[xvii]
Sober has never been more fun. People are even doing cocao in clubs. You can party until dawn. With no hangover and no regrets.
Even if you’re not willing to try snorting some cocao, minimally-processed cocao (sometimes called ‘raw’ cocao) will improve your mood.
Cocao stimulates the release of anandamide, serotonin, and phenylethylamine. All neurotransmitters that can boost your mood.
The Research
It’s easy to get excited about the health benefits of chocolate. We often see headlines about the latest chocolate discovery.
But here’s the thing. The studies investigating the links between chocolate and great health are not using the type of chocolate you find in the checkout line at the
supermarket.
Easily lost in translation or a sneaky attempt to sell more magazines. But these scientists are using cocao and not highly processed chocolate.
Minimally processed cacao still tastes great. So keep in mind you won’t get the nootropic benefits you’d expect from cocao with a box of Godiva chocolates.
Cacao improves learning & memory
Cacao flavonoids and their metabolites cross the blood-brain barrier. And go to areas in your brain crucial for learning and memory. Including the hippocampus, cerebral
cortex, cerebellum, and striatum.
Research shows that cocao flavonoid directly interacts with signaling cascades that are crucial for triggering gene expression and protein synthesis for long-term
potentiation (LTP) which is critical for long-term memory formation.
Cocao flavanols have been shown to significantly increase cerebral blood flow. Providing neuroprotection and boosting the glucose and oxygen needed to power energyhungry mitochondria.
A study published in ‘Frontiers in Nutrition’ analyzed dozens of cocao-flavanol studies on cognition. And concluded that results are primarily dose-dependent with best
results from long-term, daily use.
The team concluded that the evidence to date shows cocao flavanols help boost general cognition, attention, processing speed, and memory.[xviii]
Cacao improves mood
A 2012 study examined the immediate and long-term effects of cocao polyphenols on cognition and mood.
In this randomized, double-blind study, 72 healthy middle-aged participants received a dark chocolate drink mix standardized to contain 500 mg, 250 mg, or 0 mg of
polyphenols once daily for 30 days.
Participants were tested at the beginning of the study, at 1, 2.5, and 4 hours after a single dose. And again after receiving 30 days of treatment.
The researchers concluded that a high dose of cocao polyphenols improved calmness and contentedness.[xix]
Cacao prevents dementia
A study in France followed 1,367 subjects over 65 years old for 5 years to determine if flavonoid intake influenced neuroprotection. The team concluded that “the intake of
antioxidant flavonoids is inversely related to the risk of dementia”.[xx]
Another double-blind study on cocao, cognition and aging found that 90 subjects with mild cognitive impairment had significantly better cognitive function including verbal
test scores after consuming cocao flavanols for 8 weeks.
This study confirmed earlier reports that those who consumed higher doses of cocao flavanols (990 mg and 520 mg daily) did better than those who used less (45 mg).[xxi]
And many experts are now saying that Alzheimer’s Disease is really Type-3 diabetes because insulin deficiency and insulin resistance is behind Alzheimer’s-type
neurodegeneration.[xxii]
A trial with 15 healthy subjects were assigned to consume 100 grams of dark chocolate containing about 500 mg polyphenols, or 90 grams of white chocolate which doesn’t
contain polyphenols, for 15 days.
The researchers concluded that dark, but not white chocolate decreases blood pressure and improves insulin sensitivity in healthy persons.[xxiii]
Dosage Notes
Recommended dose of Cacao flavanols for cognitive benefit is 500 – 1,000 mg per day.[xxiv]
The challenge is figuring out flavanol levels in the cocao or dark chocolate you are buying. A few manufacturers declare flavanol amounts in mg per capsule or dose in the
ingredients label.
Cocao nibs and cocao powder are the purest and contain the highest levels of flavanols. But pure cocao tends to be bitter. So look for capsules if you can’t stand the taste of
dark chocolate or cocao.
Milk negates the advantage of eating chocolate because it interferes with the absorption of the antioxidants in chocolate. This includes no health benefit from eating milk
chocolate.[xxv]
Side Effects
Cocao and dark chocolate may cause acne, heart burn or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
The phenylethylamine in chocolate may cause migraines in some people.
Weight gain is a concern when consuming solid dark chocolate regularly.
Cocao is a stimulant so avoid taking it later in the day if you don’t want it to interfere with sleep.
Some drugs may increase the effects of caffeine present in cocao because they decrease the metabolism or clearance of caffeine. Including drugs like disulfiram, estrogens,
fluconazole, mexiletine, oral contraceptives, quinolone antibiotics.
Cocao may increase the risk of adverse reaction when used with clozapine because it inhibits this drug’s metabolism.
1.5 oz or more of raw cocao with MAOIs or other antidepressant meds may cause a hypertensive crisis, or lead to Serotonin Syndrome.
The oxalic acid in cocao inhibits absorption of calcium in your body. So larger amounts of cocao could cause problems for those prone to kidney stones or other calcium
absorption issues.
NOTE: dogs, parrots and horses should not eat cacao or chocolate because they lack the necessary enzymes to metabolize theobromine in cocao. Chocolate or cocao can
kill your pet. Cat’s have about half the sensitivity to cocao and can also be deadly.
Available Forms
Less processed cocao retains more of the nootropic benefits of flavanols. And the converse is true. The more cocao is processed the less cognitive benefit you experience.
cocao beans, cocao powder, dark chocolate
So a good rule of thumb, darker chocolate that is 85% cocoa or more is best. The darker the better.
Milk chocolate and ‘white chocolate’ does NOT meet these requirements and provide no nootropic benefit.
You can use pure cocao powder found in the baking section of your local supermarket. If you can’t stand the taste, then get a capsule machine and make capsules.
Avoid “Dutch-processed chocolate” because most of the goodness found in the cocoa is processed out.
The chocolate maker Mars, Inc. has developed a process called Cocoapro® which extracts cocao flavanols from fresh cocao beans. Preserving them in the highest
concentration available.
So search for a cocao extract using Cocoapro® in their product to be sure you know exactly how many flavanols are in each capsule.
The U.S. Department of Agriculture Database of Flavonoid Content reports that unsweetened baking chocolate has 206 mg of flavanols per 100 grams of chocolate. And
dark chocolate has half that amount.
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Cacao flavanols 500 – 1000 mg per day
We recommend using Cacao as a nootropic supplement.
Your body does not make Cacao on its own. So to get its benefits you must take it as a supplement.
When selecting a cocao or dark chocolate supplement, the higher percentage of cocao the better. Raw or minimally processed cocao powder is best, with dark chocolate
containing a minimum of 80% cocao a close 2nd.
Cacao is especially helpful for boosting cerebral blood flow. Providing more energy along with a boost in learning and memory.
The flavanols in cocao will put you in a better mood. And many find that dark chocolate works great as an aphrodisiac.
Long-term use of cocao as a nootropic supplement has been shown to help prevent neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.
You can safely take up to 1,500 mg of Cacao flavanols daily if needed. But dosed earlier in the day because cocao acts as a stimulant.
Absorption of cacao is greatly reduced when consumed with dairy. So forget about mixing cocao powder in a drink containing milk if you want to experience its nootropic
benefits.
Caffeine
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
Caffeine enhances alertness, stabilizes mood, boosts memory and cognition, and improves athletic performance
Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) is the most widely used psychoactive drug in the world. And is considered a nootropic because used in moderation it helps improve
reaction time, alertness, memory and mood.
A Penn State University study in 2014 found 85% of the US population consumes at least one caffeinated beverage per day.[i]
Coffee typically contains more caffeine than most other beverages. But caffeine is also found in carbonated soda, tea, energy drinks, energy shots, some fruit or fruitflavored drinks and a few pre-formulated nootropic stacks.
Caffeine consumption provides a boost in mental alertness, concentration, better athletic performance, and less physical and mental fatigue.
Caffeine and coffee consumption has also been associated with weight loss, improved glucose tolerance, a lower risk of Type II diabetes, reduced risk of Parkinson’s Disease
and fewer Parkinson’s symptoms, and reduced risk of several types of cancer.
In this review we are focusing on caffeine benefits to cognitive health.
Caffeine helps:


Neurotransmitters. Caffeine is an adenosine antagonist which influences acetylcholine, epinephrine (adrenaline), serotonin and boosts the use of dopamine.
Providing the stimulant effect experienced when consuming caffeine.[ii]
Neuroprotectant. Caffeine provides a protective effect by boosting gene expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Studies show chronic caffeine
consumption may protect against developing neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s.[iii]

Mood. Caffeine improves mood within an hour of consumption.[iv] Because it increases the density of GABA receptors, potentiates dopamine, and causes some
serotonin receptors to be more responsive.
Table of Contents
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
Overview
How does Caffeine work in the brain?
How things go bad
Caffeine to the rescue
How does Caffeine feel?
The Research
o
o
o
o
Caffeine Reduces Risk of Suicide
Caffeine Improves Cognitive Performance
Caffeine Reduces Depression
Caffeine Boosts Memory
Dosage Notes
o
Caffeine + L-Theanine
Side Effects
Available Forms
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) is the most widely consumed stimulant and psychoactive drug on the planet.
Caffeine
Caffeine is a methylated xanthine which are a group of alkaloids commonly used as mild stimulants. Xanthine is a purine base naturally found in most of your body’s
tissues.
Caffeine is chemically related to adenine and guanine which are bases of DNA and RNA.
The most common source of caffeine is the coffee bean from which coffee is extracted. Other natural sources include leaves of the tea plant, cocoa beans, kola nuts, holly
leaves, yerba mate leaves, seeds from guarana berries, and guayusa leaves.
The earliest evidence of coffee as a beverage comes from 15th century Sufi monasteries in Yemen. By the 16 th century coffee made its way north through the Middle East to
Italy and the rest of Europe.
Coffea plants where then exported with early explorers and settlers in the Americas.
Chinese legend tells us tea as a source of caffeine was first used in about 3,000 BCE.
The earliest evidence of caffeine use native to the Americas comes from cocoa bean residue found in a Mayan pot dating from 600 BCE.
Today, coffee and tea are drunk in most countries. But typically, one predominates. For example, coffee is the preferred caffeine source in Europe and the Americans. While
tea is preferred elsewhere.[v]
Despite the world-wide popularity of caffeine use as a stimulant by everyone from students to the military to seniors – the only organization that currently bans the use of
caffeine is the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA).[vi]
How does Caffeine work in the brain?
Caffeine boosts brain health in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
Caffeine promotes alertness. Caffeine is an adenosine receptor antagonist. Adenosine functions as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in your brain. During the
day, as adenosine levels rise, wakefulness decreases and eventually leads to sleep.
As an adenosine antagonist, caffeine acts by blocking two of four adenosine receptor subtypes A1 and A2A. Preventing adenosine from coupling with these two
receptor subtypes increases wakefulness.[vii]
A 13-night sleep lab study was conducted with 18 ‘normal’ young adult males. Each participant received a cup of warm water, 1-, 2- or 4-cups of regular coffee,
a 4-cup equivalent of decaffeinated coffee, or a 4-cup equivalent of caffeine.
Regular coffee produced dose-related changes in standard EEG sleep parameters. And 4-cups of coffee acted the same as the equivalent dose of caffeine.
Caffeine caused REM sleep to shift to the early part of the night and stage 3 and 4 sleep to shift to the later than in a normal sleep cycle.
The researchers concluded that coffee and caffeine may be used in normal people to induce symptoms of insomnia.[viii]
2.
Caffeine improves physical endurance. Multiple studies show that trained athletes experience improved performance from low to moderate doses of
caffeine.
Some studies found improved trial performance, and maximum cycling power. Likely from a greater reliance on fat metabolism and decreased muscle fatigue.
Caffeine helps athletes train longer and at greater power output. And post-exercise recovery benefits from more glucose being taken up by cells and stored as glycogen.
In fact, caffeine can be so effective in sports that the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) banned the use of caffeine in athletes from 1962 – 1972 and again from 1984 –
2003.
Caffeine was removed from the prohibited list of drugs but is still part of WADA’s monitoring program to monitor the possible misuse of it in sport.[ix]
How things go bad
In 1994, scientists confirmed for the first time that caffeine is addictive. In the same way you can become addicted to cigarettes, alcohol or drugs.[x]
In May 2013 caffeine withdrawal was included as an official mental disorder in the 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM).[xi]
Caffeine affects your body for about 4 hours after it is consumed. Withdrawal symptoms set in 12 – 20 hours after your last dose. The worst symptoms set in after about 2
days and can last for up to a week.
↑ Drowsiness increases
↑ Mood swings increase
↑ Headaches increase
↓ Alertness decreases
Consuming caffeine increases dopamine in your brain which improves mood. Once caffeine leaves your system, you can get grumpy and tired.
Researchers found continuous caffeine consumption increases your number of adenosine[xii], dopamine[xiii], and acetylcholine receptors[xiv]. And is likely why long-term
use of caffeine causes tolerance.
Caffeine to the rescue
Caffeine is the most widely used psychoactive drug in the world. Boosting attention and normalizing mood and cognition.
A study at John Hopkins University showed that caffeine enhances consolidation of long-term memory. This enhanced memory performance occurred 24-hours after caffeine
consumption.[xv]
This study is especially relevant if you are looking for nootropics for study. Because it means caffeine consumed after a study session helps consolidate memory of what you
studied.
Caffeine improves reaction time. And increases alertness and focus.[xvi]
Coffee and caffeine have been shown to repair DNA damage.[xvii]
Long-term caffeine use has been associated with reduced risk of diabetes.[xviii]
Increased caffeine intake is associated with decreased risk of malignant melanoma.[xix]
Increased caffeine consumption also protects against cataract blindness.[xx]
How does Caffeine feel?
How you feel on caffeine varies from person to person. But for most it depends on how much you consume.
Caffeine acts as a central nervous system stimulant. Once it crosses the blood-brain barrier the most noticeable effect is alertness.
Caffeine stimulates the release of dopamine. Which accounts for the pleasant feeling you associate with your first morning coffee.
Most neurohackers find consuming caffeine makes you more productive. You should find it easier to concentrate and get things done.
Using a caffeinated beverage after a study session should help you recall what you studied more easily.
But caffeine later in the afternoon or evening resets your internal body clock (circadian rhythm) and delays the natural rise of melatonin. Your brain’s primary sleep
hormone.
So consuming coffee, tea or an energy drink too late in the day will likely leave you unable to sleep.
And quitting caffeine abruptly can lead to some nasty withdrawal symptoms. See the “Side Effects” section of this review for more.
The Research
Caffeine Reduces Risk of Suicide
Drinking several cups of coffee daily appears to reduce the risk of suicide by about 50% according to a study at the Harvard School of Public Health.
Study authors reviewed data from 3 large studies and found that risk of adult suicide who drank 2 – 4 cups of caffeinated coffee per day was about half compared to those
who drank decaffeinated coffee or no coffee.
Caffeine not only stimulates the central nervous system but also acts as a mild antidepressant by boosting production of serotonin, dopamine and epinephrine.
After analyzing all the data, researchers concluded, “our results suggest an association between greater consumption of coffee and a lowered risk of suicide”.[xxi]
Caffeine Improves Cognitive Performance
68 U.S. Navy Seal trainees were randomly assigned either 100, 200, or 300 mg of caffeine or placebo in capsule form after 72 hours of sleep deprivation and continuous
exposure to other stressors.
Cognitive tests included visual vigilance, reaction time, working memory, and mood.
The chief researcher of the study, Harris Lieberman reported, “Even in the most adverse circumstances, moderate doses of caffeine can improve cognitive function,
including vigilance, learning, memory, and mood state.
When cognitive performance is critical and must be maintained during exposure to severe stress, administration of caffeine may provide a significant advantage. A dose of
200 mg appears to be optimal under such conditions.”
Caffeine Reduces Depression
Recent clinical studies have shown that caffeine intake enhances the effect of antidepressants in rodents.
To find out if it worked in humans, researchers in China recruited 95 male inpatients currently on antidepressant medication. Patients were given 60 or 100 mg of caffeine
daily or a placebo daily for 4 weeks.
The results showed low dose caffeine improved cognitive performance in depressed patients.
And the researchers concluded caffeine helps reverse the development of depression. And “enhances the outcome of antidepressant treatment in major depressive
disorder”.[xxii]
Caffeine Boosts Memory
60 undergraduate students at the University of Arizona were given an 8-counce cup of Starbucks Italian Bold coffee with caffeine or decaffeinated (as the placebo) between
6 – 7 am.
The participants were then instructed to read a book for 30 minutes.
Students who drank the caffeinated coffee performed significantly better than placebo with 30% improvement in memory.
The researchers performed the same test with 43 students between 2 – 4 in the afternoon. In contrast to the morning session, the students did not experience any memory
benefit.
The study authors concluded that “caffeine has a specific benefit for memory during students’ non-optimal time of day – early morning. These findings have real-world
implications for students taking morning exams.”[xxiii]
Studies show that older adults also have better memory in the morning. But memory ability declines in the afternoon.
In another study adults over 65 who considered themselves “morning-types” were tested twice over an interval of 5 – 11 days. Once in the morning and once in the late
afternoon.
Adults who ingested decaffeinated coffee showed a significant decline in memory performance from morning to afternoon.
In contrast, those who ingested caffeine showed no decline in performance from morning to afternoon.
The conclusion is obvious; older adults perform better in the afternoon when it comes to memory by consuming a caffeinated beverage.[xxiv]
Dosage Notes
According to the Mayo Clinic, 400 mg of caffeine per day appears to be safe for most healthy adults. About the amount of caffeine in four cups of regular brewed
coffee.[xxv] Or 1 ½ Starbucks ‘tall’ coffees.
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommend ages 12 – 18 limit caffeine intake to no more than 100 mg per day.[xxvi]
The half-life of caffeine is 4 – 6 hours and you experience the effects of caffeine for at least 4 hours.
Be aware that sources of caffeine include coffee, tea, Coke, Pepsi, Dr. Pepper, Mountain Dew, 5-Hour Energy Shot, Monster Energy Drinks.
And one Starbucks tall coffee can contain 235 mg of caffeine.
So it’s surprisingly easy to quickly exceed your personal caffeine limit before you begin to experience caffeine toxicity.
Everyone has a different tolerance level before experiencing the symptoms of a caffeine overdose. Listen to your body to know what your personal limit is.
Caffeine + L-Theanine
One of the most popular and simple nootropic stacks is caffeine stacked with L-Theanine.
A study with 49 people was conducted at Wageningen University in the Netherlands to assess the effects of caffeine, L-Theanine and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) (which
is found in green tea) on mood and cognitive performance.
Study authors noted as little as 40 mg of caffeine has been shown to improve performance on long-duration cognitive tasks, alertness, arousal and vigor.
The team also noted just 200 mg of L-Theanine improved feelings of calmness, relaxation and less tension.
And when L-Theanine and caffeine were combined there was a significant improvement in alertness and attention-switching task performance. More so than with caffeine
alone.
The researchers concluded, “these studies provided reliable evidence showing that L-theanine and caffeine have clear beneficial effects on sustained attention, memory, and
suppression of distraction.
Moreover, L-theanine was found to lead to relaxation by reducing caffeine induced arousal”.[xxvii]
Side Effects
Caffeine is a xanthine alkaloid that can be profoundly toxic and deadly.
But reports of caffeine overdoses resulting in death are relatively rare.[xxviii] However, it’s surprisingly easy to go into caffeine toxicity territory so please always check the
labels on caffeinated beverages and energy drinks.
Doses as little as 200 mg can be toxic to sensitive people.
Symptoms of caffeine toxicity include feeling ‘wired’, breathing trouble, confusion, diarrhea, fainting, fever, hallucination, increased thirst and/or urination, heart palpitation,
restlessness, sweating, muscle tremors and rapid heartbeat.
Caffeine is addictive and you can quickly build up a tolerance to its energizing effects.
Caffeine withdrawal is serious and can include anxiety, fatigue, headaches, irritability, digestive problems, and trouble concentrating.
Do NOT combine any source of caffeine with ephedrine, quinolone antibiotics, propranolol, theophylline, certain birth control pills, or echinacea. Check with your doctor or
pharmacist if you are using any other medications that may be affected by caffeine.
Doses of 10 grams of caffeine can be fatal. Although this varies from person to person.[xxix] In one case a person died from only 240 mg of caffeine.
A teaspoon of caffeine powder has 3,200 mg of caffeine.
Available Forms
You get caffeine from a variety of sources including coffee, green or black tea, energy drinks or shots, caffeinated beverages like cola, yerba mate, chocolate, OTC stimulant
supplements, some weight loss drugs, and a few pre-formulated nootropic stacks.
Caffeine is a natural alkaloid found in the seeds and leaves of certain plants. Caffeine in coffee originates primarily from the bean of Coffea arabica, a shrub or small tree
that grows in high-altitude subtropical regions of the world.
Caffeine anhydrous is manufactured from the beans of coffea plants. “Anhydrous” means without water. Caffeine is extracted from the bean and dehydrated. Which
produces a highly concentrated caffeine powder.
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Caffeine 200 – 400 mg per pay
We recommend using Caffeine as a nootropic supplement.
Your body does not make caffeine on its own. You get varying amounts of caffeine from coffee, tea, energy drinks and shots, yerba mate, and some pre-formulated
nootropic stacks.
All caffeine is the same regardless of the source. Its effects are dose-dependent up to a tolerable limit.
Caffeine is particularly effective as a study aid because consumption of a caffeinated beverage after your study session should help you consolidate the memory of what you
studied.
Caffeine is especially helpful for athletes because it improves performance and reaction time. And increases alertness and focus.
And caffeine helps improve mood.
Tolerance to caffeine builds quickly so expect to continue dosing with moderate amounts of caffeine every day to avoid withdrawal symptoms.
And caffeine is great to stack with L-Theanine because the combination helps increase alertness, memory and mood. While L-Theanine helps counteract some of the
negative symptoms of caffeine’s stimulant qualities.
Suggested starting dose of caffeine is 200 daily. See how your body reacts. The absolute upper limit is no more than 500 mg of caffeine per day.
Cat’s Claw
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
Cat’s Claw has been shown to increase Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, fight inflammation and free radical damage, repair DNA, alleviate depression, and improve
cognition and focus.
Cat’s Claw (Uncaria tomentosa, Uña de Gato, or Savéntaro) is a South American vine used as a nootropic with potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects that
support DNA repair, immune function and normal cell division.[i]
For cognitive health, Uncaria tomentosa has been used to prevent inflammation, promote cerebral circulation, fight amyloid plaques in Alzheimer’s and possibly even boost
acetylcholine (ACh).
Cat’s Claw is a member of the plant family Rubiaceae, genus Uncaria that consists of at least 34 different species found in tropical forests of Southeast Asia, Africa, Central
and South America.
When choosing a Cat’s Claw nootropic supplement, you need to know that at least 12 different and unrelated herbs have been marketed as Uña de Gato or Cat’s Claw.
The two South American species are Uncaria guanensis, a lower altitude shrub, and Uncaria tomentosa, a higher altitude woody vine found particularly in Peru.
The root and inner bark of the stalk of Uncaria tomentosa contains 30 known constituents including at least 17 alkaloids, along with a number of other compounds.
Researchers first thought it was the oxindole alkaloids that provided Cat’s Claw health benefits. More recently, a water soluble extract called C-Med-100® (AC-11®) was
shown to possess strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.
C-Med-100® does not contain a significant amount of alkaloids. Instead the bioactive nootropic benefits of this vine are quinic acid esters.[ii]
When selecting a Cat’s Claw supplement for nootropic use, read the labels carefully. And choose only Uncaria tomentosa. We’ll have more about selecting the right
supplement later in this post.
Cat’s Claw helps:


Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF). Research shows that Cat’s Claw boosts BDNF, tames NMDA activity, and repairs damaged DNA. Promoting an
environment in your hippocampus for neurogenesis which is essential for learning, memory and mood. Low BDNF can lead to major depression, OCD,
schizophrenia, and dementia.
Neuroprotection. Cat’s Claw is a powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. Cat’s Claw protects your brain from inflammation and damage from free radicals.
Chronic inflammation has been linked to depression and dementia. Cat’s Claw also reduces the formation of plaques that are associated with Alzheimer’s
Disease.

Neurotransmitters. Cat’s Claw boosts Tryptophan levels which increases serotonin and can provide a calming effect. Cat’s Claw affects serotonin (5-HT2)
receptors which helps alleviate pain.
Table of Contents
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







Overview
How does Cat’s Claw work in the Brain?
How things go bad
Cat’s Claw to the rescue
How does Cat’s Claw feel?
The Research
o
o
o
Cat’s Claw Improves Memory
Cat’s Claw Suppresses Cancer
Cat’s Claw Repairs DNA and Boosts Immune System
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
Cat’s Claw (Uncaria tomentosa, Uña de Gato, or Savéntaro) is a large, woody South American vine that gets its name from the hook-like thorns on the leaf stem
resembling the claws of a cat.
Cat’s Claw (Uncaria tomentosa) Courtesy Vangeliq.petrova
Cat’s Claw is indigenous to the Amazon rainforest and other tropical areas of South and Central America. Cat’s Claw has been used medicinally by the Aguaruna, Asháninka,
Cashibo, Conibo, and Shipibo tribes of Peru for at least 2,000 years.
The Asháninka use Cat’s Claw for everything from asthma to urinary tract infections to cancer. I won’t go into the long list of ailments Cat’s Claw is used for here because
we’re focusing on the cognitive benefits of this herb. Just rest assured, Cat’s Claw has an amazing track record.
Most of the commercially grown Cat’s Claw (Uncaria tomentosa) we get for nootropic use is from Peru. Cat’s Claw is rich in phytochemicals, alkaloids, glycosides, tannins,
flavonoids, sterol fractions and other compounds.
Ignore the marketing hype of “good alkaloids”, “bad alkaloids” and “TAO-Free” for Cat’s Claw. Independent research since the early 1970’s in animals and humans have
used everything from freeze-dried ground root and bark to individual extracts of specific Cat’s Claw compounds.
Cat’s Claw has been shown to decrease inflammation of arthritis[iii], prevent DNA damage[iv], reduce free radical damage[v], reduce cancer[vi], controls pain through
serotonin (5-HT2) receptors[vii], and much more.
How does Cat’s Claw work in the Brain?
Cat’s Claw boosts brain health and function in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
Cat’s Claw is a neuroprotectant. Cat’s Claw and its extracts have long been used to treat arthritis, asthma, chronic inflammation, immune disorders, pain,
wound healing and tumors.
Some of the more recent research has focused on the cognitive benefits of Cat’s Claw. And using Cat’s Claw to protect brain function and cognition.
One study demonstrated that an extract of Cat’s Claw could enhance DNA repair in the brain.[viii] Another study showed Cat’s Claw extract boosting Tryptophan levels
which could have a profound effect on serotonin and mood.[ix] Dozens of other studies show Cat’s Claw possessing antioxidant properties, anti-inflammatory, an immune
modulator, anti-tumor, antihypertensive, as well as prevention of stroke.[x]
2.
Cat’s Claw can increase memory and learning. Cat’s Claw extracts can help learning and memory in a healthy as well as a damaged brain.
Research shows certain alkaloid extracts of Cat’s Claw can help repair brain cells damaged by stroke or dysfunction of the acetylcholine receptors. The Cat’s Claw alkaloid
Rhynchophylline is a NMDA antagonist. [xi] Selectively restricting NMDA receptors helps tone down hyperactivity and overstimulation. Providing a calm mind for clear
cognition and learning.
How things go bad
Chronic stress, anxiety and free radicals (oxidation) damage your brain. This damage can manifest in several ways including memory loss, brain fog, anxiety, depression,
and even neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.
↓ Chronic stress reduces memory
↓ Free radicals kill brain cells
↓ Neuroplasticity declines degrading long-term potentiation[xii]
↓ Brain -Derived Neurotrophic Factor Declines
↑ NMDA receptors are over-active
Under conditions of chronic stress or depression caused by everyday living or chronic pain, your brain loses the capacity to transmit signals between neurons efficiently.
Memory, cognition and decision-making all suffer as a result.
Cat’s Claw to the rescue
Research from hundreds of studies have shown that Cat’s Claw and its extracts:










Potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory
Relieves pain through influence on serotonin receptors
Enhances DNA repair
Boosts immune health
Suppresses tumor proliferation
Protects against damage from stroke[xiii]
Improve memory and cognition
Restore the availability of acetylcholine
Improves cerebral circulation
Reduces stress


Help repair brain cells
Eliminate free radicals from within brain cells
How does Cat’s Claw feel?
Cat’s Claw is a potent anti-inflammatory and immune booster. Most neurohackers report a dramatic decrease in arthritis and joint pain.
Cat’s Claw has a reputation for reducing the symptoms of Lyme Disease and Crohn’s Disease.
Most who use Cat’s Claw regularly report they don’t get sick as often, experience less pain, and have an easier time getting to sleep and sleeping through the night.
Some neurohackers use Cat’s Claw to relieve an over-active mind. Cat’s Claw can calm racing thoughts and make it easier to focus.
The Research
Cat’s Claw Improves Memory
Cat’s Claw has been reported to restore memory both in the lab and in user reviews. One method of increasing memory with Cat’s Claw may be through promoting longterm potentiation.
Rhynchophylline (Rhy) is an alkaloid isolated from Cat’s Claw that has long been recommended for treatment of diseases in the central nervous system. Researchers in
China investigated using Rhy in stroke victims.
Rats were injected with Rhynchophylline once daily for 4 consecutive days before surgery, and then one more injection after surgery. The surgery created a stroke in the
rats by severing a middle artery in their brain.
The team found that Rhynchophylline prevented brain damage from the stroke while increasing BDNF expression.[xiv] The Cat’s Claw extract also activated the
PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway which is a necessary component of long-term potentiation.[xv]
Long-term potentiation is the strengthening of synapses between neurons which is one of the major mechanisms in the brain behind learning and memory.
Cat’s Claw Suppresses Cancer
Cat’s Claw has traditionally been used by indigenous cultures in South America and other parts of the world to treat cancer. And several studies caught my attention
because I came across two Cat’s Claw customer reviews on how the herb helped them survive a dismal diagnosis of brain cancer.
Austrian researchers used Cat’s Claw extracts (isopteropodine (A1), pteropodine (A2), isomitraphylline (A3), uncarine F (A4) and mitraphylline (A5)) on human leukemia T
cells on the lab.
Four of the five extracts not only stopped cancer cell growth, but killed the cancer cells outright.[xvi]
Another USA research team found that Cat’s Claw has the ability to regulate immune system cytokines that help your body’s defense against cancer.[xvii]
An Italian study investigated using Cat’s Claw extract on breast cancer. The researchers found that Cat’s Claw prevented the growth of 90% of breast cancer cells in the
lab.[xviii]
A research team in Mexico found that Cat’s Claw extract stopped Wnt-signaling activity in cancer cells.[xix] The Wnt-signaling pathway is implicated in glioblastoma, the
most common and most aggressive cancer that occurs in the brain.
Cat’s Claw Repairs DNA and Boosts Immune System
Researchers in Sweden used the C-MED-100 (AC-11®) extract of Cat’s Claw in rats and men.
Rats were given doses of 0, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 mg of the Cat’s Claw extract per kg of body weight for 8 consecutive weeks. White blood cell counts in the 40 and 80 mg
treatment groups were significantly elevated over controls.
In male volunteers, healthy men were given 5 mg of Cat’s Claw extract per kg of body weight for 6 consecutive weeks. Again white blood cell count was significantly
elevated in the male volunteers.
The researchers also found that DNA repair got a significant boost by Cat’s Claw extract after whole body irradiation in the rats.[xx]
A 2nd study by the same research group used C-MED-100 extract with 12 healthy men. The volunteers received either 250 mg of the extract, 350 mg of extract or a placebo
daily for 8 weeks. Hydrogen peroxide was used to induce DNA damage in the men.
Both extracts provided a significant increase in DNA repair compared to the controls who received a placebo.[xxi]
Dosage Notes
Cat’s Claw is well tolerated by most and considered non-toxic.
Cat’s Claw is available in tablets, capsules or as a water or alcohol extract tincture. Ground or freeze-dried Cat’s Claw bark can also be taken as a tea.
Cat’s Claw recommended dosage is one 100 mg capsule per day for arthritis. And one 250 or 350 mg capsule per day for cognitive and immune support.
Standardized Cat’s Claw vine or root bark extracts usually contain 3% alkaloids and 15% phenols.
Don’t mistake Uncaria tomentosa for Uncaria guianensis which is another type of Cat’s Claw from the Amazon basin. U. guianensis has a much lower alkaloid content.
Side Effects
Side effects are rare with Cat’s Claw. But may include diarrhea, dizziness or nausea.
Those with autoimmune diseases, skin grafts, tuberculosis or receiving organ transplants should not use Cat’s Claw because of its effects on the immune system. Cat’s Claw
can stimulate the immune system and will counteract any medication you’re using to suppress your immune system.
Cat’s Claw is known for lowering blood pressure. So if you have an issue with low blood pressure, or on high blood pressure medication you should not use Cat’s Claw.
Cat’s Claw may increase the risk of bleeding so don’t take this herb if you have a bleeding disorder, are on blood thinners, or are planning surgery.
Available Forms
Cat’s Claw powdered inner bark of the vine is usually the least expensive form and comes in 1,000 mg capsules.
Cat’s Claw standardized extract usually contains 1.5% to 3% oxindole alkaloids and 15% phenols.
AC-11® (C-MED-100®) is a patented hot-water extract of Cat’s Claw. It’s standardized to 8% Carboxyl Alkyl Esters.
Savéntaro® POA Cat’s Claw is a standardized and patented form of Cat’s Claw with 1.3% pentacyclic oxindole alkaloids (POA) (260 mcg) and is purified to be free of
tetracyclic oxindole alkaloids (TOA).
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Cat’s Claw standardized extract up to 250 – 350 mg per day
We recommend using Cat’s Claw as a nootropic supplement.
Your body does not make Cat’s Claw. So you must take it as a supplement to get its effects.
This ancient herb has a long history of safe use as an herbal remedy in many parts of the world. Cat’s Claw (Uncaria tomentosa) is native to South America and the form
referred to throughout this post.
Cat’s Claw is mostly used as an anti-inflammatory and immune system booster. Cat’s Claw is especially helpful to those dealing with the symptoms of Lyme or Crohn’s
Disease. And for those dealing with arthritis, joint pain or Carpel Tunnel Syndrome.
AC-11® is often used in nootropic circles for cognitive support. Dosage of AC-11® is 350 mg per day.
Cat’s Claw can improve your mood and memory. And protect your brain from free radicals and the toxins you’re exposed to everyday.
Cat’s Claw as a nootropic has the potential to keep you mentally sharp for life. You can even out the stress and anxiety of your day by sipping Cat’s Claw tea. Or use a
supplement as a cognitive enhancer.
CBD Oil
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
CBD Oil helps relieve anxiety and depression, reduces oxidative stress and inflammation, alleviates pain and has been shown to provide anti-cancer benefits
Cannabidiol (CBD) is one of at least 120 phytocannabinoids found in the Cannabis Sativa L. plant. Constituting around 40% of the plant’s active compounds.[i]
Cannabidiol can be extracted from cannabis (marijuana), industrial hemp, or synthesized in the lab. Both hemp and marijuana are versions of the Cannabis Sativa L. plant.
The percentage of CBD in hemp plants by dry weight is lower than the percentage of CBD in some hybrids of medical marijuana plants. But once the oil is extracted, the
molecular structure of CBD is the same regardless of the source.
CBD does not have the same psychotomimetic (mind-altering) effects as the main plant compound THC (Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol). In fact, CBD is able to counter the mindaltering effects caused by THC.
CBD extracts primarily come from cannabis flowers and leaves of the marijuana plant. And from the flowers, leaves and stalks of hemp.
Hemp oil comes from the seeds of the hemp plant. But does not offer the same therapeutic benefits as CBD Oil.
CBD Oil and hemp oil are not the same and should not be confused. You will not experience the same nootropic benefits with hemp oil as you will with CBD Oil.
Note that depending on the hybrid, cannabis provides 5 – 35% of THC. While hemp is regulated to contain less than 0.3% THC.
In 1999, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services obtained a patent for the neuroprotective effects of cannabinoids (US patent 6630507). To protect the brain
from neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s and other forms of dementia.
CBD is anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-anxiety and provides anti-tumor properties, among others. CBD has been shown to have potential in the treatment of depression,
neuroinflammation, epilepsy, oxidative stress, vomiting and nausea, anxiety and schizophrenia.[ii]
CBD Oil helps:


Mood: CBD has been shown in the lab and through practical user experience to provide anti-anxiety and antidepressant effects. Reducing anxiety in those with
social anxiety disorder. And as an antidepressant by enhancing serotonin and glutamate signaling via 5-HT1A
Psychosis & seizures: CBD has gained widespread attention for treating seizure disorders like epilepsy. CBD lowers excitation in brain cells that contribute to
seizures. CBD also enhances GABA which helps prevent seizures.[iii] And its anti-psychotic effects are related to its effect on increasing levels of
anandamide.[iv]

Neuroprotectant: CBD acts on CB2 receptors to produce anti-inflammatory responses in brain immune cells. Oxidation contributes to the damage seen in
diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. And inflammation has been associated with depression. CBD helps reduce this oxidative damage and inflammation.
Table of Contents


Overview
The Endocannabinoid System
o
Neurotransmitters that work in reverse
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How does CBD Oil work in the brain?
How things go bad
CBD Oil to the rescue
How does CBD Oil feel?
The Research
o
o
o
CBD reduces social anxiety
CBD Oil relieves depression
CBD Oil may relieve the symptoms of epilepsy
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
Cannabidiol (CBD) is one of over 120 phytocannabinoids that have been isolated so far from Cannabis sativa L..[v] The other major phytocannabinoid is THC (Δ9tetrahydrocannabinol).
CBD was first isolated in pure form in 1940 simultaneously from American hemp[vi], and from Egyptian hashish[vii]. Since then, much more research has been conducted
on THC compared to CBD. Likely because THC produces psychotomimetic effects (it can make you high), and CBD does not alter your mind.
In fact, clinical studies and reports by ordinary neurohackers show that CBD can help prevent the psychotic-like effects induced by high doses of THC.
Cannabis is native to Central and South Asia. And has been used for millennia to produce hemp fiber for bowstrings, clothing, rope, livestock feed, medicine, religious
ceremonies and recreation.
People were using cannabis to get stoned thousands of years ago. But it has only been in the last few years that scientists have begun to piece together how and what
cannabis does in your brain.
The Endocannabinoid System
Endocannabinoid is short for endogenous cannabinoid. Endogenous means it’s native to our bodies.
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a group of receptors located throughout your brain and body. And consists of signaling molecules and their receptors.
The ECS is involved in various processes including appetite, mood, memory, pain-sensation, stress response, energy balance and metabolism and even female
reproduction.[viii]
The two primary endocannabinoid receptors are CB1 and CB2. CB1 receptors are found primarily in the brain and central nervous system. It is the main molecular target of
the endocannabinoid anandamide which is produced in your body, and the THC you get from cannabis.
The other main endocannabinoid is 2-AG (2-Arachidonoylglycerol) which is also produced in your body, and CBD which you get from cannabis. Both 2-AG and CBD are
active at both the CB1 and CB2 receptors.
But CBD cannot bind directly with the CB1 receptor like THC. CB2 receptors are mainly expressed in immune cells in your body.
The overall function of the ECS is to maintain balance in the nervous system.
Neurotransmitters that work in reverse
Normally we think of neurotransmitters as moving in the direction of synaptic firing. In other words, it’s moving from the sending neuron to the receiving neuron to produce
some action.
Endocannabinoids, on the other hand, are unique because they act more like retrograde neurotransmitters. They act in the opposite direction of synaptic flow.
Endocannabinoids in the synapse temporarily reduce the amount of neurotransmitter released from the sending neuron. Meaning the receiving neuron exerts control over
the amount of neurotransmitter that it receives.
Now let’s circle back to cannabis. CBD and THC are collectively known as cannabinoids. And both interact with CB1 and CB2 receptors in your body and brain.
THC can dock directly to the CB1 receptor. But not CBD. Instead, CBD increases the activity of the native endocannabinoid system by increasing cannabinoid receptor
density.[ix] And by inhibiting FAAH (fatty acid amide hydrolase) which increases levels of endocannabinoids like the bliss molecule anandamide.[x]
CBD is also an agonist of the 5-HT1a serotonin receptor.[xi] So the combination of increasing anandamide and serotonin activity likely provides the anti-anxiety and
antidepressant effects of CBD. But we’ll dig into more detail on how CBD works in the brain in the next section.
How does CBD Oil work in the brain?
CBD Oil boosts brain health and function in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
CBD Oil is anti-anxiety. Human and animal studies show that CBD works as an anxiolytic.[xii] The first human study was published in 1982 on the interaction
between CBD and THC.
The study worked with 8 healthy volunteers with a mean age of 27 years. The participants had not used cannabis in the previous 15 days. In this double-blind procedure,
the volunteers received CBD, THC, THC + CBD, diazepam, or a placebo in different sequences and days.
The results showed that the increased anxiety following the administration of THC was significantly reduced with the simultaneous administration of CBD (THC + CBD).[xiii]
Several other studies with humans have since been conducted to determine how CBD produces this anti-anxiety effect. The consensus appears to be that CBD alters blood
flow in specific areas of the brain.
One study had healthy volunteers using 400 mg CBD or a placebo in a double-blind trial. The researchers concluded that CBD significantly reduced anxiety.
The study found that CBD increased brain activity in the left Para-hippocampal gyrus and decreased activity in the left amygdala-hippocampus complex, including the
fusiform gyrus.
This pattern of SPECT results is what is normally associated with an anxiolytic action.[xiv]
2.
CBD Oil is antidepressant. Reviews of many who regularly used CBD oil report its antidepressant effects. Studies have shown that CBD inhibits 5-HT1a
serotonin receptor activity. Which would raise levels of serotonin and provide an improvement in mood.
But there is also speculation among the scientific community that CBD also provides its antidepressant effects by increasing levels of endocannabinoids like anandamide.
Likely by inhibiting their breakdown.[xv]
Other studies have shown that CBD facilitates other actions in the brain both in humans and animals that could contribute to improvement in mood. Including modifying the
function of the several receptors such as CB1, CB2, GPR55, TRPV1 and 5-HT1A neuroreceptors.
CBD also inhibits FAAH which increases levels of the bliss molecule anandamide. And inhibits the adenosine transporter which would increase levels of adenosine. All
possibly contributing to a better mood and decrease in depression.[xvi]
How things go bad
The primary culprit behind brain and neuron damage is oxidation and inflammation. And this damage can happen at any age. It’s influenced by our environment, toxins,
food, stress and more.
↓ Serotonin and anandamide levels decline
↑ Anxiety increases
↓ Mood declines
↓ Brain cell plasticity declines
↓ Cognition, learning, memory and recall decline
↓ Free radicals damage brain cell mitochondria
↓ Leaky blood-brain barrier
CBD reduces oxidative damage by working as an antioxidant. It stimulates the production of BDNF which helps repair damaged neurons and assists in neurogenesis.[xvii]
CBD oil also helps repair damage to a leaky blood-brain barrier. And prevents the inflammation that damages it in the first place.[xviii]
CBD Oil to the rescue
The CBD movement really gained traction because of a little girl named Charlotte Figi. She had a severe form of epilepsy called Dravet Syndrome.
Charlotte first started having seizures when she was only 3 months old. By the time Charlotte reached 5, she was experiencing 300 grand mal seizures a week.
Her parents had tried every therapy they could think of by then. And nothing worked. Charlotte had lost the ability to walk, talk and eat. Her heart had stopped a number of
times. Doctors had lost all hope of helping this child.
As a last resort, Matt and Paige Figi decided to try medical marijuana with their little girl. Paige located a Denver dispensary that had a small amount of marijuana called R4.
It was low in THC but high in CBD.
The results were stunning. Charlotte started with a small dose of R4. And the seizures all but stopped. She now takes 3 – 4 mg of CBD oil per pound of her body weight with
food.
R4 is now called “Charlotte’s Web”.[xix]
The last 5 years have shown a remarkable increase in publications on CBD mainly stimulated by the discovery of its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and neuroprotective
effects.
These studies have highlighted a wide range of possible therapeutic effects of CBD with conditions like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, diabetes, epilepsy, stroke,
rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory diseases, nausea and cancer.[xx]
Much of the evidence we have with CBD and its benefits to the brain come from everyday users of this nootropic. Some are backed by “hard science” and clinical trials. But
it’s still early days in CBD research.
CBD and its effects on the body’s endocannabinoid system (ECS) provide positive effects on just about everything, including:

appetite
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anxiety and depression
bone development
immune function
memory
pain perception
reproduction
sleep
How does CBD Oil feel?
Most neurohackers report when using CBD oil for the first time that years of pent-up stress and anxiety begin to fade. Many find CBD effective in relieving the symptoms of
depression.
You should also experience an improved quality of sleep. Along with an overall improvement in mood.
Many report relief from pain caused by fibromyalgia, arthritis, lupus, migraines, and back surgery.
Several user reviews reported remission from various types of cancer. Several animal studies back up this anti-cancer benefit.
CBD seems to be effective in relieving the symptoms of bipolar manic depression. Others report the absence of seizures from epilepsy since starting CBD oil.
Overall, CBD oil offers a calming effect for most who’ve tried it or use it consistently. And many talk about their “first good night’s sleep in years”.
The Research
The clinical research for CBD published in the last few years is impressive. But we can group many of these studies into four primary categories; neuroprotection, stress
recovery, immune system balance and homeostatic regulation (energy balance).
CBD reduces social anxiety
Has a few hits off a joint or bong ever made you feel anxious? Turns out that the problem is likely due to too much THC and not enough CBD.
THC produces stimulating psychoactive effects, and CBD works opposite by quelling mind-altering reactions. THC can cause paranoia and CBD does not.
A double-blind, placebo controlled trial conducted in Brazil worked with 10 patients diagnosed with social anxiety disorder. One group received 400 mg of CBD while the
control group took a placebo. The researchers concluded that CBD was effective in reducing anxiety.[xxi]
Another study in Brazil investigated the effect of CBD on the paranoia often associated with public speaking. In this trial, 24 patients diagnosed with social anxiety disorder
participated.
Half the patients received 600 mg CBD and the other group a placebo. 1 ½ hours after using CBD or the placebo, patients participated in a simulated public speaking test.
The researchers found that pre-treatment with CBD significantly reduced anxiety, cognitive impairment and discomfort in their speech performance. The placebo group
presented higher anxiety, cognitive impairment, and discomfort.[xxii]
CBD Oil relieves depression
Over the past 10 years, research has shown that depression may be caused by elevated inflammatory cytokines in the brain. This elevation in inflammation alters
neurotransmitter systems which can lead to psychiatric disorder and depression.[xxiii]
Scientist are still trying to figure out exactly how CBD and other cannabinoids alleviate inflammation. Studies have shown that cannabinoid receptors play a crucial role in
regulation of the immune system. And some cannabinoids have been shown to suppress inflammatory cytokines.[xxiv]
Cannabidiol (CBD) has been shown many times in animal studies to alleviate depression using various models. CBD activates the 5-HT1A (serotonin) receptor. Which could
be behind CBD’s antidepressant effects.
In one study done in Brazil, male Swiss mice were given CBD, imipramine or a placebo. The mice were then put into a forced swimming test.
The study found that “CBD induces antidepressant-like effects comparable to those of imipramine. These effects of CBD were probably mediated by activation of 5-HT1A
receptors”.[xxv]
CBD Oil may relieve the symptoms of epilepsy
Several clinical trials have concluded that CBD is effective in reducing epileptic seizures in children with Dravet Syndrome.
The authors of these studies note that the majority of these children have a mutation in a receptor channel that is expressed in inhibitory neurons associated with the GABA
system in the brain.
And it turns out that direct modulation of GABAA receptors by CBD likely contributes to the therapeutic effects in those with severe epilepsy.
Researchers at the University of Sidney investigated the effects of CBD on human GABAA receptors. The team inserted electrodes into egg cells implanted with human
GABAA receptors to measure changes in electrical current following GABA administration and exposure to either CBD or 2-AG.
The results showed that both CBD and 2-AG are able to modulate electrical currents via changes in GABAA receptor activity. Both were able to exert their effects on
receptors that didn’t respond to benzodiazepines.
The study also found that CBD had a higher binding selectivity than that of 2-AG. Meaning CBD worked more like GABA drugs that are able to reduce the symptoms of
anxiety without sedation.[xxvi]
Dosage Notes
Recommended CBD Oil starting dosage is 4 – 45 mg per day.
Now if you’ve done any research or have practical experience using CBD Oil, that recommended dosage is not very helpful. It’s merely a good starting point to see how your
body reacts.
Dosage of CBD Oil depends on the condition you are treating, your body weight, and how your body reacts to Cannabidiol. Dosages differ from one person to the next.
The Mayo Clinic offers the following recommended dosages based on “scientific research, publications, traditional use, or expert opinion”.[xxvii]
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Epilepsy – 200 – 300 mg CBD per day
Huntington’s disease – 10 mg CBD per kilogram of body weight
Sleep disorders – 40 – 160 mg CBD per day
Schizophrenia – 40 – 1280 mg CBD per day
Glaucoma – 20 – 40 mg CBD per day
Chronic pain – 2.5 – 20 mg CBD per day
These dosage recommendations are based on using pure CBD Oil extracted from Cannabis sativa including hemp but contains no THC.
Many in the Cannabis world maintain that a combination of CBD and THC in varying ratios will provide greater therapeutic value than using CBD or THC alone.
So it’s up to you to decide, based on availability and your own personal choice, whether to use pure CBD Oil or a CBD product that combines CBD with THC.
The science is clear however that CBD Oil provides amazing therapeutic benefits and can be used on its own.
Side Effects
Most neurohackers can use CBD Oil without experiencing any unpleasant side effects. And the few that do will get minor symptoms such as mild indigestion, diarrhea, or dry
mouth.
Most human clinical studies include side effects reported by study participants.
For example, a study published in the Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research noted that “chronic administration of CBD for 30 days to healthy volunteers, at
daily doses ranging from 10 to 400 mg failed to induce any significant alteration in neurological, psychiatric or clinical exams.
Patients suffering from Huntington’s, daily doses of 700 mg of CBD for 6 weeks did not induce any toxicity. Therefore, confirming results from animal studies, the available
clinical data suggest that CBD can be safely administered over a wide dose range.”[xxviii]
There is no lethal dose for CBD or THC. So while you can’t do permanent damage to your body, you will likely find that lower doses are often better and more effective than
higher doses.
Unwanted side effects are usually caused by poor quality CBD Oil from unreliable brands. Quality matters! Hemp absorbs toxins like mercury and lead from the earth it’s
grown in. So where your CBD Oil comes from can make a big difference.
Available Forms
CBD is available in capsules, concentrates, tinctures, topicals, sprays and vapes.
I highly recommend one of the pioneers in CBD, Charlotte’s Web for a selection of CBD Oils, CBD capsules, CBD isolate, CBD Topicals, CBD Gummies, and even CBD Oil
for dogs. Go here for Charlotte’s Web.
I also recommend Diamond CBD products including CBD oils, vape liquids, edibles, drinks, topical lotions, and pet products.
Diamond CBD have an excellent selection of high quality CBD Oils, and their Liquid Gold Vape liquids are particularly good.
Tinctures are the most common form of CBD on the market. And likely the most pure form of CBD. Dosages range from 100 – 1000 mg. So do your research on what
strength to choose. Tinctures are great for using CBD sublingually.
Concentrates are similar to herbal extracts in that they can contain up to 10-times the concentration of CBD compared to a tincture. Similar to tinctures, concentrates of
CBD work well sublingually.
CBD capsules are usually 10 – 25 mg of CBD Oil. Capsules are the easiest way to keep track of your daily dosage. Just add the capsules to your nootropic stack.
Topical CBD comes in lotions, lip balms, and salves and are used for chronic pain, inflammation, psoriasis, acne, skin cancer and anti-aging. Read the label to find out what
type of technology the product employs to deliver CBD through the dermal layers of your skin.
CBD sprays are usually the weakest concentration compared to other forms of CBD ranging from 1 – 3 mg per spray. But they’re easy to carry around with you.
Vaping CBD seems to be the least effective form of CBD. If you decide to try vaping CBD, ensure you avoid vape juice or vape pens using propylene glycol as a carrier.
Vaping propylene glycol produces nasty toxins like formaldehyde when heated.
Again, purity matters!
When searching for a CBD vendor, always ask for third party lab results. And pay particular attention to labeling to determine exactly what’s in the bottle and where the
CBD was sourced from. User reviews can be especially helpful in choosing a high quality CBD supplier.
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
CBD Oil start with 4 – 45 mg per day
We recommend using CBD Oil as a nootropic supplement.
Your body does not make CBD Oil on its own. So to get its benefits you must take it as a supplement.
CBD Oil is especially helpful for those dealing with anxiety and depression. CBD increases the bliss neurotransmitter anandamide, GABA and serotonin. And helps tame
inflammation in the brain.
CBD Oil is also particularly useful for treating epilepsy.
Purity and dosing is everything when using CBD Oil. And remember that CBD Oil and hemp oil are NOT the same thing. While hemp oil offers several health benefits, it does
not contain much, if any, of the phytocannabinoid CBD.
Dosing CBD varies from person to person and requires some trial and error. Always start low to see how your body reacts. Slowly increase the dose until you achieve the
benefit you’re looking for.
User reviews and forums can be very helpful for choosing a vendor and brand of CBD.
I highly recommend the CBD Oils, edibles, drinks, topical lotions, and pet products designed and produced by >>> Charlotte’s Web <<<
Choline Bitartrate
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
Choline Bitartrate is known to increase cognition and brain function, improve focus and motivation, and reduce fatigue
Choline Bitartrate is choline combined with tartaric acid. Binding choline to tartaric acid increases bioavailability. Choline (2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-ethanaminium) is a
primary building block for the critical neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh).
Your brain uses acetylcholine to maintain clear communication. In fact, it’s used to maintain communication between all the cells in your body.
You need choline for cognition, memory, sleep and even maintaining your balance, stability and mobility. Your brain needs choline to function.
When choline is in short supply, your brain goes on a scavenger hunt. And starts to steal choline from nerve cell membranes. In your brain’s attempt to maintain normal
acetylcholine signaling, it starts taking cells apart.[i]
This works in the short term. Your brain uses this technique to keep your memory and other functions running smoothly. But in the long run it takes a toll on your brain at
the cellular level.[ii]
This is the primary reason you need to add a choline supplement to your nootropic stack.
Choline Bitartrate helps:



Brain Energy. Choline Bitartrate improves mood, and boosts mental energy. Choline is needed to maintain alertness and clarity of thought.
Neurotransmitters. Choline Bitartrate helps improve memory. Once it reaches your brain it helps produce the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.[iii]
Brain Optimization. Choline Bitartrate contributes to the development of new brain cells. And enhances your brain’s ability to repair damaged cell membranes.
Table of Contents
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
Overview
Choline Bitartrate vs. CDP-Choline vs. Alpha GPC: What’s the Difference?
How does Choline Bitartrate Work in the Brain?
How things go bad:
Choline Bitartrate to the rescue
How does Choline Bitartrate feel?
The Research
o
Choline Bitartrate Helps with Exercise and Muscle Performance
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
Choline Bitartrate is choline combined with tartaric acid. Tartaric Acid helps increase the bioavailability and effectiveness of this nootropic.
Choline was declared an essential nutrient by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Institute of Medicine (USA) in 1998.
Choline Bitartrate
Choline is considered an essential nutrient because when your body uses it faster than it can produce it, you need supplemental choline either from food or a supplement.
Choline is found in foods such as fish, beef steak and liver, chicken liver, eggs, cod, broccoli, peanut butter and milk.
You need choline for the production of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. And to form phosphatidylcholine (PC), used in building cell membranes.
In fact, choline is so vital to cognition and nerve function that, without it, we couldn’t move, think, sleep or remember anything.
Numerous human and animal studies have shown enhanced brain function when given supplemental choline.
Choline Bitartrate vs. CDP-Choline vs. Alpha GPC: What’s the Difference?
Choline is a water-soluble nutrient and its composition is similar to B-vitamins. Choline Bitartrate, CDP-Choline, Choline Citrate and Alpha GPC are all sources of choline.
Choline Bitartrate: An economical form of choline, and about 40% choline by weight. So 1 gram of Choline Bitartrate offers 400 mg of actual choline. It does not easily
cross the blood-brain barrier. So you won’t experience the same level of nootropic benefits as with Alpha GPC or CDP-Choline.
CDP-Choline (cytidine 5′-diphosphocholine): Is only about 18% choline by weight. Your body naturally synthesizes choline into CDP-Choline (Citicoline). It’s then
converted to phosphatidylcholine (PC) which assists cell membranes, and helps create acetylcholine.
Alpha GPC: About 40% choline by weight and easily crosses the blood-brain barrier. Alpha GPC naturally occurs in your brain as a byproduct of phosphatidylcholine
(PC). When your brain needs more choline, and the choline floating around in your brain is running low, it breaks down PC from cell membranes. And turns it into Alpha
GPC.
Your body and brain loves it when you use choline. Because it doesn’t have to cannibalize its own cells to get more choline.
How does Choline Bitartrate Work in the Brain?
Choline Bitartrate boosts brain health and function in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
Choline Bitartrate boosts acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter tied to memory and overall brain function.
Choline Bitartrate is a precursor to acetylcholine. Improving the efficiency of communications between neurons in your brain. This increase in neural signaling boosts
memory, learning, cognitive processing and mental clarity.
A research team in the Netherlands set out to determine if choline bitartrate could affect coordination of movement and visual perception. In this study, they worked with a
group of 28 people who took 2 grams of choline bitartrate or a placebo.
An hour and 10 minutes after they took the choline or placebo, they had participants rapidly trying to hit the center of a target. Participants who took the choline were not
only far more accurate at hitting the target center than the placebo group. They also did it faster.
The researchers concluded there was a “choline-induced bias” towards precision, speed and accuracy.
They even measured pupil-size in participants. And determined, “The changes in pupil size suggest that choline uptake alters cholinergic functions in the nervous
system.”[iv]
2.
Choline Bitartrate Boosts Memory. Researchers and medical professionals have long known about poor memory in people with a choline deficiency.
A study at Northwestern University in Chicago tested people with a choline deficiency. They gave them a series of memory tests and found their scores below average.
In this study, they then gave one group extra choline, and the others were given a placebo. After 24 weeks, both groups repeated memory tests.
The group who received extra choline showed a dramatic improvement in memory. The placebo group performed poorly as expected with scores the same as on the original
test.[v]
How things go bad:
As we get older, our brain chemistry and energy metabolism changes. This can happen at any age once we enter our adult years.
↓ Brain fog and/or a sense of confusion
↓ Fatigue or lack of energy
↓ Unable to learn new things
↓ Memory loss and poor recall
↓ Feeling distracted or irritable
↓ Poor balance
↓ Lack of energy/fatigue
And these changes can happen at any age. Our bodies are influenced by the food we eat (and what we don’t eat!), what we drink, lifestyle habits, the air we breathe and
more.
Choline Bitartrate can help reverse cognitive decline. It can help you perform better in your work, and at school. By boosting acetylcholine and repairing neural cell
membranes.
Choline Bitartrate to the rescue
Research from hundreds of studies have shown that choline will:

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Eliminate brain fog and confusion
Boost energy
Improve learning
Enhance memory and recall
Help focus and reduce irritability
Improve physical performance
Eliminate fatigue
Choline Bitartrate is water-soluble. After it’s digested it will enter your bloodstream and cross the blood-brain barrier. Once in your brain it boosts neural signal
transmission, and repairs neurons.
Choline Bitartrate improves your brain function and memory by increasing the production of acetylcholine. And prevents neurons from getting cannibalized when your brain
is searching for more choline.
How does Choline Bitartrate feel?
After taking Choline Bitartrate you should feel a boost in your ability to think, mood should improve, and your energy level should go up.
Choline Bitartrate influences the level of acetylcholine in your brain. This crucial neurotransmitter affects memory, cognition, recall and learning.
Low levels of choline will leave you with brain fog and an inability to think clearly. You may also experience a drop in mood and some irri tability.
If you’re using anything from the racetam-family of nootropics and you experience a headache – your brain is likely starved for choline.
The Research
The Framingham Heart Study is a long-term, ongoing cardiovascular study on residents in the town of Framingham, Massachusetts. The study began in 1948 with 5,209
adults. And is now on its 3rd generation of participants.
This study of Framingham Offspring involved 1,391 dementia-free subjects. Ages ranged from 36 – 83 years. The participants underwent a food-frequency questionnaire,
and MRI brain scan. This study was in two parts, from 1991 to 1995, and 1998 to 2001.
They were tested for verbal memory, visual memory, verbal learning and executive function. And a MRI-scan measured brain volume.
The study concluded that those residents with a higher choline intake was directly related to significantly better cognitive performance.[vi]
Choline Bitartrate Helps with Exercise and Muscle Performance
Choline Bitartrate boosts mental energy, focus and concentration. All critical for physical activity and athletic performance.
Choline’s effect on your metabolism and neurotransmitters in the brain produce quicker reaction times. And shorten the time needed for mental processing.
Choline helps improve your energy levels, mood, and recovery time following a workout. It is also critical for muscle nerve function, and in preventing fatigue, muscle aches
and pain following a workout.
When your muscles move, choline is needed to activate the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh). ACh sends signals to muscles, and makes them move.[vii]
Dosage Notes
Recommended Choline Bitartrate dosage is 500 mg to 3,000 mg per day.
You can use higher doses of Choline Bitartrate because this is a water-soluble version of choline. And a limited amount of this choline source will cross the blood-brain
barrier.
Other fat-soluble versions of choline such as Alpha GPC and CDP-Choline will readily cross the blood-brain barrier and make its way into your cells. So lower doses are
required.
Side Effects
Recommended dosages even for extended periods are considered well-tolerated and safe. While Choline Bitartrate is considered non-toxic, it is possible to experience
toxicity with too much choline in your body.
If you experience trouble sleeping, headache, diarrhea, low or high blood pressure, nausea, blurred vision or chest pain – you should stop using Choline Bitartrate.
Available Forms
Choline Bitartrate is sold in capsule or powder form. Capsules are usually 500 mg each. Many of the nootropic stacks available on the market, and even some brand name
vitamins contain Choline Bitartrate in their formula.
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Choline Bitartrate 500 – 3,000 mg per day
We recommend using Choline Bitartrate as a nootropic supplement.
Your body does not make Choline Bitartrate on its own. But some versions of choline naturally occur in your body and brain. Choline sources like Alpha GPC and CDPCholine.
You do get some choline from the food you eat. But studies show we don’t get an adequate supply of choline from food sources in our modern diet.
Choline Bitartrate is especially helpful for those suffering from age-related cognitive decline. Studies show supplemental choline helps stop or reverse brain degeneration
like Alzheimer’s Disease, and other cognitive disorders. Especially in the early to mid-stages of the disease.
We suggest starting with a dose of 500 to 1,000 mg daily. Choline Bitartrate is a good compliment to a stack including any nootropics from the racetam-family.
Piracetam for example affects your neuroreceptors for acetylcholine. So stacking Piracetam and Choline Bitartrate boosts acetylcholine activity even more.
If you’re on a tight budget and you need choline, Choline Bitartrate is a great place to start. It is the most affordabl e version of Choline available. Particularly when
purchased in bulk powder form. You just need more of it than other choline sources like Alpha GPC or CDP-Choline.
Use Choline Bitartrate at a ratio of 6:1. For example, 1,000 mg of Choline Bitartrate with 6,000 mg of Piracetam. If you get a racetam-headache add more choline to your
stack.
Choline Citrate
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
Choline Citrate is known to increase cognition and brain function, improve focus and motivation, and reduce fatigue
Choline Citrate is choline combined with citrate which is an ester of citric acid. Binding choline to citrate contributes to the synthesis of acetylcholine (ACh) in your brain.
The two precursors required for acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis are Choline (2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-ethanaminium) and the enzyme acetyl-Coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA).
Citrate is the source of about one third of the acetyl groups used for the synthesis of ACh.[i]
Your brain uses acetylcholine to maintain clear communication. In fact, it’s used to maintain communication between all the cells in your body.
And you need choline for cognition, memory, sleep and even maintaining your balance, stability and mobility. Your brain needs choline to function.
When choline is in short supply, your brain goes on a scavenger hunt. And starts to steal choline from nerve cell membranes. In your brain’s attempt to maintain normal
acetylcholine signaling, it starts taking cells apart.[ii]
This works in the short term. Your brain uses this technique to keep your memory and other functions running smoothly. But in the long run it takes a toll on your brain at
the cellular level.[iii]
This is the primary reason you need to add a choline supplement to your nootropic stack.
Choline Citrate helps:
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Brain Energy. Choline Citrate improves mood, and boosts mental energy. Choline is needed to maintain alertness and clarity of thought.
Neurotransmitters. Choline Citrate helps improve memory. Once it reaches your brain it helps produce the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.[iv]
Brain Optimization. Choline Citrate contributes to the development of new brain cells. And enhances your brain’s ability to repair damaged cell membranes.
Table of Contents
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Overview
Choline Citrate vs. Choline Bitartrate vs. CDP-Choline vs. Alpha GPC: What’s the Difference?
How does Choline Citrate work in the Brain?
How things go bad
Choline Citrate to the rescue
How does Choline Citrate feel?
The Research
o
o
Choline Boosts Cognition
Choline Citrate Helps with Exercise and Muscle Performance
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
Choline Citrate is choline combined with citrate, an ester of citric acid. Citrate and choline helps in the synthesis of acetylcholine (ACh). The combination of these two
ingredients increases the effectiveness of this source of choline above simply providing another source of choline to the brain.
Choline Citrate
Choline was declared an essential nutrient by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Institute of Medicine (USA) in 1998.
Choline is considered an essential nutrient because when your body uses it faster than it can produce it, you need supplemental choline either from food or a supplement.
Choline is found in foods such as fish, beef steak, liver, chicken liver, eggs, cod, broccoli, peanut butter and milk.
You need choline for the production of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. And to form phosphatidylcholine (PC), a key ingredient in the membranes encasing each
brain cell.
In fact, choline is so vital to cognition and nerve function that, without it, we couldn’t move, think, sleep or remember anything. Numerous human and animal studies have
shown enhanced brain function when given supplemental choline.
Citrate is a citric acid ester which provides a third of the acetyl groups used in the acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis process. You can get citric acid from citrus fruit like lemons
and limes.
And citrate plays another important role in the brain. Citrate is an intermediate in the Krebs cycle (also known as the TCA cycle or Tricarboxylic Acid cycle, or Citric acid
cycle).
Citrate synthase catalyzes the condensation of oxaloacetate with acetyl CoA to form citrate. Citrate then acts as the substrate for aconitase and is converted in aconitic
acid. This cycle ends with the regeneration of oxaloacetate.
This series of chemical reactions is the source of 2/3’s of the energy we get from food. Most of the energy made available by these steps is transferred to form NADH.
Which then drives adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis that fuels mitochondria and provides the energy needed for brain cells.[v]
Choline Citrate vs. Choline Bitartrate vs. CDP-Choline vs. Alpha GPC: What’s the Difference?
Choline is a water-soluble nutrient and its composition is similar to B-vitamins. Choline Citrate, CDP-Choline, Choline Bitartrate and Alpha GPC are all sources of choline.
Choline Citrate: An economical form of choline combined with citrate, and about 50% choline by weight. So 1 gram of Choline Citrate offers 500 mg of actual choline.
Choline Citrate not only provides your brain with choline, but comes with one of the acetyl groups necessary for acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis.
Choline Bitartrate: An economical form of choline, and about 40% choline by weight. So 1 gram of Choline Bitartrate offers 400 mg of actual choline. It does not cross the
blood-brain barrier as readily as other sources of choline. So you won’t experience the same level of nootropic benefits as with Al pha GPC or CDP-Choline.
CDP-Choline (cytidine 5′-diphosphocholine): Is only about 18% choline by weight. Your body naturally synthesizes choline into CDP-Choline (Citicoline). It’s then
converted to phosphatidylcholine (PC) which is one of two fatty acids that make up the outer layer of cell membranes. And PC provides the choline needed to synthesize
acetylcholine (ACh).
Alpha GPC: About 40% choline by weight and easily crosses the blood-brain barrier. Alpha GPC naturally occurs in your brain as a byproduct of phosphatidylcholine
(PC). When your brain needs more choline, and the choline floating around in your brain is running low, it breaks down PC from cell membranes. And turns it into Alpha
GPC.
Your body and brain loves it when you use choline. Because it doesn’t have to cannibalize its own cells to get more choline.
How does Choline Citrate work in the Brain?
Choline Citrate boosts brain health and function in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
Choline Citrate boosts acetylcholine (ACh). Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter tied to memory and overall brain function.
Choline Citrate is a precursor to acetylcholine. Improving the efficiency of communications between neurons in your brain. This increase in neural signaling boosts memory,
learning, cognitive processing and mental clarity.
But researchers found that circulating choline in the brain decreases with age. This study recruited younger adults between 20 and 40 years, and older adults between 60
and 85 years.
After fasting overnight, the subjects received 50 mg of a choline supplement per kilogram of body weight. Labs were drawn to determine choline concentration in the blood.
And proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) was performed to determine the relative concentration of cytosolic choline-containing compounds in the brain.
Both tests were done before, and 3 hours after choline supplementation. Levels of choline in the blood and brain of study subjects were similar before choline
supplementation.
But after choline supplementation, the younger subjects showed a 60% increase of choline in their blood and brain. The older subjects showed only a 16% increase in
choline levels.
The researchers concluded circulating choline in the brain decreases with age. And given the key role of choline in brain function, this change may be a contributing factor in
onset of late life neurodegeneration and dementia.[vi]
So according to this study, older adults should be supplementing with higher doses of a choline supplement like Choline Citrate to maintain cognitive function compared to
younger adults.
2.
Choline Citrate Boosts Memory. Researchers and medical professionals have long known about poor memory in people with a choline deficiency.
A study at Northwestern University in Chicago tested people with a choline deficiency. They gave them a series of memory tests and found their scores below average.
In this study, they then gave one group extra choline, and the others were given a placebo. After 24 weeks, both groups repeated memory tests.
The group who received extra choline showed a dramatic improvement in memory. The placebo group performed poorly as expected with scores the same as on the original
test.[vii]
How things go bad
As we get older, our brain chemistry and energy metabolism changes. But choline deficiency can happen at any age from infancy through to our late adult years.
↓ Brain fog and/or a sense of confusion
↓ Fatigue or lack of energy
↓ Unable to learn new things
↓ Memory loss and poor recall
↓ Feeling distracted or irritable
↓ Poor balance
↓ Lack of energy/fatigue
Our bodies are influenced by the food we eat (and what we don’t eat!), what we drink, lifestyle habits, and even the air we breathe.
Choline Citrate can help reverse cognitive decline. It can help you perform better in your work, and at school. By boosting acetylcholine and repairing neural cell
membranes.
Choline Citrate to the rescue
Research from hundreds of studies have shown that choline will:
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Eliminate brain fog and confusion
Boost energy
Improve learning
Enhance memory and recall
Help focus and reduce irritability
Improve physical performance
Eliminate fatigue
Choline Citrate is water-soluble. After it’s digested it will enter your bloodstream and cross the blood-brain barrier. Once in your brain it boosts neural signal transmission,
and helps repair neurons.
Choline Citrate improves your brain function and memory by increasing the production of acetylcholine. And prevents neurons from getting cannibalized when your brain is
searching for more choline.
How does Choline Citrate feel?
After taking Choline Citrate you should feel a boost in your ability to think, mood should improve, and your energy level should go up.
Choline Citrate influences the level of acetylcholine in your brain. This crucial neurotransmitter affects memory, cognition, recall and learning.
Low levels of choline will leave you with brain fog and an inability to think clearly. You may also experience a drop in mood and some irritability.
If you’re using anything from the racetam-family of nootropics and you experience a headache – your brain is likely starved for choline.
The Research
Choline Boosts Cognition
The Framingham Heart Study is a long-term, ongoing cardiovascular study on residents in the town of Framingham, Massachusetts. The study began in 1948 with 5,209
adults. And is now on its 3rd generation of participants.
This study of Framingham Offspring involved 1,391 dementia-free subjects. Ages ranged from 36 – 83 years. The participants underwent a food-frequency questionnaire,
and MRI brain scan. The study was in two parts, from 1991 to 1995, and 1998 to 2001.
Study participants were tested for verbal memory, visual memory, verbal learning and executive function. And a MRI-scan measured brain volume.
The study concluded that those residents with higher choline intake demonstrated significantly better cognitive performance.[viii]
Choline Citrate Helps with Exercise and Muscle Performance
Choline Citrate boosts mental energy, focus and concentration. All critical for physical activity and athletic performance.
Choline’s effect on your metabolism and neurotransmitters in the brain produce quicker reaction times. And shorten the time needed for mental processing.
Choline helps improve your energy levels, mood, and recovery time following a workout. It is also critical for muscle nerve function, and in preventing fatigue, muscle aches
and pain following a workout.
When your muscles move, choline is needed to activate the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh). ACh sends signals to muscles, and makes them move.[ix]
Researchers found that providing 2 grams of choline prior to exercise prevented a fall in choline levels. And raised choline levels above baseline values for up to 2 hours
after exercise.
The researchers found that choline citrate and choline bitartrate were equally effective. One randomized, placebo-controlled study found improvements in running times
by a significant amount over a 20-mile course when compared to those using a placebo.[x]
Dosage Notes
Recommended Choline Citrate dosage is 500 mg to 3,000 mg per day.
You can use higher doses of Choline Citrate because this is a water-soluble version of choline. And a limited amount of this choline source will cross the blood-brain barrier.
Studies have found that age has a significant effect on choline uptake into the brain. So older neurohackers are encouraged to use larger doses of Choline Citrate compared
to younger neurohackers.
Other fat-soluble versions of choline such as Alpha GPC and CDP-Choline will more readily cross the blood-brain barrier and make its way into your cells. So lower doses are
required.
Side Effects
Recommended dosages even for extended periods are considered well-tolerated and safe. While Choline Citrate is considered non-toxic, it is possible to experience toxicity
with too much choline in your body.
If you experience trouble sleeping, headache, diarrhea, low or high blood pressure, nausea, blurred vision or chest pain – you should stop using Choline Citrate. Or reduce
your dose.
Available Forms
Choline Citrate is sold in capsule or powder form. Capsules are usually 500 – 650 mg each. Some ready-made nootropic stacks, and even some brand name vitamins
contain Choline Citrate in their formula.
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Choline Citrate 500 – 3,000 mg per day
We recommend using Choline Citrate as a nootropic supplement.
Your body does not make Choline Citrate on its own. But some versions of choline naturally occur in your body and brain. Choline sources like Alpha GPC and CDP-Choline.
You do get some choline from the food you eat. But studies show we don’t get an adequate supply of choline from food sources in our modern diet. And as we age, our
bodies have a difficult time using the choline we get from food.
Choline Citrate is especially helpful for those suffering from age-related cognitive decline. Studies show supplemental choline helps stop or reverse brain degeneration like
Alzheimer’s Disease, and other cognitive disorders. Especially in the early to mid-stages of the disease.
We suggest starting with a dose of 500 to 1,000 mg daily. Choline Citrate is a good compliment to a stack including any nootropics from the racetam-family.
Piracetam for example affects your neuroreceptors for acetylcholine. So stacking Piracetam and Choline Citrate boosts acetylcholine activity even more.
If you’re on a tight budget and you need choline, Choline Citrate is a great place to start. It is one of the most affordable versions of Choline available. Particularly when
purchased in bulk powder form. You just need more of it than other choline sources like Alpha GPC or CDP-Choline.
Use Choline Citrate at a ratio of 6:1. For example, 1,000 mg of Choline Citrate with 6,000 mg of Piracetam. If you get a racetam-headache add more choline to your stack.
CDP-Choline
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
CDP-Choline is known to increase cognition and brain function, improve focus and motivation, and reduce fatigue
CDP-Choline (Cytidine Diphosphate Choline or cytidine 5′-diphosphocholine) is also known as Citicoline. This naturally occurring choline source is present in every
cell in your body.
CDP-Choline is unique as a choline source. Once it’s digested it separates into cytidine and choline. When it gets to your brain it converts back to CDP-Choline.
This choline is needed to synthesize the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh). ACh is a primary neurotransmitter released by neurons. This electrical signaling between
neurons is involved in memory, learning, cognition and recall.
Cytidine is a component of Ribonucleic acid (RNA). This molecule is involved in coding, decoding, regulation and the expression of genes. But once it gets into the brain,
it converts to uridine.
The signaling going on between neurons tends to grab choline molecules from cell membranes when choline is in short supply. This is where uridine steps in. It repairs
those same cell membranes. To maintain neuron integrity.
CDP-Choline helps:
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Brain Optimization: CDP-Choline provides uridine once it enters in the brain. Uridine repairs, rebuilds and re-supplies the components needed for neuron
repair. To keep signaling between neurons optimized for memory, learning, cognition and recall.
Neurotransmitters: CDP-Choline enhances the release of norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, and acetylcholine in the brain.[i] [ii]
Brain Energy: CDP-Choline increases Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in brain cells. ATP is the fuel used to power cells.
Table of Contents
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Overview
CDP-Choline vs. Alpha GPC vs. Choline Bitartrate: What’s the Difference?
How does CDP-Choline Work in the Brain?
How things go bad
CDP-Choline to the rescue
How does CDP-Choline feel?
The Research
o
o
CDP-Choline Enhances Cognition
CDP-Choline Improves Memory
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
CDP-Choline is a type of choline that is present in every cell in your body. You can also get it from eating organ meats like liver.
CDP-Choline
Choline is considered an essential nutrient because your body uses it faster than it can produce it. So you need to supplement choline either from food or a supplement.
You need choline for the production of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. And to form phosphatidylcholine (PC), used in building cell membranes.
In fact, choline is so vital to cognition and nerve function that, without it, we couldn’t move, think, sleep or remember anything.
CDP-Choline has the unique ability to convert to cytidine and choline once it passes through your digestive system. After it crosses the blood-brain barrier, it converts back
to CDP-Choline.
The left-over cytidine in your blood can convert into uridine in your brain. Uridine is necessary for repairing cell membranes.
CDP-Choline is involved in memory and cognitive functions. And provides energy for the brain to conduct sustained mental effort.
CDP-Choline vs. Alpha GPC vs. Choline Bitartrate: What’s the Difference?
Choline is a water-soluble nutrient similar in composition to B-vitamins. CDP-Choline, Alpha GPC, Choline Citrate and Choline Bitartrate are all sources of choline.
CDP-Choline (cytidine 5′-diphosphocholine): Is about 18% choline by weight and easily crosses the blood-brain barrier. Your body naturally synthesizes choline into CDPCholine (Citicoline) in your brain.
Taken as a supplement, it’s then converted to cytidine and choline in your gut. Once it crosses the blood-brain barrier it’s converted back to CDP-Choline. The choline then
assists cell membranes, and helps create acetylcholine.
The added benefit of CDP-Choline is with cytidine. Cytidine can convert into uridine which is critical in the brain. Uridine is needed to synthesize the phosphatidylcholine
(PC) in neuron membranes. It helps repair neurons.
Choline Bitartrate: An economical form of choline, and about 40% choline by weight. So 1 gram of Choline Bitartrate offers 400 mg of actual choline. It does not easily
cross the blood-brain barrier. So you won’t experience the same level of nootropic benefits as with Alpha GPC or CDP-Choline.
Alpha GPC: About 40% choline by weight and easily crosses the blood-brain barrier. Alpha GPC naturally occurs in your brain as a byproduct of phosphatidylcholine
(PC). When your brain needs more choline, and the choline floating around in your brain is running low, it breaks down PC from cell membranes. And turns it into Alpha
GPC.
Your body and brain loves it when you use Alpha GPC. Because it doesn’t have to cannibalize its own cells to get more choline.
How does CDP-Choline Work in the Brain?
CDP-Choline boosts brain health and function in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
CDP-Choline is metabolized in the gut wall and liver to form choline and cytidine. Once choline and cytidine cross the blood-barrier they re-synthesize back
into CDP-Choline (Citicoline).[iii]
In the brain choline aids in the synthesis of acetylcholine. And the release of dopamine.[iv] Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter associated with memory and learning.
2.
CDP-Choline helps repair neural membranes. Choline is a precursor to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) in your brain. ACh carries nerve impulses
across synapses. And then is broken down by enzymes.
ACh is then reassembled for reuse. But this breakdown/reassembly process isn’t foolproof. Some ACh gets lost in the process. So your brain goes looking for more choline
to make ACh.
If there isn’t enough choline in your blood, it gets it from the phosphatidylcholine (PC) that makes up the outside of the cell membrane of your neurons. The PC in the cell
membrane releases choline to help make acetylcholine.
When your neurons lose too much choline, they lose integrity. Nerve impulses break down, and cognitive abilities decline.[v]
Scientists in the lab at MIT showed that this is where uridine steps in. The cytidine in CDP-Choline converts to uridine in your body. And it works as a bridge between
choline and neuron membrane synthesis.
Uridine is needed to synthesize the PC in neuron membranes. It is first converted to CDP-Choline. Which is then synthesized into new PC. This new PC can then repair
damaged neuron membranes. Membranes that were raided to make acetylcholine.[vi]
How things go bad
As we get older, our brain chemistry and energy metabolism changes. This can happen at any age once we enter our adult years.
↓ Brain cell membranes degenerate
↓ Recall, reaction time and mood diminish
↓ Acetylcholine levels decline[vii]
All of these changes can happen at any age. And our bodies are influenced by the food we eat, what we drink, lifestyle habits, the air we breathe and more.
So CDP-Choline can help for age-related cognitive decline, as well as a student looking to do better in school. By boosting acetylcholine and dopamine. And rebuilding
neurons in the brain.
CDP-Choline to the rescue
Research from hundreds of studies have shown that CDP-Choline will:
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Boost cognition[viii]
Increase brain energy and speed up formation of brain membranes[ix]
Boost production of acetylcholine[x]
Increase blood flow to the brain[xi]
Offset the harmful effects of stroke[xii]
Improve memory and learning ability[xiii]
Boost cognitive performance and memory in Alzheimer’s patients[xiv]
CDP-Choline is water-soluble and quickly enters your brain after you take it. In fact, studies show it has nearly 100% bioavailability in your body. Take it orally or
intravenously and your body absorbs the same amount.
Once in your brain it boosts signal transmission, and repairs neurons. CDP-Choline improves your brain function and memory by directly increasing levels of acetylcholine
and dopamine. And repairs neurons at the same time.
How does CDP-Choline feel?
The most profound indication of the power of this supplement is with those who have suffered a stroke.
Stroke survivors report that after continued usage of CDP-Choline, most of the noticeable effects of the stroke are gone. Including muscle paralysis and weakness.
Neurohackers report they are better able to concentrate and focus. And experience a significant boost in cognition.
You can feel more mentally alert. And you may even ease the fatigue associated with clinical depression by using CDP-Choline.
Some use CDP-Choline as an alternative to the stimulants prescribed for ADHD.
The Research
In a study at the University of Utah, 75 healthy males were given 250 mg, 500 mg of CDP-Choline, or a placebo. Tests were recorded after 28 days of supplementation.
The adolescent males receiving 250 or 500 mg of CDP-Choline showed improved attention and psychomotor speed. And reduced impulsivity compared to adolescent males
who received placebo.
This study indicates CDP-Choline is effective even in younger age groups. And can be particularly helpful to those dealing with ADHD.[xv]
CDP-Choline Enhances Cognition
A study published in Food and Nutrition Sciences assessed the potential cognitive-enhancing effects of Citicoline (CDP-Choline) in healthy, adult women.
This double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial worked with 60 healthy women from 40 – 60 years old. Each volunteer was given a daily dose of 250 mg or 500 mg
of Citicoline, or a placebo for 28 days.
The women who took either dose of Citicoline for 28 days showed a significant improvement in cognition.
The researchers suggested that Citicoline may improve attentional performance in middle-aged women. And it might eliminate the attention deficits associated with central
nervous system disorders (i.e. ADHD).
CDP-Choline Improves Memory
Researchers in Japan studied 16 men and women who were given either 500 mg or 2000 mg of Citicoline for 6 weeks. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was used to
study the brains of the participants at the end of the study.
The research team found ATP in the neurons of those in the study increased by over 14%. And membrane phospholipids were boosted by over 32%. These finding were in
specific areas of the brain associated with cognition. And the effect was even more pronounced in the group that received the lower dose of Citicoline.
The researchers concluded that Citicoline supplementation could help prevent cognitive decline associated with aging. Along with an increase in brain energy reserves and
utilization. And an increase in the components needed to synthesize and maintain cell membranes.
Dosage Notes
Recommended CDP-Choline dosage is 250 – 500 mg per day. Taken no more than twice per day. Two daily doses would be one CDP-Choline dose in the morning, and one
in the early afternoon.
If you’re adding CPD-Choline to your stack with a racetam, a typical ratio would be 250 mg of Citicoline to 1 gram of Aniracetam or 4 grams of Piracetam.
Side Effects
Recommended dosages even for extended periods are considered well-tolerated and safe. While CDP-Choline is considered non-toxic, it is possible to experience toxicity
with too much choline in your body.
If you experience trouble sleeping, headache, diarrhea, low or high blood pressure, nausea, blurred vision or chest pain – you should stop using CDP-Choline.
Available Forms
CDP-Choline is sold in capsule and powder form. Capsules are usually 250 – 500 mg each. 500 mg of CDP-Choline in powder form is equivalent to 2-level 1/8 tsp scoops.
Cognizin® is a patented, allergen-free, and water-soluble form of CDP-Choline shown in clinical trials to boost brain cell membrane formation by 26%. And increase brain
energy by 13.6%.[xvi]
CDP-Choline is often found in pre-formulated nootropic stacks. But as Cognizin, is only offered in premium stacks.
For example, Opti-Nutra™ Advanced Nutraceuticals offers Mind Lab Pro® with 11 brain enhancing nootropic compounds including 250 mg of Cognizin. And in their
Performance Lab® Mind stack as well.
I recommend Mind Lab Pro because it addresses all aspects of anxiety resistance, memory and cognitive enhancement, stabilizes mood, brain repair, and maintenance. See
my full Mind Lab Pro review for more.
A great alternative is the Performance Lab® Mind supplement which is made to be used with the Performance Lab® Whole-Food Multi. Which supplies the core essential
vitamins and minerals for overall brain and body health.
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
CDP-Choline 250 – 500 mg per day
We recommend using CDP-Choline as a nootropic supplement.
CDP-Choline is brain food. And is a natural substance found in every cell in your body.
You can get choline from some of the food you eat. But adequate levels of CDP-Choline are only found in organ meats like liver. So to get its benefits you must take it as a
supplement.
CDP-Choline is vital to maintaining optimal brain health. And has been shown to increase cognitive energy, boost brain function, enhance communication between neurons,
and protect neural membranes from free radical damage.
Cognizin® is a patented, allergen-free, and water-soluble form of CDP-Choline available in premium nootropic stacks like Mind Lab Pro® and Performance Lab® Mind.
We suggest starting with a dose of 250 – 500 mg daily. And CDP-Choline is a great compliment to a stack including any nootropic from the racetam-family. Anything that
causes an increase in uptake of acetylcholine in your brain.
You need to provide your brain with the CDP-Choline it is demanding. Or it starts cannibalizing your own brain cells to make more acetylcholine. Signs that you’re lacking
adequate choline are headaches.
Use CDP-Choline at a ratio of 1:4. For example, 250 mg of CDP-Choline to 1,000 mg of Aniracetam.
Stroke survivors may want to up the dose to 2,000 mg per day.
Centrophenoxine
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
Centrophenoxine helps boost cognition & memory and has significant anti-aging benefits preventing and reversing neuronal decay.
Centrophenoxine (Lucidril® or meclofenoxate) is one of the original nootropics. Developed in France in 1959, Centrophenoxine is a combination of DMAE
(dimethylethanolamine) and pCPA (parachlorphenoxyacetic acid).
DMAE is an amine naturally produced in small amounts in your brain. Researchers speculate that DMAE may increase acetylcholine (ACh) levels in the brain by inhibiting
choline metabolism in peripheral tissues.
By preventing the use of choline by other tissues (including synthesis into acetylcholine), DMAE increases choline levels in the bloodstream.
But DMAE on its own does not easily cross the blood-brain barrier. Combining DMAE with pCPA seems to help this bioavailability issue.
pCPA is a synthetic version of auxins (plant growth hormones). Auxins act like natural growth factor in plants.
Once digested, Centrophenoxine breaks down into DMAE and pCPA in the liver. This combination was found to make DMAE more bioavailable in the body. And helps DMAE
cross the blood-brain barrier more readily.
Centrophenoxine helps:
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Neurotransmitters. Centrophenoxine seems to temporarily boost acetylcholine in the brain.[i] Which could have an effect on cognitive performance and
memory.
Neuroprotectant. Centrophenoxine reduces lipofuscin in the brain. Lipofuscin is a cellular waste product that accumulates in cells as we age. It’s the same
waste product that causes brown liver spots on skin. Centrophenoxine eliminates nearly half of the accumulation of brain lipofuscin in just 8 weeks.

Brain Energy. Centrophenoxine improves cerebral blood flow and oxygen in the brain.
Table of Contents
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Overview
Centrophenoxine vs. DMAE: What’s the Difference?
How does Centrophenoxine Work in the Brain?
How Things Go Bad:
Centrophenoxine to the Rescue
How does Centrophenoxine feel?
The Research
o
o
o
Centrophenoxine Relieves the Symptoms of ADHD
Centrophenoxine is Anti-Aging
Centrophenoxine Improves Memory
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
Centrophenoxine (meclofenoxate) is one of the original nootropics. And it’s backed by 50 years of research.
Centrophenoxine is sold as the prescription medication Lucidril® in some parts of the world. In other countries like the USA it’s sold as an OTC supplement.
Centrophenoxine
Centrophenoxine is an ester (chemically-derived) compound of DMAE and pCPA. DMAE seems to increase choline levels by preventing uptake of choline in peripheral
tissues in the body. Since choline is a precursor to acetylcholine, more choline in your brain may raise acetylcholine levels. pCPA is a synthesized version of a plant growth
hormone.
This combination helps DMAE cross the blood-brain barrier more easily than just supplementing with DMAE.
Centrophenoxine may be a good addition to your nootropic stack. It’ll increase your brain energy levels by boosting oxygen flow. It helps flush out dangerous free radicals
and cellular waste. And will help improve memory and cognition.
Centrophenoxine vs. DMAE: What’s the Difference?
DMAE is used to make Centrophenoxine. DMAE is found in small amounts in your brain. A good food source of DMAE is fish.
But there is little evidence that DMAE as a supplement actually crosses the blood-brain barrier. And if it provides the brain enough choline needed to make acetylcholine.
Centrophenoxine seems to solve the blood-brain barrier problem. Adding pCPA to DMAE helps DMAE enter your brain. And this combination also seems to be an effective
way to boost acetylcholine.
If you’re considering adding DMAE to your stack, Centrophenoxine may be a better alternative.
How does Centrophenoxine Work in the Brain?
Centrophenoxine boosts brain health and function in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
Centrophenoxine helps improve memory.[ii] It does it in part by boosting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase in the brain.[iii] This is the enzyme needed for
breaking down acetylcholine once it does its job in the post-synaptic neuron. The choline is then liberated to be taken up by the pre-synaptic neuron where
acetylcholine is once again synthesized with the help of Acetyl-CoA and choline acetyltransferase.
Researchers set out to prove this in a clinical trial using lab rats. In this study they compared Centrophenoxine with DMAE. And determined that DMAE was about half as
potent as Centrophenoxine in boosting choline and ACh levels.[iv]
Increased acetylcholine activity helps short-term memory, concentration, and learning.
2.
Centrophenoxine takes out the cellular trash. Lipofuscin are more commonly known as age pigments.[v] They show up as “age spots” or “liver spots” on aging
skin. And they hide in cells throughout your body. Including your brain, liver, kidneys, heart, adrenals and nerve cells.
Lipofuscin are the product of oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids. They also contain other cellular heavy metal waste like mercury and aluminum.
The buildup of this toxic mess is caused by a breakdown of your normal cellular waste disposal function. Centrophenoxine helps remove lipofuscin from brain cells. And from
cells throughout your body.
The beneficial effects of Centrophenoxine were observed in several lab studies on older animals. Administration to these animals significantly increased life-span, and it
boosted learning ability compared to age-matched controls.[vi]
How Things Go Bad:
As we get older, our brain chemistry and energy metabolism changes.
↓ Brain cell membranes degenerate from toxic buildup
↓ Memory, recall, reaction time and mood diminish
↓ Acetylcholine levels decline
All of these age-related changes are contributing factors to the neurodegenerative diseases of aging. Including Alzheimer’s and dementia.
But even if you’re not concerned with anti-aging, Centrophenoxine can help.
Centrophenoxine to the Rescue
Centrophenoxine is one of the oldest and most studied nootropics available today. It was developed in France in 1959. Primarily in the search for something to combat
age-related cognitive decline.
Centrophenoxine is a combination of pCPA and DMAE. Some studies show that DMAE may boost acetylcholine levels in the brain by preventing choline uptake in the
peripheral system in the body. Thus providing more choline which could be used to synthesize acetylcholine. But there’s very little evidence that it can cross the blood-brain
barrier. pCPA seems to solve that transport problem.
Centrophenoxine is water-soluble and quickly enters your brain after you take it. Once in your brain, it boosts signal transmission, and protects neurons.
Centrophenoxine gets to work right away by temporarily boosting acetylcholinesterase in parts of the brain. This enzyme is needed for the synthesis of acetylcholine. And it
gets busy clearing cells of free radicals and lipofuscin.
How does Centrophenoxine feel?
Centrophenoxine offers a gentle brain energy boost when you take it first thing in the morning. You’re able to remember things a little easier. Recall when you need it
seems effortless.
Some neurohackers report that Centrophenoxine works well stacked with Aniracetam, Noopept, and Piracetam. It may work in part by providing some of the extra
acetylcholine racetams demand when you take them.
And if you dose half in the morning, and the other half early afternoon, you should feel a brain energy boost throughout your day.
The Research
Centrophenoxine Relieves the Symptoms of ADHD
A prescription form of DMAE called Deanol was used in the 1960’s and 70’s to treat learning and behavioral problems in children. What’s now known as ADHD.
A 3-month, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial involving 74 children was conducted in 1975. They were split into groups and given 40 mg. of Ritalin or 500 mg of Deanol
(DMAE). Positive results from this trial showed DMAE comparable to Ritalin in effectiveness in controlling ADHD.[vii]
Centrophenoxine is Anti-Aging
Centrophenoxine is not only an effective cognition booster, it helps reverse the effects of aging in your brain. Much of brain cell membrane is made of phospholipids (fat).
And it oxidizes as we age. In other words, free radicals build up. And are not removed from cells efficiently the older we get.
Aging brain cells also get clogged up with lipofuscin. Lipofuscin are the product of oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids. They also contain other cellular heavy metal waste
like mercury and aluminum. You see lipofuscin show up as ‘age spots’ on older skin. The same thing happens in your brain.
Studies have shown that Centrophenoxine helps ‘flush out’ free radicals and lipofuscin from brain cells.[viii] And used by younger neurohackers, helps this cellular waste
from building up in the first place.[ix]
Researchers in Hungary conducted a double-blind clinical trial with 50 people suffering from dementia. Average age was 77 years. They gave one group 2 grams of
Centrophenoxine for 8 weeks.
They found that Centrophenoxine rehydrated ‘intracellular mass’. Proving this compound as a powerful free radical scavenger. It removed free radicals from aging brain
cells. And restored them to a healthy state.[x]
In another study in India, researchers worked with male Wistar rats aged 4, 8, 16 and 24 months. They used these ages because they correlate with human aging from
young to elderly.
Just like in humans, lipid oxidation and lipofuscin concentration increased with age. The experiment also showed that cellular free radical damage and lipofuscin buildup
happened at the same time.
This buildup of cellular waste contributes to age-related decline in neuronal electrical activity (neural signaling). Cognition, memory and learning are all affected. The
research team found that Centrophenoxine had no effect on younger rat brains. But in the two older age groups they saw a significant decrease in lipid oxidation and
lipofuscin concentration.
Showing conclusively the anti-aging action of Centrophenoxine.[xi]
Centrophenoxine Improves Memory
Centrophenoxine boosts neuronal glucose and oxygen uptake in the brain. And helps the production of RNA and protein. RNA is derived from DNA in the cell nucleus. And
enable neurons to form proteins. Which help encode memory and repair damage to brain cells.
In one double-blind clinical trial, researchers worked with 50 people suffering from ‘dementias of medium level’. They gave the group 2 grams of Centrophenoxine, or a
placebo for 8 weeks. 48% of the group that received Centrophenoxine showed improvements in memory.[xii]
Another study was made of the effects of Centrophenoxine on the learning and memory of old mice. One group of mice were treated for 3 months and the other group
received a placebo. The treated animals showed a significant improvement in memory and learning.[xiii]
Dosage Notes
Centrophenoxine dosage is typically 500 mg to 1 gram daily.
If you’re stacking it with a racetam, split your dose. So a 1-gram dose would be 500 mg first thing in the morning, and the other half early afternoon.
Centrophenoxine seems to help increase choline and acetylcholinesterase in the brain. Which is needed for the synthesis for acetylcholine.
But keep this in mind; Centrophenoxine and DMAE are related to choline. They are not the same as choline. Centrophenoxine should not replace a regular choline source
like Alpha GPC or CDP-Choline. But Centrophenoxine can be stacked with a choline source.
And yet some neurohackers take Centrophenoxine as a choline source to include in their racetam stack. Or use it as a nootropic on its own. Experiment and see what works
best for you. YMMV.
Side Effects
Centrophenoxine has been used as a nootropic for nearly 50 years. So it’s safety is well established. It’s non-toxic and should be well tolerated by most neurohackers.
Some reported side effects include stomach upset, body odor, drowsiness, confusion, increased blood pressure, moderate depression, and irritability.[xiv]
If you deal with epilepsy or bipolar disorder you should avoid Centrophenoxine entirely.
Centrophenoxine could cause a boost in acetylcholine. So an excess of acetylcholine could cause the above-mentioned side effects.
Cycling Centrophenoxine with 5 days using it, and a 2-day break should eliminate any acetylcholine toxicity.
Available Forms
Centrophenoxine comes in powder form and capsules. Capsules are typically 250 – 400 mg.
Centrophenoxine is water-soluble so it’s not necessary to take it with a fat or oil. You may find it absorbs better or more quickly when taken with food.
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Centrophenoxine 500 – 1,000 mg per day.
We recommend using Centrophenoxine as a nootropic supplement.
Your body does not make Centrophenoxine on its own. And it’s not available from food. This nootropic is a combination of DMAE and pCPA, and is only available in
supplement form.
In some countries Centrophenoxine is prescribed as Lucidril® for treatment of Alzheimer’s or age-related cognitive decline.
Studies show Centrophenoxine helps stop or reverse brain degeneration by clearing out free radicals and lipofuscin from brain cells. Making Centrophenoxine one of the
primary anti-aging nootropics.
Centrophenoxine also boosts available choline. And a few studies show it can at least temporarily increase acetylcholinesterase. The enzyme needed for the synthesis of
acetylcholine. Which would boost cognition, memory, recall and learning.
But we do not recommend using Centrophenoxine as your primary source of choline in your nootropic stack. We have much better acetylcholine precursors available to us
including Alpha GPC and CDP-Choline.
We suggest starting with a dose of 500 mg daily. Possibly more depending on your racetam usage.
Age-related cognitive disorders like Alzheimer’s may want to up the dose to 2,000 mg per day.
Coconut & MCT Oil
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
Coconut & MCT oil has been shown to increase energy and prevent mental fatigue, improves alertness, focus, and is anti-stress
Coconut oil is extracted from the white flesh of mature coconuts harvested from coconut palm trees (Coco nucifera).
Many neurohackers use coconut oil along with each nootropic stack dose to help the absorption of any fat-soluble supplements in their stack.
But coconut oil has some powerful nootropic properties of its own. In fact, so far we have 1,777 clinical studies published on PubMed alone.
Up to 65% of coconut oil is comprised of medium chain fatty acids (MCTs). These fatty acids are designated by the number of carbon molecules in a chain from 6 – 12.
At the upper end of the carbon chain, lauric acid (C-12) has 12 carbon molecules and behaves more like a long-chain fatty acid in your digestive system. But does quickly
arrive in your liver for conversion to ketones. And is not stored in fat tissue like other dietary fats.
Caprylic acid (C-8) and capric acid (C-10) bypass your lymphatic system and travel directly to your liver to be converted to ketones. These ketone bodies then travel
throughout your body as an alternative energy supply for creating ATP to fuel mitochondria.
Fatty acids cannot cross the blood-brain barrier. But research has shown that caprylic acid (C-8), if not converted to ketones in your liver, can cross into the brain. For use
by glial cells to create ketones within cells in your brain.[i]
Both coconut oil and MCT oil provide nootropic benefits and contribute to brain health.
In this review we’ll dig into the science on how coconut and MCT oil help optimize your brain.
Coconut oil helps:


Brain Energy. The medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) in coconut oil bypass your normal digestive system and go straight to your liver where they are
converted into ketones. Ketones are carried throughout your body including your brain for use in the citric acid cycle to produce Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP).
ATP fuels your mitochondria which improves alertness, cognition, memory and mood.
Anti-stress. Research has shown that the medium-chain triglycerides in coconut oil help increase antioxidant levels in the brain. And increases serotonin.
Providing an anti-stress effect.

Neuroprotectant. Coconut oil decreases mitochondrial dysfunction that can be caused by Amyloid-β plaques which are implicated in Alzheimer’s disease. And
drug-resistant epilepsy patients have found that the ketones provided by coconut oil can help reduce seizure frequency.
Table of Contents
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








Overview
Coconut Oil vs. MCT Oil: What’s the Difference?
o
o
Ketones and Ketone Bodies
Medium-Chain Fatty Acids and Ketones
How does Coconut oil work in the brain?
Coconut & MCT oil nootropic benefits
How does Coconut & MCT oil feel?
The Research
o
o
o
o
MCT Oil is anti-seizure
Coconut oil is anti-stress
MCT oil improves cognitive function
Coconut oil may help prevent Alzheimer’s
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
Coconut oil is extracted from the seed or fruit of the coconut palm (Cocos nucifera).
For nootropic use, do not confuse coconut oil with “palm oil” which is extracted from the fleshy fruit of the oil palm (Elaesis guineensis).
Coconut oil consists of 92% saturated fatty acids, 6% monounsaturated fatty acids, and 2% polyunsaturated fatty acids. About 60% of the fatty acids in coconut oil are
medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA).
Palm oil contains about 50% saturated fatty acids, 40% monounsaturated fatty acids, and 10% polyunsaturated fatty acids. It contains less than 0.5% MCFAs.
The coconut palm originates from Southeast Asia, and the islands between the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is thought that the fruit of the coconut palm was brought to
India and East Africa. Then introduced to West Africa, the Americas and other tropical regions of the world.
The “coconut tree” is the most naturally widespread fruit plant on Earth. In India, it’s called kalpa vriksha; “the tree which provides all the necessities of life” which roughly
translates to “the tree of life”.
All parts of the fruit of the coconut tree can be used. The husk fiber is raw material for the production of carpets, car seats, and as fertilizer. The stalk and leaves of the
plant are used in construction, and for producing sugar, vinegar and alcohol.
Virgin coconut oil is a potent antioxidant, anti-tumor, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, and anti-fungal.
Coconut oil has been used for treating Alzheimer’s, preventing heart disease and high blood pressure, helps cure urinary tract and kidney infections, reduces arthritis
inflammation, prevents cancer, boosts your immune system, helps gallbladder disease and pancreatitis.
Coconut oil improves skin health, prevents gum disease and tooth decay, prevents osteoporosis, improves type II diabetes, assists weight loss, helps build muscle, benefits
hair health, helps get rid of candida and yeast infections, is anti-aging and balances hormones.
As a nootropic, coconut oil helps improve cognition and memory. And it boosts energy and endurance.
Coconut Oil vs. MCT Oil: What’s the Difference?
Extra Virgin or Virgin Coconut Oil is composed primarily of saturated fatty acids.
Saturated fats consist of fatty acids whose carbon chain is “saturated” with hydrogen. Fatty acids are chain-like molecules of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen linked in
groups of three to a backbone of glycerol.
When coconut oil is consumed, the fatty acids separate from their glycerol backbone during the digestion process.
When you eat fat, its digested and makes its way through your intestinal wall. Most of this digestion occurs in the upper part of the intestine using digestive lipases
(digestive enzymes) which act on fat (triglycerides) that has been emulsified with the aid of bile acids.
The duration of fat digestion and
absorption depend on the length
of the fatty acid chain.
The fatty acid chains are classified as long chain fatty acids (LCFAs), medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs) and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs).
Each of these fatty acid subgroups are broken down further; short- (C2 – C6), medium- (C8 – C12) and long- (C14 – C24) chain fatty acids.
LCFAs are transported by carriers in the lymph system and end up in your liver or other tissues. Once they enter the cells, they combine with coenzyme A to form acetylCoA chains.
These acetyl-CoA chains are transferred into mitochondria within cells, where they are broken down into acetyl-CoA units. This process is call β-oxidation.
(The medium chain fatty acids from coconut oil skip the lymph system and go straight to your liver. Which is important and which we’ll cover in a minute).
Ketones and Ketone Bodies
The acetyl-CoA produced by β-oxidation enters the citric acid cycle in mitochondria. The energy released in this cycle is captured as ATP molecules.
This process of ATP generation is disrupted during fasting, starvation, a low carbohydrate diet, strenuous exercise or uncontrolled type 1 diabetes.
In this case, acetyl-CoA is diverted to form acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and their breakdown product acetone which are known as “ketone bodies”.
These ketones are released by your liver into the blood. And all cells in your body with mitochondria can use these ketones. These ketones are converted into acetyl-CoA
which can be used as fuel in the citric acid cycle to produce ATP.
Unlike free fatty acids, these ketones can cross the blood-brain barrier and are available to fuel brain cell mitochondria.
If the cells do not immediately need the energy molecule, these long chain fatty acids are shunted into and stored in adipose (fat) tissue. This is nature’s way of keeping
energy stores in reserve without the fats needing to go through the liver process again.
Medium-Chain Fatty Acids and Ketones
Short-chain and medium-chain fatty acids on other hand skip this process. And your blood transport system sends them straight to your liver. Where they immediately
enter the process to begin making ketones.
And because they bypass the lymph system, your body does not store these medium-chain fatty acids in adipose (fat) tissue to use later when energy is low.
This direct transport to your liver is how they are able to supply energy more rapidly (similar to carbohydrates).
Here’s where we get to the significance and uniqueness of coconut oil. It’s made up of about 90% saturated fats. And nearly 60% of the fats in coconut oil are medium
chain fatty acids.
Coconut oil is composed of the fatty acids, caprylic acid C-8 (8%), capric acid, C-10 (7%), lauric acid C-12 (49%), myristic acid C-14 (8%), palmitic acid C-16
(8%), stearic acid C-18 (2%), oleic acid C-18 (6%) and 2% of C-18 linoleic acid.
Medium chain fatty acids are also known as medium chain triglycerides (MCTs). MCTs are produced by hydrolyzing coconut oil and esterifying the fatty acids shorter
than lauric acid (C-12) with glycerol.
Recently, however, manufacturers have started to produce a type of MCT oil that contains lauric acid—usually 30%. A tablespoon of this MCT oil typically contains 12 g of
medium-chain fatty acids (lauric 4.45 g, caprylic 3.35 g, capric 4.00 g).
Recent research however has shown that lauric acid (C-12) which is classified as a medium-chain fatty acid acts more like a long-chain fatty acid. Because it has a higher
propensity to be absorbed via the lymphatic system instead of going straight to your liver.
Logic tells us that this delay would imply that it takes longer for lauric acid to convert to ketones than caprylic acid (C-8) and capric acid (C-10).
Research has shown that using MCT oil produces a large rise in blood ketones that return to baseline levels within about 3 hours. But ingesting straight coconut oil results in
a delayed and less prominent rise in ketone bodies.[ii]
This doesn’t make MCT oil containing lauric acid any less of a nootropic. It only means your energy boost from consuming this type of MCT oil will not be as quick.
In summary, MCTs are absorbed intact from the small intestine, and do not undergo the normal digestive process. They are directly used in your body to create ketones
that help produce energy.
MCTs are widely used in infant formulas, nutritional drinks for athletes and in some cases as an emergency IV (intravenous) solution.[iii]
How does Coconut oil work in the brain?
Coconut oil boosts brain health and function in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
Coconut oil is an alternative brain cell fuel supply. Your brain depends on glucose as its main source of energy. Making up only 2% of your total body
weight, it consumes about 20% of your body’s glucose-derived energy.
Carbohydrates from food are broken down into glucose which is used as energy, or stored as glycogen in your liver and muscle tissue.
Glucose metabolism provides fuel for ATP fuel generation, neurons and other brain cell maintenance, and contributes to neurotransmitter synthesis.
When your body and brain are deprived of dietary carbohydrates, your liver becomes the sole provider of glucose to feed your hungry brain. When the glucose runs out
either from dieting, starvation or age-related disruptions in glucose metabolism, you need another fuel source. If left unchecked, it leads to one of several
neurodegenerative diseases.[iv]
The good news is your body has a built-in backup plan. This alternate energy fuel supply are called ketone bodies which your liver derives from fatty acids in your diet, or
body fat.
These ketones (beta-hydroxybutyric acid, acetoacetate and acetone) are released by your liver and taken up by your brain. Then shuttled into mitochondria to be used in
the citric acid cycle to create ATP.[v]
Now, while you can provide the ketones your brain needs by eating a very high fat, low carbohydrate ketogenic diet, it’s not necessary.
The medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) in coconut oil can provide these ketones directly to help fuel brain cell mitochondria.[vi]
2.
Coconut oil may help brain disorders. Coconut oil and its components have been shown to help treat a number of neurological diseases.
Caprylic acid found in MCTs have been shown to significantly increase mitochondrial oxygen consumption. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients have reported a
significant improvement in quality of life while using caprylic acid.[vii]
Drug-resistant epilepsy patients have found that a ketogenic diet can reduce seizure frequency between 50 – 90%.[viii] And MCTs which are quickly converted to ketones
are an important component of a ketogenic diet.
Decades of research has implicated a build-up of Amyloid-β plaques in Alzheimer’s disease. Recent research has shown that coconut oil decreases mitochondrial dysfunction
caused by these plaques. And that neurons are more likely to survive in the presence of coconut oil.[ix]
Coconut & MCT oil nootropic benefits
Coconut oil is not just a good healthy fat that boosts the bioavailability of fat-soluble nootropics in your stack. It’s got exceptional healing properties as well.
But first, a reminder that your brain is nearly 60% fat. And recent research has shown that fatty acids are among the most crucial molecules for the fully optimized brain.[x]
Essential fatty acids are required for maintenance of peak brain health. But cannot be synthesized in your body. And must be obtained from your diet.
Coconut oil is composed of up to 60% medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs), with caprylic and capric acid compromising 21% of these MCTs in virgin coconut oil.[xi]
MCTs are converted to ketones in your liver which are then used as an alternative fuel supply for mitochondria in your brain.
But caprylic acid also crosses the blood-brain barrier. And we have evidence showing that glial cells, in particular astrocytes, are also able to metabolize MCTs to ketones.
Which are then shuttled into neurons for alternative energy.[xii]
Coconut oil is also anti-ulcer, anti-fungal, helps burn belly fat, heals wounds, is anti-inflammatory, helps reduce oxidative stress to boost testosterone, reduces a swollen
prostate, improves LDL to HDL ratio, improves bone health and can be used as a sunscreen.[xiii]
How does Coconut & MCT oil feel?
I personally use either a tablespoon of extra virgin coconut oil or MCT oil each time I take my nootropic stack. I have noticed that if I do not take a tablespoon of coconut
oil, my nootropic stack does not work nearly as well.
Coconut and MCT oil helps the bioavailability of the fat-soluble nootropics in your stack. And provides additional nootropic benefits because it provides ketones your
mitochondria can use for making ATP. Increasing your energy levels.
The majority of the reviews for coconut oil talk about its use for weight loss. But reports for MCT oil are primarily about the benefits to brain health.
Neurohackers report that MCT oil increases alertness and focus. Others say their brain is clearer and they feel energized throughout the day.
Some say they feel a significant improvement in mood. Appetite is suppressed and their happiness level is elevated for about 4 hours.
Dosing a tablespoon of coconut or MCT oil 2 or 3 times per day should provide you with a steady flow of energy.
The Research
MCT Oil is anti-seizure
A study in 1986 found an association with MCT levels in children suffering from seizures. And higher blood levels of MCT correlated with fewer seizures.[xiv]
This 1986 study was the inspiration that launched multiple studies since on using MCT oil for treating seizures and symptoms of epilepsy.
A more recent study (2013) found that capric acid (C-10) rather than caprylic acid (C-8) was the main player in seizure control.[xv]
One of the main ways of controlling seizures in epilepsy is a ketogenic diet. Now anyone who has tried to stay with a strict diet for any length of time can attest to how
difficult it is. Especially with children.
So in 2014, researchers made a significant discovery that could simplify the lives of anyone dealing with seizures. The study found that it was capric acid (C-10) that
increased mitochondria which elevated the seizure threshold. In other words, more C-10 and you have less seizures.
The researchers concluded, “This finding could be of significant benefit to epilepsy patients who are currently on a strict ketogenic diet. Evidence that C10 on its own can
modulate mitochondrial number raises the possibility that a simplified and less stringent C10-based diet could be developed.”[xvi]
Coconut oil is anti-stress
Research has shown the potential antidepressant effects of medium-chain fatty acids found in food. But scientists in Malaysia wanted to find out if virgin coconut oil
provided a similar benefit.
The aim of this study was to determine the anti-stress and antioxidant effects of virgin coconut oil. The research team performed several stress tests on groups of mice.
Virgin coconut oil was compared to the popular prescription anti-anxiety med Diazepam (Valium®).
The scientists found that the mice using virgin coconut oil had higher brain antioxidant and serotonin levels, and reduced adrenal gland weight. Cholesterol, triglycerides,
glucose and corticosterone levels were also lower.
The researchers concluded that virgin coconut oil had potential as an anti-stress functional oil.[xvii]
MCT oil improves cognitive function
Glucose is the brain’s primary source of energy. But in Alzheimer’s disease, there appears to a be a significant decrease in the brain’s ability to use glucose for energy.
We now have scientific evidence that suggests ketone bodies are an effective alternative brain energy source.
So in 2004, researchers conducted a study with Alzheimer’s patients and MCT oil. This now famous study, 20 subjects with Alzheimer’s disease or mild cognitive impairment
consumed a drink containing MCTs or a placebo.
Significant increases in ketone body levels were observed within 90 minutes of MCT oil treatment. And testing showed significant improvements in cognition and memory in
all subjects using MCTs compared to placebo.[xviii]
Coconut oil may help prevent Alzheimer’s
Dr. Mary Newport brought widespread attention to the use of coconut oil and MCT oil for treating Alzheimer’s. She gave her husband with early-onset Alzheimer’s MCT oil
and coconut oil. And reported a reprieve from Alzheimer’s symptoms and improved quality of life for several years.
Dr. Newport documented her work and success with coconut oil in her book “Alzheimer’s Disease: What If There Was a Cure?: The Story of Ketones”.
A study conducted at Mt. Sinai Medical Center in Aventura, FL worked with 55 patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease. The patients used caprylic triglyceride
daily for up to 15 months.
The study found that 80% of the patients who added caprylic triglyceride to their standard medical treatment improved. Caregivers reported significant improvements in
memory and their ability to carry out daily activities.[xix]
Other studies have shown that coconut oil helps prevent the build-up of amyloid-β plaques that have been implicated in Alzheimer’s disease.[xx]
Dosage Notes
Recommended dosage of coconut or MCT oil for nootropic benefit is 1 tablespoon 2 – 3-times per day.
If you are using coconut or MCT oil purely for enhanced energy, dosing first thing in the morning on an empty stomach is best. Because it’s when your body will rely on
ketones for energy. The ketones provided by coconut or MCT oil.
Side Effects
Coconut and MCT oil are non-toxic and very safe at recommended doses.
Side effects include gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea. Which will likely happen if you use too much the first time.
If you experience diarrhea when first trying coconut or MCT oil, reduce your dose to 1 teaspoon 1 – 2-times per day.
Available Forms
Coconut oil is available as “refined” and “unrefined”.
Here’s why you should avoid refined coconut oil …
Refined coconut oil is made from copra which is dried coconut flesh. Oil is extracted from the copra under high heat. Once it is expelled it is refined, bleached and deodorized (RBD) to make it fit for human consumption.
The refining process includes using a caustic soda solution to remove some of the free fatty acids to make it edible. And so it doesn’t smell bad. The oil is then deodorized
using hot steam.
This destructive process increases shelf life of the finished product. And alters the fatty acids (hydrogenated) which are damaging to your body and brain.
Virgin and extra virgin coconut oil is the same thing as “unrefined” oil. The oil is extracted from fresh coconut flesh. Only the white kernel is used.
Virgin coconut oil is extracted using a screw-press which squeezes the oil from the white flesh (expeller pressed). Or with direct micro expelling, coconut flesh is finely
grated and naturally dried for about 30 minutes before being loaded into a manually operated stainless steel cylinder which presses out the fresh oil.
Another acceptable method for creating virgin coconut oil is using a centrifuge. Freshly grated coconut flesh is soaked in hot water to make coconut milk. The coconut milk
then passes through a centrifuge to separate the oil from the milk.
There are two types of MCT oil:


Fractionated coconut oil (also called “MCT Oil”) contains only caprylic acid (C-8) and capric acid (C-10)
MCT oil with lauric acid is a recent addition to the market and is a combination of caprylic acid (C-8), capric acid (C-10) and lauric acid (C-12).
For nootropic use you can use either virgin coconut oil or MCT oil.
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Coconut & MCT oil up to 3 tablespoons per day
We recommend using Coconut & MCT oil as a nootropic supplement.
Your body does not make Coconut or MCT oil on its own. So to get its benefits you must use it as a supplement
Coconut oil or MCT oil is especially helpful for improving the bioavailability of fat-soluble nootropics in your stack.
Both coconut and MCT oil help increase energy and focus. Medium-chain triglycerides in coconut oil bypass your lymph system during digestion. And go straight to your liver
where they are converted to ketones. Which are used to create ATP to fuel mitochondria.
MCTs are helpful for reducing seizure frequency. And help protect mitochondria dysfunction caused by the Amyloid-β plaques which are implicated in Alzheimer’s disease.
You can safely take up to 3 tablespoons of coconut or MCT oil per day. But when first starting out keep your dose low to help avoid diarrhea.
When choosing a coconut oil supplement, ensure you only use virgin coconut oil which is unrefined. Refined coconut oil is refined, bleached and de-odorized (RBD) which
destroys the beneficial fats you need for optimal cognition and brain health.
Coluracetam
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
Coluracetam has been shown to boost long-term & working memory, relieve depression & anxiety, and enhance color & sound perception
Coluracetam (BCI-540, or MKC-231) is a fat-soluble nootropic in the racetam-class of compounds. Coluracetam is much more potent than the original racetam,
Piracetam.
Coluracetam was patented by Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma of Japan in 2005. Making it one of the newest racetam-based nootropics.
The patent for coluracetam was later sold to BrainCells, Inc. in San Diego, California. BrainCells is a small, privately-held biopharmaceutical company specializing in
developing compounds for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD), treatment resistant depression (TRD), and Alzheimer’s Disease.
Coluracetam is similar in structure to Piracetam. And like all racetam nootropics, has a pyrrolidone nucleus at its core. The latest clinical research indicates potential for
treating depressive disorders, and retinal and optic nerve damage.
Coluracetam is a very strong choline targeting supplement. It boosts your brain’s choline conversion to acetylcholine (ACh) through the high affinity choline uptake
(HACU) process. Which increases alertness, attention to detail and memory.
Some research, and personal experience shows Coluracetam may affect AMPA receptors. Making it a potential ampakine nootropic. Which could explain the stimulant-like
effects without the side effects of traditional stimulants.
Coluracetam also shows some anxiolytic (anti-anxiety) qualities helping improve mood and quieting anxiety.
Coluracetam helps:
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Brain Optimization: Coluracetam is a choline uptake enhancer which boosts the effects of choline in your brain. It increases the production of acetylcholine
(ACh) through HACU. Resulting in better learning and memory.[i]
Neurotransmitters: Coluracetam desensitizes glutamate (AMPA) receptors in your brain.[ii] Which boosts neural signaling by increasing the effectiveness of
glutamate. Resulting in better focus and concentration.
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Mood & Anti-anxiety: Coluracetam is effective in treating anxiety and depression. Even in people suffering from major depression and who do not respond to
SSRI’s.
Table of Contents
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Overview
Coluracetam vs. Piracetam: What’s the Difference?
How does Coluracetam Work in the Brain?
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How things go bad:
Coluracetam to the rescue
How does Coluracetam feel?
The Research
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o
Coluracetam Provides Long-lasting Cognition Improvement
Coluracetam Improves Working Memory
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
Coluracetam is in the racetam-family of nootropic compounds. It is a fat-soluble nootropic. The racetam-class of nootropics share a pyrrolidone nucleus at their core.
Coluracetam
Coluracetam is unique among the racetams in the way it targets choline in the brain. It boosts your brain’s choline conversion to acetylcholine (ACh) through the high
affinity choline uptake (HACU) process.
Pramiracetam is the only other racetam that has a similar mechanism of action. By influencing the HACU process.
Coluracetam is one of the newest synthetic nootropic compounds. It is known for improving long-term memory and mood. And for enhancing sounds and color.
Coluracetam is considered to be much more potent than Piracetam. And suggested doses are much smaller – often in the 3 – 10 mg range.
Coluracetam helps increase attention span, alertness and boosts long-term memory.
Coluracetam acts like an ampakine nootropic although this hasn’t been verified in clinical trials. Ampakines tend to have a stimulant effect. But do not produce the same
stimulant side effects as Ritalin or coffee.
Coluracetam vs. Piracetam: What’s the Difference?
Piracetam, the original racetam that started the nootropic movement, is a cyclic derivative of GABA. It affects the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) by helping ACh
receptors accept, or be more sensitive to acetylcholine.
Coluracetam also boosts acetylcholine in the brain. But through a different mechanism of action. Rather than making the ACh receptors more sensitive to ACh, it actually
increases the synthesis of acetylcholine from choline. By affecting the high affinity choline uptake (HACU) process.
How does Coluracetam Work in the Brain?
Coluracetam boosts brain health and function in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
Coluracetam boosts your brain’s choline uptake by targeting and working with the high affinity choline uptake (HACU) process in the brain’s neurons.
Acetylcholine (ACh) is made up of choline and acetate. These must be available to the neuron terminal at all times. So that ACh can be synthesized whenever it is
needed.
Free choline circulating in the blood crosses the blood-brain barrier. And is taken up by cholinergic neuron terminals. It gets taken into the neuron by the high affinity
choline uptake (HACU) system.[iii]
The synthesis of ACh takes place in the synaptic cleft. The space between neurons as it travels into the neuron.
The HACU system is temperature-, energy-, and sodium-dependent. This system is the primary means by which choline needed for the synthesis of ACh is transported into
the neuron. And is the rate-limiting step in the production of this critical neurotransmitter.[iv]
When this system breaks down or doesn’t work as efficiently as it was designed, you experience problems with memory, learning, and brain fog.
Coluracetam affects this process and helps it work more efficiently. In fact, it seems to boost the HACU process. Even in damaged neurons.
Increased acetylcholine in neurons helps improve memory, boosts cognition and provides better decision-making capabilities.
2.
Coluracetam also seems to improve AMPA potentiation. AMPA receptors are affected by glutamate. Which works in the brain and central nervous system to
improve alertness and cognition.
Coluracetam works with both AMPA potentiation and choline uptake enhancement. This combination seems to help improve mood disorders without affecting serotonin
levels.
Serotonin Selective Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) is the current preferred mainstream medical method for dealing with mood disorders and depression. They come with a list
of detrimental side effects. And don’t work for every depressed patient.
Researchers reported that Coluracetam was beneficial in treating major clinical depression and anxiety disorder.[v] Without affecting serotonin levels in the brain. And
without the side effects that go with disrupting serotonin.
How things go bad:
As we get older, our brain chemistry and energy metabolism changes.
↓ Brain cell membranes degenerate
↓ Recall, reaction time and mood diminish
↓ Conversion of choline to acetylcholine breaks down
↓ Acetylcholine levels decline
All of these changes can happen at any age. And are a product of the food we eat, what we drink, lifestyle habits, the air we breathe and more.
So Coluracetam can help mood disorders and age-related cognitive decline. But it works as well for the student looking to do better in school. By boosting acetylcholine and
controlling glutamate in the brain.
Coluracetam to the rescue
Research from a very limited number of studies have shown that Coluracetam will:
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Restore the synthesis of acetylcholine
Restore long-term memory
Improve working memory
Relieve symptoms of severe depression
Treat symptoms of general anxiety
Increase choline uptake even in damaged neurons
Repair retinal and optical nerve damage
The benefits from supplementing with Coluracetam seem to be long-lasting. Even after supplementation has stopped.
How does Coluracetam feel?
Even with very small doses of Coluracetam you should experience a decrease in anxiety and improved mood. Overall energy levels should go up.
Unlike the effect commonly produced by stimulants, Coluracetam offers a more relaxed, calm and free-minded kind of thought-processing.
Coluracetam acts quickly to boost long-term and working memory and word-recall. And many nootropic-users report that colors are crisper, or enhanced. Sound and audio
seems to wash through you.
Some even report that Coluracetam enhances meditation. There is an extremely pleasant sense of being at peace with the world.
The Research
Coluracetam was first discovered the late 1990’s. And because it’s so new, very few clinical trials have been done with humans. Most of the clinical research available to us
has been done on animals.
BrainCells, Inc., who acquired the patent from the company that first developed Coluracetam, have begun human trials. Here we have two examples of the clinical research
done in the last 15 years on animals.
Coluracetam Provides Long-lasting Cognition Improvement
Researchers in Japan worked with rats whose memory was chemically impaired. In this study, rats were dosed with Coluracetam (MKC-231) for 8 days.
The team studied the effects on the high affinity choline uptake (HACU) system of the rats after 8-days of repeated Coluracetam treatment.
They reported an increase of HACU activity along with a boost in cognition. And concluded that Coluracetam “could induce long-lasting pro-cognitive effects by changing the
choline transporter regulation system”.[vi]
Coluracetam Improves Working Memory
A study at Iwate Medical University in Japan was done on mice with working memory deficits. In this study, scientists found that Coluracetam improved working memory at
all doses tested.
They found it significantly reversed an acetylcholine deficit. And concluded that Coluracetam improved memory deficits by boosting high affinity choline uptake (HACU), and
the release of acetylcholine.[vii]
Dosage Notes
Recommended Coluracetam dosage is 20 – 80 mg per day. So 20 mg would be taken in two 10 mg doses. One Coluracetam dose in the morning, and one in the early
afternoon.
Higher doses of Coluracetam are based on clinical trials mostly done on animals. When first adding Coluracetam to your stack, most neurohackers start out with a much
smaller dose. And see how you react to it.
Coluracetam is typically sold in powder form. Smaller doses are often taken sublingually for faster and better absorption.
Since Coluracetam is a fat-soluble nootropic, you should take it with a meal containing healthy fats. Or with a tablespoon of extra virgin, expeller cold-pressed coconut or
olive oil. Or other similar healthy fat to ensure quick absorption.
Side Effects
Coluracetam is non-toxic. So is considered well-tolerated and safe.
Many first-time users of Coluracetam report fatigue which is often the result of starting with too high a dose.
Remember, Coluracetam works by enhancing choline uptake in your brain. Choline is a precursor to the production of acetylcholine. If not enough choline is available in
your system, you’ll feel the side effects.
Side effects are rare but can include anxiety, fatigue, headaches, nervousness and nausea. Again, side effects are often a result of unusually high doses of the nootropic.
Headaches from using Coluracetam typically happen when you forget to combine it with a good choline supplement. Headaches are often a symptom of a choline deficit in
your brain.
Available Forms
Coluracetam is usually sold in powder form. A couple of companies offer it in a liquid base making it easier to dose and take sublingually.
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Coluracetam 20 – 80 mg per day
We recommend using Coluracetam as a nootropic supplement.
Your body does not make Coluracetam on its own. So to get its benefits you must take it as a supplement.
Coluracetam is unique among racetams because it is a high affinity choline uptake (HACU) enhancer.
Coluracetam is especially helpful for restoring long-term memory, boosting cognition and better decision-making. All benefits associated with improved choline uptake into
neurons. And the improved synthesis of acetylcholine.
Coluracetam also has a strong, albeit brief history of treating major depression. For the healthy neurohacker you’ll get the benefit of a sense of contentment and peace.
And as an added bonus, the extra choline activity affects optic nerves. So you may experience enhanced colors and sound.
The positive effects of Coluracetam appear to be at least semi-permanent. The benefits continue even after it leaves your system.
You should use Coluracetam with a good choline supplement like Alpha GPC or CDP-Choline. It helps boost acetylcholine synthesis, so demands the presence of more
choline in your brain.
Clinical trials say you can safely boost daily intake of Coluracetam to 200 mg. for major depressive disorder if needed. But we suggest starting with 20 mg
per day. And increasing your
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10)
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
Coenzyme Q10 helps fuel ATP for the mitochondria in your brain cells. Boosting energy, cognition, memory and recall.
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) (2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-6-decaprenyl-1,4-benzoquinone) is a natural antioxidant synthesized by your body. It’s also known as “ubiquinone”
because it is ‘ubiquitous’ in the human body. CoQ10 is used by every single cell.
CoQ10 is your cell’s source of energy. It fuels your mitochondria by taking fat and other substances and converting them into usable energy.
Brain cells have a higher concentration of mitochondria than most other cells in your body. These mitochondria are like little power plants inside each cell. They even have
their own DNA.
The source of life and death for neurons lies in mitochondria. Without healthy mitochondria, the natural function of each cell is damaged. And the life of that cell can come
to a premature end.
CoQ10 is also a powerful antioxidant. And helps protect your cells from free radical (oxidative) damage. Free radicals are oxygen atoms missing electrons. This makes them
highly reactive which wreaks havoc in your tissues and DNA.
Research shows CoQ10 prevents oxidative damage in your brain. Protecting the health of your brain cells.[i]
Coenzyme Q10 helps:
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Protect brain cells. Mitochondria generate the neuron’s energy and control its death. CoQ10 protects mitochondria from oxidative damage and dysfunction.
Brain energy. CoQ10 provides fuel for neuron mitochondria. Low levels of CoQ10 results in brain fog, slow mental processing, and cognitive decline.
Neurotransmitters. Brain nerve cells (neurons) provide electrical signals transmitting information between neurons. This neural signaling is involved in
memory, learning, cognition and recall. CoQ10 fuels the mitochondria in each of these neurons. Keeping them functioning optimally for normal brain processing.
Table of Contents
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Overview
CoQ10: Ubiquinone vs. Ubiquinol: What’s the Difference?
How does CoQ10 work in the brain?
How things go bad:
CoQ10 to the rescue
How does CoQ10 feel?
The Research
o
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CoQ10 can Improve Learning
CoQ10 Improves Memory
CoQ10 Reverses Gulf War Illness
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
Coenzyme Q10
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a natural enzyme synthesized in your body. It’s also known as “ubiquinone” because it is ‘ubiquitous’ in the human body. CoQ10 is used by
every single cell.
Your body uses CoQ10 faster than it can produce it. So you need supplemental CoQ10 either from food or a supplement. You can get CoQ10 from eating fatty fish, beef,
poultry, nuts, seeds and oils.
CoQ10 provides fuel for the mitochondria in your cells. Mitochondria are the tiny power plants that energize each cell. And your brain has a higher concentration of
mitochondria in each cell than most other organs.
CoQ10 is also a powerful antioxidant. It protects your cells from free radical damage. Oxidative damage has been implicated in several neurodegenerative diseases including
Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and Lou Gehrig (ALS) disease.[ii]
Coenzyme Q10 is used throughout your body. It helps produce more energy for your cells, boosts heart health, helps maintain healthy blood pressure and immune system,
and reduces the signs of aging.
Here we’re talking about how CoQ10 affects your brain health and chemistry.
CoQ10: Ubiquinone vs. Ubiquinol: What’s the Difference?
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a fat-soluble nutrient produced naturally in your body. The highest concentration of CoQ10 is in the organs that require the most energy –
including your heart, liver, muscles, kidneys and brain.
CoQ10 is in the mitochondria in your cells. This is where cellular energy occurs. It acts as an electron acceptor or donor in the chain of reactions that lead to cellular energy
production.
When oxidized CoQ10 (ubiquinone) accepts an electron from another molecule in the chain, it becomes Ubiquinol. And when Ubiquinol donates an electron it becomes
ubiquinone. This state of equilibrium is necessary and how your body benefits from CoQ10.
The chemical difference between ubiquinone and Ubiquinol is the Ubiquinol compound contains two hydroxyl groups. This makes it more “hydrophilic”, or easier to dissolve
in water. And makes it more bioavailable than ubiquinone.[iii]
In Ubiquinol-form, CoQ10 has the ability to scavenge free radicals in the mitochondria and cell membranes. Sites where free radicals infli ct the most damage.
Supplement makers have been offering various forms of CoQ10 claiming to enhance bioavailability. But absorption rates vary a lot from person to person. With some people
only absorbing and utilizing extremely small amounts of CoQ10.
One company, BioActives has developed a new delivery mechanism for CoQ10 using a natural compound (beta-cyclodextrin) made from potato starch. MicroActive® Q10
is a free-flowing powder with enhanced bioavailability.
Research shows that daily use of MicroActive® Q10 doubles serum (blood) levels of CoQ10 in just 3 weeks.
You can get MicroActive Q10 in the new Performance Lab® Energy formula that also contains Acetyl-L-Carnitine, R-Lipoic Acid, PQQ and BioPerine for even better
bioavailability.
How does CoQ10 work in the brain?
Coenzyme Q10 boosts brain health in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
When you supplement with enough CoQ10, you’re giving your brain cells the fuel it needs to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is the fuel used by
the mitochondria in your neurons.
Mitochondria are the source of life and death for neurons. They generate your neuron’s energy and control its death. But mitochondria tend to develop defects as we age.
As these defects accumulate, mitochondria start to malfunction. This results in a reduction in cellular energy production. And cells die.
The result of this dysfunction can be brain fog, cognition problems, poor memory and recall. And ultimately neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s,
stroke and others.[iv]
Studies show that CoQ10 protects against this cellular damage by raising energy levels. In a study with rats, scientists put CoQ10 in their chow for 10 days before giving
them a toxin that caused brain lesions. CoQ10 reduced lesions by 30%. And restored energy production in neurons to nearly normal levels.[v]
2.
CoQ10 preserves brain function, mental illness and fights migraines. CoQ10 is essential not only in preventing brain deterioration at a structural level, but in
maintaining normal function at all ages.
Studies are beginning to show some troubling associations between migraine headaches and mental health issues like depression and schizophrenia.
Scientists don’t know for sure what causes migraines. But think it may be related to brain energy levels. Studies show that CoQ10 supplementation in children, adolescents
and adults had significant decreases in frequency and length of migraines.[vi]
Major depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia have long been considered separate health issues. Lately, they are being recognized as having mitochondrial
dysfunction in common. And higher oxidative stress levels.[vii]
Just one of many studies show that depression in older bipolar adults had a significant reduction in symptoms. This was after treatment with 1,200 mg of CoQ10 per
day.[viii]
How things go bad:
As we get older, the chemistry in our brain cells and energy metabolism changes.
↓ Brain cell membranes degenerate
↓ Recall, reaction time and mood diminish
↓ Neurotransmitter levels decline
All of these age-related changes are contributing factors to the neurodegenerative diseases of aging, including Alzheimer’s and dementia.
But even if things haven’t degenerated to such a debilitating level, CoQ10 can help.
CoQ10 to the rescue
Research from thousands of studies have shown that Coenzyme Q10 will:
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Boost energy levels and stamina
Reduce fatigue
Reduce the possibility of age-related diseases
Lower blood pressure
Lower blood sugar levels
Provide protection and energy to your brain
Boost cerebral blood flow
How does CoQ10 feel?
Optimizing your mitochondria is one the most powerful strategies you have to extend your life. Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with the aging process, including
many age-related diseases.
So when taking CoQ10 you should feel better and more energized. Thinking should be clearer. Less fatigue and stamina improved.
Some neurohackers report feeling more fatigue while taking Ubiquinol. And actually feel better taking the less optimized form ubiquinone.
The Research
CoQ10 was first isolated from beef hearts at the University of Wisconsin in 1957. Research continued at Merck & Company, Stanford Research Institute, and the University
of Texas at Austin. Many studies from around the world have been published since.[ix]
CoQ10 can Improve Learning
A study at the University of Texas was conducted to find out if supplementing with CoQ10 or Vitamin E could help older mice learn tasks more quickly. The researchers
separated groups of older mice. And gave each mouse either CoQ10, Vitamin E, or both antioxidants for 14 weeks.
The mice were run through a battery of tests assessing learning, memory and psychomotor function. The study concluded that CoQ10 combined with Vitamin E working in
concert boosted performance in all tests.[x]
CoQ10 Improves Memory
Neuron death caused by oxidative stress is implicated in a host of neurodegenerative diseases. Including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and stroke.
Oxidative stress is an imbalance between the production of free radicals, and the ability of your body to detoxify the harm caused by free radicals. Exposure to toxins in
your everyday environment can cause oxidative stress.
Researchers at the University of Windsor in Canada demonstrated this effect using human cells in the lab exposed to an herbicide commonly used in North America.
Your brain exposed to this toxin causes apoptosis (programmed cell death) and DNA fragmentation. But scientists found that cells pretreated with CoQ10 prevented
oxidative stress and neuron damage.[xi]
CoQ10 Reverses Gulf War Illness
The profound protective effect of CoQ10 on brain neurons and memory was proven in studies with soldiers who fought in the Persian Gulf War.
About one-third of the 700,000 troops deployed during the first Persian Gulf War, have been diagnosed with Gulf War Illness (GWI). Symptoms include fatigue, muscle pain,
weakness, and decreased cognitive function.
Gulf War Illness was caused by exposure to pesticides, sarin nerve gas, and other toxins during the war.
Forty-six United States Gulf War veterans participated in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. All had been diagnosed with GWI.
The veterans were given CoQ10 in pill form, or a placebo for 3 ½ months. Researchers concluded that 80% of those receiving only 100 mg of CoQ10 during this study saw
improvements with headaches, irritability, recall and muscle pain.
The degree of improvement correlated to the degree in which CoQ10 levels in the blood increased.[xii]
Dosage Notes
CoQ10 can help the mitochondria in your brain, and throughout your body, work more cleanly and efficiently. It reduces oxidative stress and damage to mitochondria.
Helping to slow the aging process.
Dosing CoQ10 depends on what you’re trying to accomplish. Generally dosing for a healthy adult is 30 – 400 mg daily.
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As an antioxidant: 60 – 150 mg daily
Muscle control problems: 300 – 3,000 mg daily
Alzheimer’s Disease: 400 mg daily
Heart Attack recovery: 30 – 600 mg daily
To prevent heart disease: 200 mg daily
Chemotherapy side effects: 50 – 90 mg daily
Improve exercise performance: 50 – 300 mg daily
Male infertility and Peyronie’s disease: 30 – 300 mg daily
Diabetic nerve pain: 400 mg daily
Weight loss: 100 mg daily
Note: recommended dosing is for as long as you have symptoms. Work with your doctor and get tested for CoQ10 levels in your blood. Once your CoQ10 level are
optimized you can scale back to a maintenance dose.
Side Effects
The primary “side effect” of using CoQ10 in your nootropic stack is – you’ll feel better. You should have more energy and thinking should be clearer and faster.
CoQ10 may reduce the toxic effect of some chemotherapy drugs. And it may enhance the effectiveness of some blood pressure medications. Which can be good or bad
depending on your situation.
CoQ10 can reduce the efficacy of a blood thinner like Warfarin. It can also lower blood sugar levels. So needs to be monitored if you have diabetes.
Caution is advised when using CoQ10 with aspirin. Especially if you have a bleeding disorder.
Talk to your doctor if you’re on any medication before you start using CoQ10.
A few people who use CoQ10 report rashes, nausea, abdominal pain, dizziness, sensitivity to light, irritability, headache, heartburn or fatigue.
Some neurohackers say they feel fatigue when using Ubiquinol but not with the less expensive Ubiquinone. Experiment and see what works best for you.
Available Forms
There are two types of CoQ10 used in CoQ10 supplements: ubiquinone and Ubiquinol. Some alternative health practitioners advise staying away from ubiquinone
because your body has to convert it to Ubiquinol to use it.
If you’re under 25 and in good health you can likely get the benefit of CoQ10 with the less expensive ubiquinone. Over 25 and you’re better off with Ubiquinol.
Ubiquinol is identical to 95% of the CoQ10 your body is designed to naturally produce. Which means your body doesn’t have to convert the CoQ10 to use it.
BioActives® LLC has developed a new delivery mechanism for CoQ10 using a natural compound (beta-cyclodextrin) made from potato starch. MicroActive® Q10 is a freeflowing powder with enhanced bioavailability.
In 2011, a study published in the Journal of Evidence-Based Integrative Medicine showed that daily use of MicroActive® Q10 doubles serum (blood) levels of CoQ10 in just 3
weeks.
You can get MicroActive Q10 in the new Performance Lab® Energy formula that also contains Acetyl-L-Carnitine, R-Lipoic Acid, PQQ and BioPerine for even better
bioavailability.
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Coenzyme Q10 200 – 400 mg per pay
We recommend using CoQ10 as a nootropic supplement.
Your body does make some CoQ10 on its own. And from the food you eat. But studies have shown we don’t get an adequate supply of CoQ10 from food sources in our diet.
CoQ10 is especially helpful for those suffering from age-related cognitive decline. Studies show it helps stop or reverse brain degeneration with Alzheimer’s Disease, and
other cognitive disorders. In any stage of the disease.
CoQ10 is particularly effective for boosting energy levels in those with low levels of CoQ10.
I now get my CoQ10 from the new Performance Lab® Energy formula that contains MicroActive® Q10, Acetyl-l-Carnitine (ALCAR), BioPQQ® and BioPerine®.
We suggest starting with a dose of 200 mg daily. And CoQ10 is a great compliment to a stack including any nootropic.
You need to provide your brain mitochondria with the fuel it is demanding. Or neurons start to break down from the inside. Signs that your lacking adequate CoQ10 is brai n
fog, slow thinking, headaches and muscle aches.
Age-related cognitive disorders that include muscle control problems may want to up the dose to 3,000 mg per day. But for a limited time until CoQ10 blood levels are
stabilized. Work with your doctor.
doses only after you see how it works in your system.
Creatine
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
Creatine has been shown to boost cognition and prevent mental fatigue
Creatine is one of the most effective cognitive enhancers available. This non-essential amino acid is synthesized in your liver, kidneys and pancreas. And used in your brain
to re-charge the Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) that fuels the mitochondria in brain cells.
Creatine is stored in your body as phosphocreatine. When ATP is used in your neurons to fuel mitochondria, it loses a phosphate molecule. Turning it into adenosine
diphosphate (ADP).
Creatine steps in and offers ADP a phosphate molecule. Turning it back into ATP to be used again to fuel mitochondria. Creatine essentially re-charges the fuel cells in your
neurons.
Creatine is critical for mental energy, neurotransmitters, as a neuroprotectant and anti-oxidant.
Creatine helps:
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Brain Energy. Creatine can reduce mental fatigue. Creatine re-charges ATP which is the fuel source for your brain cells.
Neurotransmitters. Creatine re-charges ATP which is directly involved in producing, packaging and secreting neurotransmitters. Creatine boosts intelligence,
improves memory, facilitates faster thinking, and improves mood.

Neuroprotectant. Creatine fuels ATP, and boosts cellular metabolism which helps protect against neuronal damage from toxins. And improves cognition.
Table of Contents
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Overview
Creatine Monohydrate vs. Buffered Creatine vs. Creatine Ethyl Ester: What’s the Difference?
How does Creatine Work in the Brain?
How things go bad:
Creatine to the rescue
How does Creatine feel?
The Research
o
o
o
Creatine Boosts Working Memory & Intelligence
Creatine Increases I.Q & Attention Span
Creatine Repairs Brain Cells
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
Creatine is an amino acid that’s synthesized in your kidneys, liver and pancreas. It’s produced from the amino acids methionine, glycine and arginine. You can also get
creatine from eating wild game, red meat, eggs and fish. Or a supplement.
Creatine
Creatine is stored in your body as creatine phosphate, or phosphocreatine. And is critical for fueling Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) in the mitochondria of your brain cells.
Here’s how it works…
ATP is the primary energy molecule used in your cells as energy. ATP is your body’s natural fuel source. ATP is broken down to produce biochemical energy throughout your
body. Including in your brain cells.
During this biochemical process, ATP loses one of its phosphate molecules. And is changed to adenosine diphosphate (ADP). This is where creatine steps in.
Remember, creatine is stored in your body as creatine phosphate. It re-charges ADP by donating a phosphate molecule to ADP. Which produces more ATP that can be used
to make more energy.
Without creatine to re-charge ATP, your brain’s cells are literally starved for energy.
Creatine Monohydrate vs. Buffered Creatine vs. Creatine Ethyl Ester: What’s the Difference?
It’s easy to get confused by the many forms of creatine available. And how to know which one works best in your nootropic stack. Well, let’s get past all the marketing
hype, and settle this now.
Creatine is one of the most well-researched supplements in the world. Thanks in large part to the sports-nutrition world.
Creatine monohydrate is the form used in most of the clinical studies on creatine. It’s the gold standard of creatine. And has been proven over decades of use.
Buffered creatine is marketed as being able to outperform creatine monohydrate because of its higher pH level. But research does not back up this claim.
Researchers in the Exercise and Sport Nutrition Laboratory at Texas A&M University conducted a double-blind study with 36 resistance-trained athletes.
They tested creatine monohydrate (Creapure®) against buffered creatine (Kre-Alkalyn®). Following manufacturer’s directions for loading and maintenance phases. And ran
the trial for 28-days.
The research team concluded there was no evidence that supplementing with a buffered form of creatine resulted in fewer side effects. Or that the buffered form was more
efficacious and/or safer than creatine monohydrate.[i]
Creatine Ethyl Ester is another form of creatine that is supposed to convert back to usable creatine once in your body. It’s marketed as having better absorption than
creatine monohydrate. But the research shows it’s actually less effective. Because once in your body, it’s converted into an inactive form called “creatinine”.[ii]
The bottom line is don’t overpay for fancy forms of creatine. No matter how good the marketing hype.
Creatine monohydrate is still the least expensive and most effective form of creatine available today.
How does Creatine Work in the Brain?
Creatine boosts brain health and function in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
Creatine levels linked to optimal memory ability and retention.
One study at the University of New Mexico investigated working memory ability. Or the brain’s ability to hold information for future use. Scientists studied children’s brains
aged 7 through 12 using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. And measured various brain neurochemicals.
The study found that children with the highest levels of creatine in their brain had a better working memory. And concluded, “… we speculate that higher resting
creatine levels may allow for greater in-task activation [and] facilitate processing.”[iii]
2.
Creatine directly impacts mental fatigue.
Another study published in Neuroscience Research examined the effects of supplemental creatine on mental fatigue. 24 healthy adults participated in this double-blind,
placebo-controlled study.
In this study, the adults who took 8 grams of creatine daily for 5-days showed significantly less mental fatigue while performing math than those who took no
creatine.[iv] The research team said that creatine appeared to help increase oxygen utilization in the brain.
How things go bad:
ATP and creatine are critical to brain function. If you don’t have adequate creatine to recharge ATP, your brain can’t function at its best.
And certain genetic disorders can interrupt brain creatine metabolism. Causing significant neurological defects.
Lack of ATP and creatine will affect neuron repair, and the production and transmission of neurotransmitters.
If a creatine deficiency is caused by a genetic defect early in life, it can result in developmental delay, mental retardation, speech disabilities and muscle weakness.
↓ Cognition, memory, recall, reaction time and mood diminish
↓ Brain cell membranes degenerate
↓ Neurotransmitter levels decline
↓ Mental health, language and fine motor skills decline[v]
All of these changes in brain energy metabolism are contributing factors to neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, ALS, epilepsy, and dementia.
But even if you’re not concerned with genetic defects, or the effects of aging, Creatine can help.
Creatine to the rescue
Study after study shows that creatine supplementation has a significant impact on working memory and intelligence. Both tasks that require mental speed of
processing.Creatine supplementation plays a major role in brain energy capacity. And influencing brain performance.
You may find it curious that researchers who study cognition and athletic performance seem to favor using vegetarians and vegans. And giving them creatine supplements.
They use vegetarians as test subjects because creatine is only found in animal flesh. And vegetarians don’t eat meat.
Creatine is not an essential amino acid because we can synthesize it from other amino acids. But amino acids found in plant foods are not synthesized very efficiently. This
is the reason why vegetarians have lower creatine levels in their bodies than those of us who eat meat.
Our cells run on energy supplied by ATP. We burn ATP energy when using our muscles. But we go through ATP faster when we use our brains.
Consider that our brain only makes up about 1 – 3% of our body weight. But the billions of neurons in our brains use 20% of our body’s total ATP-derived energy.
ATP energy is used in your brain for neuronal repair. And to produce, package and secrete neurotransmitters. It’s the power behind bioelectrical signals when neurons
communicate with each other.
During this neuronal activity, ATP loses one of its phosphate molecules. And is changed to ADP. Creatine is needed to recharge ADP by donating a phosphate molecule. So
you can use that ATP energy again.
This is why every neurohacker should have creatine as part of their nootropic stack.
How does Creatine feel?
Once you start supplementing with creatine, you should experience improved cognitive function. Thinking will be clearer and faster.
Mental energy will get a boost. And you won’t feel mentally wasted after an intense mental workout.
Reading should be easier and you won’t find yourself re-reading that last sentence or paragraph.
Overall, you should feel a boost in both physical and cognitive abilities. And an improvement in your sense of well-being. You’ll feel better!
The Research
Creatine was identified way back in 1832. And science has been researching it in every way possible since then. Thousands of studies have been done on physical and brain
health. And how they’re related to creatine.
Creatine Boosts Working Memory & Intelligence
A research team at the University of Sydney decided to test the effect of creatine supplementation in 45 young adult vegetari ans. People who stick to a vegetarian diet are
typically deficient in creatine. Because red meat is a main source of this critical nutrient in our diet.
In this double-blind, placebo-controlled trial they gave some of the young adults 5 grams of creatine once a day for 6 weeks. Then they tested for intelligence and working
memory performance.
The researchers found that creatine supplementation had a significant positive effect on both working memory and intelligence. Both methods that they used to test the
subjects required speed of processing.
The research team concluded brain energy capacity has a profound role influence on brain performance. And that brain energy relies on creatine.[vi]
Creatine Increases I.Q & Attention Span
Scientists at the University of Sunderland in the U.K. conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Working with 34 healthy men and women with a mean age of 21
years. None of the participants were vegetarian.
One group took 5 grams of creatine daily for 2 weeks. And the other group took a placebo. They were tested before supplementation. And then after 2 weeks of using either
creatine or the placebo.
The tests consisted of Memory Scanning, Number-Pair Matching, Sustained Attention and Arrow Flankers, followed by an IQ test. These tests were mentally strenuous by
any standard.
The researchers concluded that those taking creatine tested much better, and showed less mental fatigue than the placebo group. Creatine increased attention span, I.Q,
and working memory.[vii]
Creatine Repairs Brain Cells
Drugs currently used to treat neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s provide temporary relief of symptoms. But do not stop the underlying cause of
the disease.
Scientists are now working on therapies that focus on replacing injured and dead brain cells. And boosting growth factor along with other neurotrophic molecules.
These new therapies include developing vaccines. And using compounds like creatine to immunize against these life-threatening diseases.[viii]
One thing scientists know for sure is impaired energy metabolism plays a prominent role in many of these neurological diseases. Recent studies show impaired
energy production in the brain causes neuron cell death.
Optimal levels of ATP are crucial to maintaining healthy brain cells. And creatine is a critical in maintaining cellular energy levels.
Supplementing with creatine has been proven for neuroprotection in a wide range of neurodegenerative diseases. Including Parkinson’s, ALS, Alzheimer’s, stroke and
epilepsy.[ix]
Dosage Notes
Recommended dosage of creatine for nootropic benefit is 5 grams per day.
Studies show that creatine should be consumed with carbohydrates for best absorption.[x]
The myth that you should not take creatine with caffeine is exactly that – a myth. No reliable study has shown this to be true.
Side Effects
Creatine is produced naturally in your body. So is considered well-tolerated and safe.
But over-consumption of creatine can be hard on your kidneys and liver. These organs are creatine factories. And too much creatine can overwork them. If you are dealing
with liver or kidney problems, talk to your doctor before supplementing with creatine.
Pure creatine is the safest. But many commercially available creatine supplements contain contaminants. Check the labels carefully. Review the manufacturer’s website and
any other material they offer that attests to their quality standards.
Other side effects can include mild diarrhea, gas, upset stomach or stomach cramps, muscle cramps, increased urination, headaches, reduced appetite and water weight
gain. Usually when using too much creatine. Or during the “loading” phase of creatine supplementation.
Because creatine causes an energy boost in many neurohackers, avoid dosing in the evening. Or you may find difficulty getting to sleep.
Available Forms
The best dietary source of creatine is found in wild game. Other sources include red meat and certain fish.
The most common and least expensive form of creatine available as a supplement is in powder form. It’s also available in capsules and a liquid.
We recommend skipping all the creatine nitrates, ethyl esters, malate, HCL’s and others – and stick with creatine monohydrate in powder form.
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Creatine 5 grams per day
We recommend using Creatine as a nootropic supplement.
Your body does make some creatine on its own. And from the food you eat. But if you’re a vegetarian, or don’t get enough quality creatine in your diet every day, you will
benefit by adding creatine to your nootropic stack.
Creatine is critical for fueling the activity in your neurons needed for cognition, memory, critical thinking, decision-making and more.
Creatine is especially helpful if you’re dealing with fatigue. Or putting unusually high demands on your brain. Resulting in mental fatigue.
Studies have shown creatine can help prevent a host of neurodegenerative diseases as well.
We suggest a dose of 5 grams daily. It takes a while for creatine to build up in your system. So if you’d like to get the benefits faster, load with 20 grams a day for a week.
And then pull back to a maintenance dose of 5 grams daily.
And Creatine is a great compliment to a stack including any nootropic from the racetam-family. Anything that causes an increase in uptake of acetylcholine in your brain.
And an increase in mental processing.
You need to provide your brain with the fuel it demands. And creatine is a proven way to do it.
DHA
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
DHA is an essential brain food that boosts neurotransmission, cognition, memory, learning, reduces brain inflammation, assists in the repair of and helps grow new brain cells.
DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) is an omega-3 fatty acid. DHA is crucial for the healthy structure and function of your brain at all ages.
DHA impacts your brain’s signaling systems, neurotransmitters, memory, learning, focus and attention. It helps reduce and even repair cognitive decline.
The famous Framingham Heart Study followed-up with 899 men and women who were free of dementia. Subjects had a median age of 76 years. And were followed for 9.1
years for the development of dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease.
Results from the study showed 99 new cases of dementia including 71 of Alzheimer’s. The researchers concluded that those with the highest levels of DHA were “associated
with a significant 47% reduction in the risk of developing all-cause dementia”.[i]
DHA helps:


BDNF. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is your brain’s growth hormone. DHA has the ability to turn on your brain’s BDNF.
Neuroplasticity. DHA helps your brain build new neural pathways. Critical for maintaining a healthy brain. And optimizing neural signaling and cognition.

Neuroprotection. DHA acts as an anti-inflammatory by reducing the enzyme COX-2. Inflammation is a key factor in both Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Disease. And in every other
neurodegenerative disease.
Table of Contents
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Overview
How does DHA Work in the Brain?
DHA vs. EPA: What’s the Difference?
How Things Go Bad:
DHA to the Rescue
How does DHA feel?
The Research
o
o
o
DHA Reduces Hostility and Anger
DHA Restores Neurotransmitters & Memory
DHA Improves Attention & Learning
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) is an omega-3 fatty acid. Your brain is made up of 60% fat. And much of that fat is DHA.
DHA
Your body does not make DHA on its own. So you must get it from food or a supplement. And if you are a vegan, you are at serious risk of a life-threatening DHA
deficiency.
Foods that are rich in DHA include fish, fish oil, Krill and other crustaceans, and algae.
But fish do not make DHA. Fish and other marine predators get it from smaller fish and crustaceans that feed on algae. It’s the algae that have enzymes to produce DHA
that we need to remain healthy.
DHA from eggs and some dairy products only supply about 20 mg of DHA per day.
DHA is essential for maintaining brain health, memory and learning functions. DHA reduces brain inflammation, stimulates new nerve cell growth, and assists in brain cell
repair.
How does DHA Work in the Brain?
Your brain is composed of 60% fat. 15 – 20% of your cerebral cortex is DHA. Even the retina in your eyes is 30 – 60% DHA. Making DHA the most essential nutrient for eye
and brain health.
The highest levels of DHA are found in phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE).[ii] Lower levels are found in phosphatidylcholine (PC).
PS makes up about 70% of neuron tissue mass. It helps in the storage, release and activity of neurotransmitters and receptors.
PC also makes up part of the neuron tissue mass. And helps in maintaining cell structure, fat metabolism, neuron signaling and the activation of a number of enzymes.
And PE is part of neuron cell membranes. PE is involved in cellular signaling.
PS, PE and PC are called phospholipids. Together they alter the fluidity of cell membranes. Changing the fluidity of cell membranes alters their permeability and protein
activity. And influences cellular signaling.
Made up largely of DHA, these cellular membranes regulate entry into the cell, and control neuroreceptor function. Which facilitates cellular communication between, and
within cells.
DHA also reduces inflammation by regulating proteins and enzymes within cells. And boosts the production of anti-inflammatory compounds that protect cells.
DHA maintains the activity of certain enzymes that control electrical signaling between cells. And it regulates the brain cell concentration of PS which is vital for cell survival.
And DHA regulates calcium oscillations, which are involved in neurotransmitter release, mitochondrial function, gene activation, oxidative stress and brain cell development
and growth (BDNF).
DHA vs. EPA: What’s the Difference?
Most medical authorities and scientists agree that Omega-3 oils are important for good health. Omega-3’s boost brain function, decrease inflammation, reduce the
incidence of fatal heart attacks and strokes, help autoimmune diseases and improve vision.
We have general agreement about the health benefits of Omega-3 oils. But few appreciate the difference between DHA (docosahexaeonic acid) and EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid).
The ratio of DHA and EPA varies a lot in commercial Omega-3 supplements. Most have higher concentrations of EPA to DHA. Mainly because it’s cheaper to manufacture,
and have less of a fishy odor.
But studies show that most of the brain health benefits of Omega-3’s are derived from DHA rather than EPA.
One study in Chicago followed 815 residents from 1993 – 2000. Study subjects were between 65 and 94 years. 131 study participants developed Alzheimer’s Disease.
Those who ate fish at least once a week had a 60% less risk of Alzheimer’s compared to those who didn’t eat fish.
Researchers found that it was the intake of DHA rather than EPA that reduced the risk factor in getting Alzheimer’s. EPA made no difference whatsoever.[iii]
How Things Go Bad:
From reviewing the “How does DHA Work in the Brain” section of this article, you can imagine that when things go bad with DHA – they go really bad.
Fish and marine oil supplements like krill oil are a direct source of DHA and EPA. Plants contain another Omega-3 called alpha-linolenic acid (ALA).
Technically ALA can be converted to DHA and EPA. But most modern humans lack the ability to convert plant sources of Omega-3’s into all the DHA our brain needs.
When we don’t get enough DHA, we experience:
↓ Problems with attention, learning and memory
↑ Depression, anxiety, aggression, anger, suicide risk
↑ Bipolar disorder, Alzheimer’s Disease and Schizophrenia
Not having adequate levels of DHA in the brain cause things to break down. If the inadequate intake of DHA goes on for a while, disease starts to set in. Including
neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s and cancer.
DHA to the Rescue
DHA makes up much of the gray matter in your brain. It’s an integral part of cell membranes and making them function.
Your brain is 60% fat. And a large part of that is DHA.
The good news is; degenerative conditions can not only be prevented by adding DHA to your nootropic stack. It can also be reversed.
In one study, researchers worked with 485 elderly subjects with memory problems. They saw significant improvement with those taking 900 mg of DHA per day for 24
weeks compared to the control group.[iv]
In another double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, scientists worked with 49 women aged 60 – 80 years. One group received 800 mg per day of DHA for 4 months.
Researchers found those using DHA had a significant improvement in verbal fluency scores. And an improvement in memory and learning.[v]
How does DHA feel?
Chances are when you start using DHA you won’t feel it. There’s no profound stimulant feeling.
But if you suffer from chronic depression, within a few weeks you should feel the depression lift.
After supplementing with DHA for a while your cognition will be better. You’ll think clearer and quicker. Your memory and ability to learn will improve. And you’ll likely have
more energy and motivation.
But it is very likely you won’t think to attribute these improvements to adding DHA to your stack. Something else will get the credit.
The Research
DHA is crucial for an optimally functioning brain. The goal of every neurohacker. DHA impacts your brain’s structure, signaling systems, neurotransmitters, memory,
learning, focus and attention.
We have decades of clinical research verifying the importance of DHA in your nootropic stack. And several books have been written on the subject in the last couple of
years. Here’s just a snippet of what’s available…
DHA Reduces Hostility and Anger
In a study with 41 university students in Japan, scientists compared a high-DHA diet (1.5 grams/day) with placebo. This was recorded over 3 months to see the effects of
hostile responses.
The researchers found a 27% incidence of hostile answers in the placebo group when nothing extraordinary was going on. And hostile responses rose to 92% during final
exams.
There was no increase in hostility among those taking a DHA supplement. These guys even found DHA supplementation significantly reduced hostility among university
staff.[vi]
DHA Restores Neurotransmitters & Memory
As the brain ages, there is an increase in membrane rigidity. This causes changes in synapses resulting in a decrease in transmitter release. Long-term potentiation is
affected which impairs the development of memories.
Several studies have shown that DHA can support healthy levels of these neurotransmitters. In one study with aged rats, researchers restored neurotransmitter release in
the hippocampus. And reversed age-related memory problems.
Adding omega-3 fatty acids to the rats feed for 8 weeks raised concentrations of DHA in the rat’s brain. And actually reversed age-related memory impairment.[vii]
DHA Improves Attention & Learning
DHA also has an effect on neurotransmitters serotonin, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, glutamate and dopamine. Deficiencies in DHA have been shown to lower levels of
dopamine. Resulting in problems with attention and learning.[viii]
DHA even plays a role in neurotransmitter receptor function. DHA affects brain cell membrane structures including neuroreceptors.[ix]
Some of these receptors communicate inside cells when stimulated by glutamate, serotonin and acetylcholine.[x] The numbers of these receptors can be increased by you,
by adding DHA to your nootropic stack.
So if you are using nootropics that affect things like acetylcholine, serotonin, dopamine and serotonin in your brain. It would be wise to add DHA to your nootropic stack.
And ensure you get the most bang for your investment in nootropics.
Dosage Notes
Recommended daily dosage of DHA is 1,000 mg.
Fish oil supplements vary in ratios of DHA to EPA. Salmon naturally contain more DHA than EPA. A supplement from algae may contain only DHA.
Krill oil has both DHA and EPA. So read the labels. And whatever supplement you get, make sure you end up with at least 1,000 mg of DHA.
Most brands of fish oil have been proven safe, and free of mercury. And do not contain unsafe levels of PCB’s (polychlorinated biphenyls).
To further avoid the contaminants in an unrefined supplement, choose a fish oil supplement made from small, oily fish like anchovies, sardines or menhaden. And check the
labels carefully for purity.
Ideally, get one of a few supplements now available that are pure, refined DHA only. With no EPA.
Side Effects
Fish oil capsules commonly have both DHA and EPA. Capsules with EPA are not recommended for infants or small children. Because they upset the balance between DHA
and EPA during early development. This also applies to pregnant women.
Fish oil could cause minor side effects like loose stools, upset stomach and belching.
Fish oil may lower blood pressure. So if you already take a medication to lower blood pressure, make sure you talk to your doctor first.
If you’re supplement contains EPA, it could interact with blood thinners and increase bleeding. Same is true for aspirin. But this is not true of DHA. DHA-only supplements
do not thin the blood.
Fish oil supplements may lower blood sugar levels. So be careful if you’re on diabetes medications.
Omega-3 fatty acids may reduce some of the side effects of cyclosporine which is used to stop rejection after an organ transplant.
Available Forms
DHA is available as a supplement in two forms:


Fish oil capsules. Which usually have both DHA and EPA. Some makers now offer capsules that are pure, refined DHA only.
DHA from algae. Which has no EPA and is vegetarian friendly.
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
DHA (Omega-3) 1,000 mg per day.
We recommend using DHA as a nootropic supplement.
Your body does not make DHA on its own. So you must get it from food. Or take it as a supplement.
DHA is one of the most important nootropics you can add to your stack. Your brain is 60% fat. And much of that fat is DHA.
DHA is critical for brain cell repair and regeneration (neurogenesis). And it is an integral part of neural signaling. Both between neurons as well as inside brain cells.
DHA has an effect on critical neurotransmitters and neuroreceptors. It is a powerful anti-inflammatory. And is involved in neuroplasticity.
Hundreds of studies on Omega-3’s and DHA show benefits in preventing and even reversing neurodegenerative disease.
It’s best if you find a supplement that is pure DHA. And you can safely take 1,000 mg per day.
DHEA
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
DHEA has been shown to boost cognition, memory, energy levels and motivation.
DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone) is often called the “youth hormone”. DHEA is the most abundant hormone precursor in the human body. And a source of your sex
hormones.
DHEA is the most common natural steroid found in human blood plasma. But decreases by about 80% between ages 25 and 75.[i]
DHEA deficiency is suspected in many age-related health issues. Including declines in brain and nervous system function. The latest research shows that DHEA
supplementation can have powerful neuroprotective effects.
If you are feeling tired and overwhelmed, have low sex drive, or regularly suffer with depression or poor mood, there’s a good chance your body is not producing enough
DHEA.
DHEA helps:



Brain Energy. DHEA helps to enhance neuron utilization of ATP. The primary energy source of brain cell mitochondria. Keeping brain cell ATP levels optimized helps prevent age-related
cognitive decline.
Neurotransmitters. DHEA levels are directly associated with neurotransmitters involved in concentration, working memory, and executive function.
Mood. DHEA supplementation can improve mood and energy while alleviating depression. And has been found to influence gene expression in the brain. It modulates the expression of genes
directly involved in appetite, energy utilization and alertness.
Table of Contents
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Overview
o
DHEA Declines with Age
How does DHEA Work in the Brain?
How things go bad:
DHEA to the rescue
How does DHEA feel?
The Research
o
o
o
DHEA Levels Predict How Long You’ll Live
DHEA Improves Memory
DHEA Levels Associated with Mood in Pro Golfers
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone) is the most abundant natural steroid hormone in your body. It’s sometimes called the “youth hormone”. And is a source of your sex
hormones.
DHEA
DHEA is naturally synthesized in your testes, adrenal glands, and brain. It’s a precursor to DHT and testosterone in men, and estrogen in women. And can activate both
androgen and estrogen receptors.
Besides making DHEA, your adrenal glands also produce cortisol. Which is in direct competition with DHEA for production. When cortisol is high, especially for prolonged
periods of time, your adrenal glands wear out. And DHEA production will decline.
DHEA can be made in the lab from wild yam and soy. But your body cannot produce DHEA from eating these foods. To boost DHEA you need to take it as a supplement.[ii]
DHEA Declines with Age
Your body’s natural production of DHEA varies with age. Low levels are produced before puberty. With peak production in your 20’s.
Between ages 25-30 to 75 your DHEA levels will drop by 80%. Affecting everything from alertness, memory, recall, and mood to sex drive. Its decline is even implicated in
some neurodegenerative diseases.
The age-related variation in DHEA production has led scientists to believe that DHEA could be linked to the aging-process itself.
Many athletes use DHEA to increase muscle mass, strength and energy. But DHEA use is banned in the U.S. by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). It’s also
considered a “banned substance” by the NBA, NFL, and United States Olympic Committee.
In Canada, DHEA is considered a ‘drug’ and is only available by prescription. Which says something about the power of DHEA. It’s technically a steroid, which may be why
it’s included in with Performance Enhancing Drugs (PEDs).
In 2007, the U.S. Congress tried to re-classify DHEA as an “anabolic steroid drug”. Which means this natural human hormone would have only been available as a
prescription drug. Fortunately, this legislation never passed and you can still buy DHEA as an OTC supplement in the U.S..
Here we’re talking about how DHEA affects your brain health and chemistry.
How does DHEA Work in the Brain?
DHEA boosts brain health and function in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
DHEA boosts working memory. Research has shown that higher DHEA levels are directly related to concentration, working memory and executive function (decision-making).
A study done in Australia in 2003 and 2004 worked with 295 women aged 21 – 77 years. The researchers set out to investigate whether circulating levels of DHEAS
(dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate) contributed to cognitive function.
The women in the study went through a comprehensive battery of tests for cognitive function, and DHEAS levels. The researchers concluded that, “Higher endogenous
DHEAS levels are independently and favorably associated with executive function, concentration, and working memory.”[iii]
Note: DHEAS is simply DHEA that is produced with the addition of a sulfate group. Naturally produced in your body, it produces the hormone estrone. DHEAS can be backconverted in the body to DHEA and both are often simply referred to as DHEA.
2.
DHEA enhances mood – naturally. DHEA has been found to improve both mood and energy while alleviating depression.
DHEA may be a good natural alternative to traditional antidepressants. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study was done at the U.S. National Institutes of
Health with 46 men and women. The study subjects had been diagnosed with major or minor depression.
The depressed patients went through 6 weeks of DHEA therapy. 90 mg per day for 3 weeks and 450 mg per day for 3 weeks, and 6 weeks of placebo. They were then
tested using two different Depression Rating scales, and for sexual function.
The study found that DHEA offered a significant improvement in depression symptoms. And major improvements in sexual function.
In a very rare admission from the conservative National Institutes of Health, “We find DHEA to be an effective treatment for midlife-onset major and minor
depression.”[iv]
How things go bad:
As we get older, our brain chemistry and energy metabolism changes.
↓ Concentration, working memory and executive function decline
↓ Neuron receptors degenerate
↓ Adrenals wear out and DHEA levels decline
↓ Appetite regulation, energy and alertness decline
All of these age-related changes are influenced by declining DHEA levels. And are contributing factors to neurodegenerative diseases and depression.
DHEA levels are an inevitable consequence of aging. And can contribute to the onset of degenerative disease.
DHEA to the rescue
The latest scientific research validates what we know of DHEA’s anti-aging effects. And it’s not just for athletes. DHEA’s neuroprotective benefits are vital to memory
and improving mood.
DHEA supports cardiovascular health and activates genes that prevent cardiovascular health problems, diabetes and obesity. It boosts quality of life and sexual function. It
even improves the appearance of younger-looking skin.
DHEA supplementation can enhance cognitive function and memory, and improve decision-making (executive function). It’s even been shown to decrease brain cell death,
and promote general cerebral health.[v]
How does DHEA feel?
You should experience a noticeable increase in motivation and drive soon after supplementing with DHEA. Especially if your levels are low.
If you are under constant stress, have chronic fatigue, feel weak, depressed or have a low sex drive – find a Naturopathic practitioner. And have your DHEA levels checked.
Too many neurohackers suffer unnecessarily from high stress and low DHEA production. Don’t be one of those people.
The Research
DHEA is a steroid hormone and has a strong influence on both brain structure and function. Social and physical stress has severe negative effects in your hippocampus.
Affecting memory and orientation.
DHEA seems to have a neuroprotective role in reducing the toxic effects of glutamate and cortisol elevated by stress. Studies show low DHEA levels in people suffering from
major depression. And that if cortisol and DHEA are out of balance it will delay recovery from these diseases.
DHEA plays a role in the treatment of depression. Whether its caused by stress or aging. It affects both the cellular structure of the brain and its function.[vi]
DHEA Levels Predict How Long You’ll Live
Scientists in Japan set out to determine if DHEA levels could predict longevity. The study included 948 men and women aged 21 – 88 years. The researchers measured
DHEAS levels at the beginning of the study. And periodically for the next 27 years.
DHEAS levels were higher in the men than women as expected. DHEA levels were measured along with blood pressure, and blood sugar. Of the three health measures,
DHEAS levels in men were the strongest predictor of longevity.
It doesn’t matter what your age, blood pressure or blood sugar levels.[vii] This 27-year study concluded that DHEAS levels could be a way to predict how long you’ll live.
DHEA Improves Memory
Studies in rodents showed DHEA improved cognition. But there were inconsistent findings in humans tying cognition to DHEA supplementation. So scientists at the
University of Newcastle upon Tyne in the U.K. decided to find out for themselves.
In this double-blind study, 24 healthy young men were treated with 150 mg per day of DHEA for 7-days. Mood, memory and the stress hormone cortisol were measured.
Including scanning their brains to identify brain regions involved in cognition.
The study results showed a reduction in evening cortisol concentrations. And improved memory and mood. Recall significantly improved. And the researchers concluded this
study was the first to show that DHEA had a beneficial effect on memory in healthy young men.[viii]
DHEA Levels Associated with Mood in Pro Golfers
Several studies suggest that DHEAS levels drop following different types of acute stress. Implicating DHEA’s role in coping with stress and recovering from stress.
Researchers in Taiwan wanted to find out what happened to DHEA levels during a negative outcome in an athletic competition. In this case, they studied 14 elite golfers
participating in a major national golf tournament.
The golfers were divided into 2 groups. One group made the cut during the competition. And the other group did not make the cut. DHEAS levels were measured in both
groups 1-day before the competition. And then on days 1, 3 and 5 after the players’ final competition.
Study results showed that DHEAS levels in players that made the cut during the competition did not change. Those players that failed to make the cut experienced a drop in
blood concentrations of DHEAS.
This study suggests that DHEA plays a role in your coping mechanism during psychologically challenging times. Supplementing with DHEA during times of stress could help
alleviate some of the symptoms normally associated with high stress levels.[ix]
Dosage Notes
Recommended dosage of DHEA is 25 – 50 mg per day.
DHEA is a strong steroid hormone. And low supplemental doses affect gene expression in inhibiting metabolic syndrome. DHEA supplementation boosts bone strength and
enhances cognition and memory.
DHEA supplementation is not recommended for anyone under 18 years old. And like many nootropics, too much DHEA is NOT a good thing. It can lead to problems.
Many nootropics users and doctors recommend taking “hormone holidays”. In other words, use DHEA for a month then take a month off.
Supplementing with DHEA beyond the normal range may be advisable for short periods of time. Such as restoring a badly depleted adrenal system. But maintaining large
doses of DHEA can lead to unpleasant side effects.
Note: If you have been diagnosed with a hormone-dependent cancer, you should not supplement with DHEA until your cancer has been cured.
Side Effects
Testing for DHEA levels is very important if you’re planning on supplementing with this powerful compound. Because if your hormone levels are normal and you start taking
DHEA, you could experience side effects like acne, hair loss, tumor formation, heart arrhythmia, and insomnia.
At higher than 100 mg doses, DHEA has been linked to side effects. Many experts caution against high-doses of DHEA. Or long-term usage.
Available Forms
The most common form of DHEA is in capsule form. Supplement manufacturers offer capsules ranging from 10 – 100 mg. You can even get DHEA as an ointment, lozenge
or cream.
Keep in mind that a 25 mg DHEA capsule will not deliver 25 mg of DHEA to your system. It first must pass through your liver where it’s further broken down.
Your body is not used to getting hormones through your digestive system. Once swallowed, only 10-15 percent will eventually reach the tissues you are targeting – like
your brain.
This is why many Naturopathic practitioners suggest using a DHEA cream instead. But here again you have a problem. While more DHEA is bioavailable by using DHEA
cream on your skin, some argue there’s even a better way to take DHEA.
And that’s by applying the cream to the membranes of your vagina if you are a woman. And in your rectum if you are a man.
One other option is to take DHEA sublingually. It makes logical sense that if taken under your tongue, DHEA bypasses your liver. And goes directly into your bloodstream.
Personally, I use 25 mg of DHEA in capsule form in the morning, and another 25 mg at noon. And have experienced a considerable boost in energy during the day. But
cycling one month on, and a one-month off to give my body a “hormone holiday”.
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
DHEA 25 – 50 mg per day
We recommend using DHEA as a nootropic supplement. But with a huge caveat.
Get your DHEA levels checked before starting supplementation to be on the safe side.
Your body does make some DHEA on its own. But DHEA production inevitably declines with age. And possibly even faster depending on the health of your adrenal glands.
If you are under constant stress, have chronic fatigue, feel weak, depressed or have a low sex drive – find a Naturopathic practitioner. And have your DHEA levels checked.
Too many neurohackers suffer unnecessarily from high stress and low DHEA production. Don’t be one of those people.
Maintaining optimal DHEA levels can enhance cognitive function and memory, and improve decision-making (executive function). It’s even been shown to prevent brain cell
death, and boost general cerebral health.
Start with 25 mg of DHEA per day. And see how you feel. Increase the dose to no more than 50 mg per day. And watch for side effects. And don’t forget to cycle it. Take it
for a month and take one month off.
DMAE
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
DMAE has been shown to boost alertness, focus, memory, and mental clarity.
DMAE (Dimethylaminoethanol, Deanol, Deaner) has two methyl groups and is structurally similar to choline, which is a direct precursor to acetylcholine (ACh).
ACh is a critical neurotransmitter that influences everything from memory to muscle control. And it is the relationship ACh has with DMAE that generates most of the hype
around DMAE as a nootropic.
But it turns out that DMAE is NOT a precursor to acetylcholine as reported on many nootropic and brain optimization sites. However, many neurohackers report that
supplementing with DMAE has worked wonders for their brain.
So here we’ll try to clear up some of the confusion and misinformation surrounding DMAE as a nootropic supplement. And if adding DMAE to your stack makes sense.
DMAE helps:
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Neuroprotection. DMAE helps eliminate lipofuscin and free radicals from brain cells.
Neurotransmitters. DMAE prevents choline uptake by cells forcing more free choline to be available in your system. And DMAE stimulates cholinergic receptors that may promote synthesis of
acetylcholine (ACh) in your brain.
Mood. DMAE supplementation may improve mood and energy while influencing sleep patterns.
Table of Contents
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Overview
How does DMAE Work in the Brain?
How things go bad
DMAE to the rescue
How does DMAE feel?
The Research
o
o
o
Early DMAE Research
DMAE to Treat ADHD
DMAE use in Cosmetics
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
DMAE (Dimethylaminoethanol, Deanol, Deaner) is an amine naturally produced in small amounts in your brain. High levels of DMAE are also found in seafood like
anchovies and sardines.
DMAE
Researchers have speculated that DMAE may increase acetylcholine (ACh) levels in the brain by inhibiting choline metabolism in peripheral tissues.
By preventing the use of choline by other tissues (including synthesis into acetylcholine), DMAE increases choline levels in the bloodstream.[i]
Once DMAE crosses the blood-brain barrier, it increases choline levels in the brain. So with higher choline levels present, you would expect elevated levels of acetylcholine
(ACh).
But research has shown this is not always what happens when DMAE gets to your brain. In one study DMAE was rapidly taken into the brain. But when it reached synapses
– nothing happened. Choline levels rose but did not convert into acetylcholine.[ii]
What’s going on here? First, we must look at how acetylcholine (ACh) is made. ACh is synthesized in a single step reaction catalyzed by the enzyme choline
acetyltransferase (ChAT).[iii] The rate-limiting steps in ACh synthesis are the availability of choline and Acetyl Coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA).
The only other source of acetylcholine (ACh) is synthetization from phosphatidylcholine (PC) via phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT).[iv] And this ACh
synthesis only happens in cholinergic receptors.
So it would appear that DMAE cannot be converted to either choline or ACh. The only way DMAE can increase choline is by inhibiting choline metabolism.
And the reason why choline levels rise in the brain when supplementing with DMAE is because the choline does not synthesize into acetylcholine (ACh).[v]
So why do some neurohackers experience a benefit in increased focus, clearer cognition, and even an antidepressant effect with DMAE?
It could be that DMAE stimulates cholinergic receptors into taking action.[vi] And with extra choline floating around because of DMAE, these neuroreceptors may decide to
produce some extra ACh.[vii]
DMAE may be useful to those dealing with a choline deficiency in the brain. And studies show that DMAE effectiveness in the brain depends on the health of the cholinergic
system in your brain.[viii]
But as neurohackers we have more efficient options available for boosting choline in the brain. Centrophenoxine which is a combination of DMAE and cCPA
(parachlorphenoxyacetic acid) seems to boost acetylcholine in the brain much more efficiently than DMAE.
How does DMAE Work in the Brain?
DMAE boosts brain health and function in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
DMAE is a neuroprotectant. Lipofuscin is a cellular waste product that accumulates in brain cells as we age. It’s the same waste product that causes brown spots on skin. Lipofuscin hides in
cells throughout your body including your brain, eyes, liver, kidneys, heart, adrenals and nerve cells (neurons).
Neurohackers often report that supplementing with DMAE produces enhanced vision. This vision effect may be DMAE’s ability to help remove waste like lipofuscin from cells
that affect vision.
This lipofuscin removal mechanism of action by DMAE has been shown in animal studies in the lab. Researchers used Centrophenoxine injections on 17-month old female
mice. The animals were injected daily for 3 months.
The researchers studied changes in pigment layers of the retina of both eyes in the mice. And found there was significant reduction of lipofuscin pigment in the treated
animals.[ix]
Centrophenoxine breaks down into DMAE once in your body. And it is the DMAE in this nootropic that provides the lipofuscin scavenger affects.
2.
DMAE enhances attention and mood. DMAE has been reported by some neurohackers to improve vigilance, attention, mood and energy while alleviating depression. A study by German
researchers may explain where this feeling of well-being comes from when supplementing with DMAE.
This double-blind, placebo-controlled trial used 80 human subjects evenly split between male and female. The study analyzed their brain’s electrical reaction during
presentation of five 7-minute video clips followed by a 3-minute pause for each.
This procedure was repeated after 6 and 12 weeks of daily intake of DMAE or a placebo. The subjects taking DMAE for 3 months developed significantly less theta and
alpha brain waves.
Decreases in theta and alpha brain waves have been associated with increased vigilance and attention. The subjects using DMAE were also more active and felt better.
The researchers concluded that DMAE can induce a state of better feeling of well-being.[x]
How things go bad
As we get older, our brain chemistry and energy metabolism changes.
↓ Concentration, working memory and executive function decline
↓ Cholinergic receptors degenerate
↓ DMAE levels decline
↑ Lipofuscin and free radicals build up in brain cells
All of these age-related changes could be influenced by declining DMAE levels. And are contributing factors to neurodegenerative diseases and depression.
DMAE levels are an inevitable consequence of aging. And may contribute to the onset of degenerative disease.
DMAE to the rescue
DMAE increases choline levels in your brain. This increase in choline and DMAE’s ability to stimulate cholinergic receptors into action may lead to an increase in acetylcholine
(ACh) levels.
But DMAE does not directly elevate acetylcholine levels in the brain. DMAE is NOT a precursor to acetylcholine.[xi]
Increased ACh levels affect learning and memory. ACh helps the encoding of memories and your ability to concentrate. As neurohackers, we absolutely want to increase
acetylcholine levels. Especially if our brain is low on ACh.
But DMAE is not the best way to achieve the goal of elevated ACh levels.
Research into DMAE is ongoing and there may be some benefits to DMAE supplementation not yet known by the neurohacking or research community.[xii]
DMAE has been used to treat a variety of conditions from cognitive disorders to ADHD. DMAE is also used in skin care products to help reduce age spots, fine lines and
wrinkles, and even sagging skin.[xiii]
Free radicals can cause damage to DNA, upset cellular metabolism, and induce the creation of oxygen species that kill brain cells.[xiv] Some research has found that DMAE
is a somewhat effective free radical scavenger.[xv]
DMAE has been found to diminish the extent of “cross-linking” of proteins that have been implicated in diseases like Alzheimer’s.[xvi] Researchers think this may be due to
DMAE’s effectiveness as a free radical scavenger.[xvii]
DMAE is reported to induce lucid dreaming.[xviii]
How does DMAE feel?
Some neurohackers report that DMAE supplementation causes a noticeable boost in their ability to concentrate.
DMAE users often report:
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better memory (especially short-term memory)
mentally alert
improved focus
mental clarity
better sleep patterns
Dosing more DMAE than recommended has been reported to make you feel edgy and tense. And you may experience muscles spasms, particularly in your shoulders and
neck.
The Research
Early DMAE Research
A prescription form of DMAE called Deaner or Deanol was in clinical use as far back as the 1960’s and 70’s. Deanol was used for the treatment of learning and behavioral
problems associated with shortened attention span.
Two clinical trials conducted over 40 years ago proving the efficacy of using DMAE for treating what’s now known as ADHD are below.
But in 1983, the FDA in all their wisdom insisted on additional studies to prove the effectiveness of DMAE. And because clinical trials would have been costlier than product
sales could support, the company making Deanol and Deaner took them off the market.
DMAE is now available as a nootropic supplement. One that your doctor or psychiatrist is unlikely to prescribe to you for treating your ADHD.
DMAE to Treat ADHD
One double-blind, placebo-controlled study compared the effects of DMAE supplementation with methylphenidate (Ritalin) for treating ADHD. 74 children diagnosed with
learning problems and hyperactivity were referred to this study.
The children received 40 mg of Ritalin, 500 mg of DMAE or a placebo daily for 3 months. Behavior, reaction times and other psychometric tests were done before and after
treatment.
Both ‘drugs’ proved to be effective according to several tests. The researchers concluded that DMAE supplementation significantly improved performance in children with
learning and behavior disorders.[xix]
Another study conducted by Dr. Carl Pfeiffer of the Brain-Bio center in Princeton, New Jersey with 25 girls and 83 boys found similar results in using DMAE for treating
ADHD.
In this study, Dr. Pfeiffer found that DMAE enhanced the behavior in 2/3 of the boys and 3/4 of the girls. Attention span was better, irritability and hyperactivity were
decreased, scholastic ability improved and in some cases even IQ got a boost.[xx]
So if you’re ADHD, and using Ritalin or Adderall and looking for a natural alternative, you may want to try DMAE.
DMAE use in Cosmetics
Most of the research on DMAE in the 1950’s and 60’s centered around using this compound for cognitive function and brain health.
The most recent research on DMAE is primarily for using the compound in skin cosmetic formulas.
DMAE has been shown to increase skin firmness even in young skin. One study with 30 healthy adults aged 36 – 49 applied DMAE gel or a placebo. The results of the study
showed that DMAE-treated skin was much firmer.[xxi]
Another randomized clinical study used 3% DMAE facial gel applied daily for 16 weeks. The gel was able to reduce forehead lines, wrinkles around the eyes and improving
lip shape and fullness. And the effects did not regress even 2-weeks after stopping application.
Another open-label extension of the same trial showed that long-term application of DMAE gel had a good safety profile.[xxii]
Dosage Notes
Recommended dosage of DMAE is 100 – 200 mg per day.
DMAE nootropic supplements are usually sold as DMAE bitartrate. A capsule of DMAE bitartrate is only 37% DMAE and the rest is 67% tartaric acid.
A 250 mg capsule of DMAE bitartrate yields 92.5 mg of actual DMAE.
Take your DMAE dose in the morning before or with breakfast. Dose DMAE a few times a week, but not every day.
If you are going to use DMAE, stack it with a good source of choline. Remember that DMAE inhibits choline and metabolism of choline. And you absolutely need choline
and acetylcholine for a fully optimized brain.
DMAE inhibits phospholipid synthesis. This means you won’t get much help with choline precursors. You need a good source of choline.
Without getting into a long explanation of the mechanics – Phosphatidylcholine (PC) or CDP-Choline and Omega-3’s can help offset the damage caused by long-term DMAE
use.
Side Effects
DMAE is considered non-toxic and safe for short-term or intermittent use. Your body naturally produces some DMAE on its own.
You shouldn’t experience any side effects as long as you use DMAE in recommended doses.
Some neurohackers report insomnia, headaches and muscle tension. Usually because the dose was too high.
If you have a negative reaction to DMAE stop using DMAE.
If you are planning on becoming pregnant do not use DMAE. Clinical studies have shown that DMAE may stunt the growth of the child’s brain.[xxiii]
If you have epilepsy or bipolar disorder you should avoid using DMAE entirely.
See “Dosage Notes” about how to stack DMAE if you’re going to supplement with this nootropic.
Available Forms
DMAE is available in tablet, capsule, powder, liquid, creams and gels.
DMAE tablets and capsules are usually DMAE bitartrate (see “Dosage Notes”) and 150 – 350 mg.
Depending on the size of capsule or tablet, do the conversion for pure DMAE, and start slowly with a low dose of 50 mg. And see how you respond.
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
DMAE 100 – 200 mg per day
We do NOT recommend using DMAE as a nootropic supplement. But if you must use DMAE, refer to the “Dosage Notes” and “Side Effects” in this post.
Your body does make some DMAE on its own. But DMAE production inevitably declines with age.
Some neurohackers report that using DMAE has a significant effect on concentration, memory, alertness, focus and mental clarity.
But here at Nootropics Expert we feel there are much more effective and safe ways to improve alertness, concentration, focus, and memory.
If you’re going to use DMAE, start with 50 mg of DMAE per day. And see how you feel. Increase the dose no more than 50 mg at a time.
And watch for side effects. Don’t forget to cycle it. Take it for a few days and take a couple of days off.
Forskolin
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
Forskolin has been shown to boost memory and learning, improve motivation and mood, and stimulate cerebral circulation
Forskolin (Coleus forskohlii) is the only known supplement to naturally boost cAMP (Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate) in your brain. cAMP is important for neural
signaling within brain cells.
As a secondary messenger in neurons, cAMP produces proteins needed for neuron and synapse growth. This process is called Long-Term Potentiation (LTP).
LTP is the process where synaptic connections get stronger in response to electrical stimulation in the brain. This process happens naturally through life experience. It’s a
critical part of synaptic plasticity. And how experience is recorded through learning and memory.
Forskolin is a chemical compound extracted from Coleus forskohlii (Plectranthus barbatus), a perennial plant native to India, Burma and Thailand.
Coleus forskohlii by Dick Culbert (own work) [CC BY-SA 4.0], via Wikimedia CommonsForskohlii has been used for millennia in traditional Ayurvedic medicine to treat heart disease, convulsions, spasms and
painful urination.[i]
Forskolin is used in Western homeopathic medicine to treat allergies, skin conditions, obesity, PMS, irritable bower syndrome, urinary tract infections, bladder infections,
cancer, blood clots, male infertility, insomnia and convulsions.
Some healthcare providers even use Forskolin intravenously (IV) for heart failure.
Here we’re going to explore how Forskolin benefits your brain.
Forskolin helps:
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Neural signaling: Forskolin activates the enzyme adenylate cyclase which increases cAMP (Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate) levels in brain cells. cAMP is a signal carrier required for
intracellular communication. Increasing cAMP levels helps boost cognition, long-term memory, and alertness.
Cerebral Circulation: Forskolin works as a vasodilator which increases blood flow in your brain. Improved blood flow increases nutrient and oxygen delivery to brain cells.
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF): Forskolin stimulates the TRKb receptor which helps potentiate BDNF. Both cAMP and BDNF can activate mitogen-activated protein kinase
(MAPK/ERK) which plays a role in long-term potentiation (LTP).[ii] LTP helps create long-term memory.
Table of Contents
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Overview
How does Forskolin work in the Brain?
How things go bad
Forskolin to the rescue
How does Forskolin feel?
The Research
o
o
o
Forskolin as a nootropic
Forskolin reduces anxiety
Forskolin as a neuroprotectant in chemical warfare
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
Forskolin is a chemical compound found in the Coleus forskohlii plant, a member of the mint family which grows as a perennial on the plains of India and lower
Himalayas.
Forskolin
Coleus forskohlii was used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine to improve mood and for general health and wellness. As folk medicine, the herb was used to treat central
nervous system disorders, problems of the heart, lung function, skin and gastrointestinal issues.
Researchers and holistic medical practitioners use the extract Forskolin to boost cerebral blood flow, lower blood pressure, treat hypertension, asthma and congestive heart
failure.
As a nootropic, Forskolin is the only known supplement to naturally raise cAMP levels. Forskolin activates the enzyme adenylate cyclase which increases intracellular levels
of cAMP (Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate).[iii]
cAMP was discovered in 1956 and its production is now known to be the final common pathway for many hormones and transmitter agents.
To put this in practical perspective, hormones and neurotransmitters do not enter the cell. Instead, they activate a receptor on the cell membrane that is part of the
adenylate cyclase enzyme complex.
The production of cAMP in a cell is catalyzed by this complex. The cyclic AMP (cAMP) then activates cAMP dependent protein kinase (PKA), which results in changes in the
cell’s function.[iv] Based on input from the relevant hormone or neurotransmitter.
The elevation of cAMP along with PKA is required for long-term potentiation (LTP). This increase in neuroplasticity is how long-term memories are formed and encoded in
your brain.
Researchers have found that increases in cAMP rapidly activates the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) receptor TrkB and induces BDNF-dependent long-term
potentiation at the Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapse in the hippocampus.[v]
In simpler terms, Forskolin boosts cAMP levels which affects long-term potentiation (LTP). LTP is an integral part of the process in developing and encoding long-term
memories.
How does Forskolin work in the Brain?
Forskolin boosts brain health and function in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
Forskolin enhances memory. Forskolin as a nootropic has the unique ability to activate the enzyme adenylate cyclase (AC). The activated AC enzyme then converts to cAMP (Cyclic
Adenosine Monophosphate), a secondary messenger used for intracellular communication.[vi]
cAMP helps stimulate the production of CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein). An increase in CREB enhances Long-Term Potentiation (LTP).
LTP is the connection between brain synapses. Strengthening in response to stimulation by neurons on either side. A major component in both learning and memory.
Memories are stored at a cellular level. And retrieved at a cellular level. This well-travelled pathway is strengthened by boosting cAMP with Forskolin.[vii]
2.
Forskolin increases cerebral circulation. Coleus forskohlii has traditionally been used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure), congestive heart failure and angina (reduced blood flow to
the heart).
Forskolin is very effective in lowering blood pressure. And scientists believe this ability to boost blood flow is related to Forskolin’s cAMP-elevating ability.
Researchers recruited 7 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). DCM is a condition in which the heart’s ability to pump blood is decreased due to the left heart
ventricle being enlarged and weakened. Forskolin administration dramatically improved left ventricle function. And increased overall cardiovascular performance.[viii]
Another group of scientists set out to study the effects of Forskolin on cerebral circulation. In this study, rabbits were anesthetized and measuring devices were attached to
blood vessels entering and coming out of the brain.
The study found that Forskolin was an effective cerebral vasodilator. Enlarging blood vessels in the brain boosted blood flow. Allowing for more efficient delivery of nutrients
and oxygen to brain cells.[ix]
How things go bad
Environmental factors like the food we eat, exposure to toxins, polluted air, ADHD, illness, stress and aging changes our brain chemistry.
↓ Mood and motivation declines
↓ Memory and recall decline
↓ Long-term memory fades
All of these changes are contributing factors to poor quality of life. And as they progress, to neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s, dementia and Parkinson’s.
Forskolin to the rescue
Research from hundreds of studies, and feedback from neurohackers have shown that Forskolin can:
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Improve memory by boosting cAMP activity in the brain
Boost catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine) in the brain
Boost cerebral circulation
Forskolin is fat-soluble and quickly enters your brain after you take it. Once in your brain, it boosts cAMP activity. cAMP is involved in the Long-Term Potentiation process of
preserving memories.
Forskolin combined with Artichoke extract is even more effective. Forskolin effectively boosts cAMP levels but also increases PDE4 in the brain. PDE4 is a cAMP inhibitor
and will counteract increases by Forskolin if left unchecked.
Inhibiting PDE4 with Artichoke Extract, and boosting cAMP with Forskolin also potentiates dopamine release in the brain. Boosting processes in this stream of chemical
reactions in the brain increases learning and memory.[x] Without the side effects of stimulating dopamine production through the use of drugs like Adderall or Ritalin.
How does Forskolin feel?
Many neurohackers report that Forskolin with Artichoke Extract improves mood. It motivates you to want to learn, and to get things done. Some say it works as good as
Modafinil.
The general consensus is:
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Improved long-term memory
Increased ability to retain information
Increased ability to study
Improved mood and motivation
The Research
Forskolin as a nootropic
cAMP responsive element binding protein (CREB) is a protein that modulates the transcription of genes. Increases in cAMP triggers the activation of CREB.
And this transcription factor is a big part of intracellular signaling. It regulates everything from the production of new sperm cells in men (spermatogenesis), to the circadian
rhythms that control your sleep and awake cycles, to memory formation.
Forskolin increases cAMP which triggers the activation of CREB. Researchers have found through animal studies that CREB is required for a variety of complex forms of
memory, including spatial memory and social learning.[xi]
Forskolin reduces anxiety
Benzodiazepines (Benzos) like Valium are a class of psychoactive drug used to treat anxiety, insomnia, agitation, muscle spasms, alcohol withdrawal and before medical and
dental procedures to keep the patient calm.
Benzodiazepines come with a whole host of negative side effects including addiction, cognitive impairment, decreasing effectiveness (tolerance) and nasty withdrawal
symptoms.
Scientists have been studying non-GABAergic substances that elevate cAMP, and have anti-anxiety activity. So they took a look at Forskolin.
In one animal study, researchers compared the effects on anxiety of Forskolin compared to diazepam (Valium). And found that Forskolin produced significant antianxiety activity in both stressed and unstressed animals.
Diazepam had an anti-anxiety effect on the unstressed animals. But did not work for stressed animals. The researchers noted that the anti-anxiety activity of Forskolin was
accompanied by a significant elevation of cAMP levels. There’s cAMP again…
The researchers concluded that Forskolin was a better option for treating anxiety. This non-receptor mediated anti-anxiety action through cAMP elevation was
preferable to the adverse reactions people get from using receptor-mediated drugs like Benzos.[xii]
Forskolin as a neuroprotectant in chemical warfare
If you ever find yourself in a warzone, you may want to have a bottle of Forskolin with you.
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is the primary cholinesterase in your body. This enzyme catalyzes the breakdown of acetylcholine (ACh) once ACh is used in the synaptic cleft
during neurotransmission. This is how it works…
During neurotransmission, ACh is released from the first neuron into the synaptic cleft of the 2 nd neuron where it binds to ACh receptors. And does its job of passing on the
neural signal.
Once ACh has done its job, AChE which is also located in that synaptic cleft, steps in and breaks down acetylcholine (ACh) by liberating the choline. The liberated choline is
taken up again by another neuron, and ACh is synthesized by combining the free recycled choline with Acetyl-CoA through the action of choline acetyltransferase.
Chemical warfare agents like Sarin gas, and insecticides like malathion, act to inhibit AChE. Which means they shut down this recycling process needed for acetylcholine
production in the brain.
Researchers have demonstrated that Forskolin is a very effective AChE promoter. Forskolin activates AChE and up-regulates its expression. Using mouse models, the
scientists showed that Forskolin boosted AChE expression outside and inside the affected brain cells.
They concluded that Forskolin can sufficiently upregulate cellular AChE production and protect cells against chemical warfare agents like Sarin.[xiii]
Forskolin works to protect your brain from damage caused by insecticides too. So if your using an insecticide in the house or out in your garden, you may want to protect
your brain by dosing with Forskolin first.
Dosage Notes
Recommended dosage for Forskolin is 250 mg of Coleus forskohlii at 10%, or 125 mg of Coleus forskohlii at 25%.
CILTEP Stack – Artichoke Extract + Forskolin + ALCAR + Caffeine
For boosting cAMP in a CILTEP stack: 4 mg Forskolin extract per day along with 900 mg of Artichoke Extract for PDE4 suppression.
NOTE: You will not get the full nootropic benefit of using Forskolin if you dose it on its own. Forskolin has a tendency to boost cAMP and PDE4 levels. And PDE4 suppresses
cAMP. Artichoke Extract helps control PDE4.
And don’t worry about measuring out an accurate 4 mg for this CILTEP stack. I’ve been using 250 mg of Forskolin (10% ForsLean®) with 900 mg of Artichoke Extract (6%)
with great success.
For counteracting Forskolin’s effect on Acetylcholinesterase: 800 mg Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR) – (200 mg of ALCAR for every 1 mg of Forskolin) per day.
Many users of this stack report it helpful to supplement with 500 mg Phenylalanine, a B-Vitamin Complex and caffeine (coffee or preferably green tea).
Side Effects
Forskolin induces CYP3A gene expression in your liver. Which means, like grapefruit juice, Forskolin needs to be used cautiously as it will amplify the effects of other
nootropics in your stack. And prescription meds.[xiv]
Acetylcholinesterase is upregulated by cAMP which makes you sleepy. This means that available Acetylcholine (ACh) in your brain drops. You can counteract this with
Acetyl-l-Carnitine (ALCAR), which calms the upregulation of Acetylcholinesterase.
The most common side effect with Forskolin is diarrhea because increased cAMP affects the smooth muscle in your gastrointestinal tract. Things move through your
intestines faster with Forskolin. But this side effect usually happens at much higher than recommended doses of Forskolin.
Forskolin reduces blood pressure. So if you’re on high blood pressure meds or have naturally low blood pressure you should avoid using Forskolin.
Available Forms
Forskolin is usually marked as “Forskolin” or “Coleus forskohlii” on the bottle.
Forskolin typically comes in 125 mg capsules of Coleus Forskohlii (25% Forskolin), or 250 mg capsules of Coleus Forskohlii (10% Forskolin).
Look for a Coleus forskohlii or Forskolin supplement with the percentage of Forskolin extract clearly marked on the label.
ForsLean® by Sabinsa Corporation is a branded and patented form of Coleus forskohlii that’s been used most often in human trials. So we prefer a supplement that uses
ForsLean® as their source of Forskolin.
Researchers in India reported that Forskolin concentration can change significantly depending on where the Coleus forskohlii is grown.[xv] And why we prefer a
standardized version like ForsLean®.
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Forskolin Extract 125 – 250 mg per day
We recommend using Forskolin as a nootropic supplement.
Your body does not make Forskolin on its own. So to get its benefits you must take it as a standardized supplement.
Forskolin on its own as a supplement for cognition and memory is not very effective because it increases PDE4 (a cAMP reducer) along with boosting cAMP. So the
nootropic effects cancel each other out.
But Forskolin is especially helpful when combined with Artichoke Extract. It helps boost memory, increases motivation and the desire to learn. And helps improve mood
while controlling anxiety.
We suggest dosing Forskolin 125 – 250 mg per day with 900 mg of Artichoke Extract taken in the morning. Stack this with at least 800 mg of ALCAR to keep your
acetylcholine levels up.
We’ve also found that combining this stack with caffeine is helpful. The L-Theanine in green tea comes with the caffeine boost we need. Without the side effects of coffee.
And finally, we are making the effects of normal dopamine function more effective with this stack. It triggers the desirable downstream processes that increase learning and
memory.
The chemical dynamics of the dopamine are preserved. And we don’t get the negative side effects of using a stimulant like Adderall or Ritalin.
This Forskolin/Artichoke Extract stack increases mental endurance for encoding long-term memories.
GABA
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
GABA has a calming effect on brain and body, helps relieve stress and anxiety, and boosts Human Growth Hormone
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is an amino acid and neurotransmitter. GABA is your brain’s primary inhibitory transmitter. Its role is to keep glutamate, the primary
excitatory transmitter, from overwhelming you.
Too much glutamate can cause a seizure, and too much GABA can put you in a coma. A healthy brain maintains a critical balance of GABA and glutamate.
GABA acts like a “brake” on neuron circuits during stress. Low GABA levels can result in anxiety, insomnia, poor mood and restlessness.
Clinical studies show that boosting GABA with a supplement relieves anxiety, stress, and boosts the production of alpha brain waves.[i] If GABA is optimized in your brain
you’ll feel focused, relaxed and stress-free.
GABA helps:
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Balance mood. GABA has an inhibitory effect on overly stimulated neurons. Low GABA levels lead to anxiety, depression and insomnia. GABA helps restore that balance. Promoting a more
positive mood which improves focus and relaxation.
Boost Human Growth Hormone. Bodybuilders and athletes use GABA before resistance training. Studies show GABA boosts blood levels of Human Growth Hormone. Promoting greater
recovery support and lean muscle growth.
Recovery from addiction. Some addiction doctors have been administering drugs that enhance the brain’s GABA-receptors. Normalizing GABA receptors takes away the craving and anxiety
that one would typically experience in the absence of the addictive drug.
Table of Contents
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Overview
How does GABA Work in the Brain?
How things go bad:
GABA to the rescue
How does GABA feel?
The Research
o
o
GABA Increases Human Growth Hormone
GABA helps Reduce Insomnia
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is the major inhibitory or relaxing neurotransmitter in your brain.[ii] GABA’s primary role is to keep the major excitatory
neurotransmitter glutamate in check.
GABA
GABA is synthesized in brain cells from glutamate. It’s estimated that 40% of the synapses in the human brain work with GABA and therefore have GABA receptors.
GABA enhances normal sleep cycles, and improves blood pressure. GABA stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete Human Growth Hormone. And helps produce endorphins
that make you feel good after a workout or sex.
When you normalize GABA levels you’ll experience a reduction in anxiety, insomnia, nervousness, restlessness and stress.
Benzodiazepine drugs like Valium and Xanax work by increasing GABA receptor sensitivity.[iii]
How does GABA Work in the Brain?
GABA helps brain health and function in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
GABA works by preventing neural signaling associated with anxiety from reaching other neurons. It does this by attaching to the receptors that would otherwise excite those neurons. Overstimulating neurons in certain areas of your brain is what causes anxiety-related symptoms.
Researchers in Japan studied the calming effects of GABA with 8 volunteers. They had study subjects cross a suspension bridge as the stressful stimulus. The placebo
subjects in this group showed significant drops in blood level markers indicating high stress levels. While the GABA group showed significantly higher blood levels of these
same markers.
GABA worked as a natural relaxant and its effects could be seen within 1 hour of taking GABA. The researchers concluded that GABA could enhance immunity from
stress.[iv]
2.
GABA also helps decrease Beta brain waves and increase Alpha brain waves.[v] Beta brain waves are important for attention, alertness, concentration and developing memories. But excess
levels of concentration, particularly during stress, can lead to anxiety, depression, insomnia and more stress.
When you are in an alert state, both Alpha and Beta brain waves can be stimulated. But the type of alertness will determine which brain wave is produced.
Alertness during an Alpha wave state is associated with a relaxed state. And a stressed alert state produces a Beta wave. But an excess of Beta brain waves contributes to a
variety of nervous disorders including anxiety and stress.
As a side note, I’m writing this while listening to binaural music which produces an Alpha state. It allows for a relaxed environment which promotes creativity and
productivity.
How things go bad:
Low levels of GABA are associated with a variety of health problems.
↑ Anxiety[vi], panic attacks, stress and insomnia
↑ Muscle spasms, hypertension, convulsion, Tourette’s Syndrome and epilepsy
↑ Dry skin and wrinkles
↑ Poor digestion, bloating, flatulence, and constipation
When your neurotransmitters, including GABA, are in balance, you feel motivated, productive and energetic. And you feel calm and relaxed during downtime.
When GABA levels are low you feel filled with dread, you’re constantly worried, you have racing thoughts, and you’re frequently late and disorganized.[vii]
Many people in this GABA-slump resort to high carbohydrate foods, and drugs or alcohol to relax.
GABA to the rescue
The amino acid L-glutamine is the precursor to GABA production in your body. L-Glutamine is a precursor the synthesis of L-glutamate. Glutamate is your body’s most
abundant excitatory neurotransmitter. Which is responsible for attention span, brain energy, learning ability, memory, and staying awake.
An enzyme called glutamate decarboxylase converts glutamate to GABA. It does it with the help of the active form of Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxal-5-Phosphate (P5P)).
The amino acid taurine helps increase the communication and productivity of this enzyme. And zinc helps the release of GABA from its receptors.
When this process works efficiently, you feel relaxed with no stress or feelings of anxiety. And you get a more restful night’s sleep.
How does GABA feel?
When you balance GABA levels in your brain, you feel relaxed and calm. But many neurohackers who try using GABA as a supplement don’t feel the effects. Because some
research shows that the GABA molecule is too large to cross the blood-brain barrier.[viii]
If you do feel the calming effects of GABA within a ½ hour of taking it, it may mean you have a “leaky” blood-brain barrier. Not a good thing.[ix] Because if GABA can get
through, all kinds of nasty stuff can get through too. Including toxins, undigested food particles and anything else in your blood stream that shouldn’t be in your brain.
You can learn how to fix a “leaky” blood-brain barrier in this article here > How to Heal a Leaky Blood-Brain Barrier. But the good news is, supplementary GABA can
also benefit other functions in your body.
GABA is found in your adrenal glands, pituitary gland, pancreas and your sex organs.[x] GABA is also anti-inflammatory, and has an immune benefit. When all these are
running optimally, you’ll feel good.
We’ll also cover other ways to boost GABA levels in our brain in the “Available Forms” section of this article.
The Research
GABA was identified as a neurotransmitter several decades ago. And there had been a lot of research on GABA published since. But most of it is focused on how GABA
works. And the drugs and chemicals which affect its action.
There is very little research available on using GABA as a supplement. Likely because many scientists believe that GABA taken as a supplement will not cross the bloodbrain barrier.
GABA Increases Human Growth Hormone
Bodybuilders and athletes use supplementary GABA to help repair and build muscle. And there are several studies supporting the notion that GABA increases Human
Growth Hormone.
In one study, researchers worked with 19 subjects who were given a single oral dose of 5 grams of GABA. 18 subjects were given a placebo during this trial.
3 hours after the administration of GABA, blood samples were taken. The team reported that “GABA caused a significant elevation of plasma growth hormone levels”.[xi]
GABA helps Reduce Insomnia
A Los Angeles study conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial with 18 patients with sleep disorders. The patients received either a placebo, or
Gabadone (a combination of GABA and 5-hydroxytryptophan).
The difference between the two groups of sleep-deprived patients was significant. The Gabadone group fell asleep faster, stayed asleep longer, and had a better quality of
sleep than the placebo group.[xii]
Dosage Notes
The recommended daily dosage of GABA is 500 to 1000 mg for a relaxation or calming effect.
Some neurohackers notice an immediate relaxing effect, while others need to take it for a couple weeks before it starts to kick in.
L-Arginine which increases nitric oxide may also help supplementary GABA cross the blood-brain barrier.[xiii]
PharmaGABA™ which is a natural form of GABA produced with the help of Lactobacillus hilgardii bacteria is dosed at 50 – 200 mg per day.
Side Effects
GABA is considered very safe when taken in normal recommended doses.
Bodybuilders who use much higher doses of GABA do report experiencing flushing, tingling, a spike in heart rate and blood pressure, and anxiety.
Available Forms
GABA as a supplement is available in tablet, capsule and powder.
Scientists have shown that GABA does not readily cross the blood-brain barrier. But many neurohackers report feeling a calming effect when using GABA.
PharmaGABA™ is a natural form of GABA made using Lactobacillus hilgardii bacteria. The same bacteria used to ferment vegetables when making the Korean cabbage dish
called kimchi. This form seems to be effective in helping mood.
Another safe way to change GABA action in the brain is to use any of several commonly used herbs, vitamins and minerals.
Valerian root[xiv], American Ginseng and Kava Kava work by increasing the effect of GABA on its receptors.
Extracts of green, black and oolong tea also elicit a GABA effect.[xv]
Magnesium binds to GABA receptor sites and increases its effect.[xvi]
Taurine protects against glutamate over-stimulation. And this inhibitory effect acts as an anxiolytic (anti-anxiety).
The neurotransmitter Serotonin enhances GABA. So precursors to Serotonin like tryptophan and 5-HTP can increase GABA action in the brain.
The amino acid Theanine in tea provides a calming effect. Theanine inhibits glutamate uptake which would increase GABA levels in the brain.[xvii]
Suntheanine, which is a branded from of L-Theanine is also found in some pre-formulated nootropic stacks including Mind Lab Pro®.
And Phenibut, which is a derivative of GABA developed in Russia, also increases levels of GABA in the brain. While some report that Phenibut causes drowsiness and
fatigue, it’s a much safer way to boost GABA than with a pharmaceutical like Valium or Xanax. But Phenibut is no longer easily available in many countries including the
USA.
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
GABA 500 – 1,000 mg per day.
We recommend using GABA as a nootropic supplement if you’re feeling anxiety or stress. And to calm or keep in check some of the stimulatory effects of some nootropics.
Your body does make GABA on its own from glutamate in your brain. Most healthy people have an adequate supply of GABA.
But if you’re dealing with anxiety or stress and need some extra help in calming things down, GABA can help.
While GABA does not readily cross the blood-brain barrier, you have many other options available for regulating or boosting GABA, if GABA as a supplement doesn’t work
for you.
We suggest trying a GABA supplement first at a dose of 500 mg.
Or try one of the readily available GABA supplements made by major supplement makers containing PharmaGABA™.
Another safe option for regulating GABA levels is to use a high quality multivitamin that contains Vitamin B6 and zinc which influences the way GABA works in your brain.
Check the “Available Forms” section of this article for details.
Ginseng
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
Ginseng is known for calming anxiety, and boosting attention, concentration and memory.
Ginseng is one of the most popular and well researched herbal medicines in the world. It has been used in North America and Asia for thousands of years.
In all, there are 11 species of ginseng. But the name “ginseng” as a nootropic usually refers to either American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius), or Asian ginseng
(Panax ginseng). Panax means “cure-all” in Greek.
Ginseng
Researchers in thousands of clinical trials have reported on the efficacy of ginseng for; anti-stress, cognition, memory, anti-wrinkle, flu, digestion, diabetes, erectile
dysfunction, blood circulation, immune deficiency, menopause, anti-oxidant, cancer and much more.
Ginseng is rich in various pharmacological compounds. Including a series of polyacetylenes, polyphenolic compounds, acidic polysaccharides, and tetracyclic triterpenoid
saponins (ginsenosides).
Both American and Asian Ginseng contain ginsenosides which researchers believe are the most active ingredient.
Here we are investigating ginseng as a nootropic.
Ginseng helps:
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Mood and Stress. Ginseng helps improve mood and reduce stress. It works as an adaptogen, reducing adrenal fatigue, boosting GABA and providing an anti-stress effect.[i]
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Neurotransmitters. Ginseng provides neuro-protective effects on the dopaminergic-pathway which can help with ADHD.[ii] And ginseng is a serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor.
Working as an antidepressant and helping some symptoms of ADHD.[iii]
Brain Energy. Ginseng acts as an anti-inflammatory by reducing cytokines. And as an anti-oxidant. Boosting ATP production in mitochondria, in part because this antioxidant effect shields
mitochondria.[iv]
Table of Contents
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Overview
How does Ginseng Work in the Brain?
How things go bad:
Ginseng to the rescue
How does Ginseng feel?
The Research
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American ginseng boosts working memory
Panax Ginseng Protects & Fuels Brain Mitochondria
Ginseng Improves Mental Performance
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
Ginseng is the most famous medicinal herb in Asia. It must be grown for 5 years before its harvested. The maturity of the plant influences the density of active compounds
beneficial to human health.
Ginseng Root
The term “ginseng” comes from the Chinese word ‘rénshēn’ (person + plant root). Because the root shape of ginseng resembles the legs of a human.
“Panax” comes from the Greek ‘pan’ (all) and ‘akos’ (cure). In traditional Asian medicine ginseng was used for many different issues affecting human health. An “over-all”
cure.
The four largest producers of ginseng are South Korea, China, Canada and the U.S, with Canada being the largest exporter. The largest consumer of ginseng is South
Korea.
South Korea also conducts the majority of research on ginseng. With 1,000 scholars who publish at least 100 research papers per year.[v]
The two primary ginsengs used for brain function are Asian Ginseng (Panax ginseng), and American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius).
Ginsenosides increase protein synthesis and the activity of neurotransmitters in the brain. And ginseng stimulates the formation of blood vessels and improves blood
circulation in the brain. Which improves memory and cognitive abilities.[vi]
How does Ginseng Work in the Brain?
Ginseng boosts brain health and function in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
Ginseng boosts physical and mental energy. Many of us deal with a lack of energy and chronic fatigue nearly every day. In today’s world, and particularly in Western society, we’re
suffering from mental and physical fatigue. From overworked, stressed students to seniors.
But this kind of fatigue is not a natural offshoot of ‘getting older’. Often it’s difficult to pinpoint what exactly is causing this fatigue. And the first thing most of us think of is
reaching for an energy drink, caffeine, or a prescription stimulant.
While these options may work in the short-term, they don’t produce natural energy in your body. This is where ginseng comes in and saves the day.
One double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with 30 healthy young adults demonstrated Panax ginseng’s cognitive benefits. The study found that a single dose of 200 mg or
400 mg of ginseng reduced blood glucose levels. And significantly reduced mental fatigue.[vii]
2.
Ginseng improves memory and learning. Most people who use ginseng report feeling more alert. And several trials show Asian ginseng can improve thinking and learning. Some of the
research shows Panax ginseng can boost performance on mental arithmetic, concentration, and memory.
One example of several that show how ginseng seems to affect memory and learning is by boosting nerve growth factor (NGF) and neurite growth in the brain. This
study was done on chicks with the ginsenoside Rb1.
The researchers found this ginseng extract significantly potentiated NGF and showed neurite outgrowth. [viii]
How things go bad:
Our brain chemistry and energy metabolism are constantly changing. And any number of factors from chronic stress to disease and environmental factors can degrade
cognitive function.
↓ Memory, recall, reaction time and mood decline
↓ Neurotransmitters and cellular signaling breakdown
↓ Chronic stress reduces memory capacity and overall brain health
↓ Nerve growth factor and neurogenesis decline
↓ Free radicals and inflammation damage brain cells
↓ Immune system is compromised
All of these changes can happen at any age. And are certainly contributing factors to age-related cognitive decline.
Ginseng to the rescue
Panax ginseng (Asian) and Panax quinquefolius (American) contain a collection of active compounds called ginsenosides. These triterpenoid saponins (plant
chemicals) are unique to the ginseng species of plants. And are steroid-like in nature.Here’s a mind-blowing statistic; well over 100 different ginsenosides exist.[ix] The
major ones are designated Ginsenoside Ro, Rb(1), Rb(2), Rc, etc. All are extracted from the rhizome (root) of the ginseng plant.
You’ll notice if you’ve reviewed any of the other nootropics listed on NootropicsExpert.com that we usually include a diagram of the active chemical compound in that
nootropic.
In this case we’re not including the diagram because each compound extracted from ginsenoside is different. And there are dozens of them.
Each ginsenoside has a unique effect in your body and brain. And is often even metabolized differently in your digestive system.
Other components of ginseng include;
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o
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o
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o
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Polysaccharide ‘Ginsan’ which is an immune system modulator[x]. Ginsan is likely what helps tame inflammation in the brain. Which helps a host of cerebral functions like;
neurotransmitters working more effectively, prevents apoptosis (cell death), improves memory, mental energy and more. Anti-inflammatories or not talked about much in the
nootropics community. And I think in the future you’ll be hearing a lot more about how important they are to cognitive health and brain function.
MicroRNA’s which are gene modulators. Researchers have recently identified up to 73 MicroRNA’s in ginseng.[xi] These tiny non-coding molecules are capable of regulating the
gene expression in the DNA of your brain cells. Which is an extremely complex subject in itself. And have the potential to affect nearly everything that happens in your brain.
Polysaccharides which have anti-cancer effects. Another subject not talked about in nootropic circles. But fundamentally important to brain health.[xii]
The amino acids L-Arginine and GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), and glutamate.[xiii] The neurotransmitter GABA is naturally produced in your brain and provides anti-anxiety and calming
effects. Likely why supplementing with ginseng has a calming and anti-anxiety effect.
Several books could be written on how ginseng affects your brain. Including its appetite-suppressant qualities, ability to boost cognition, reducing fatigue, reducing
depression, anxiety, stress, improving memory and learning, as a neuroprotectant, and increasing cerebral blood flow.
How does Ginseng feel?
Supplementing with ginseng should boost your energy levels, both physical and mental energy. Ginseng has stimulant-like qualities and should help if you’re dealing with
chronic fatigue. But unlike standard stimulants, your boost in energy will come with a more ‘relaxed’ feel.
Ginseng can boost mental alertness. And thinking should feel quicker and clearer. Recall and long-term memory should improve.
Ginseng also boosts your immune system so you may be able to avoid the flu or a cold. Ginseng is particularly helpful for anyone with a compromised immune system. And
if you’re living with, or working around anyone else who is sick.
The Research
Much of the research on ginseng comes out of South Korea. And much of this research has been done with Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng). Showing how Panax ginseng
improves cognitive function.
American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) has a somewhat different ginsenoside profile from Panax ginseng. And it too shows promise in benefiting human cognition.
American ginseng boosts working memory
One double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted with 32 healthy young adults. In this trial, researchers used a highly standardized extract of American ginseng
(Cereboost™). Cereboost™ is Panax quinquefolius standardized to 10.65% ginsenosides.
This trial used doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg of standardized ginseng. And participants’ mood, cognitive function and blood glucose were measured at 1, 3 and 6 hours
after taking the ginseng extract.
The researchers found that standardized American ginseng provided a significant improvement in working memory. Reaction time accuracy and ‘calmness’ significantly
improved at just the 100 mg dose. And improved with higher doses.
The scientists concluded that there was, “robust working memory enhancement following administration of American ginseng”. And these effects are distinct from
that of Asian ginseng.
The two ginsengs have different psychopharmacological properties that depend critically on ginsenoside profiles.[xiv]
The bottom-line of this study is that the kind of ginseng you use makes all the difference.
Panax Ginseng Protects & Fuels Brain Mitochondria
A stroke is caused by insufficient blood flow to that part of the brain where the stroke occurs. Lack of blood flow shuts down the oxygen and nutrient supply to brain cells.
And things start to break down in the heart of the cell’s energy center – the mitochondria.
This study was done in the Neurology Department at Xijing Hospital in China. Researchers wanted to find out if ginsenoside Rd, one of the major active ingredients in
Panax ginseng could protect the brain from stroke.
Rats were given ginsenoside Rd and then subjected to a stroke by reducing blood flow to part of their brain. (Note for gratitude journal – I’m thankful I’m not a lab rat).
The scientists found this Panax ginseng extract protected the rat brain from stroke. And it appeared to do it by protecting brain cell mitochondria from dysfunction, and
apoptosis (cell death).[xv]
Researchers also demonstrated that ginseng activates multiple enzymes in the Krebs cycle. This helps mitochondria extract maximum energy in the form of ATP from
glucose fuel.[xvi] Which is one of the reasons why supplementing with Ginseng boosts mental energy.
Ginseng Improves Mental Performance
Actoprotector is a new term given to natural compounds that increase mental performance. And enhance your body’s ability to withstand physi cal loads without increasing
oxygen consumption.[xvii]
Actoprotectors are a new subclass of adaptogen that increase physical performance. And some extracts of Panax Ginseng are considered Actoprotectors.
The main difference of Actoprotectors and psychostimulants (caffeine, Ritalin, modafinil, adrafinil, etc.) is that Actoprotectors cause no increase in oxygen consumption or
heat production.
The results in improved mental and physical performance are similar. But there’s no “crash” in 4 hours like you get from using a stimulant like Ritalin. You don’t experience
the same kind of ‘mental load’ when using ginseng.[xviii]
Ginseng’s steroid-like phytochemical called ginsenosides are what provide this stimulant-like action in the brain. And an improvement in overall quality of life.
One report in 2003 evaluated 9 clinical trials done with humans with ginseng doses from 80 – 400 mg. Study duration spanned 2 – 9 months. And nearly every study
evaluated demonstrated some improvement in Quality of Life score.[xix]
Dosage Notes
Dosage of ginseng depends on the extract used, and the quality of the extract. And results seem to be largely dependent on the quantity used.[xx]
To complicate things even more, ginseng dosage depends on the region where its grown, extract strength, and individual needs.
The Chinese for example recommend 2 grams daily while in Europe, the suggested range is 100 – 400 mg daily.
Many naturopaths recommend cycling ginseng. Use it for 3 to 4 weeks and take a week break. Remember, ginseng has steroid-like active compounds. So taking it for
extended periods without a break is not recommended.
Ginseng has been and continues to be extensively researched. These doses are based on clinical trial data:
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For stress, anxiety or fatigue: 1-gram ginseng daily dosed 500 mg twice per day
For Type 2 diabetes: 200 mg per day
For erectile dysfunction (ED): 900 mg of Panax ginseng 3-times per day
The bottom-line is to stay within the dosage recommended by the ginseng supplement manufacturer.
Side Effects
Ginseng is a natural supplement and side effects are generally mild. But it can act as a stimulant in some people. Which can cause anxiety and insomnia.
Long-term use or higher than recommended doses can cause headache, dizziness and stomach upset. If you’re going to use ginseng you should cycle your dosing. Use the
recommended dose for 3-4 weeks and take a week off before dosing again.
Women may experience menstrual changes when supplementing with ginseng.
Ginseng is NOT recommended by the under-18 neurohacker. Or women who are pregnant or breastfeeding.
Ginseng may affect blood sugar levels. So if you’re taking drugs for diabetes, check with your doctor first before supplementing with ginseng.
Ginseng can interact with:
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Blood-thinning medications
Antidepressants
Antipsychotic medications
Stimulants including caffeine, Ritalin, Adderall, modafinil, adrafinil, etc.
Morphine
Available Forms
Ginseng supplements are made from ginseng root and root hairs. It’s available in dried, powdered, capsule and tablet forms.
Ginseng is also included in some nootropic stacks and other combination supplement formulas. Some with patented ginseng extracts like Cereboost™, GS15-4, and others.
Experienced users of ginseng seem to prefer American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) over Asian Ginseng (Panax ginseng). Each is a unique species of ginseng but both
have ginsenosides.
But American Ginseng is cultivated under stricter conditions avoiding pesticides and herbicides. And the colder growing climate encourages higher concentrations of the
active ingredients in ginseng.
When buying American ginseng, look for Panax quinquefolius. And when buying Asian ginseng, look for Korean, red or Panax ginseng.
And finally, make sure you buy from a reputable supplement maker. Very recently GNC, Target, Walgreens and Walmart stores in the U.S. were found to contain either
contaminants or little to zero ginseng. Walgreens ginseng brand was found to contain nothing but garlic powder and rice.[xxi]
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Ginseng 100 – 400 mg per day
We recommend using Ginseng as a nootropic supplement.
Your body does not make Ginseng on its own. So you must take it as a standardized supplement.
Ginseng is especially helpful for chronic fatigue. And a great way to provide a natural physical and mental energy boost.
Ginseng provides anti-anxiety and calming effects. And can boost mental alertness, memory, recall, and learning.
Ginseng is a powerful adaptogen that has been used for thousands of years. The ancient Chinese and other cultures used it for overall health.
We suggest starting with a dose of 100 mg daily. You can safely boost it to 4-500 mg per day depending on the brand and extract.
But remember that ginseng has steroid-like qualities. So make sure you cycle it. Use it for 3-4 weeks and take a week off. And don’t take it late in the day as it may
interfere with sleep.
Many neurohackers prefer American over Asian ginseng. It has a slightly different ginsenoside profile. And is grown under stricter conditions ensuring quality and safety.
Gotu Kola
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
Gotu kola has been shown to increase memory and cognition, repair and reverse damage to brain cells, and boost acetylcholine.
Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica) is often called “the student herb” in Bali. Because it sharpens the mind. Gotu kola extract increases dendrite and axon growth in
brain cells which helps memory.
Native to the wetlands of Asia, the ancient Ayurvedic medical system used gotu kola like a first-aid kit. It was used to treat mental fatigue, anxiety, depression, memory
loss, insomnia, fever, syphilis, hepatitis, epilepsy, diarrhea and asthma.
Gotu kola even has a link to longevity. The ancients believed that elephants who ate gotu kola leaves lived longer than those that didn’t. Turns out they were onto
something that was only revealed by scientists in late 2019. More on this in the next section.
In the U.S. and Europe gotu kola is typically used for varicose veins, poor blood circulation in the legs, to treat psoriasis and help heal minor skin wounds.
Gotu kola is rich in triterpene saponosides. A study in Japan showed that one of these triterpenoids called asiatic acid was able to stop the growth of cancer cells.[i]
And some of the most exciting new research on gotu kola shows it can spur growth in brain cells. Here we explore all the ways gotu kola can help your brain.
Gotu Kola helps:
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Neurogenesis. Gotu kola stimulates the growth of brain cells. It encourages dendrite branching which boosts brain plasticity and communication between neurons.
Neuroprotection. Gotu kola protects your brain from toxins and oxidative stress. Studies show it helps protect against heavy metals and food additives which cause brain fog, mood swings
and migraines. And it reduces oxidative stress by reducing free radicals in brain cells.
Neurotransmitters. Gotu kola helps prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine. Enhancing mood, cognition, memory and learning. And preventing degenerative brain diseases like Alzheimer’s.
Table of Contents
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Overview
How does Gotu Kola Work in the Brain?
How things go bad:
Gotu Kola to the rescue
How does Gotu Kola feel?
The Research
o
o
Gotu Kola Improves Memory
Gotu Kola Improves Mood and Cognition
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica) is one of the most important herbs in the ancient tradition of Ayurvedic medicine. It’s a low, ground-hugging vine found throughout the
wetlands of Southeast Asia. You’ll recognize gotu kola by its bright green kidney-shaped leaves growing from a reddish stem. In season, it blooms with small white flowers.
Gotu Kola (Centella Asiatica)
In Bali, gotu kola is called “the student herb” because it sharpens the mind. The Balinese also use it to combat senility.
It’s famous in southeast Asia as a longevity herb. The ancients were convinced that when elephants ate gotu kola, they lived longer than those that didn’t.
And we now know why these elephants lived longer. A study published in October 2019 showed that Gotu Kola extract provides an 8.8 fold increase in telomerase activity.
Other recent research shows shortened telomeres impairs DNA repair which shortens lifespan. And studies report reduced telomere length in patients suffering from mental
disorders such as depression and anxiety.
The leaves of Gotu Kola have been used for thousands of years to boost cognition, improve cerebral circulation, and overall brain function.
As a nootropic, Gotu Kola has been shown to be particularly effective in elderly memory loss, slow thinking and reasoning. One study shows significant improvement in
Alzheimer’s patients.[ii]
How does Gotu Kola Work in the Brain?
Gotu kola boosts brain health and function in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
Neural dendrite and axon growth. Gotu kola helps increase the length and branches of neuron dendrites. And boosts axon growth.
Dendrites are tree-like branches extending out from neurons in the brain. They receive incoming signals from other neurons. Those signals are transmitted from axons
extending out from neighboring neurons.
Dendrites and axons can change over time, and in response to environmental cues. Learning something new for example cause dendrites to lengthen.
But this natural signaling mechanism in your brain’s neurons degrade over time. And several studies have shown how gotu kola can reverse this damage.
Scientists at the Oregon Health & Science University in Portland, Oregon did their research with Sprague-Dawley rats. They put Centella ethaniloc extract, a compound in
gotu kola, in the rat’s drinking water.
The study concluded that axons grew at a faster rate. And the researchers stated that gotu kola extract was useful for accelerating repair of damaged neurons.[iii]
Another study showed rats given gotu kola leaf extract had an increase of 105% in dendrite growth.[iv]
A very recent study published at Northwestern University and published in Nature showed how dendrites are critical in memory formation.[v]
2.
Increase in memory and learning. Gotu kola has been revered for thousands of years for boosting memory. We know that gotu kola extract can increase the availability of acetylcholine
(ACh) in the brain. It does it by preventing ACh from breaking down.
This boost in memory may also benefit from gotu kola’s ability to boost the growth of neuron dendrites and axons.
In one randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study done in Thailand, researchers gave 28 people gotu kola extract for 2 months. Daily doses ranged from 250, 500
to 750 mg per day. Cognition in these subjects increased, and they experienced a boost in working memory.[vi]
How things go bad:
Over the course of your life, your brain will lose 5 – 10% of its weight. It starts in your early 20’s.[vii]
The Framingham Offspring Cohort Study included 1,352 adults who did not have dementia. 7 years after the start of the study they used an MRI to measure participants
brain size. And gave them tests to gauge executive function, planning and organizational skills.
The researchers found that people with high blood pressure, diabetes, were overweight or smoked had faster brain shrinkage. They showed declines in ability to make
decisions, plan, organize and remember details.[viii]
↓ Memory, cognition, learning and recall decline
↓ Neuronal cell death results in shrinking gray matter
↓ Neuroplasticity declines degrading long-term potentiation[ix]
Your brain will shrink regardless of lifestyle. But you can reduce the speed of this shrinkage by using gotu kola.
Gotu Kola to the rescue
Research from hundreds of studies have shown that gotu kola will:
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Improve memory and cognition
Restore the availability of acetylcholine
Improve cerebral blood flow
Reduce stress
Help repair brain cells
Eliminate free radicals from within brain cells
How does Gotu Kola feel?
Gotu kola improves acetylcholine levels in your brain. It increases blood flow and helps reduce oxidative damage and toxins in brain cells. As a result, you may feel a boost
in mental activity.
Many say that taking Gotu Kola is like “energizing of the brain”. Particularly during a period of high mental demand. Mental blocks or mental fatigue feel like they’re swept
away.
Others report dreams seem more vivid and intense. And gotu kola seems to have an anxiolytic (anti-anxiety) effect as well.
The Research
Ever been on your way to a party with the thought, “I hope I don’t kill too many brain cells”. Science once believed that the adult human brain could not grow new brain
cells. We were born with all the brain cells we’ll ever have. Once those cells were gone, they’re gone for good.
Not too long ago a study was published in the Journal of Science. It detailed a discovery by scientists of the daily growth of new brain cells in the macaque monkey. And
because of this study, we now know your brain can grow new cells.
But the reality is, your brain will lose 5 – 10% of its weight. This shrinkage starts right around your 20 th birthday.
The good news is you can prevent that shrinkage. And you can do it with gotu kola.
Gotu Kola Improves Memory
Neurons connect to other neurons at a point called a synapse. Electrical pulses carry chemical messages across this gap. These chemical messengers are neurotransmitters.
Each neuron in your brain can form thousands of these links.
Dendrites extend out from each neuron to neighboring neurons to receive these messages. Your brain uses these neurons in a type of network. And as one neuron sends
signals to another, the synapse between the two gets stronger.
The more signals sent between these neurons, the stronger the connection grows. With each new experience, your brain slightly rewires this physical structure. This
neuroplasticity determines how your brain is organized. And how memories are formed.
Gotu kola extends these neuron dendrites. And helps improve brain neuroplasticity. A study in animal models demonstrated neurite growth using a compound from gotu
kola extract.[x] And clearly showed how gotu kola works to boost memory.
Gotu Kola Improves Mood and Cognition
Gotu kola has been revered for thousands of years for its ability to enhance cognition. So researchers in Thailand worked with 28 people in a placebo-controlled, doubleblind trial to put some science behind this reputation.
Each participant in this study received an extract of gotu kola at various doses ranging 250, 500, and 750 mg once per day for 2 months. The study showed the higher dose
of gotu kola enhanced working memory and mood.[xi]
Researchers in India set out evaluate the nootropic value of gotu kola. Three-month old Swiss albino mice were given doses of gotu kola extract for 15 and 30 days.
The researchers found that gotu kola increases acetylcholine activity. And increased dendrites in the mice hippocampus. Showing that gotu kola can promote higher
brain function.[xii]
Dosage Notes
Recommended dose of gotu kola standardized extract is 50 – 250 mg taken 2 or 3 times daily.
Standardized extracts should contain 40% asiaticoside, 29 to 30% asiatic acid, 29 to 30 % madecassic acid, and 1 to 2% madecassoside.
In human studies in people with venous insufficiency (poor blood circulation in the legs), 90 – 180 mg daily worked well for these patients.
As a tincture (1:2 w/v, 30% alcohol): 30 to 60 drops (equivalent to 1.5 to 3 mL, there are 5 mL in a tsp.), 3 times daily.
Side Effects
Side effects are rare with gotu kola. But may include skin allergy and burning sensations if you’re applying it on your skin. Taken internally, side effects could include
headache, upset stomach, nausea, dizziness and drowsiness.
Gotu kola has been used in some studies that lasted up to one year. But please note that gotu kola has the potential to be harmful to the liver. Some medical authorities
caution that it is best not to use gotu kola for more than 6 weeks without talking to your doctor.
Asiaticoside, a major part of gotu kola, has also been linked with tumor growth in mice. If you have a history of precancerous or cancerous skin lesions, such as squamous
cell, basal cell skin cancer, or melanoma, you should not use gotu kola.
And if you have liver disease, or take medications that affect the liver, you should not take gotu kola. Again, check with your doctor if you take any prescription
medications, or often take over-the-counter pain relievers that could affect your liver.
Available Forms
Gotu kola is available in teas, dried leaf in powder form, tinctures, capsule, tablets and ointments.
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Gotu Kola extract up to 600 mg per day
We recommend using Gotu Kola as a nootropic supplement.
Your body does not make gotu kola. So you must take it as a supplement to get its effects.
This ancient herb has a long history of safe use as both an herbal remedy, and food throughout much of southeast Asia.
Here in the West, gotu kola is mostly used for healing varicose veins and skin conditions. But its overlooked as a nootropic.
Gotu kola can improve your mood and memory. And protect your brain from free radicals and the toxins you’re exposed to everyday.
Gotu kola as a nootropic has the potential to keep you mentally sharp for life. And if the ancients were right, may even help you live longer.
You can even out the stress and anxiety of your day by sipping gotu kola tea. Or use a supplement as a cognitive enhancer.
If you’re using gotu kola extract and dosing up to 600 mg per day, split your dose into 200 mg 3-times per day.
Holy Basil (Tulsi)
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
Holy Basil is known for relieving anxiety, boosting mood, improving memory and is a powerful neuroprotectant
Holy Basil (Tulsi, Ocimum sanctum Linn, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Sacred Basil) is member of the mint, or Labiatae family of plants.
Tulsi or “The Incomparable One” is the most sacred plant in the Hindu religion. And has been valued for millennia by Ayurveda, Greek, Roman, Siddha and Unani because of
its benefits for mind, body and spirit.
Holy Basil has been traditionally used for anxiety, cough, asthma, diarrhea, fever, dysentery, arthritis, eye diseases, indigestion, hiccups, vomiting, stomach problems,
heart health, back pain, skin diseases, ringworm, insect, snake and scorpion bites, and malaria.[i]
As a nootropic supplement, Holy Basil is used primarily to support mood, promote relaxation, and reduce stress.
Here we’ll explore how Holy Basil benefits your brain.
Holy Basil helps:
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Neurotransmitters: Supplementing with Holy Basil increases levels of dopamine, is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI),[ii] and inhibits acetylcholinesterase (AChE) which boosts
acetylcholine.[iii]
Anxiety & stress: Holy Basil reduces spikes in cortisol induced by chronic stress.[iv] And is particularly effective in reducing stress caused by loud noise.[v]
Anti-inflammatory: Holy Basil is a potent antioxidant. It’s a natural COX-2 inhibitor.[vi] And the compounds including eugenol, cirsilineol, cirsimaritin, isothymusin, isothymonin, apigenin,
rosmarinic acid in Holy Basil have been compared to the pain-relieving activity of ibuprofen, naproxen and aspirin.[vii]
Table of Contents
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Overview
How does Holy Basil work in the Brain?
How things go bad
Holy Basil to the rescue
How does Holy Basil feel?
The Research
o
o
o
Holy Basil counters radiation DNA damage
Holy Basil for anxiety
Holy Basil as good as Valium®
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
Holy Basil (Tulsi, Ocimum sanctum Linn, Ocimum tenuiflorum) is an aromatic shrub in the basil family (Lamiaceae) that likely originates in north central India and now
grows native throughout the eastern tropics.[viii]
Holy Basil (Tulsi) © Pharmacognosy Reviews
Within Ayurvedic medicine, Holy Basil (Tulsi) is known as “The Incomparable One”, “Mother Medicine of Nature”, and “The Queen of Herbs”.
Holy Basil leaf includes the compounds eugenol, rosmarinic acid, caryophyllene, ursolic and oleanolic acids (triterpenoic acids), carotenoids, Vitamin C, calcium, iron, zinc
and chlorophyll.
Research over the last decade shows Holy Basil’s therapeutic benefits include use as an adaptogen, for metabolism, immune system support, protection from various forms
of radiation, is antimicrobial and antidiabetic.[ix]
When taking an overall, broad view of how Holy Basil works to support human health, studies show this adaptogen can be classified according to 3 main clinical domains;
metabolic disorders (15 studies), cognition and mood conditions (4 studies), and immunity and infections (5 studies).
And note that inflammation is the underlying cause across all these health issues.
The anti-inflammatory effects of Holy Basil are attributed to multiple metabolites that act alone and synergistically to inhibit inflammatory pathways.
The Ayurvedic tradition of using Holy Basil daily may be a highly effective way to treat many modern chronic diseases.
How does Holy Basil work in the Brain?
Holy Basil boosts brain health and function in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
Holy Basil protects the brain from chronic loud noise. Exposure to loud noise has been identified as a major environmental threat to public health.
Loud noise exposure, apart from damaging your hearing, is bad news for your heart, endocrine and nervous system.
Loud noise from any source damages DNA, suppresses major neurotransmitters, and weakens your immune system.[x] Holy Basil protects your brain from chronic exposure
to loud noise.
Researchers at the University of Madras subjected Wistar albino rats to 100 dB broadband white noise 4 hours daily for 15 days.
The team measured epinephrine, dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin levels in the rats’ brain. And found that 15 days of chronic noise exposure had a significant
negative impact on neurotransmitter levels.
The researchers gave the rats Holy Basil extract (70%) and found that this nootropic protected and maintained neurotransmitter levels from noise stress.[xi]
2.
Holy Basil protects and boosts memory. Holy Basil has been shown to be a potent acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. AChE is the enzyme that helps break down acetylcholine once it’s
used in your brain.
But too much acetylcholinesterase (AChE) will suppress acetylcholine which in turn degrades learning and memory. And is particularly prevalent in Alzheimer’s and other
neurodegenerative disease patients.
A study conducted in Japan had researchers induced dementia in rats. Then acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was estimated in several different parts of the rats’ brain.
The rats were then given either water-based or alcohol-based extracts of Holy Basil. The researchers found that both extracts of Holy Basil significantly decreased AChE
activity in rats.
The researchers concluded that Holy Basil “was shown to be useful for the management of experimentally induced cognitive dysfunction”.[xii]
How things go bad
With the exponential development of science and technology, and economic and social competition, the nature of human stress has dramatically changed.
Stress causes changes in brain cell signaling, neurotransmitters, and hormones. When under control, your body is equipped to respond to these stressors in a healthy way.
Your body increases catecholamine neurotransmitters like dopamine and norepinephrine to elevate heart rate and blood pressure. Kicking in your “fight or flight” response.
But when this stress is prolonged or exaggerated, chronic stress hijacks your normal healthy homeostasis and balance.
Stress is now recognized as the cause of 75 – 90% of all human disease.[xiii]
Chronic stress results in:
↓ Chronic inflammation
↓ Cardiovascular disease (high blood pressure, atherosclerosis)
↓ Metabolic disease (diabetes, non-alcoholic liver disease)
↓ Neurodegenerative disease (anxiety, depression, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s)
↓ Cancer
We don’t have many options for opting out of our high-stress, warp speed society. We can go on vacation for a couple of weeks, learn how to meditate, and carefully choose
our friends.
But we can also use nootropics to help our brain and body cope with and counter the effects of chronic stress.
This is where Holy Basil comes in. It functions as an adaptogen, enhancing your body’s ability to cope with physical and mental stress.
Holy Basil to the rescue
Of all the herbs used in Ayurveda, Holy Basil is the most revered, and recent research is now confirming how it works.
Holy Basil as an adaptogen can help physical, chemical, metabolic and psychological stress through its unique combination of therapeutic actions.
Tulsi can protect your brain and body against industrial pollution, heavy metals, physical stress from strenuous physical exertion, stroke, exposure to cold, and excessive
noise.
Holy Basil can normalize blood glucose, blood pressure and high cholesterol. And boost memory and cognition through its anxiolytic properties and antidepressant qualities.
It can protect against human and animal pathogens (antimicrobial), and even be used as a hand sanitizer, mouthwash and water purifier.
Holy Basil protects against toxic chemicals by increasing your body’s levels of glutathione. And increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase and
catalase. Mopping up free radicals and other toxins.[xiv]
Tulsi protects your brain against the toxic effects of many pharmaceuticals including acetaminophen, meloxicam, paracetamol, haloperidol, and anti-tubercular drugs.
And Holy Basil shields your brain from heavy metals such as arsenic, cadmium, chromium and mercury. And from the toxic effects of radiation.[xv]
Holy Basil as a nootropic can help boost memory by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase which helps increase acetylcholine.
And may help prevent neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s and dementia.[xvi]
How does Holy Basil feel?
One reddit user reported that Holy Basil tea worked great for her anxiety. It was “like a hug in a mug”.
Unlike using a benzo like Xanax® to numb you, Holy Basil helps you handle stress head-on. Allowing you to stay present and work through your problems.
Neurohackers report that Holy Basil helps them sleep through the night, levels out their mood and keeps them ‘sane’.
Holy Basil may help to reduce work-related stress and help you deal with annoying coworkers.
Students may find that Holy Basil helps deal with the stress of exams.
Holy Basil is a potent COX-2 inhibitor and anti-inflammatory which means it should help provide relief from joint, muscle and arthritis pain.
The Research
The therapeutic and nootropic properties of Holy Basil have been known for millennia. And is considered a sacred plant by the Hindus of India.
But clinical studies with Holy Basil in the lab and a few human studies only began late in the 20 th century.
So we now have scientific evidence supporting Holy Basil’s antimicrobial, adaptogenic, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, radiation-protecting, immune system
boosting, neuroprotective, heart-protecting, and as a mosquito repellent to name a few.
But most Holy Basil clinical studies so far have been done with animals. Human studies are few and we must rely on reports from the biohacking community on how well
Holy Basil works as a nootropic supplement.[xvii]
Holy Basil counters radiation DNA damage
Ionizing radiation, the kind emitted by bombs, nuclear reactors, X-rays, and minerals weaken and break up DNA. Exposure to ionizing radiation causes DNA damage like
single strand breaks, double strand breaks, and DNA-protein cross linkages.
Either damaging cells enough to kill them or causing them to mutate in ways that eventually lead to cancer.
The compounds orientin and vicenin found in Holy Basil have been proven to protect against radiation injury.[xviii]
Several studies in animals demonstrate Holy Basil acting as a free radical scavenger. Which is the likely mechanism of radiation protection by these flavonoids.[xix]
Holy Basil for anxiety
A study conducted in India recruited 35 patients (21 male and 14 female, average age 38.4 years) to investigate using Holy Basil in the treatment of anxiety disorders.
Patients were given 500 mg Holy Basil extract twice daily for 60 days. The patients were assessed at the beginning of the trial, 30 and 60 days.
Researchers found Holy Basil significantly reduced general anxiety and relieved the associated stress and depression.
The team concluded that “O. sanctum may be useful in the treatment of General Anxiety Disorder in humans and may be a promising anxiolytic agent”.[xx]
Holy Basil as good as Valium®
Holy Basil has been studied in various animal experiments that reveal its anti-anxiety and antidepressant properties.
Research shows Holy Basil as effective in treating depression as the tricyclic antidepressant Tofranil[xxi], and Valium.[xxii]
Dosage Notes
Recommended dosage of Holy Basil extract is 300 – 2,000 mg per day.
For curative therapy, 600 – 1,800 mg Holy Basil extract divided in 2 or 3 doses daily.
For diabetes, 2,500 mg Holy Basil dried leaf powder per day.
You can easily make Holy Basil tea by pouring boiling water over 2 teaspoons of fresh Holy Basil leaves and let it steep for 5 minutes.
Side Effects
Holy Basil is considered non-toxic and safe to use even at higher doses.
But toxicity has been reported in mice for Holy Basil essential oil (70% eugenol) at 42.5 ml/kg body weight.[xxiii] So not sure about humans.
If you are hypoglycemic or have a bleeding disorder, you should use caution about supplementing with Holy Basil.
Holy Basil has been shown to significantly decrease sperm count in males. And we have reports that village women and Ayurvedic physicians have been using Holy Basil
leaves for its antifertility effect.
The mechanism of action of sperm reduction seems to be associated with a significant increase in circulating testosterone. Which decreases luteinizing hormone (LH) but not
sufficiently in the testes for normal spermatogenesis.
Decreased LH levels seems to reduce production of testosterone in testes by Leydig cells. Resulting in reduced sperm production.
Researchers are now conducting studies to find out if Holy Basil will work as an effective male contraceptive.[xxiv] But this anti-sperm effect is reversible on discontinuation
of Holy Basil use.
Available Forms
Holy Basil (Tulsi) is easily found in most health food stores and vitamin shops worldwide. It’s available in capsules, dried powder, fresh leaves, liquid extracts and as Tulsi
tea including individual tea bags.
But DO NOT confuse Holy Basil (Ocimum sanctum) for Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum) which is commonly used as a condiment in the kitchen.
Three types of Holy Basil are used therapeutically:
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Krishna – (Ocimum tenuiflorum) has purplish leaves and makes a great tea. It’s the most potent and is highest in concentrations of adaptogenic triterpenoic
Vana – (Ocimum gratissimum) is the original wild bush basil which is high in eugenol and a great adaptogen. It’s native to India and parts of Africa.
Rama – (Ocimum sanctum) is the Holy Basil that was originally imported into the USA. It’s the most common type which is now grown in the USA.
Always choose Holy Basil that is grown organically and if possible, wild-harvested as well.
If you are in the USA or can purchase nootropic supplements in the USA, I recommend:
Gaia Herbs Holy Basil leaf extract (8.5% Eugenols)
Himalaya Holy Basil extract (.4% & 2.5% Ursolic acid, 2 mg & 1.5 mg Oleanolic acid)
Organic India Tulsi tea – various flavors
Gaia Herbs Holy Basil leaf liquid
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Holy Basil extract 300 – 2,000 mg per day
I recommend using Holy Basil (Tulsi) as a nootropic supplement.
Your body does not make Holy Basil on its own. So to get its benefits you must take it as a supplement.
Holy Basil is especially helpful for those dealing with anxiety and stress. Unlike numbing yourself with a benzodiazepine for relief, Holy Basil helps calm anxiety while leaving
you able to face life’s challenges with a clear head.
Research shows Holy Basil as effective in treating depression as popular antidepressants like Tofranil ® and Valium®. But without the toxic side effects.
Holy Basil can protect your brain and body against industrial pollution, heavy metals, physical stress from strenuous physical exertion, stroke, exposure to cold, and
excessive noise.
It’s especially helpful for musicians exposed to high sound levels, and those working in loud and stressful environments.
Holy Basil is a powerful nootropic supplement. It should help improve memory by boosting acetylcholine in your brain. And may help protect against neurodegenerative
diseases like Alzheimer’s and dementia.
You can safely take up to 3,000 mg of Holy Basil daily if needed. But split into smaller doses 2 – 3 times during your day.
Huperzine-A
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
Huperzine-A improves cognition, memory, learning, recall, is an antioxidant, helps neuroplasticity, and protects against glutamate-toxicity.
Huperzine-A (Hup-A) is a water-soluble alkaloid nootropic derived from Chinese Club Moss (Huperzia serrata). This plant is native to southeast Asia. And has been used in
traditional medicine for millennia to treat skin conditions, muscle problems and to boost blood circulation.
Huperzine-A is a reversible acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. Which means it prevents the breakdown down of acetylcholine (ACh). Boosting short-term memory and
long-term brain health.
Huperzine-A also seems to be a NMDA receptor antagonist. Which is beneficial in that it prevents an excess of glutamate from damaging brain cells.
Huperzine-A helps:
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Neurotransmitters: Huperzine-A prevents the enzyme AChE from breaking down acetylcholine. Improving cognition and memory.
Brain Energy: Huperzine-A supports brain cell mitochondria. The primary energy sources fueling brain cells and brain cell function.
Neuroprotectant: Huperzine-A works as an antioxidant and boosts the activity of other brain antioxidants. Preventing free radical damage in brain cells. And boosting brain cell longevity.
Table of Contents
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Overview
Huperzine-A vs. Huperzia serrata: What’s the Difference?
How does Huperzine-A Work in the Brain?
How things go bad:
Huperzine-A to the rescue
o
o
o
o
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Huperzine-A boosts acetylcholine
Huperzine-A is an antioxidant
Huperzine-A resists beta-amyloid dysfunction
Huperzine-A prevents glutamate toxicity
Huperzine-A increases nerve growth factor
How does Huperzine-A feel?
The Research
o
o
o
Huperzine-A Provides Protection in Chemical Warfare
Huperzine-A Improves Learning & Memory
Huperzine-A Improves Cognition
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
Huperzine-A (Hup-A) is a water-soluble natural plant alkaloid nootropic that easily crosses the blood-brain barrier.
Huperzine-A
Hup-A is derived from Chinese Club Moss (Huperzia serrata). A plant native to southeast Asia where it’s been used in traditional medicine for thousands of years.
Huperzine-A has a strong inhibitory effect on acetylcholinesterase (AChE). This enzyme AChE, is responsible for degrading the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh).
Boosting levels of acetylcholine (ACh) transmission in your brain improves memory and attention. And promotes greater neuroplasticity which is necessary for long-term
memory formation and general brain cell health.
Huperzine-A is also a NMDA receptor antagonist. This glutamate receptor’s job is to control synaptic plasticity and memory function. Which is a positive thing. But blocking
its function can also be effective at times. By preventing damage from too much glutamate. And blocking the toxicity from certain nerve agents.[i]
This combination of boosting acetylcholine and blocking NMDA receptors requires a fine balance. And could explain why it’s beneficial to cycle the use of Huperzine-A. To
maintain the delicate balance of neurochemistry in the brain while realizing Huperzine-A’s benefits.
Huperzine-A vs. Huperzia serrata: What’s the Difference?
Huperzine-A (Hup-A) is produced in the lab from Huperzia serrata (Chinese Club Moss). Huperzine-A is a standardized compound found in this naturally occurring plant.
Note that Huperzine-A and Huperzine serrata are NOT the same supplement.
Some nootropic supplement stacks substitute genuine Huperzine-A with Huperzia serrata. All the research we’ve seen uses Huperzine-A in their trials. Not Huperzia serrata.
Look for nootropics stacks with genuine Huperzine-A on the label. Or sold as a stand-alone supplement. And avoid stacks or supplements called Huperzine serrata.
How does Huperzine-A Work in the Brain?
Huperzine-A boosts brain health and function in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
Huperzine-A acts as an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. AChE is an enzyme that breaks down the important neurotransmitter acetylcholine. So Hup-A helps prevent this
breakdown. Allowing more acetylcholine to be available which improves memory and learning.
Scientists at the Weizmann Institute in Israel uncovered how Huperzine-A works to block acetylcholinesterase (AChE). They made a 3-D image of the structure of the AChE
molecule. And found a deep chasm, called the “active-site gorge”.
The scientists found the active-site gorge acts like a guide to funnel acetylcholine into the interior of the enzyme where it is cut apart prior to recycling. This is how AChE
blocks acetylcholine.
The study revealed that Huperzine-A has the unique ability to fit into this active-site gorge. Like a key into a lock. And appears to bind more tightly and specifically to AChE
than other AChE inhibitors.
This ability for Huperzine-A to take acetylcholine’s place within the AChE enzyme is how more acetylcholine is made available in the brain.
Professor Joel Sussman said, “It is as if this natural substance were ingeniously designed to fit into the exact spot in AChE where it will do the most good.”[ii]
2.
Huperzine-A also plays a neuroprotective role. Researchers discovered that Hup-A prevents glutamate-induced toxicity. Protecting the hippocampus and other cerebral neurons from cell
death caused by the amino acid glutamate.[iii]
In addition to protecting from glutamate-induced toxicity, Huperzine-A also promotes new dendrite growth in neurons.[iv]
How things go bad:
As we get older, our brain chemistry and metabolism changes.
↓ Acetylcholine levels decline
↓ Concentration, attention and mental agility decline
↓ Nerve growth factor declines
↓ Free radicals damage brain cell mitochondria
All of these changes can happen at any age. And are a product of the food we eat, what we drink, lifestyle habits, the air we breathe and more.
So Huperzine-A can help for age-related cognitive decline, as well as a student looking to do better in school. By boosting the availability of acetylcholine in your brain.
Huperzine-A to the rescue
Huperzine-A boosts acetylcholine
Huperzine-A boosts levels of available acetylcholine in the brain by blocking the effect of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE).
Acetylcholine (ACh) is critical for encoding new memories, reasoning, concentration, cognition, and neuroplasticity. Not enough ACh can result in diseases like ADHD,
Alzheimer’s and other neurodegenerative diseases.
Huperzine-A’s benefit as a nootropic can boost short-term mental performance like attention and memory. And even helping your brain for long-term brain health.
Huperzine-A is an antioxidant
Huperzine-A supports brain cell mitochondria. The main energy centers of each cell. It reduces free radical damage by acting as an antioxidant. Free radicals degrade
mitochondria and their function. Studies have shown that Hup-A enhances the activities of other antioxidant enzymes as well.[v]
Huperzine-A resists beta-amyloid dysfunction
Huperzine-A boosts neuron resistance to beta-amyloid induced dysfunction that could lead to diseases like Alzheimer’s. Beta-amyloid affects ATP levels in mitochondria.
Hup-A protects against this damage.[vi]
Huperzine-A prevents glutamate toxicity
Huperzine-A protects brain cells from glutamate toxicity. Too much of the neurotransmitter glutamate has been associated with brain cell degeneration. And other cognitive
dysfunction and behavior. Hup-A seems to slow down this glutamate toxicity at least partly by acting as a NMDA receptor antagonist.[vii]
Huperzine-A increases nerve growth factor
Huperzine-A boosts nerve growth factor (NGF) in the brain. NGF is critical in brain cell development, maintenance and repair. Declines in NGF-levels in the brain are
associated with Alzheimer’s and other neurodegenerative diseases. Studies show Hup-A not only prevents this drop in NGF from happening. It actually helps boost the
production of NGF.[viii]
How does Huperzine-A feel?
Nootropics users report Huperzine-A provides a boost in mental energy. Without the side effects normally associated with a stimulant.
Improved cognition and clear thinking are common when using Hup-A. Many report a boost in short-term memory. Recall is better in the long-term.
And some with Alzheimer’s report the progression of the disease slows down. Instead of advancing.
You should be able to experience the effects of Huperzine-A soon after you take it. It’s water-soluble so it’s digested and enters your cells quickly.
One thing to note is; Huperzine-A has a long half-life. In other words, it does not leave your system nearly as quickly as most other nootropics. So many neurohackers
restrict their use of Hup-A to a couple of times per week.
The Research
Huperzine-A is most known for boosting acetylcholine (ACh) in the brain. Efficient ACh neurotransmission is critical for learning, memory and attention.
Reduced levels of ACh are associated with declines in cognition and memory. And are implicated in several neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s,
ALS and others.
Huperzine-A supplementation helps even in those with no sign of brain disease. It can enhance attention and memory in most looking to boost cognition.
Huperzine-A Provides Protection in Chemical Warfare
If you ever find yourself in a war-zone, you may want to stock up on Huperzine-A.
Researchers at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research in Washington D.C. are investigating Huperzine-A’s potential as a pretreatment to protect soldiers against
chemical warfare nerve agent poisoning.
One of the studies conducted at Walter Reed looked at Huperzine-A’s protective potential. Scientists found Hup-A to be twice as effective in protecting against the lethal
effects of the nerve agent soman as the leading drug in that role called physostigmine. Huperzine-A’s effects lasted for six hours compared to only 90 minutes for the
drug.[ix]
Huperzine-A Improves Learning & Memory
This study is verification of using Huperzine-A as a nootropic at any age. Researchers in China selected 68 students who complained of bad memory. And their learning
performance was getting worse in school.
In this double-blind, placebo-controlled trial students were given either 100 mcg of Hup-A or a placebo for 4 weeks.
At the conclusion of the trial, researchers found that the students using Huperzine-A scored higher on memory testing than those who took the placebo.[x]
Huperzine-A Improves Cognition
Much of the research on Huperzine-A has been done in China. And many of the studies have been with patients suffering from neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s.
One study done in Shanghai worked with 200 patients who met the criteria for having Alzheimer’s Disease. Researchers gave one group of patients 300-500 mcg of Hup-A
daily for 8 – 24 weeks. The other group got a placebo.
The results of the study showed that Huperzine-A’s effects increased over time. The patients that used Hup-A showed significant improvements in cognition, orientation,
attention, memory, mood and behavior.[xi]
Dosage Notes
Recommended Huperzine-A dosage is 50 – 200 mcg every second or third day. Hup-A is water-soluble so you don’t need to take it with a meal, or healthy fat like some
nootropics.
Huperzine-A is typically sold as 50, 100, or 200 mcg tablets or capsules. Several retail nootropic stacks often include Huperzine-A in their formula. So you should not
supplement with more Hup-A while using these pre-made stacks.
Since Huperzine-A has at least a 24-hour half-life most neurohackers prefer cycling. This means using Hup-A every 2nd day, or even only twice per week.
Huperzine-A is also available as an injection for therapeutic use. Typically used to treat diseases like Alzheimer’s. Or the muscle weakness condition called myasthenia
gravis.
Side Effects
Huperzine-A can be toxic if used in larger than recommended doses. Or if you already have too much acetylcholine(ACh) in your system. Remember, Hup-A boosts levels of
ACh.
Side effects with Huperzine-A are rare but can include symptoms similar to choline-overload like nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, insomnia, anxiety, dizziness, thirst and
constipation.
Very rarely will Huperzine-A cause cardiac arrhythmia.
Symptoms of acute toxicity are similar to those of other cholinergic inhibitors. And can include muscle tremors, drooling, tears, bronchial mucous and incontinence.
Do not use Huperzine-A if you’re dealing with epilepsy. And if you have heart disease, use Hup-a with caution. It can slow heart rate.
Huperzine-A may make asthma or emphysema worse. Because it can cause mucous in the lungs. The same goes for those dealing with urinary tract or reproductive system
blockages. It can cause mucous buildup there as well.
An important note for Alzheimer’s patients: Huperzine-A can increase the effects of drugs you may already be taking. Talk to your doctor before trying Hup-A.
Available Forms
Huperzine-A is sold in tablet or capsule form. Tablets and capsules are usually 50 – 200 mcg each.
Some ready-made nootropic stacks include Huperzine-A in their formula.
Huperzia serrata is simply raw, powdered Chinese Club Moss and should be avoided. It’s not standardized so you don’t know how much you’re getting. And it’s NOT the
same as Huperzine-A.
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Huperzine-A 200 mcg every 2nd or 3rd day
We recommend using Huperzine-A as a nootropic supplement.
Your body does not make Huperzine-A on its own. So to get its benefits you must take it as a supplement.
Huperzine-A is especially helpful for those suffering from cognitive dysfunction caused by diseases like Alzheimer’s.
Huperzine-A is also particularly useful to students and executives who want to boost cognition, learning and memory.
Huperzine-A is a fast-acting nootropic that can also help prevent brain degeneration later in life.
Huperzine-A does have a long half-life so you may want to cycle it. Either take it every 2nd day, or even twice per week. The benefits are long-lasting and will stay with you.
Iodine
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
Iodine improves energy levels, cognition, memory and mood
Iodine is an essential trace element that combines with the amino acid tyrosine to form thyroid hormones T4 and T3. Thyroxine (T4) contains four iodine atoms, and
triiodothyronine (T3) contains three iodine atoms.
Iodine deficiency is recognized as the most common cause of preventable brain damage in the world. Even moderate deficiency results in a loss of at least 10 – 15 IQ
points.[i] And the reason we’ve added iodine to our list of essential nootropics.
Insufficient iodine is not only a problem in developing countries. Studies have found even in Western countries; iodine deficiency has become a critical health problem.[ii]
Your thyroid gland absorbs iodine from your blood supply to make and release thyroid hormones. Your thyroid affects every cell in your body and brain through the
hormones T4 and T3.
Within your brain, T4 is converted to T3 by selenium which then affects gene expression controlling metabolism within cells. And activates the catecholamines dopamine,
norepinephrine and epinephrine.
Malfunctioning thyroid function which is often caused by insufficient iodine results in poor cognition, difficulty learning, problems with recall, depression and anxiety.
Iodine helps:
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Neurotransmitters: Iodine is required for the production of thyroid hormones T4 and T3. Thyroid hormone receptors in the brain help regulate the production and use of all important
neurotransmitters.
Brain Energy: Iodine is necessary for the production of thyroid hormones which help control cellular metabolism and energy use within brain cells. Supplemental Iodine usually results in
increased energy levels and feelings of well-being.
Neuroprotectant: Iodine can kill bacteria, fungal infections, and viruses. Iodine will remove fluoride, chlorine and bromine.[iii] And helps your body detox heavy metals like mercury and
cadmium that other detox methods can’t remove.
Table of Contents
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Overview
How does Iodine work in the Brain?
How things go bad
o
o
o
o
Iodine and Serotonin
Iodine and GABA
Iodine and Dopamine
Iodine and Acetylcholine
Iodine to the rescue
How does Iodine feel?
The Research
o
o
Dosage Notes
Iodine raises the world’s IQ
Iodine deficiency and ADHD
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Side Effects
Available Forms
o
o
Recommended forms
Other forms not recommended
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
Iodine is an essential trace element needed for the creation of thyroid hormones in your body. Iodine combines with the amino acid tyrosine to produce thyroxine (T4)
and triiodothyronine (T3).
The most abundant source of Iodine in our diet comes from seafood like kelp, saltwater fish, seal meat, whale meat, oysters, mussels and lobster.
Iodine is also found in beans, milk and milk products, eggs, spinach and vegetables grown in or produced from soil rich in iodine. Typically found near coastal areas of the
world.
The most seriously iodine-deficient parts of the world are mountainous and inland areas. Including much of the agricultural producing areas of Western countries like
Australia, Canada, USA and Europe.
Iodine is absorbed by your thyroid gland for the production of thyroid hormones. The pituitary gland in your brain releases thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) instructing
your thyroid to release T4 and T3.
T4 and T3 are produced by combining tyrosine (thyroglobulin) with iodine and released into your blood stream. Thyroid transport proteins then carry the hormones to target
cells all over your body including your brain.
Nearly all of your body’s functions in nearly every tissue rely on thyroid hormones. Their actions and influence are so wide ranging that you cannot live without them.
Thyroid hormones affect brain development, heart rate, lung function, blood function, bone growth, steroid hormone production, including the breakdown of sugar, fat and
protein. And even some immune processes.
Iodine is even involved in how the other nootropics in your stack are utilized by cells in your brain. The bottom-line is Iodine could be one of the most important additions to
any nootropic stack.
How does Iodine work in the Brain?
Iodine boosts brain health and function in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
Iodine is critical for neurotransmitters. Iodine is required for the production of thyroid hormones T4 and T3. Thyroid hormone receptors in the brain help regulate the production and use of
all important neurotransmitters.
Not enough iodine results in too little T3 and T4 in your body. Symptoms of inadequate thyroid hormones (hypothyroidism) include insomnia, fatigue, difficulty
concentrating, depression, dry skin and hair, cold sensitivity, frequent and heavy periods for woman, and joint and muscle pain.
2.
Iodine is required for a healthy immune system. Iodine is antibacterial, antiparasitic, antiviral and has anticancer properties.
Your thyroid is the main storage site for iodine. But this mineral is also concentrated in your glandular system including your salivary and sweat glands. Ovaries, breasts,
pancreas, cerebral spinal fluid, skin, stomach, prostate and your brain all contain high concentrations of iodine.
Iodine is a powerful method for removing heavy metals and halides like fluoride, chlorine and bromine from your system. These chemicals compete for the same thyroid
receptors in cells used by thyroid hormones. So removing these toxins will help thyroid hormones do their job of gene expression and metabolism.
How things go bad
Iodine is needed by the thyroid to produce the thyroid hormones T 4 and T3. Part of the endocrine system, the thyroid secretes hormones that enter your circulatory system.
And are transported throughout your body. Every cell has receptor sites for thyroid hormones.
Neurotransmitters are used by neurons to communicate with one another. The presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter which then binds to a receptor on the
postsynaptic cell.
Here we’re going to explore how neurotransmitters relate to the endocrine system and thyroid health. And what can go wrong.
Thyroid hormones are involved in the gene expression needed for neurotransmitter release.[iv] Low levels of iodine result in low levels of thyroid hormones which result in
low neurotransmitter levels.
Iodine and Serotonin
Several studies have shown that low T3 results in reduced levels of serotonin in the brain. If you don’t respond to SSRI’s for depression it could be due to a thyroid
hormone imbalance.[v] The result is depression.
Iodine and GABA
In animals and humans there is a direct link between thyroid levels and GABA. Thyroid hormones affect enzymes responsible for synthesis and degradation of GABA, levels
of glutamate and GABA, GABA release and reuptake, and GABA(A) receptor expression and function.[vi]
GABA is your brain’s natural Valium. GABA can help turn off stress after you get upset. Or even prevent a stress response in the first place. Low iodine results in low levels
of thyroid hormones affecting GABA. Which can lead to depression or anxiety.
Iodine and Dopamine
Thyroid hormones play a role in dopamine release in the brain.[vii] One study showed that an imbalance between thyroid hormones and dopamine could be responsible for
restless leg syndrome.[viii]
Iodine and Acetylcholine
Thyrotrophic-releasing hormone (TRH) increases acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis.[ix] One study showed that those with hypothyroidism had significantly decreased
acetylcholine in the hippocampus. And that administration of T4 normalized ACh levels.[x]
Insufficient iodine can result in hypothyroidism. And negatively affect ACh synthesis in the brain. Affecting cognition, memory, learning, recall and mood.
Not enough iodine in your diet negatively affects neurotransmitters in your brain. And can result in depression, brain fog, anxiety, learning and memory problems, and
ultimately lead to neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.
Iodine to the rescue
Most neurohackers associate Iodine with the thyroid because Iodine is needed to produce thyroid hormones T 4 and T3. But Iodine is also concentrated in your salivary
glands, stomach, breasts, ovaries, eyes and in your brain.
Deficiency in Iodine in any tissue will cause problems in that area of your body. And weaken your immune system. Symptoms of low Iodine show up as brain fog, skin
problems, fibroids, fibromyalgia, and chronic fatigue.
Iodine can kill bacteria, fungal infections, and viruses. Iodine will remove fluoride, chlorine and bromine.[xi] And helps your body detox heavy metals like mercury
and cadmium that other detox methods can’t remove.
Iodine helps prevent and even reverse breast cancer. And helps prevent mental retardation in young children.
Your brain needs sufficient Iodine for cognition through several mechanisms of action. This essential element is involved in gene expression that controls the synthesis of
neurotransmitters in your brain. And how they work.
Iodine helps remove fluoride throughout your body including your brain. Studies show that fluoride can damage your brain, reduce intelligence, and impair memory.
Fluoride has even been associated with dementia according to a study by The National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine.[xii]
One recent study showed that water fluoridation in England is linked to higher rates of underactive thyroid.[xiii] One of the simplest things you can do to boost cognition
and your thyroid is to stop using fluoridated water and toothpaste. And start supplementing with Iodine to remove the fluoride toxicity and boost thyroid health.
Iodine Deficiency Disorders are considered one of the biggest worldwide public health problems today. Studies around the world show none of us are immune from Iodine
deficiency. Estimates range from 10 – 90% of the world population don’t get sufficient Iodine depending on where you live.[xiv]
Adding Iodine to your stack if you are deficient is one of the easiest and least expensive ways to prevent and even cure a host of health problems. Including boosting
cognition and memory.
How does Iodine feel?
Many neurohackers report an increased level of focus, energy, memory, and cognitive ability when supplementing with Iodine.
You should also experience improved quality of sleep. And have an overall improvement in mood.
Others report a profound difference in energy levels, they are more alert, and fatigue in the afternoon disappears. A few even report a significant improvement in tinnitus.
The Research
One of most common reasons we use nootropics is to boost memory and mental energy. Memory loss drastically reduces quality of life. And simple brain fog makes it
difficult to accomplish the simplest of tasks.
Research has shown that Iodine is involved in memory, learning and cognition on several levels. And supplementing with Iodine is one of the most fundamental things you
can do to boost cognition.
Iodine raises the world’s IQ
The world’s greatest concentration of iodine deficient countries in the 1990’s was the former Soviet republics of Central Asi a. Worldwide, about 2 billion people or a 3rd of
the world population get too little iodine.
Studies show that iodine deficiency is the leading preventable cause of mental disorders. Even moderate deficiency lowers intelligence by 10 – 15 IQ points.
The most visible and severe effects manifest as goiters, dwarfism and cretinism. Ever hear someone use the derogatory term “cretin” to describe someone with low
intelligence?
Cretin describes a child born and raised with severe mental disabilities, small stature and weakness all due to not enough Iodine in the mother’s diet when she was
pregnant.
In Japan, people get Iodine from seafood, seaweed, vegetables grown in Iodine-rich soil or animals that eat grass grown in that soil. But even in wealthy nations like the
USA and the UK, people still need to supplement. Usually by using iodized salt. Or adding it to their stack as a supplement.
According to Dr. Gerald Burrow, a former dean of Yale’s medical school, “For 5 cents per person per year, you can make the whole population smarter than before”. Simply
by adding iodine to the salt supply.
Back in the old Soviet republic, Kazakh children were stunted compared to same-age Russian children. A survey of 5,000 households in 1996 found that 10 percent of
children were stunted. And iodine deficiency identified as the main culprit.
In Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan campaigns were run promoting iodized salt. Salt companies were persuaded to add iodine to salt
before putting it in stores.
In Kazakhstan in 1999, only 29% of households were using iodized salt. Now, 94% of households are. And in 2007, the United Nations certified the country officially free of
iodine deficiency disorders.
In raising the world’s IQ, the secret’s in the salt.[xv]
Iodine deficiency and ADHD
A 10-year study conducted in Italy investigated the children born to 16 women from an iodine-deficient area (Area A) and 11 control women in an iodine-sufficient area
(Area B).
ADHD was diagnosed in 11 of the 16 children born in Area A but none in Area B. Total IQ score was nearly 20-points lower in Area A children compared to Area B.
The researchers noted that the prevalence of ADHD in children born in Area A could only be compared to similar children with a resistance to thyroid hormones.
And that iodine-deficiency was the likely cause of ADHD due to a critical reduction in intracellular thyroid hormone T3 available to the developing brain.[xvi]
Dosage Notes
Recommended Iodine dosage is very difficult because everyone needs different amounts based on your body’s ability to use the Iodine. And the level of exposure you have
to daily toxins like fluoride, chlorine, and other halides.
If you are dealing with a severe health problem, then your dosages would need to be higher that someone trying to maintain good health.
Maintenance and for optimal cognition – Natural health doctors have been recommending up to 50 mg of Iodine per day. But I’ve since revised my recommendations
based on the latest research and potential health problems caused by iodine toxicity.
The maximum adult dosage for adult is 1 mg Iodine per day. Recommended maintenance dosage is the same.
Cancer – Cancer is a result of mutated cells. Iodine is critical for the P53 gene which prevents damaged cells from dividing.[xvii] Iodine and selenium helps P53 do its job of
eliminating abnormal cells. Cancer patients have used 50 – 300 mg of Iodine per day successfully.
Supporting supplements to take with Iodine include:


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Selenium – 200 – 400 mcg per day. Selenium is required for the production of T3. And assists in detox.
Vitamin C – 2,000 – 5,000 mg per day helps support thyroid symporters which transport thyroid hormones through the body including across the blood-brain barrier. And assists in detox.
Magnesium – 400 mg per day. See our post on Magnesium as a nootropic.
Iodine is fat-soluble and should be taken with food particularly if you have a sensitive stomach. The supporting supplements can be taken at the same time as your Iodine
dose.
Iodine should be taken early in the day because it can increase energy levels so much you could have problems sleeping.
Side Effects
Most forms of Iodine can cause diarrhea and bloating. Particularly at higher doses. Those with a sensitive stomach could experience stomach pain and is the reason we
suggest taking Iodine with food.
It is also possible to overdose on Iodine. So please start at a lower dose and see how your body reacts. Symptoms of Iodine overdose include abdominal pain, delirium,
fever, vomiting and shortness of breath.
Iodine is a powerful method for removing toxins and heavy metals from your body which can also produce unpleasant effects. If you experience flu-like symptoms when
starting Iodine its very likely you’re feeling the effects of toxins being flushed out of your cells and your body.
For more on Iodine toxicity, here’s information from Nature Reviews Endocrinology.
Available Forms
Iodine is sold in many forms but the main thing to look for; does the product contain both Iodine and Iodide. Your body needs both forms. Breasts look for Iodine and
the thyroid needs Iodide. Contrary to some sources; your body cannot convert supplemental Iodine to Iodide.
Also important is to understand and recognize the difference between milligram (Mg) doses vs. microgram (Mcg) amounts. Mcg doses is how most mainstream as well as
integrative health practitioners recommend Iodine dosage .
Recommended forms

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Lugol’s liquid – Iodine/Potassium Iodide – 2% and 5% solutions. 2% solution is 2.5 mg/drop and 5% solution is 6.25 mg/drop
Iodoral – Lugol’s formula in pill form – Iodine/Potassium Iodide – 12.5 mg and 50 mg
Biotics Research Iodizyme – 12.5 mg per tablet of Iodine/Iodide
Tri-Iodine by Vitaminlife – 12.5 mg per tablet of Iodine/Iodide
Other forms not recommended

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“Nascent Iodine” which is iodine in its atomic state and is a very low dose. Not enough to detox heavy metals, fluoride, bromine and chloride. Or to saturate tissues.
Iosol which is Iodine only, and the micro doses have the same issues as Nascent Iodine
Prolamine which has 3 mg of Iodine and 20 mg of Calcium may be too low to detox the body and saturate tissues
Pure Encapsulations, Solaray, Source Naturals, Progressive Labs and NOW all offer mcg doses of Iodide only
Kelp because of low Iodine status, not being able to determine levels of Iodine and possibly toxic due to arsenic and halides
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Iodine up to 1 mg per day
We recommend using Iodine as a nootropic supplement.
Your body does not make Iodine on its own. So to get its benefits it needs to come from your diet. Or you must take it as a supplement.
Iodine is especially helpful for those dealing with brain fog, poor cognition and memory, low energy levels and a sluggish thyroid.
Iodine is also particularly useful to help rid your body of the daily toxins we’re exposed to every day including heavy metals, fluoride, chloride, bromine and other halides.
While most forms of Iodine are helpful for overall health, keep in mind it’s the thyroid hormones T 4 and T3 which influence cognitive health.
Thyroid hormones are produced from tyrosine and Iodine. And the production of T3 from T4 requires selenium which should be a part of your stack when using Iodine.
We recommend an Iodine supplement which contains both Iodine and Potassium Iodide to boost cognition.
Iodine is a fast-acting nootropic that
Kava
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
Kava is known for its anti-anxiety and calming effects, improving cognition & memory, and reducing irritability and depression.
Kava (Piper methysticum) is a small shrub native to the South Pacific islands including Vanuatu, Fiji, Hawaii, and others. And has been safely used by islanders for 3,000
years. Piper methysticum (Piper is Latin for ‘pepper’. And methysticum is derived from the Greek for ‘intoxicating’).
In Polynesia and Micronesia, Kava has been traditionally used as a ceremonial drink. Kava is best known for elevating contentment, mood, well-being and sense of
relaxation.
Several clinical studies have found kava to be effective in treating symptoms of anxiety. Other studies have shown kava to help improve sleep quality.
As a nootropic, kava is used primarily to lower anxiety with a potency rivalling some anti-anxiety prescription drugs.
Kava helps:



Neurotransmitters. Kava affects brain levels of GABA receptors. GABA is the ‘calming’ neurotransmitter. And an increase in receptor sites for GABA accounts for Kava’s anti-anxiety
properties.[i]
Neuroprotection. Kava provides protective effects against strokes. Two of Kava’s compounds, dihydromethysticin and methysticin are similar in potency to Memantine which is used to treat
Alzheimer’s Disease.[ii]
Cognition. Kava improves reaction time and cognitive function. Kavalactones in Kava interact with ion channels in the brain. Influencing neurotransmitter function.[iii]
Table of Contents
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Overview
How does Kava work in the Brain?
How things go bad:
Kava to the rescue
How does Kava feel?
The Research
o
o
Kava as an anti-anxiety therapy
Kava enhances cognitive performance
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
Kava (Piper methysticum) is an herb that’s native the South Pacific islands. It’s traditionally been used in the islands as a hypnotic, psychotropic, and anxiolytic (antianxiety).
Kava Root (Piper methysticum)
Kava continues to have a central place in everyday life in the islands where its grown. [iv] It’s used as a ceremonial beverage in Fiji where it’s commonly given to the Head
of State.[v]
Kava root contains a collection of 6 bioactive compounds called kavalactones (kavapyrones); including kawain, dihydrokavain, methysticin, dihydromethysticin, yangonin,
and desmethoxyyangonin. Kava also contains small amounts of other alkaloids, flavonoids and glutathione.
The presence of glutathione seems to reduce the toxicity of some other kavalactones. Standardized extracts are important in deciding on what Kava supplement to buy to
ensure reliability and safety.[vi]
The main compounds in Kava readily cross the blood-brain barrier. And reaches your brain in about 45 minutes after taking the supplement.[vii]
How does Kava work in the Brain?
Kava boosts brain health and function in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
Kava boosts cognition. Kava relaxes the muscles and mind, but it doesn’t affect cognition the way other antidepressants and anti-anxiety drugs do.
After a review of 10 clinical studies of Kava, scientists at Australia’s Brain Sciences Institute at Melbourne University found Kava did not negatively affect cognition. In fact,
some studies on Kava showed it “significantly improved visual attention and working memory processes”.
The research team stated that Kava’s “enhanced cognition may be attributed to the ability of Kava to inhibit re-uptake of noradrenaline in the pre-frontal cortex”.[viii]
2.
Kava relieves anxiety. Several clinical studies have shown that Kava relieves anxiety.
California’s Global Neuroscience Initiative Foundation took a look at 24 studies of Kava and other herbal medicines for anxiety. And there was substantial evidence that kava
relieved not only anxiety, but also restlessness and insomnia.
They even looked at animal studies that showed Kava has anxiolytic effects “but not sedative or mental impairing” effects “which are typical side effects caused by
benzodiazepines”.[ix]
How things go bad:
Chronic stress, anxiety, loss of neuroreceptors and neurotransmitters can damage your brain. And one of the ways this manifests is memory loss.
It comes as no surprise that people with memory loss experience higher rates of anxiety and depression. As verified in one Australian research study.[x]
↓ Chronic stress reduces memory capacity
↓ Bioavailability of neurotransmitters decline
↓ Number of neuroreceptors decline
↑ Increase in anxiety destroys quality of life
Under conditions of chronic stress your brain loses the capacity to transmit signals between neurons efficiently. Memory, cognition, and decision-making all suffer as a
result.
Kava to the rescue
Kava has a long and proven record of medicinal therapeutic value. Much of the clinical evidence supports the use of Kava in treatment of anxiety.
Unlike benzodiazepines, Kava does not have similar sedative and mental impairing effects. And Kava seems to provide this calming effect by increasing the number of
GABA-a receptors.[xi]
Kava extracts have also been seen to bind to GABA, dopamine, serotonin and opiate receptors as well.[xii] This implies that more of each neurotransmitter is available to
the brain since their associated receptors are blocked or inhibited by Kava.
Kava extracts have also shown antidepressant effects. Some of the trials demonstrating this effect on depression also noted that Kava raised no safety concerns at the
doses and duration studied. Unlike some well-known pharmaceutical antidepressants.
Kava has also been shown to boost cognition and attention. In one study researchers stated that Kava’s “enhanced cognition may be attributed to the ability of kava to
inhibit re-uptake of noradrenaline in the pre-frontal cortex…”
And finally, Kava also prevents and may even treat several types of cancer. Research shows for example that one of the components of Kava, Flavokawain B reduces
prostate tumor growth and inhibits cancer.[xiii]
And that’s just one of many examples of how different components of Kava can fight cancer in the lung, bladder and other organs.
How does Kava feel?
This can be a little complicated so stay with me. Any particular preparation of Kava will contain up to 18 different kavalactones. Each will have some type of psychoactive
effect in your brain.
And to complicate things even more, there are several distinct strains of Kava grown in Hawaii and the South Pacific today. All with their own unique profiles of kavalactones
and as a result, their own subtle differences in effect.
In general, supplementing with Kava (Piper methysticum) can make you feel relaxed, enhancing calmness and lowering anxiety while promoting sociability.
Higher doses can generate feelings of gentle euphoria, with greater sedation and mild motor impairment.
Many neurohackers say that at lower doses, Kava’s effects are a little like those generated by alcohol and certain kinds of anti-anxiety medications. Some users say it works
as well as popping a Xanax.
You should experience an increase in focus along with a sense of calm. And even though Kava works well as a sleep aid, taking it during the day shouldn’t make you
drowsy.
The Research
Kava has a lot of clinical research to back up its reputation as a nootropic. Research studies have been noted throughout this article. Here are two more…
Kava as an anti-anxiety therapy
A study at the University of Melbourne, revealed that Kava could be an alternative treatment for those suffering from Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD).
In this 6-week placebo-controlled, double-blind trial, 75 patients with clinically diagnosed GAD were given Kava or a placebo.
Participants were given Kava extract tablets twice per day for a total dose of 120 mg kavalactones for the first 3 weeks. In cases of non-response, the dose was increased
to a double-dose twice per day for the 2nd three weeks of the trial.
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and noradrenaline transporter polymorphisms were analyzed as potential pharmacogenetic markers of response. Reduction in anxiety was
measured using the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA) as the primary outcome.
Kava was well-tolerated. And results showed no significant differences in liver function. One interesting observation during this study was that subjects who had genetic
differences in GABA transporters modified their response to Kava.
This last observation is just another clue on why some people respond to some nootropics different than others. And why we often say that, “Your Mileage May Vary” when using a nootropic.
At the conclusion of this trial, 26% of the Kava group were considered in remission for their anxiety symptoms compared to the placebo group. Overall, all participants who
received Kava, showed a significant reduction in anxiety levels.
And one additional finding of this study was that Kava increased the female participants sex drive.[xiv]
Kava enhances cognitive performance
Researchers conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with healthy volunteers. The purpose of the trial was to investigate the effects of Kava on emotions and
cognitive performance.
One group was given a single dose of Kava extract (300 mg). And that single dose led to an increase in “cheerfulness”, improved accuracy and speed in task performance,
increased visual attention and a boost in short-term memory.
The research team compared the effects of Kava to conventional benzodiazepine-type anxiolytics which tend to impair cognitive performance. The team concluded Kava is a
potent anxiolytic agent which can boost cognitive function.[xv]
Dosage Notes
Kava extracts are made with a variety of different strengths, and from different source plant material. So it’s difficult to recommend exact dosages.
Fortunately, Kava is relatively forgiving as far as dose is concerned. So taking 2-3 times the recommended dose of an extract should cause no issues.
Some neurohackers claim that extracts are just not strong enough. And the only way to get the full effect of Kava is to use ground Kava root which can be found at some
natural food stores. Make sure it smells fresh (it should have a relatively strong smell).
Fresh powder is used to make a cold tea by making a cold water extraction. Fresh powder is soaked in cold water for 15-20 minutes or more, stirring or shaking
occasionally. You can then strain out the powder if you like.
If you want to go the capsule route, look for a Kava extract called “WS1490”. For anxiety and other cognitive issues use 300 mg of this extract daily. Preferably split into
three 100 mg doses. One dose in the morning, one early afternoon and the last in the evening.
You can also choose a Kava extract supplement with 250 mg total kavalactones. You can use this multiple times throughout the day. If you use only a single dose, take it
just prior to sleep.
Side Effects
Kava has a long and proven track record of medicinal therapeutic value. But if you start doing research on Kava, you’ll see reports of possible liver toxicity. Let’s address
this right now.
Most research shows there is little to no evidence to support this notion of liver damage when using Kava. For example, one large review out of the University of Melbourne
included 24 clinical studies.
One of the researchers stated, “Of the 435 clinical trial participants taking Kava supplements in our review, some at high doses, no liver issues were reported. Therefore,
the current review supports the conclusion that liver toxicity is indeed a rare side effect.”[xvi]
For most of the history of the Kava industry, it’s been harvested and prepared by native, Pacific Islanders. Roots are stored in bulk after harvest. And could develop mold or
acquire other contaminants.
Increasingly, many Kava suppliers harvest and process their Kava using international manufacturing standards such as ISO, GMP and others. And because of the restrictions
by first world countries (esp. the European Union) on the importation of raw ingredients, these protocols are now stricter.
So when selecting a Kava product, make sure the manufacturer is adhering to good manufacturing practices.
Long-term heavy and consistent consumption of Kava could cause a scaly skin rash called dermopathy. This is reversible when Kava use stops.
And finally, Kava should not be mixed with prescription drugs. Don’t use Kava if you’re pregnant or breastfeeding. Kava use may make you unable to drive (similar to
alcohol). Don’t use Kava if you have liver problems. And avoid combining Kava with Xanax, clonazepam, lorazepam, phenobarbital, and Ambien.
Available Forms
In the South Pacific, whole Kava root are chewed for their medicinal value.
Kava is also available in liquid form, as tinctures, and standardized extracts as capsules or tablets.
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Kava extract 250 – 500 mg per day
We recommend using Kava as a nootropic supplement.
Your body does not make Kava on its own. So you must take it as a supplement.
Kava is especially helpful for those suffering from anxiety and stress. Studies show it helps stop and reverse the devastating effects of anxiety and stress in your brain, and
body.
Kava also has a reputation for lifting mood. And doesn’t have the same side effects as prescription antidepressants.
And unlike pharmaceuticals like benzodiazepines, Kava boosts cognition and short-term memory.
The usual serving of prepared Kava in the South Pacific is 2-4 fluid ounces. Depending on how its prepared, a bilo (coconut half shell) can contain anywhere from 150 – 500
mg of kavalactones. And native islanders often consume several bilos in a Kava drinking session.
Although the local Kava Committee has issued an advisory upper limit of 300 mg of kavalactones per day, many Pacific islanders consume far more, without any ill effects.
Kratom
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
Kratom is known for relieving anxiety, depression, chronic pain, insomnia, and fatigue
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is the leaf of a tropical deciduous tree within the coffee family (Rubiaceae) native to Southeast Asia.
Kratom has been safely used as a dietary and nootropic supplement, and natural remedy in Southeast Asia for centuries.
Typically consumed in small quantities by chewing fresh or dried leaves, as a steeped tea, or powdered and washed down with a drink. Kratom was used throughout their
workday for energy and pain relief.[i]
As a nootropic supplement, Kratom continues to be used to improve mood, as an anxiolytic, for insomnia, pain relief, more energy, as an anti-inflammatory, and to lower
blood sugar.[ii]
Here we’ll explore how Kratom benefits your brain.
Kratom helps:
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Pain: The compounds mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine are agonists of mu (μ) -, delta (δ) –, and kappa (κ) opioid receptors. Resulting in relief from pain.[iii]
Anxiolytic: Kratom affects serotonin and norepinephrine pathways in the central nervous system providing relief from anxiety and depression.[iv]
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Energy: Kratom affects dopamine D1 receptors which helps boost energy.[v]
Table of Contents
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Overview
How does Kratom work in the brain?
How things go bad
Kratom to the rescue
How does Kratom feel?
The Research
o
o
o
Kratom helps control pain
Kratom as an anti-depressant
Kratom for withdrawal from opiate addiction
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is the leaf of a 4 – 16-meter-high tree indigenous to South East Asia, the Philippines and New Guinea.
Kratom is of the Rubiaceae family of flowering plants which includes the coffee plant.
The genus was given its Mitragyna name by the Dutch botanist Pieter Korthals in 1839 because the leaves and the stigmas of the flowers of the plant resemble the shape of
a bishop’s mitre.
Other names of the plant are krathom, kakuam, ithang or thom (Thailand), biak-biak or ketum (Malaysia), and mambog (Philippines).
Kratom as a nootropic supplement is the leaves of the Mitragyna speciosa tree and are either greenish/white or red in color. Typically supplied as crushed or powdered dried
leaves that vary in color from light to dark green and some variants have a reddish tinge.
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa)
Mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine (7-HMG), unique to Mitragyna speciosa, are the two alkaloids mainly responsible for the effects of Kratom. And are agonists of the μsubtype opioid receptor (MOR).[vi]
5-HT2a (subtype of serotonin receptor) and postsynaptic α2–adrenergic receptors, as well as neuronal Ca2+ channels are also involved in the unique mechanism of action of
mitragynine.
Kratom has been traditionally used as fresh or dried leaves that are chewed or steeped into tea.
At lower dosages, Kratom is used for its stimulant effects and is used to combat fatigue.
At higher dosages, Kratom can have more of a sedative and anxiolytic effect. And has also been used in traditional and natural medicine as an alternative to opiate
medications.
Currently, Mitragyna speciosa is legal to buy in most European countries and in most states in the USA.
But some EU countries, such as Denmark, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, and Sweden, Mitragyna speciosa and/or mitragynine and 7-HMG are controlled drugs.
Kratom is listed as a controlled substance in Australia, Malaysia, Myanmar, and Thailand (which has legalized the use of Kratom and cannabis plants for medicinal use on
December 2018).
In New Zealand, Mitragyna speciosa and mitragynine are controlled under the Medicines Amendment Regulations. In the USA, Kratom is not controlled on a federal level
though considered as a ‘drug of concern’.[vii]
Kratom is a potent option for its pain-relieving qualities and as a neuro-stimulant.[viii] And its legal use will continue to be debated.
With ordinary people pressing for maintaining its availability as a supplement. While pharmaceuticals and mainstream medicine fight to have it scheduled as a restricted
substance.
How does Kratom work in the brain?
Kratom boosts brain health and function in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
Kratom helps reduce pain. Kratom has traditionally been used to treat various types of diseases especially in Thailand and Malaysia. Its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties in its
crude form are well documented.
Research shows that mitragynine, the major alkaloid compound found in young leaves of Mitragyna speciosa affects the norepinephrine and serotonin pathways in the brain.
Contributing to its pain-relief qualities.[ix]
Studies also show that mitragynine significantly inhibits mRNA expression of COX-1 and COX-2, and the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Meaning Kratom “may be
useful for the treatment of inflammatory conditions.”[x]
2.
Kratom is an anxiolytic and antidepressant. Kratom users often speak of Kratom’s ability to lift mood and tame anxiety soon after taking it. And researchers have confirmed its anti-anxiety
and antidepressant qualities in several animal studies.
Researchers in Malaysia treated Sprague-Dawley rats with 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg of mitragynine or 10 mg/kg of the benzodiazepine diazepam 60 minutes before testing. The
Kratom dosage was selected based on human equivalent doses from previous reports.
The study revealed that mitragynine produced anxiolytic effects similar to diazepam. Which was attributed to interactions among opioid, GABA and dopamine regions of the
brain.[xi]
Another Malaysian study evaluated the antidepressant effect of mitragynine in mice. The mice received 10 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg of mitragynine.
The researchers said, “mitragynine exerts an antidepressant effect” in mice. And the effect appeared to be mediated by an interaction with the neuroendocrine HPA axis
system.[xii]
Mitragynine is the main alkaloid in Kratom.
How things go bad
Seems just being human guarantees each of us will need to deal with anxiety, depression and pain at some point in our lives.
And if left unchecked can result in:
↑ Chronic inflammation
↑ Accelerated aging
↑ High blood pressure
↑ Increased pain
↑ Anxiety and/or depression
If you choose to be treated with prescription drugs, it could result in side effects like decreased alertness, brain fog, slower thinking, poor memory and possible decline in
mood.
Kratom to the rescue
Neurohackers report using Kratom to alleviate chronic pain, as an antidepressant and anti-anxiety supplement, for energy at lower dosages, and for sleep at higher
dosages.
Kratom has also helped thousands to withdraw from opiates. Because the compounds mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine bind to same opiate receptors as prescription
pain meds. But without the danger of respiratory failure.
Christopher McCurdy at the University of Mississippi National Center for Natural Products Research used mouse models for Kratom research.
In one study, McCurdy’s team gave mice two doses of morphine daily for 5 days. Doubling it each day until the mice were addicted to morphine.
The control group then received naloxone which is used to reverse heroin overdose. And subsequently went through the physical symptoms of opiate withdrawal.
The other group of mice received freeze-dried Kratom tea daily for 5 days. The animals displayed a significant reduction in withdrawal side effects.
The scientists then repeated the test with extracts of pure mitragynine in place of Kratom tea. Which caused the residual withdrawal side effects of opiate withdrawal to
vanish completely.[xiii]
How does Kratom feel?
You feel the affects of Kratom within 30 minutes of your first dose.
A 2017 Grundman survey of 10,000 Kratom users aged 31 – 50 years, the majority having used Kratom from 6 months to 5 years, reported the following benefits:
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increased energy
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decreased pain
increased focus
less depressed mood
less anxious mood
reduced or stopped use of opioid painkillers
reduced PTSD symptoms
elevated mood
99.35% of survey respondents answered “no” to the question asking if “medical or mental health care treatment was needed because of Kratom consumption?”
20.93% of respondents reported the only negative effects of using Kratom was nausea or constipation.[xiv]
The Pain News Network conducted a survey of over 6,400 Kratom users in 2017. Survey respondents reported the most common reason for using Kratom was pain
management.
Followed by using Kratom for anxiety, opioid addiction or dependence, and depression. The majority reported that they didn’t think Kratom was harmful. And the majority
said they could NOT get a high from using Kratom.[xv]
The Research
Kratom helps control pain
Mu-opioid receptor agonists are the mainstays of pain management. But the therapeutic use of these drugs is associated with serious side effects, includi ng potentially
lethal respiratory depression.
So, there is an ongoing search for new opioid analgesics which are safer.
Kratom is an unusual class of opioid receptor modulator with a distinct mechanism of action.
Researchers found that mitragynine and the oxidized analogue 7-hydroxymitragynine found in Kratom, are partial agonists of the human mu-opioid receptor and
competitive antagonists at the kappa- and delta-opioid receptors.
But mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine are also G-protein-biased agonists of the mu-opioid receptor, which do not recruit β-arrestin following receptor activation.
Which means that Kratom provides the pain relief associated with prescription opioid medication. But without the potentially lethal side effect of respiratory depression.[xvi]
Kratom as an anti-depressant
Many neurohackers report that Kratom is effective in relieving their anxiety and depression.
And a 2018 study confirmed these findings in a systematic review of all studies on Kratom use and mental health published between January 1960 and July 2017.
Participants in these studies confirmed that Kratom enhanced their mood and reduced anxiety symptoms. The study authors noted that Kratom also has potential as an
opioid substitute for people addicted to opioids.[xvii]
Kratom for withdrawal from opiate addiction
Surveys of regular Kratom users often report its primary use is to help people quit opiates and avoid withdrawal symptoms. And research in animals support what
neurohackers report.
Researchers at Prince of Songkla University in Thailand investigated the effects of Kratom extract on morphine withdrawal in mice.
Male Swiss Albino mice were given morphine until they were dependent on it. The mice were then given injections of naloxone, an opioid agonist, to induce morphine
withdrawal symptoms.
The mice were tested then given Mitragyna speciosa extract and tested again. The Kratom extract significantly reduced the severity of morphine withdrawal symptoms.
And the researchers concluded, “treatment with the M. speciosa alkaloid extract may be useful for opiate addiction treatment program.”[xviii]
Dosage Notes
Dosage of Kratom is key when your goal are specific effects. Dose too low, and you’ll get no benefit. But dose too high and you’ll experience relatively harmless, but usually
unpleasant side effects like diarrhea, the sweats, or even vomiting.
And Kratom has a short half-life, so you need to dose it several times a day to keep stable levels in your system.
Recommended dosage of Kratom is:
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Mild effects – 1 – 2 grams
Moderate effects – 2 – 5 grams
High effects – 6 – 15 grams
Note that potency can vary a lot between different strains of Kratom. And even which area Kratom is harvested. There is no ‘standardized’ dosage. Instead dosage is based
on experience and user reports.
Typically, lower dosages are more stimulating and higher dosages more sedating.
But every Kratom strain has a general, optimal dose for its therapeutic value, and for its ‘feel-good’ effects. Anything above this ideal dosage can have unpleasant effects.
And most people find that Kratom works more effectively when consumed on an empty stomach. Taken with a meal could nullify or dramatically reduce its effects.
The traditional method of using Kratom in Southeast Asia was using fresh leaves, removing stems and veins, bundling the leaves, and chewing the leaves.
The “toss ‘n’ wash” method of dosing Kratom is chasing the powder with water. Not recommended.
Kratom tea is a common method of using it. Simmer powdered Kratom in water for 20 minutes and drink the tea. Easier to drink, but if you strain out the soggy Kratom
powder before drinking, you’ll lose some of the valuable, medicinal value of the plant.
Adding lemon juice to your Kratom tea can increase the bioavailability of its alkaloid content.
You can also mix measured Kratom powder with yogurt, applesauce, juice, peanut butter or chocolate milk.
My preferred method is making capsules of Kratom powder. It’s convenient, eliminates the unpleasant taste, and provides the desired therapeutic benefit within 20 minutes
of swallowing the capsules.
You can help avoid Kratom tolerance by supplementing with magnesium because this mineral is a NMDA receptor agonist.[xix]
Side Effects
The most common side effects associated with Kratom use is nausea and constipation. But others may include muscle tremors, itching, sweating, dizziness, and dry mouth.
There have been unsubstantiated reports that Kratom could cause seizure and hallucinations in some people.
Abruptly stopping long-term Kratom use could result in withdrawal symptoms including insomnia, diarrhea and fever. Some neurohackers have reported feeling nervous,
tense, angry or sad when stopping Kratom.[xx]
The American FDA has reported some deaths among Kratom users. But none have been substantiated. In fact, The New England Journal of Medicine did a systematic review
of 15 kratom-related deaths.
And the researchers concluded none of the deaths were caused by Kratom. But that there is an “increased risk of adverse events” when Kratom is ingested with opioids or
psychoactive drugs.[xxi]
Studies with animals show that Kratom even at dosages of 1,000 mg/kg daily for 14 days will not cause death.[xxii] But did produce severe liver damage and minor kidney
damage. That’s the equivalent daily dosage of 72 grams in a 160 lb. (72 kg) human.
If you are dealing with liver or kidney problems, use caution when using Kratom. Particularly at higher dosages.
If you are pregnant or intend on becoming pregnant you should avoid using Kratom.
Those who have problems with addiction to alcohol and other drugs are at increased risk of abusing Kratom.
And Kratom may worsen existing mental disorders. So if you are dealing with clinical depression, suicidal thoughts or other neurological disorder, and especially if you are
using anti-anxiety or antidepressant medication for these disorders, you should not use Kratom.
Available Forms
Kratom is sold as capsules, tablets, powder, concentrated extract, gum or raw leaves.
Leaf alkaloid content varies from plant to plant, and from strain to strain. The most popular strains for pain relief both red and green veined versions are:
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Bali
Borneo
Indo
Maeng Da
Red vein versions of the above Kratom strains tend to be more reliable for pain relief. And the general consensus is that Maeng Da is most potent of all.
Most strains of Kratom can help depression and anxiety. But differences in strain can change the type of experience you’ll have.
In general, the following red and green strains will help lift mood at higher dosages. And lower dosages of the same strains may be somewhat stimulating.
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Bali
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Borneo
Indo
You can also buy water-based extracts of Kratom. These extracts have more alkaloid content than regular Kratom. One option is adding some extract to regular Kratom to
potentiate its pain-relieving effects.
Kratom resin extracts are made using a solvent to extract the alkaloids which is then left to dry. You get the full spectrum of effects of regular Kratom at much smaller
dosages of resin.
Adulteration of Kratom is an ongoing problem and you must use caution when selecting your Kratom vendor. Because anything other than pure, dried Kratom leaves or a
verified extract can cause severe side effects.
Researchers at the School of Pharmacy at the University of Massachusetts purchased several commercially available Kratom products for analysis. And found multiple
Kratom products to have substantially higher concentrations (109–520%) of 7-hydroxymitragynine than those found in raw Kratom leaves.
The problem is that 7-hydroxymitragynine, a potent mu-opioid receptor agonist, is likely to be a major contributing factor to the addictive potential of Kratom.[xxiii]
Buying ready-made capsules of Kratom is not only more expensive, but riskier because unless you are buying from a fully vetted vendor, you can’t be sure what’s in the
capsule.
I highly recommend avoiding capsules from the corner shop. And buying Kratom powder from a company you trust.
My personal recommendation, and a company I’ve been buying Kratom from for the last 7 years is Phytoextractum.
Phytoextractum tests all their product and can produce Certificates of Analysis upon request. And they were one of the first companies to be recognized by the American
Kratom Association as a cGMP Qualified Kratom Vendor.
You can check out Phytoextractum’s Kratom line of products here: Phytoextractum Kratom.
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Kratom 1 – 15 grams per day
I recommend using Kratom as a nootropic supplement.
Your body does not make Kratom on its own. So to get its benefits you must take it as a supplement.
Kratom is especially helpful for those dealing with chronic pain, and fatigue.
Kratom is a powerful nootropic supplement. It may help you avoid or even get off opioids you’ve been on for years. With fewer withdrawal symptoms.
Kratom at lower dosages can provide a gentle stimulant effect. And at higher dosages can help you deal better with anxiety and depression.
Some find Kratom especially helpful for insomnia. And not needing to rely on problematic prescription sleep aids.
You can safely take up to 15 grams of Kratom daily if needed. But dosed 5 grams at a time and preferably before you eat.
You can help prevent tolerance by taking Kratom with magnesium because this mineral helps block receptors associated with tolerance.
I highly recommend choosing your Kratom vendor or supplier wisely. I’ve been buying from Phytoextractum for the last 7 years and know their product is pure.
Lion’s Mane
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
Lion’s Mane Mushroom is known for stimulating Nerve Growth Factor, improving cognition and memory, and relieving depression.
Lion’s Mane (Hericium erinaceus) is unique in the mushroom family both in appearance and function. Lion’s Mane Mushroom is extremely effective at stimulating Nerve
Growth Factor (NGF) in the brain.
Known for its powerful effects as a “brain tonic”, Lion’s Mane is said to have been used as a tea for thousands of years by Buddhist monks. To enhance brain power, and
heighten their ability to focus during meditation.
Lion’s Mane is a powerful catalyst for brain cell regeneration helping improve memory and cognition.
The primary active compounds in Lion’s Mane are hericenones and erinacines. Hericenones help your brain produce more Nerve Growth Factor. And erinacines easily cross
the blood-brain barrier to boost the production of neurons.
Lion’s Mane helps:
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Nerve Growth Factor. Lion’s Mane Mushroom prevents and treats nerve damage in the brain. Once past the blood-brain barrier, Lion’s Mane stimulates enzyme production that release Nerve
Growth Factor (NGF). Nerve regeneration helps relieve neurodegenerative disease symptoms such as Alzheimer’s, dementia, and Parkinson’s Disease.
Neurogenesis. Lion’s Mane stimulates the repair and creation of neurons. Boosting neurotransmitters and signaling that effects memory, learning, recall, and mood.
Brain Optimization. Lion’s Mane helps eliminate brain fog. Restoring memory and mental alertness. And improves anxiety and depression symptoms.
Table of Contents
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Overview
How does Lion’s Mane Work in the Brain?
How things go bad:
Lion’s Mane to the rescue.
How does Lion’s Mane feel?
The Research
o
o
o
Lion’s Mane Prevents Cognitive Dysfunction
Lion’s Mane Induces Nerve Growth Factor
Lion’s Mane Repairs Nerves
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
Lion’s Mane (Hericium erinaceus) is a medicinal mushroom proven to benefit the brain, nerves and immune system.
Unlike other mushrooms sporting a cap and stem, Lion’s Mane has long, flowing, white tendrils. Resembling a lion’s mane. Other names include Monkey’s Head, Bearded
Tooth, Pom Pom Blanc, Hedgehog Mushroom and Satyr’s Beard.
Lion’s Mane mushroom (Hericium erinaceus)
This parasitic fungus grows hanging off logs and trees. And is native to North American, Europe and Southeast Asia. In Japan, it’s called yamabushitake or “those who sleep
in mountains”. Referring to the Shugendo sect of hermit monks and their long, flowing robes.
As a nootropic, Lion’s Mane has been shown to be particularly effective in stimulating Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) in the brain.
NGF is produced in the hippocampus throughout life. Modulating cholinergic receptors and neuroplasticity.[i] And is essential for learning.
Nerve Growth Factor are special proteins that function to regenerate neurons. Lion’s Mane contains two unique classes of NGF’s – hericenones and erinacines which easily
cross the blood-brain barrier.
Lion’s Mane, like other medicinal mushrooms, contain high amounts of the antioxidant beta-glucoxylan and four other polysaccharides and polypeptides. Having a
significant impact on enhancing your immune system. And decreasing tumor growth.
Lion’s Mane has also been studied in reducing amyloid plaques. These clumps of beta-amyloid proteins block signals between neurons. And are implicated in Alzheimer’s and
other neurodegenerative diseases.
Lions’ Mane is also used to treat Lyme’s Disease, and digestive tract issues.
Here we’re talking about Lion’s Mane Mushroom and its effects on brain health and chemistry.
How does Lion’s Mane Work in the Brain?
Lion’s Mane boosts brain health and function in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
Lion’s Mane Mushroom stimulates the synthesis of Nerve Growth Factor (NGF). NGF is a protein that plays a major role in the maintenance, survival and regeneration of neurons.
NGF is required by your brain to keep neurons strong and healthy. When various neurological disorders occur, your brain is unable to produce its own internal source of
NGF.
In a study done in Kuala Lumpur in 2013, scientists showed that Lion’s Mane extract induced NGF synthesis and promoted neurite outgrowth.[ii]
2.
Lion’s Mane is effective in reducing anxiety and depression. Some even call it the “smart mushroom” for its ability to improve cognition, memory and work as an anti-depressant.
A study by researchers in Japan worked with 30 women. The female subjects had been complaining about menopause, depression, sleep quality and other issues.
The women randomly received Lion’s Mane-laced cookies or a placebo for 4 weeks. The researchers found that Lion’s Mane “has the possibility to reduce depression and
anxiety, and these results suggest a different mechanism from NGF-enhancing action of H. erinaceus”. [iii]
How things go bad:
Science once believed that the brain could not grow new brain cells. That once our brain developed during childhood, and we reached adulthood, we had all the brain cells
we’d ever have.
Now we know that neurons can regenerate. But that doesn’t mean they will regenerate. A number of health issues can contribute to neurodegeneration.
↓ Decrease in Nerve Growth Factor = Decrease in Long-Term Potentiation affecting long-term memory[iv]
↓ Brain cells die and are not replaced
↓ Neuroplasticity declines resulting in poor memory
↓ Neurotransmitters decline resulting in anxiety, poor mood and depression
All of these age-related changes are contributing factors to neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and others. And anxiety, depression and mood
disorders that affect quality of life.
Lion’s Mane to the rescue.
At least a dozen peer-reviewed studies have been published on Lion’s Mane benefits to brain health since 1991. Dr. Kawagishi of Japan was first to identify Nerve Growth
Factor properties in Lion’s Mane Mushroom.[v]
In one double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, researchers in Japan worked with 50 – 80 year old men and women. All suffered from mild cognitive impairment.
The trial subjects received four 250 mg tablets containing 96% of Yamabushitake (Lion’s Mane) dry powder three times a day for 16 weeks. The men and women were
tested at 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks.
At each of the testing periods, the subjects who had used Lion’s Mane showed a significant improvement in cognitive scores. And their scores were increasing while on
Lion’s Mane supplementation. But 4 weeks after stopping Lion’s mane supplementation, their cognitive scores decreased significantly.
The researchers concluded that Lion’s Mane Mushroom is effective in improving mild cognitive impairment.[vi]
How does Lion’s Mane feel?
You may not experience the effects of supplementing with Lion’s Mane Mushroom immediately. But many users report with continued use of Lion’s Mane, a boost in mood
and mental energy.
Some report it increases depth perception. And an improvement in sense of smell.
Others testify to improved decision-making, the ability to solve problems and learning. Likely due to Lion’s Mane ability to improve neuroplasticity.
The overall consensus is Lion’s Mane Mushroom’s ability to lessen anxiety, reduce depression, and improve concentration.
The Research
Lion’s Mane Mushroom has been used as a food and herbal medicine since ancient times in East Asia. And it has been reported in scientific research that Lion’s Mane
promotes Nerve Growth Factor both in the petri dish as well as in animal and human test subjects.
Lion’s Mane Prevents Cognitive Dysfunction
In this study, researchers examined the effects of Lion’s Mane on amyloid β(25-35) peptide-induced learning and memory deficits in mice. Amyloid β(25-35) peptide is
implicated in diseases like Alzheimer’s.
Mice were injected with the peptide on days 7 and 14 of the trial. And they were fed a diet containing Lion’s Mane over 23-days of the experiment. The results showed that
Lion’s Mane prevented short-term and visual recognition memory reduction normally induced by amyloid β(25-35) peptide.
They concluded that Lion’s Mane Mushroom “may be useful in the prevention of cognitive dysfunction”.[vii]
Lion’s Mane Induces Nerve Growth Factor
In this trial, mice were fed Lion’s Mane 5% freeze-dried powdered extract for 7 days. Researchers found an increase in the level of Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) in the
hippocampus of the mice. Concluding that Lion’s Mane “contains active compounds that stimulate NGF synthesis”.[viii]
Lion’s Mane Repairs Nerves
In this study done with rats, Lion’s Mane extract was able to promote neuron regrowth after injury. Rats with gluteal nerve damage were able to walk again after consuming
water containing Lion’s Mane extract.
The researchers concluded that Lion’s Mane regenerates damaged nerve cells. In this case, the reversal was so profound, the rats went from being totally disabled to
walking again.[ix]
Dosage Notes
Dosing of Lion’s Mane Mushroom depends on the strength of the extract. It’s available in capsule or powder form.
For Lion’s Mane 10:1 extract (30% polysaccharide), daily dosage is 500 – 1,000 mg taken 1 to 3 times per day.
Other retail extract dosage of Lion’s Mane ranges from 300 mg to 3000 mg dosed 1 – 3 times per day. Check the label and see what the manufacturer recommends. And
when first using the supplement, start with the lowest dose and see how your body reacts.
Side Effects
Lion’s Mane Mushroom is non-toxic and considered very safe. So there are very few side effects reported.
Some neurohackers report itchy skin from higher doses. Likely attributable to a boost in Nerve Growth Factor.
Lion’s Mane has been tested in animals showing no side effects or toxicity even up to 5 grams per kilogram.
Available Forms
Lion’s Mane Mushroom (Hericium erinaceus) as a supplement is usually offered as an extract. In powdered form, or in a capsule.
Lion’s Mane Mushroom can be found in some of higher quality pre-formulated nootropic stacks. For example, Mind Lab Pro® contains 11 brain enhancing nootropic
compounds including Lion’s Mane with the full fruit spectrum including hericenones and erinacines.
I recommend Mind Lab Pro because it addresses all aspects of anxiety resistance, memory and cognitive enhancement, stabilizes mood, brain repair, and maintenance.
This premium nootropic stack is designed to affect neurotransmitters, cognitive energy, brain waves, neuroprotection, and regeneration. See my Mind Lab Pro review for a
detailed report.
When choosing a Lion’s Mane supplement, there’s debate over the best form of extraction to achieve the mushroom’s full medicinal benefit. Some say your best option is a
hot water extraction. Another says alcohol extraction. Another claims both are necessary.
But when it comes to mushrooms, saying that one is “more potent” than another is just too simplified to be true. This is as much an art as it is science.
Look at the manufacturer’s literature and marketing material. And read the reviews on shopping sites as well as forums. And find out what works best for you.
Types of Lion’s Mane available:
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Plain Lion’s Mane: Pure, powdered mushroom. Often freeze-dried, and the cheapest form available. Can be added to water, juice or smoothies.
Lion’s Mane Extracts: A more potent form of mushroom. Often presented as 14:1 or 10:1 extracts (14 pounds or 10 pounds reduced to 1 pound of extract).
Standardized Lion’s Mane: Processed to provide exact levels of active ingredients. You can get Lion’s Mane standardized to 30% and 50% polysaccharides (including the active secondary
metabolites hericenones and erinacines).
Lion’s Mane tea: Since this is a popular mushroom in the kitchen, the taste is acceptable. But it’s hard to get a handle on how much actual active ingredient you’re getting.
Amycenone®/PLM-Fraction: This “branded” product is standardized to Hericenones 0.5%, Amyloban 6%. It seems to target a lesser-known Lion’s Mane active ingredient–Amyloban–which
is positioned as a mushroom compound that fights beta-amyloid proteins. Originating in Japan, it is extremely expensive, and may be found in a supplement called Amyloban®3399.
And if you decide to pick your own, before consuming any wild mushroom, make sure that it is accurately identified. Mushroom poisoning is a real problem if you pick the
wrong one.
For a full list of Mycology societies that may be able to help you, go to the North American Mycological Association website (www.namyco.org).
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Lion’s Mane 500 mg per day
We recommend using Lion’s Mane as a nootropic supplement.
Your body does not make Lion’s Mane on its own. So you need to take it as a supplement.
Lion’s Mane is especially helpful for regenerating brain cells. It prevents neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.
And it boosts long-term potentiation for memory and mental sharpness. By stimulating Nerve Growth Factor.
Lion’s Mane also helps boost mood, tame anxiety and relieve depression. For a better quality of life.
We suggest starting with a dose of 500 mg daily. The best human study used 3000 mg per day. But another researcher found lower concentrations may stimulate NGF
better than higher concentrations.[x]
Start at 500 mg per day and see how it works for you. If you don’t experience a benefit, boost Lion’s Mane in small increments of 250 mg per day until you notice an
improvement.
You can buy individual Lion’s Mane supplements. Or you could try my favorite pre-formulated nootropic stack Mind Lab Pro® which includes the full fruit spectrum including
hericenones and erinacines found in Lion’s Mane Mushroom.
Mind Lab Pro contains a synergistic blend of 11 brain enhancing nootropics covering all aspects of cognition and brain health. See my full Mind Lab Pro review for more.
Lion’s Mane is a great compliment to a nootropic stack including Aniracetam, Alpha GPC and Omega-3’s for an immediate cognitive boost.
L-Carnosine
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
L-Carnosine improves cognition, memory, energy levels, prevents brain cell death, and is anti-aging.
L-Carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine) is a dipeptide of the amino acids beta-alanine and histidine. Carnosine is found throughout your body. The highest concentrations are
in high energy demand areas such as your brain, heart and muscles.
L-Carnosine is known as the ‘longevity molecule’. But don’t let that put you off if you’re not concerned about anti-aging. Carnosine levels decrease with age – starting at age
10! And decrease by 63% by the time you reach 70 years.[i]
L-Carnosine is one of the most powerful antioxidants known. It’s a heavy-metal scavenger. It’s a super auto-regulator. And it stands alone when it comes to preventing and
reversing advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and cross-linking. And it’s highly concentrated in your brain.
Your brain uses l-carnosine to repair tissue and clear away toxins. And increase the energy output of your mitochondria. It suppresses excess immune responses when your
immune system is in hyper mode. And it stimulates the immune response if you have a weakened immune system.
L-Carnosine helps:
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Neuro-repair: L-Carnosine prevents and reverses the damage done by advanced glycation end products (AGEs). AGEs are created in your brain by sugars binding to amino acids, and caused
by a variety of things including certain food and cooking techniques. Affecting word recall, response time, and cognition.
Brain Energy: L-Carnosine can revive mitochondria. And even rescue your brain cells if the mitochondria have stopped functioning.
Neuroprotectant: L-Carnosine has a powerful antioxidant effect in your brain. It continues to prevent oxidative damage even after brain cells have been attacked by free radicals. Preventing
brain cell death and neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.
Table of Contents
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Overview
How does L-Carnosine Work in the Brain?
L-Carnosine to the rescue
How does L-Carnosine feel?
The Research
o
o
o
L-Carnosine improves cognition
L-Carnosine improves autism symptoms in children
L-Carnosine is anti-aging
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
L-Carnosine
L-Carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine) is a dipeptide of the amino acids beta-alanine and histidine. Carnosine is found throughout your body. The highest concentrations are
in high energy demand areas such as your brain, heart and muscles. (Don’t mistake l-carnosine for l-carnitine).
L-Carnosine is known as the ‘longevity molecule’ and targets several major processes in your brain and body. It removes heavy metals which accumulate in, and damage
brain cells causing diseases like Alzheimer’s.[ii] And it prevents cross-linking of proteins which cause the neurofibrillary tangles found in Alzheimer’s.[iii]
L-Carnosine fights mitochondrial dysfunction by relieving oxidative stress caused by accumulation of free radicals in cells.[iv]
This not only works in your brain cells. L-Carnosine is used by athletes to achieve better results. Its buffering nature contributes to the acid-base balance in muscles.
Researchers have found l-carnosine restores neurotransmitter receptors. Receptors that were damaged from stroke or glutamate toxicity.[v]
And l-carnosine reduces damage to telomeres. These caps on the end of DNA strands shorten with each cell replication. This natural, ongoing process is used for
example in long-term potentiation needed to form memories. L-carnosine slows the rate of shortening of telomeres.[vi]
Some l-carnosine is naturally produced in your body by the enzyme carnosine synthetase. And you can get l-carnosine from food – primarily from red meat and poultry. But
a typical meal provides only about 250 mg of carnosine. It’s then quickly degraded in your body by the carnosinase enzyme.
This means carnosine from food doesn’t last long enough in your body to provide much benefit. And if you’re a vegetarian, you won’t be getting much carnosine other than
what’s naturally produced in your body.
Supplementing with at least 1,000 mg of l-carnosine per day overwhelms that carnosinase enzyme. Allowing you to maintain consistent blood levels of this vital nutrient.
How does L-Carnosine Work in the Brain?
L-Carnosine boosts brain health and function in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
L-Carnosine is critical for brain health. L-Carnosine’s antioxidant, neuroprotective, chelating, and anti-glycation activity not only maintains optimal brain health. This dipeptide can be used
to prevent and treat neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, diseases of the sense organs (i.e. eyes) and cancer.[vii]
L-Carnosine has been shown to reduce oxidative and glycemic stress.[viii] And it reduces inflammation. L-carnosine reduces the accumulation of b-amyloid plaque which
plays a role in cognitive dysfunction and Alzheimer’s. And it helps remove heavy metals that cross the blood-brain barrier and accumulate in brain cells.[ix]
2.
L-Carnosine is required for healthy mitochondria. In your brain, you can have thousands of mitochondria in each cell. And they pump out energy in the form of ATP (adenosine
triphosphate). 20% of your body’s total ATP is located in your brain.
Glycation during this energy production reduces the functionality and efficiency of mitochondria. This is turn can cause apoptosis (cell death).[x] Glycation happens when
proteins or DNA bond chemically to sugar molecules.
These sugar molecules go on to form advanced glycation end products (AGEs). These AGEs are implicated in Alzheimer’s, skin wrinkles, hardened arteries, and
reducing the function of most major organs. Including your brain.
A study in the Netherland was done to examine the association between AGEs and cognitive function. This population-based study also included 215 people with type 2
diabetes.
Researchers tested for global cognitive functioning, information processing speed, verbal memory (immediate and delayed word recall), and response inhibition.
The study found there was a direct correlation with markers measured for AGEs and decreased cognitive performance. And the associations were no different between
healthy people and those with diabetes.[xi]
Another study out of the University of California determined that l-carnosine was able to prevent AGEs.[xii]
How things go bad:
Free electrons are a byproduct of ATP energy production. These electrons convert oxygen to a highly reactive form capable of damaging brain cells. And wreaking havoc
with DNA in the long-term.
If left unchecked, it leads to neurodegenerative disease like memory loss, cognition dysfunction, and eventually diseases like Alzheimer’s.
↓ ATP levels decline in mitochondria
↓ Cognition, learning, memory and recall decline
↓ AGEs damage brain cells
↓ Free radicals damage brain cell mitochondria
All of these changes can happen at any age. And can start at age 10 or earlier (in the case of autism).
So l-carnosine supplementation can help for age-related cognitive decline, as well as anyone who wants to boost cognition, learning, recall and memory.
L-Carnosine to the rescue
There is a proven high correlation between human lifespan and l-carnosine levels. L-carnosine is highly concentrated in your muscles and brain. And is directly involved in a
number of life-extending activities.
L-Carnosine helps prevent the buildup of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) that damage mitochondria. And eventually end in premature cell death.
It is a heavy metal chelator and works by removing heavy metal accumulation in brain cells. L-carnosine is an anti-oxidant and pH buffer in muscle cells preventing lactic
acid buildup.
How does L-Carnosine feel?
When you supplement with l-carnosine you’ll notice younger looking skin. And you’ll have more energy.
You should experience a boost in cognition and decision-making capability. Thinking could be more fluid and your motivation may see a boost.
These changes are reported by neurohackers in their 20’s and 30’s as well as the more senior user.
But most of the talk and research on l-carnosine is on its anti-aging and longevity benefits. So what if I told you it also helps fight the flu?
It turns out that the influenza virus raises nitric oxide (NO) and oxygen free radicals such as superoxide anion (O₂⁻˙). When NO and O2– interact, they form peroxynitrite,
the pathogen that causes pneumonia.
The excess amount of toxicity and oxygen radicals generated overwhelms your immune system. A study in the American Journal of Therapeutics reports that l-carnosine
can put a stop to this overwhelm. And help you avoid or get rid of the flu or cold.
And eating chicken soup to make you feel better when your sick is not an ‘old wife’s tale’ after all. Chicken soup is rich in l-carnosine.[xiii]
The Research
L-Carnosine improves cognition
Animal and human studies suggest NMDA antagonists worsen executive function. This dysfunction is often caused by glutamate toxicity. And if this persists, you end up with
diseases like schizophrenia.
This double-blind, placebo-controlled study worked with 75 adults with schizophrenia. They were stable in their symptoms at the time of the study. Subjects were randomly
selected to receive 2 grams of l-carnosine per day for 3 months.
Executive dysfunction, memory, attention and motor speed were assessed at the beginning, and at 4 and 12 weeks. The l-carnosine group performed much better in
executive function tests. And were better at strategy with fewer errors than the placebo group.[xiv]
L-Carnosine improves autism symptoms in children
L-Carnosine enhances frontal lobe function in your brain. And acts as a neuroprotectant. It also works with GABA for an anticonvulsive effect.
This double-blind study work with 31 children with autism for 8 weeks. They were given 800 mg of l-carnosine per day. The scientists then used several autism rating scales
to measure results.
After 8 weeks of l-carnosine use, the children showed significant improvement in behavior, sociability, communication and vocabulary. The researchers concluded that lcarnosine enhanced neurologic function.[xv]
L-Carnosine is anti-aging
In 1965, Dr. Leonard Hayflick found that human cells have a limited capacity to divide. After which they become ‘senescent’. This is now known as the “Hayflick Limit”.
Hayflick discovered that your cells go through 3 phases. This first is rapid cell division called ‘mitosis’. The 2nd is where mitosis slows. And the 3rd stage is ‘senescence’
where the cell stops dividing entirely. They remain alive for a while and then do a particularly disturbing thing. They commit suicide. This programmed cell death is called
‘apoptosis’.
This cell life cycle occurs throughout your body and its trillions of cells. Including in your brain. But what if there was some way to slow down this programmed cell death?
Turns out there is. And it’s called L-Carnosine. Researchers at Sydney Laboratory in Australia found that l-carnosine extended cell life. They put cultured aged human cells
in a petri dish with carnosine. The cells reverted back to juvenile cells.
When they put those same newly rejuvenated cells in a culture that had no carnosine, they reverted back to their old self again. Put them back in carnosine and they got
young again.[xvi]
This experiment has been done again and again in labs around the world. Establishing l-carnosine as the best anti-aging thing since Ponce de Leon was searching for the
Fountain of Youth right here in Florida (where I’m writing this article).
David Guetta thinks that Miami is “the sexiest city in the world”. Could be that everybody in Miami is using l-carnosine.
Dosage Notes
Recommended L-Carnosine dosage in 1,000 mg per day.
To keep a consistent level of l-carnosine in your body, split your dose into two 500 mg doses. One in the morning and one later in the afternoon.
One important note on l-carnosine. When you supplement with l-carnosine it binds to aldehydes. Preventing them from making proteins. The byproduct is lipofuscin. This
age pigment is not dangerous. But shows up as brown spots on your brain, skin and other organs.
As lipofuscin builds up over time, and this process is accelerated when using l-carnosine, it can interfere with proper organ and cellular functions.
This is why we recommend stacking l-carnosine with DMAE and acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR). DMAE is a naturally occurring nutrient that enhances acetylcholine (ACh)
synthesis. And ALCAR boosts mitochondria energy while acting as a neuroprotectant.
Both DMAE and ALCAR help flush lipofuscin from your brain and body. So stack your daily dose of 1,000 mg of l-carnosine with DMAE and ALCAR at their recommended
doses.
L-Carnosine is water-soluble so you don’t need to take it with a meal, or healthy fat like some nootropics.
Side Effects
Carnosine is considered an extremely non-toxic and safe. High doses can cause insomnia. And l-carnosine can cause a stimulant effect. So take your 2nd dose before
evening.
Available Forms
L-Carnosine comes in powder, capsule, tablet and liquid form.
Most major supplement manufacturers offer 500 mg tablets or capsules.
But make sure you read the labels and get l-carnosine in its natural form. Some manufacturers will try to fool you by calling their synthetic carnosine natural sounding
names like “nature-identical”. But lab created l-carnosine is not the real thing and not nearly as bioavailable.
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
L-Carnosine 1,000 mg per day
e recommend using L-Carnosine as a nootropic supplement.
Your body does make some L-Carnosine on its own from the amino acids beta-alanine and histidine. And you can get small quantities from red meat and poultry. But it’s
easily and quickly broken down by the enzyme carnosine synthetase.
So to get its benefits, and enough to overwhelm the carnosinase enzyme, you must take it as a supplement.
L-Carnosine is especially helpful for repairing brain cells at the mitochondria level. It removes heavy metals, works as a very powerful antioxidant, and gets rid of AGEs.
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) kill brain cells. Foods that are high in AGEs include roasted, fried, sautéed and barbecued meats, nuts and tofu. Those fries
you had for lunch? Brain cell death.
Your natural production of l-carnosine starts to drop at age 10. So anyone will benefit from supplementing with this anti-aging nutrient.
L-Carnosine helps control blood glucose levels, prevent Alzheimer’s, wound healing, protects from the side effects of chemo therapy, alcohol-induced liver damage,
combatting heart disease, and eye health by protecting or repairing cataracts.
L-Carnosine is also particularly useful if you’re dealing with autism or Alzheimer’s. For autism, dose up to 800 mg per day. For Alzheimer’s, dose at least 1,000 mg per day.
And don’t forget to stack your daily L-Carnosine dose with DMAE and ALCAR. (See Dosage Notes)
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euromelanins which are similar to the melanin pigment in your skin. In your brain they absorb toxic quinones, and chelate heavy metals like mercury and lead.
Table of Contents
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Overview
Mucuna Pruriens vs. L-DOPA: What’s the Difference?
How does L-DOPA Work in the Brain?
How things go bad:
L-DOPA to the rescue
How does L-DOPA feel?
The Research
o
o
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Mucuna Pruriens helps reduce stress
L-DOPA improves learning
L-DOPA as an anti-depressant
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
L-DOPA (levodopa, L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) is an amino acid that’s naturally synthesized in your brain by the amino acid l-tyrosine.
L-DOPA
L-DOPA is a necessary precursor to the neurotransmitter dopamine. Called a catecholamine, dopamine is then synthesized into the other catecholamines epinephrine
(adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline).
Dopamine cannot cross the blood-brain barrier, but L-DOPA can. This is why we supplement with L-DOPA rather than dopamine.
Mucuna Pruriens
And for a dopamine boost, neurohackers use Mucuna Pruriens, which contains high levels of L-DOPA.[i] This legume, native to the tropical regions of India, Africa and the
West Indies, and also known as velvet bean, has been used in Ayurveda medicine since 1500 B.C.
The ancients used Mucuna Pruriens to treat things like snakebite, intestinal problems, sexual issues, and a melancholy mood.
Raising levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine in your brain helps regulate mood and cognition.[ii]
Mucuna Pruriens vs. L-DOPA: What’s the Difference?
Mucuna Pruriens is an extract of the velvet bean plant that grows 3 – 18 meters in height. L-DOPA (levodopa) is usually synthetic and made in the lab.
The natural version of L-DOPA from Mucuna Pruriens is generally well-tolerated by most people. And the compounds in the plant are bio-identical to those chemicals
naturally made in your body. Not so with synthetic L-DOPA.
Synthetic L-DOPA is metabolized into dopamine in your body by an enzyme called aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC). And the majority of synthetic L-DOPA will
be converted peripherally (not in the central nervous system and brain). This can cause problems.
So when used therapeutically, as in treating Parkinson’s Disease, L-DOPA is administered in combination with an inhibitor of peripheral AADC. Drugs like carbidopa (or
other AADC inhibitors) ensure most of the L-DOPA is preserved for conversion to dopamine in the brain. And not the rest of your body.
This is critical for nootropic users to keep in mind. Chronic, or prolonged use of synthetic L-DOPA can lead to things like dyskinesia. This is a movement disorder where
neurological discoordination results in uncontrollable, involuntary movements.[iii]
We’re not telling you this to dissuade you from using L-DOPA. Stick with an extract of Mucuna Pruriens and you should be fine.
How does L-DOPA Work in the Brain?
L-DOPA boosts brain health and function in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
L-DOPA improves memory. It’s metabolized into dopamine in your body by an enzyme called aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC). This increases dopamine levels in your brain.
Researchers at the University of Münster in Germany conducted a study with 40 healthy people. In this randomized double-blind study, they gave one group 100 mg of
levodopa daily for 5 days. The other group took a placebo.
90 minutes later on each day, subjects were given a memory test based on vocabulary. The study found that levodopa significantly enhanced the speed, overall success,
and long-term retention of novel words.[iv]
2.
L-DOPA promotes brain health. Research suggests Mucuna Pruriens protects your brain by regulating cognitive and neural functions. And even encouraging neural activity.
Researchers in India showed that Mucuna Pruriens is a potent antioxidant. They performed assays to evaluate the enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants in extracts.
They found high levels of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannic acids, gallic acids, quercetin equivalents, and sitosterol equivalents.[v]
All of these compounds scavenge for free radical in your brain. Free radicals are formed during normal brain activity, like the synthesis of ATP that fuels your mitochondria.
Your brain is equipped to eliminate some of these free radicals on its own. But especially in today’s environment in which we live, your brain is overwhelmed. Free radicals
cause inflammation which damages and can kill brain cells. Affecting memory, learning, recall, cognition and mood.
Mucuna Pruriens has been proven to be a very effective brain inflammation fighter. It even has the ability to chelate heavy metals like mercury and lead in brain cells.
And it’s antibacterial.[vi]
Mucuna Pruriens helps your brain make naturally occurring neuronal pigments called neuromelanins. They’re similar to the melanin found in your skin. And they’re often
found in regions of your brain where dopamine is active.
The synthesis of neuromelanins in the various regions of your brain is an important protective process. The melanic component is generated through the removal of
reactive/toxic quinones that would otherwise cause neurotoxicity.
This melanic component promoted by Mucuna Pruriens is what chelates and accumulates toxic, heavy metals like mercury and lead.[vii] Preventing them from damaging
brain cells.
How things go bad:
As we get older, our brain chemistry and energy metabolism changes.
↓ Dopaminergic neurons are damaged or die
↓ Dopamine levels decline
↑ Stress levels increase
↓ Long-term memory and mood decline
All of these age-related changes are contributing factors to the neurodegenerative diseases of aging, including Parkinson’s Disease.
L-DOPA to the rescue
Mucuna Pruriens extract contains high levels of L-DOPA, the precursor to the crucial neurotransmitter dopamine. Dopamine is further synthesized into the
neurotransmitters epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline).
Dopamine plays a critical role in learning and absorbing new information. Increasing brain levels of dopamine helps regulate mood and boosts cognition.
Research also suggests that Mucuna Pruriens provides antioxidants that defend against oxidative damage caused by free radicals.[viii]
How does L-DOPA feel?
Neurohackers report that using Mucuna Pruriens helps in multi-tasking, improving motivation, more focus, less stress, and a sense of calm.
You could find your energy levels increase, less brain fog, and a boost in overall mood. A more positive outlook on life. And an increase in libido.
The Research
Mucuna Pruriens helps reduce stress
A study was conducted to assess the role of Mucuna Pruriens in infertile men. It was done at King George’s Medical University in Lucknow, India. The study included 60 men
who were undergoing infertility screening. And no surprise here; were found to be suffering from stress.
The control group in this study were 60 age-matched men who had initiated at least one pregnancy. The infertile men were given 5 grams of Mucuna Pruriens seed powder
per day for 3 months. Semen samples were collected at the beginning of the study. And after 3 months of treatment.
The researchers found that treatment with Mucuna Pruriens significantly decreased stress levels. And increased sperm count to the same level as the fertile control group of
men.
They “concluded that M. pruriens not only reactivates the anti-oxidant defense system of infertile men but it also helps in the management of stress and improves semen
quality.”[ix]
L-DOPA improves learning
This study in Germany was done with 40 healthy subjects. They were given 100 mg of L-DOPA or a placebo for 5 days in a randomized, double-blind trial.
Subjects were trained on artificial vocabulary using a high-frequency, repetitive approach. This was done 90 minutes after L-DOPA administration on each day of the trial.
The researchers found that L-DOPA significantly enhanced the speed, overall success, and long-term retention of the words.[x]
L-DOPA as an anti-depressant
Increasing dopamine in your brain also boosts your mood and libido. This study was done in India with mice. Researchers used the well-known Forced Swimming Test
(FST), Tail Suspension Test (TST), and Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress (CUMS) test.
The mice were fed Mucuna Pruriens seed extract, and then evaluated while performing, well… what mice do in the lab. The research team found that Mucuna Pruriens seed
extract has significant antidepressant qualities. Which would simply verify what we already know in humans.[xi]
Using Mucuna Pruriens extract is a great anti-depressant.
Dosage Notes
L-DOPA (Mucuna Pruriens 98% extract) suggested dosage for cognitive benefits is 250 – 500 mg per day.
We recommend that you cycle the use of L-DOPA (Mucuna Pruriens). And use it only 4 or 5 days a week. This will help avoid tolerances and dependencies (which are
common with any dopamine agonist).
Side Effects
L-DOPA is produced naturally in your body. So is considered well-tolerated and safe. And L-DOPA from Mucuna Pruriens extract is particularly well tolerated by most people.
Research shows that the natural form of L-DOPA from Mucuna Pruriens compared to synthetic versions of L-DOPA provides similar results. But without the common side
effects of nausea, vomiting, and involuntary muscle movement.[xii]
But be very careful when working with dopamine. Too much and you can experience symptoms like hair loss, auditory or visual hallucinations, psychosis, Dyskenesia
and more.
Of course, if you begin to experience any of these side effects, stop supplementing with L-DOPA (Mucuna Pruriens) immediately.
Like any natural supplement, it’s always better to find an organic source.
elvet Bean/Mucuna Pruriens pods
Available Forms
Mucuna Pruriens is typically available in powder, capsule or tablet form. Some are pure, dried Mucuna Pruriens powder.
Several manufacturers offer Mucuna Pruriens extracts ranging from 15% – 98% L-DOPA. Or they tell you how many mg of L-DOPA is in each capsule or tablet.
A few manufacturers call it “Velvet Bean Extract” with the percentage of L-DOPA in each capsule or tablet. It’s the same as Mucuna Pruriens.
Try to find “organic” or “certified organic” if you can. And for Nootropic use, avoid synthetic L-DOPA which is typically used to treat Parkinson’s Disease.
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
L-DOPA (Mucuna Pruriens) 250 – 500 mg per day
We recommend using L-DOPA as a nootropic supplement.
Your body does synthesize some L-DOPA on its own. And converts it into the essential neurotransmitters dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine.
But as you get older, dopamine receptors die. Or your body doesn’t convert the necessary amino acids well enough to supply the neurotransmitters you need for an
optimized brain.
L-DOPA is helpful to boost energy and motivation levels, memory, clear brain fog, improve mood and libido.
L-DOPA is especially helpful for those suffering from neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson’s. And the natural form of L-DOPA from Mucuna Pruriens often offers better
results with fewer side effects than prescription drugs.
We suggest starting with a dose of 100 – 250 mg daily for nootropic use. L-DOPA should be cycled. Use it for 4 or 5 days and take a break. Tolerance is often a problem
when working with dopamine. As is dependence or addiction.
L-Glutamine
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
L-glutamine can help improve alertness, concentration, focus, memory and mood, boost Human Growth Hormone and reduce anxiety
L-glutamine is a conditionally essential amino acid and main precursor for the production of the neurotransmitters glutamate and GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) in your
brain.
Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in your body. And is involved in many of your bodily functions. Including much of the activity in your brain.[i] But Lglutamate is the most abundant amino acid in your brain. And the balance of these two is critical for optimal brain function.
The function of the glutamine/glutamate cycle is involved in protein synthesis, precursors for muscle growth, regulation of the acid-base balance in your kidneys,
provides oxidative fuel for your intestine and immune system cells, provides nitrogen transport between organs, acts as precursors to neurotransmitter synthesis,
nucleotide and nucleic acid synthesis for glutathione production, and glucose metabolism.[ii]
L-glutamine supplementation is mostly talked about in athletic and body building circles for its effect on human growth hormone and muscle recovery after a workout.
But L-glutamine is largely ignored by the nootropics community.
L-glutamine is so critically important to the optimized brain that by reading this post, you’ll understand why it may be an important addition to your nootropic stack.
L-glutamine helps:
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Neurotransmitters. L-glutamine is a precursor to the excitatory amino acid and neurotransmitter glutamate and aspartate. And the inhibitory amino acid and neurotransmitter GABA.
Affecting alertness, concentration, focus, memory and mood.
Brain Inflammation. L-glutamine helps boost your body’s immune response. Increasing antibodies to fight against viruses and bad bacteria. L-glutamine helps tame inflammatory cytokines.
And L-glutamine detoxes the brain from excess ammonia and converts it into other amino acids, sugars and urea.
Stress. L-glutamine supplies energy to immune and intestinal cells. Not enough glutamine and these cells become sluggish and can’t function properly. Supplementary L-glutamine is especially
important during times of stress, tension and physical strain.
Table of Contents
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Overview
How does L-glutamine work in the Brain?
How things go bad
L-glutamine to the rescue
How does L-glutamine feel?
The Research
o
o
L-glutamine Increases Human Growth Hormone
L-glutamine Improves Cerebral Performance
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
L-glutamine is an essential amino acid and precursor for the production of glutamate. Glutamate is the most abundant neurotransmitter in your brain.
L-glutamine
As an ‘excitatory’ neurotransmitter, glutamate is released from pre-synaptic cells and then binds to post-synaptic cells inducing activation. Too much glutamate and neurons
become overactive causing a toxic environment that is harmful to neurons. And to cognition.
To keep this process in check, glutamate is also a precursor to the ‘inhibitory’ neurotransmitter GABA. GABA works by preventing neural signaling in over-excited neurons
caused by glutamate that could result in anxiety and depression.[iii]
The balance of glutamine and glutamate has been identified in an array of brain conditions (i.e. mental illness, tumor, neurodegeneration) as well as in normal brain
function.[iv]
The precursor relationship between glutamine and glutamate/GABA is often referred to in scientific and research circles as the Gln/Gly(GABA) cycle.[v] Glutamine is
naturally synthesized from glutamate and ammonia in brain cells called astrocytes in a reaction catalyzed by glutamine synthetase (GS).
Newly synthesized glutamine is transferred to neurons and hydrolyzed by phosphate-activated glutaminase (PAG) to then produce glutamate. A portion of which may be
decarboxylated to GABA or transaminated to Aspartate.
Glutamate, the excitatory neurotransmitter and GABA, the calming neurotransmitter rely on this cycle to maintain homeostasis within your brain. Glutamine also
modulates the synthesis of Nitric Oxide by controlling the supply of its precursor arginine.
When this cycle gets out of whack, things start to break down. The results can be particularly nasty. And result in conditions like epilepsy, or hepatic encephalopathy which
effects behavior, mood, speech, sleep and the way you move.
L-glutamine becomes a “conditionally” essential amino acid when your body can’t produce enough on its own. And you need to repl enish L-glutamine levels either through
supplementation or food.[vi]
L-glutamine can be found in foods such as beef, pork, fish, eggs, milk and dairy products, wheat, cabbage, beets, beans, spinach and parsley.
How does L-glutamine work in the Brain?
L-glutamine helps brain health and function in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
L-glutamine is critical for an optimized brain. L-glutamine is a precursor to the neurotransmitter glutamate in your brain. The balance of glutamine and glutamate is crucial to an optimized
and healthy brain.
The normal cycling of glutamine and glutamate takes a huge amount of energy in the brain. Research has estimated that the Gln/Gly(GABA) cycle accounts for more than
80% of cerebral glucose consumption.[vii] So when you’re using nootropics like Resveratrol or PQQ to boost mental energy, much of that energy is going towards
maintaining this Gln/Gly(GABA) cycle.
A disruption of this cycle results in all kinds of problems including Reye’s Syndrome, epilepsy, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, anxiety, depression, and alcohol
addiction.[viii]
One Korean study measured Glutamate and Glutamine concentrations in the prefrontal cortex of mice infused with an astrocyte toxin. And they used other inhibitors to
disrupt the Glu/Gln cycle.
Glutamate and glutamine levels decreased on the 5 th day in the mice. The animals experienced immobility and a decreased preference for sucrose (sugar). A sure indication
in mice of depression.
Direct infusion of L-glutamine completely reversed all the impairments that were originally induced in the animals. And the researchers concluded that neuronal deficiency
of L-glutamine causes depression.[ix]
1.
L-glutamine also helps prevent brain aging. Researchers have long been on the hunt to determine what causes the human brain to age. Recently, mitochondrial dysfunction has been
implicated in the loss of brain function in neurodegenerative diseases and aging.[x] Leading to an abnormal increase in the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate.
A study at the New York University School of Medicine used 28 patients with mild traumatic brain injury and 22 matched controls. Gray and white matter in their brains was
measured using MRI’s.
The study found that one year after traumatic brain injury there was significant global brain atrophy. Much larger than in the control subjects.
The team noted the amount of brain damage from just one concussion. And that this type of injury was not exclusive to a severe blow to the head. Even mild injury could
cause brain damage.[xi] Most of the damage was associated with a disrupted Glu/Gln cycle and an abnormal increase in glutamate levels.[xii]
How things go bad
Low levels of L-glutamine are associated with a variety of health problems.
↓ Cellular energy drops and immune system weakens
↓ Short- and long-term memory declines
↓ Anxiety, insomnia and lack of concentration
↑ Muscle spasms, hypertension, convulsion, Tourette’s Syndrome and epilepsy
↑ Ammonia levels rise in brain cells[xiii]
↓ Poor digestion, bloating, flatulence, and constipation
When your neurotransmitters, including L-glutamine and glutamate are in balance, you feel motivated, productive and energetic. And you feel calm and relaxed during
downtime.
When L-glutamine levels are low you feel filled with dread, you’re constantly worried, you have racing thoughts, and you’re frequently late and disorganized.
Many people in this L-glutamine -slump resort to high carbohydrate foods, and drugs or alcohol to relax.
L-glutamine to the rescue
The amino acid L-glutamine is the precursor to L-glutamate production in your body. L-glutamate gets converted to GABA.
Glutamate is your body’s most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter. Which is responsible for attention span, brain energy, learning ability, memory, and staying awake.
An enzyme called glutamate decarboxylase converts glutamate to GABA. It does it with the help of the active form of Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxal-5-Phosphate (P5P)).
The amino acid taurine helps increase the communication and productivity of this enzyme. And zinc helps the release of GABA from its receptors.
When this Gln/Gly(GABA) cycle works efficiently, you feel relaxed with no stress or feelings of anxiety. Detoxification of your liver results in a more restful night’s sleep.
Focus, concentration, memory and mood all improve.
How does L-glutamine feel?
During times of chronic, long-term stress caused by physical exertion or illness, glutamine levels in your body can drop by 50% or more.[xiv]
Supplementing with L-glutamine can improve your quality of life, increase energy levels, reduce muscle aches, improve digestion and gut health, improve quality of sleep,
and reduce pain and fatigue.
When you balance L-glutamine levels in your brain, you feel relaxed and calm. Cravings for sugar and alcohol will decline.
L-glutamine will help in recovery from workouts and improve performance. You may find it easier to lose weight.
Many neurohackers use L-glutamine to help heal Leaky Gut Syndrome and reduce the symptoms of Crohn’s and Celiac Disease.
As a nootropic, L-glutamine can help improve alertness, concentration, focus, memory and mood.
The Research
L-glutamine was identified as a neurotransmitter several decades ago. And there has been a lot of research on L-glutamine published since. But most of it is focused on
strength training and maintaining muscle mass in athletes. And for people healing from surgery or recovering from illness.
But L-glutamine can be a powerful nootropic as well. Here are a couple of studies looking at L-glutamine for brain health.
L-glutamine Increases Human Growth Hormone
Bodybuilders and athletes use supplementary L-glutamine to help repair and build muscle. And there are several studies supporting the notion that L-glutamine
increases Human Growth Hormone.
In one study, researchers worked with 9 healthy subjects and gave them 2 grams of L-glutamine in a cola drink. Blood samples were taken before drinking the cola-spiked
drink, then again at 30 mins., 60 and 90 mins.
The researchers found that both blood L-glutamine and human growth hormone levels were significantly higher than before taking L-glutamine. The team concluded that “a
surprisingly small oral L-glutamine load was capable of elevating growth hormone”.[xv]
Human growth hormone and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) are intricately linked. BDNF is involved in Long-Term Potentiation and the encoding of longterm memories.
L-glutamine Improves Cerebral Performance
Lack of concentration and poor memory can be improved by supplementing with L-glutamine with Vitamin B3 (niacin). Some of the glutamine in your blood is transformed
into glutamic acid in your brain.
Glutamic acid functions first as fuel, but it also gets rid of excess ammonia by binding to this cellular toxin and converting it into glutamine.
A study in the Netherlands conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial with 42 healthy men and woman aged 40 – 76 years. Subjects received a 5-gram
stack containing glycine, L-glutamine and niacin twice daily for 3 weeks.
The L-glutamine stack increased Human Growth Hormone a whopping 70% compared to placebo. But surprisingly it wasn’t the growth hormone that improved memory
and vigor. It was insulin-like growth factor-I that improved memory and vigor. Attributed to the L-Glutamine stack the subjects took for 3 weeks.[xvi]
Dosage Notes
Most people don’t get enough L-glutamine from food alone. And why adding L-glutamine to your nootropic stack can boost your immune system, improve your ability to
fight infection and diseases, and boost cognition.
The recommended daily dosage of L-glutamine is 2 to 5 grams per day.
Serious power athletes often dose up to 10 grams of L-glutamine per day.
Side Effects
L-glutamine is considered very safe when taken in normal recommended doses.
Rarely do people report side effects like nausea, vomiting, flatulence, abdominal pain, constipation, dry mouth, hemorrhoids, dizziness, depression, skin rashes, insomnia
and increased sweating. Remember, the balance between L-glutamine and glutamate (Gln/Gly(GABA) cycle) is critical for optimal health.
Some recent research has shown that L-glutamine can stimulate tumor growth. So if you are dealing with any form of cancer you should not use L-glutamine.
If you are dealing with cirrhosis of the liver, you should avoid L-glutamine. If you have severe liver disease that includes difficulty thinking or confusion (hepatic
encephalopathy), don’t use L-glutamine.
If you are allergic or sensitive to Monosodium glutamate (MSG), you may be sensitive to L-glutamine because your body converts it to glutamate.
And if you have a severe mental disorder including mania or frequently have seizures you may want to avoid L-glutamine.
Available Forms
L-glutamine as a supplement is available in tablet, capsule and powder.
The most commonly available form of L-glutamine as a nootropic supplement is called “free form” glutamine.
Trans-Alanyl or Alanyl-L-glutamine is an amino acid attached to another amino acid which aids in digestion of this supplement.
If you are using it to boost athletic performance and speed recovery, both forms of L-glutamine are best taken right before or after a workout. Using it with small meals
before or after your workout session can help support your metabolism and weight loss goals. And will assist in muscle building, recovery and maintenance.
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
L-glutamine 2 – 5 grams per day.
We recommend using L-glutamine as a nootropic supplement if you’re dealing with anxiety or stress. And to calm or keep in check some of the stimulatory effects of some
nootropics.
Your body does make L-glutamine on its own from glutamate in your brain. But most people do not maintain an adequate supply of L-glutamine in their system.
And if you’re dealing with illness, recovery from surgery, strenuous physical activity like working out, Leaky Gut Syndrome, Crohn’s or Celiac Disease, and need some help
in recovery, L-glutamine can help.
L-glutamine also helps to curb the desire for sugar, carbs and alcohol.
We suggest trying a L-glutamine supplement first at a dose of 500 mg. And see how you react. You can safely dose up to 20 grams of L-glutamine per day. But most
neurohackers find much lower doses effective for boosting cognition, mood and memory.
Lithium Orotate
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
Lithium helps prevent mood swings, is anti-anxiety and antidepressant, promotes neurogenesis, protects from neurodegenerative disease, and is anti-aging
Lithium is a soft, silvery-white alkali metal so reactive (it sparks when it touches water) that it’s not found in nature. Instead, it’s found in mineral compounds and in
mineral water.
Cosmologists believe that lithium was one of the 3 elements synthesized in the Big Bang.[i] So it’s been around for a long time.
Most of us associate lithium with treating mental illnesses like bipolar disorder and mania. Or the lithium-ion battery in our phone. Which has a tendency to blow up
occasionally.
Turns out that the anti-psychotic medication lithium isn’t even a drug. It’s actually a mineral. And part of the same family of minerals that include potassium and sodium.
As a nootropic, micro-dosing lithium provides some amazing anti-aging benefits. Recent research shows that low-dose lithium may also help slow the progression of
neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s, dementia and Parkinson’s disease.
Low-dose lithium also helps neurogenesis and memory. And is a mood stabilizer.
Here we’ll investigate daily or frequent use of Lithium Orotate as a nootropic, and how it benefits cognitive health.
Lithium helps:
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Balance mood. Lithium calms mania (extreme highs and lows) by decreasing sensitivity of the post-synaptic norepinephrine receptor.[ii] And increases uptake of norepinephrine into
synaptosomes. Preventing the release of this neurotransmitter. And lithium enhances the transport of Vitamin B12 and folate into brain cells.[iii] Affecting mood and aggression.
Growth Factors. Lithium upregulates brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF), neurotrophin-3 (NT3) and their receptors. And lithium stimulates the proliferation
of stem cells in the brain. All boosting neurogenesis and assisting in repair from all types of brain injury.[iv]
Neuroprotection. Lithium increases brain gray matter, increases DNA replication for neurogenesis, prevents apoptosis, increases N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA), inhibits beta-amyloid secretion and
protects against damage once it’s formed, chelates aluminum, and protects against glutamate toxicity.
Table of Contents
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Overview
How does Lithium work in the brain?
How things go bad
Lithium to the rescue
How does Lithium feel?
The Research
o
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Lithium Improves Memory
Lithium Increases Mood in Recovering Addicts
Lithium Orotate in the Treatment of Alcoholism
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
Lithium is an alkali mineral and one the trace elements considered essential for both animal and human reproductive health, and general health and wellness.
Discovered as a chemical element in 1817, lithium’s first recorded modern medical use was in 1871 for the treatment of mania.
But the use of lithium for therapeutic use goes back to ancient Greek and Roman times. People enjoyed soaking in alkali springs to help with physical and mental illness.
People have been using mineral springs for therapeutic use ever since. Lithia Springs in Douglas County, Georgia was so popular that people came for miles just to drink the
water.
The Sweet Water hotel, a luxury 500-room resort was opened in 1887. And attracted famous authors, business people and prominent politicians who came for the spring’s
health benefits. The name “Lithia” stems from water rich in lithium.
Studies from around the world have shown the critical health benefits of lithium. One study using data from 27 Texas counties from 1978 – 1987 found that rates of suicide,
homicide and rape were significantly higher in counties whose drinking water contained little or no lithium.[v]
Another study of lithium levels in tap water in 18 municipalities in Japan showed standard mortality ratios lower in places with higher lithium levels.[vi]
Yet another study conducted in Texas in 2013 confirmed the original findings in that state. Drinking water samples from 226 counties found a correlation between lithium
levels and suicide rates.[vii]
Researchers who conducted meta-analyses of lithium levels and public drinking water suggested “increasing lithium levels of drinking water could potentially reduce the risk
of suicide, and justify administering lithium to tap water.”[viii]
An article in the Lancet in 1949 by John Cade is credited for the modern medical use of lithium as an effective treatment for manic psychosis.[ix]
The United States FDA approved high dose lithium carbonate and lithium citrate in 1970 for the treatment of bipolar disorder. Carbonic acid and citric acid are mineral
carriers used to transport lithium throughout your body.
Doctors also prescribe lithium off-label for treating migraines, seizure disorders and psychosis usually after other treatments have failed.
But as we dig deeper into the most recently published research on lithium, we realize this trace element is essential for optimal health and brain function.
The lithium we get from our diet prevents many neurological and psychiatric problems. Micro-dosing lithium as a nootropic with a supplement like Lithium Orotate can
help make up for the what we don’t get from our food and water.
Lithium is naturally available from fish, processed meat, milk, dairy products, eggs, potatoes and vegetables. Your typical dietary intake of lithium can range from 2 – 600
mcg. Amounts vary depending on where the food is grown.
How does Lithium work in the brain?
Lithium helps brain health and function in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
Lithium stabilizes mood. Recent research has discovered that lithium’s mood stabilization effects may be due to its ability to boost the production of new brain cells (neurogenesis).
Lithium inhibits the enzyme glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β). This inhibition upregulates brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and insulin-like growth factor-1
(IGF-1) which stimulates neural stem cells to produce new neurons in the hippocampus.[x]
When neural stem cells produce new neurons in the hippocampus, mood and memory work as designed. But a breakdown in neurogenesis results in mood disorders.
Lithium has long been known to control mania and stabilize mood in bipolar patients. But it was not generally thought of as an antidepressant. Researchers in Tel Aviv
provided the first evidence that inhibiting GSK-3β exerted a rapid antidepressant effect in mice.[xi]
Another team at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Pennsylvania showed that feeding mice chow laced with low-dose lithium for 15 days produced a dose-dependent
antidepressant effect.[xii]
Lithium induced gene transcription in the hippocampus, amygdala and hypothalamus. All areas implicated in depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, autism and
schizophrenia.
2.
Lithium protects your brain. Your brain cells are at constant risk of damage from exposure to toxins you encounter every day from food, air, water and your environment. And the
excitotoxins produced by ordinary brain cell metabolism.
Glutamate plays a major role in the synaptic plasticity needed for learning and memory.[xiii] But over-activity of glutamate on its NMDA receptors causes neuron death and
is implicated in Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s and Parkinson’s disease. Lithium inhibits this overactivity.[xiv]
Lithium also increases the production of a neuroprotective protein called bcl-2.[xv] Researchers maintain that lithium is the only “medication” that has been demonstrated
to significantly increase bcl-2 in several brain areas.
Lithium has also recently been evaluated in preventing and treating traumatic brain injury. In a study conducted in 2014, Dr. Peter Leeds stated that lithium had
“demonstrated robust beneficial effects in experimental models of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). These include decreases in TBI-induced brain lesion, suppression of
neuroinflammation, protection against blood-brain barrier disruption, normalization of behavioral deficits, and improvement of learning and memory, among others.”[xvi]
How things go bad
In 1985, the United States EPA estimated that dietary intake of lithium from food in the USA varied from 0.6 to 3.1 mg per day.[xvii] For comparison, people who live in the
Andes in Northern Argentina consume 2 to 30 mg per day, with 2 – 3 mg just from drinking water.[xviii]
As your dietary sodium and caffeine increases, so does lithium excretion in urine which increases your requirement for this essential trace mineral.
Your exposure to stress and toxins from things like mercury, aspartame, MSG, Bisphenol A (BPA) and other excitotoxins also raise cortisol and other stress hormones.
Increasing your need for more water-soluble nutrients like B-vitamins, magnesium, zinc and lithium.
Low lithium levels are associated with …
↑ Depression and anxiety increase
↓ Memory and learning ability decline
↑ Insomnia increases
↑ Sensitivity to stress and chronic pain increase
↓ Natural healing processes decline
Adequate daily intake of lithium could help prevent many mental and neurological diseases due to this trace mineral’s effects on nervous system metabolism. And it’s antiinflammatory and antioxidant effects.
Lithium to the rescue
The clinical research and studies on the neuroprotective benefits of lithium are so overwhelming, some scientists are beginni ng to ask “why isn’t everyone using lithium”?
Here’s a summary of how micro-dosing lithium using Lithium Orotate can benefit your brain.
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Inhibits apoptosis – lithium inhibits GSK-3 which has been linked to apoptotic cell death
NMDA-receptors – lithium reduces glutamate induced toxicity mediated by NMDA-receptors which helps in mood disorders, Alzheimer’s, and other autoimmune and inflammatory diseases
Neuroprotection – blocks the development of beta-amyloid tangles and plaque
Neurogenesis – lithium promotes the BDNF needed for synaptic plasticity in learning and memory. Lithium also boosts nerve growth factor and glial-derived neurotrophic factor affecting
learning, memory, mood and overall brain health[xix]
Neuronal stem cells – lithium stimulates the stem cells needed to produce new neurons (neurogenesis)
Stabilizes mood – lithium is known for providing a calming effect in healthy people as well as those dealing with depression, bipolar disorder, and mania
Suicide prevention – adequate levels of lithium has been shown to reduce suicide risk in multiple studies worldwide
Depression – lithium helps with treatment-resistant depression. In fact, lithium has been shown to improve the effectiveness of antidepressant medications
N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) – lithium increases NAA which has been associated with higher IQ scores[xx] (i.e. lithium will make you smarter!)
The benefits of supplementing with lithium go far beyond just optimizing cognitive health. Lithium also helps decrease insulin resistance, helps in treatment of alcoholism
and other addictions, supports bone health, balances your circadian rhythm and more.
How does Lithium feel?
My personal experience with Lithium Orotate has made me a believer in micro-dosing lithium. I’m Adult ADD and deal with mood swings from time to time.
If I’m going around the bend because something upset me, I take 5 mg of Lithium Orotate. Within 15 minutes my mood stabilizes and I feel normal again. Consistent use
puts me in a happy mood.
Many others report you’ll feel the results taking a low dose of lithium quickly. But for some, the full effect can take anywhere from 1 to 3 weeks. Micro-dosing 5 – 10 mg of
lithium daily results in consistent results within a month or two for some. I’ve experienced great results within a couple of days.
So if you lash out at people in anger, and don’t fully understand why you get so angry – it could be your lithium levels are low.
Many neurohackers with depression and anger issues notice results quickly. Within the first couple of days you should feel more calm, relaxed, and experience less stress.
Keep in mind that lithium at any dose is not for everyone. But if you get adequate lithium from your diet and water, and still experience some of the mood swings talked
about in this review, you could be dealing with other issues. You should know within a couple of hours of supplementing with low-dose lithium if this supplement is for you.
For some, Lithium Orotate means feeling excited about life for the first time in a long time. Anxiety and social anxiety are no longer a problem. Life is more fun and
enjoyable.
Some say Lithium Orotate works better than any prescription that they’ve ever tried to treat severe depression. It provides a nice, smooth mood balance without all the
toxicity associated with mega-doses of lithium carbonate.
If you’re dealing with PTSD or mild insomnia, you may want to try Lithium Orotate. Focus could improve, racing thoughts diminish and motivation levels could increase.
You’ll have more coping ability.
The Research
Lithium Improves Memory
A study at McMaster University in Canada set out to determine the effects on hippocampus volume in 14 bipolar patients who received lithium therapy.
The researchers examined the effects of lithium on hippocampal volumes and memory performance and recall over 2 – 4 years. The patients had not received any type of
medication prior to using lithium.
The study found increases in hippocampus volume over time. And evidence of improvement of verbal memory performance over the 4-year measurement period.
The researchers concluded that the results of the study were consistent with the literature stating the neuroprotective effects of lithium. And that long-term treatment of
lithium is associated with preservation of memory and recall due to increased hippocampus size.[xxi]
Lithium Increases Mood in Recovering Addicts
24 adults recovering from heroin or methamphetamine addiction participated in a study in San Diego. Group A received 400 mcg per day of lithium taken orally for 4 weeks.
The placebo Group B naturally took a non-active placebo.
Subjects completed a mood test questionnaire containing questions about their ability to think, work, mood and emotions. For the lithium group, mood test scores increased
steadily and significantly during the 4 week period.
The lithium group also reported significantly increased levels of happiness, friendliness and energy. Group B showed no improvement during the same period.
The researchers concluded that low-dose lithium provided a mood-improving and stabilizing effect.[xxii]
Lithium Orotate in the Treatment of Alcoholism
In this study, 42 alcoholic patients were treated with Lithium Orotate during alcohol rehabilitation in a private clinical setting for six months. The data was collected from
clinical practice records for the 10 years following the initial study.
The patients received 150 mg of Lithium Orotate daily for six months along with calcium orotate, magnesium orotate, bromelain and essential phospholipids.
Ten of the patients had no relapse from 3 – 10 years. 13 patients stayed sober from 1 – 3 years. The remaining patients relapsed between 6 – 12 months.
The researchers concluded that Lithium Orotate therapy was safe in treating addiction with minor adverse side effects.[xxiii]
Dosage Notes
Lithium retains a grim and undeserved reputation. Likely because it was originally associated with serious mental illness. And like most medications, lithium can produce
serious side effects if not monitored properly.
Lithium carbonate or lithium chloride salts are typically prescribed for long-term control of bipolar disorder at 900 – 1200 mg per day. The major problem with such high
doses of lithium are some very serious and debilitating side effects.
For nootropic use, we suggest Lithium Orotate which typically contains only 5 mg of elemental lithium. Lithium Orotate is orotic acid combined with lithium.
Orotic acid reportedly makes the lithium more bioavailable than lithium carbonate. The lithium is released once it crosses the blood-brain barrier. So you’ll get the benefits
of lithium supplementation while avoiding the toxic side effects of high doses.[xxiv]
Lithium Orotate recommended dose is 5 mg two or three times per day. See “Available Forms” for more on lithium amounts in nootropic supplements.
Many neurohackers use Lithium Orotate only as needed. For example, when feeling anxious or in the middle of a mood swing.
For someone with bipolar disorder or manic disorders, increasing to two 5 mg tablets up to 3-times per day may be more effective.
Naturopathic doctors suggest stacking 1,000 mg of Omega-3 and 400 UI of Vitamin E (as mixed tocopherols) each day you’re using Lithium Orotate.
Side Effects
Do not confuse Lithium Orotate with lithium carbonate. The carbonate version of lithium is only available by prescription and comes with a host of side effects.
Lithium Orotate at low doses is non-toxic and lab tests are not required to monitor your lithium levels because it does not show up in blood samples.
Lithium Orotate should not be used if you are dealing with significant renal or cardiovascular disease, severe dehydration or sodium depletion, or if you’re taking diuretics or
ACE inhibitors.
Do not use Lithium Orotate if you are pregnant or breast-feeding.
You should check with your doctor if you are on any medication before using Lithium Orotate.
Available Forms
Mother Nature has already put the antipsychotic “drug” lithium in drinking water. And you get some lithium from food depending on where it’s grown.
Supplemental Lithium Orotate typically comes in 120 or 130 mg capsules or tablets containing 5 mg of elemental lithium.
I recommend and use Lithium Orotate by Advanced Research which was formulated by Dr. Hans Nieper.
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Lithium Orotate 5 mg 2 or 3 times per day.
We recommend using Lithium Orotate as a nootropic supplement if you’re feeling anxious or depressed. Or experiencing mood swings.
Your body does not make lithium on its own. So you must get this essential trace mineral from your diet, or a supplement like Lithium Orotate.
Lithium combined with orotic acid makes Lithium Orotate which readily crosses the blood-brain barrier, and you should feel its effects within 15 – 20 minutes of taking it.
Lithium Orotate is especially effective if you’re feeling stressed, or mentally over-worked. Your brain uses lithium faster and it needs to be replaced. Which you can do by
using Lithium Orotate.
Lithium Orotate is great if you are ADHD because lithium calms the hyperactivity in your brain.
Supplementing with lithium does not change your state of consciousness. It simply helps bring you back to feeling normal and happy.
We suggest trying Lithium Orotate as a nootropic supplement with your first dose at 5 mg and see how you react. If you experi ence no negative reaction, try another 5 mg
in a few hours. Up to 3 – 5 mg doses per day.
You’ll likely experience the full benefits of Lithium Orotate within a week of consistent use.
L-Theanine
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
L-Theanine is known for boosting alpha and theta brain waves, anti-anxiety, boosting cognition, improving memory, and better quality sleep
L-Theanine (r-glutamylethylamide) is a non-dietary amino acid found in green tea (camellia sinensis), and the mushroom Xerocomus badius. Structurally, L-Theanine is
similar to the neurotransmitters l-glutamate and l-glutamine.
L-Theanine easily crosses the blood-brain barrier. And taken as a supplement or by drinking green tea, reaches your brain within 30-45 minutes.
L-Theanine can lower blood pressure, rejuvenate and relax you, boost your ability to think, improve focus and change your mood. L-Theanine balances brain chemistry and
improves cognitive health.
L-Theanine helps:
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Brain Waves. L-Theanine boosts alpha brain waves (8-12Hz) promoting alert relaxation.[i] And theta brain waves associated with creativity and relief from trauma.
Neurotransmitters. L-Theanine increases GABA, serotonin and dopamine levels in your brain. Producing an energizing and calming effect. And improving cognition and memory.
Neuroprotection. L-Theanine is an antagonist of NMDA receptors and can inhibit synaptic release of glutamate. Protecting your brain from over-stimulation caused by glutamate, and possible
glutamate toxicity.
Table of Contents
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Overview
How things go bad:
L-Theanine to the rescue
How does L-Theanine feel?
The Research
o
o
o
Green Tea reduces incidence of stroke
L-Theanine improves memory
L-Theanine reduces stress
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms
o
o
o
L-Theanine + Caffeine stack
L-Theanine from green tea
L-Theanine Supplements
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
L-Theanine (r-glutamylethylamide) is a non-dietary amino acid found in tea. And especially high levels in green tea (camellia sinensis). L-Theanine was first isolated from
green tea in Japan by Sakato in 1949.
L-Theanine
As an analogue of glutamate and glutamine, it’s hydrolyzed in your intestine and liver into l-glutamate and ethylamine. And easily crosses your blood-brain barrier.
L-Theanine is one of the very few nootropics known to modulate brain waves. It affects alpha brain waves which are associated with relaxation. Providing an alert
calmness, L-Theanine helps in promoting super-learning, flow states and joy.
L-Theanine boosts the neurotransmitters serotonin, dopamine and GABA in your brain. As well as increasing Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and Nerve Growth
Factor (NGF).[ii]
L-Theanine is known for helping to relieve stress, improve cognition, boost mood and cognitive function.
How does L-Theanine work in the Brain?
L-Theanine boosts brain health and function in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
L-Theanine reduces physical and mental stress. L- Theanine helps increase alpha brain waves which are associated with mental relaxation and concentration.
One study in South Korea worked with 20 healthy male volunteers aged 18 – 30 years. One group was given L-Theanine tablets, and the other group a placebo daily for 7
days.
Brain waves were measured 40 minutes after administration of the tablets. The researchers analyzed alpha wave power values. And concluded that L-Theanine tablets
promoted the release of alpha brain waves related to mental relaxation and concentration.[iii]
In May 2016, researchers at Simon Fraser University in Canada developed a technology to clinically measure brain wave patterns. With this technology, we’re now able to
detect cognitive dysfunction before it happens. Imagine the implications of this new technology when applied to the nootropics world.[iv]
2.
L-Theanine increases neurotransmitters. Research shows that L-Theanine increases dopamine, serotonin, and GABA in your brain.[v] And it reduces the excitatory neurotransmitter
glutamate which is associated with stress, tension and agitation.[vi]
A study done in Japan worked with 12 people who underwent 4 separate trials. One in which they took L-Theanine at the start of the experiment. One in which they took it
half-way through. And two control trials in which they took either a placebo or nothing.
The results showed that L-Theanine resulted in a reduction in heart rate and s-IgA associated with acute stress. The researchers concluded that L-Theanine could cause
anti-stress effects via the inhibition of cortical neuron excitation.[vii]
How things go bad:
As we get older, our brain chemistry and energy metabolism changes.
↓ Neurotransmitter levels decline
↑ Glutamate levels increase
↑ Stress levels increase
↓ Long-term memory and mood decline
↓ Quality of sleep declines
All of these changes can happen at any age once we reach adulthood. And are contributing factors to the neurodegenerative diseases of aging, and quality of life.
L-Theanine to the rescue
L-Theanine energizes without draining, calms without putting you to sleep, and motivates without causing a jagged edge.
Tea (as a source of L-Theanine) can have as much caffeine as some coffees. And yet doesn’t exert the same “speedy” effect. And the reason is the ingredient L-Theanine.
You can actually see L-Theanine’s effect in your brain using an EEG. Brain waves are smoothed out rather than flattened out.[viii] So your body is relaxed, your mind is
calmed, but you don’t get sleepy. And L-Theanine, once it crosses the blood-brain barrier, raises levels of serotonin and dopamine.[ix]
L-Theanine even improves your quality of sleep. Researchers in Japan gave volunteers 200 mg of L-Theanine daily and recorded their sleep patterns. Sleep quality, recovery
from exhaustion, and feeling refreshed were all enhanced by L-Theanine.[x]
And L-Theanine puts you in a better mood. Once it crosses your blood-brain barrier, L-Theanine changes levels of amino acids affecting serotonin, dopamine, and GABA.
Having a modulating effect on mood.[xi]
How does L-Theanine feel?
Your unique neurochemistry including neurotransmitters, brain waves, brain structure and even regional brain activity will influence your response to L-Theanine.
Most neurohackers report a calming effect within 30 – 45 minutes of taking L-Theanine. Cognition gets a boost, and energy levels rise without the jitteriness caused by
stimulants like caffeine.
Some report L-Theanine has stopped their anxiety and panic attacks. Just don’t combine it with anti-anxiety meds like Xanax.
Most report an overall improvement in the sense of well-being and quality of life. And nearly all remark on better quality sleep.
The Research
Green Tea reduces incidence of stroke
Research has found that if L-Theanine is present in the body at the time stroke occurs, brain damage will be significantly reduced.
In this monster study done in China, researchers selected 14,212 subjects from 12 provinces. Ages ranged from 35 – 60 years old. The study looked at tea drinking status,
dose and type of teas.
This study concluded there was a 40% decreased risk of stroke in those who drank green, black or jasmine teas.[xii]
L-Theanine improves memory
In this double-blind, placebo-controlled study, the effect of L-Theanine on memory and attention was investigated.
91 subjects with mild cognitive impairment were enrolled in this study. One group received 1,680 mg of L-Theanine daily for 16 weeks. And the control group received a
placebo.
The study concluded that L-Theanine increased brain Theta waves associated with cognitive alertness and creativity. And there were improvements in memory. The results
of this study suggested that L-Theanine has potential as an intervention for cognitive improvement.[xiii]
And that is an understatement by any stretch. People spend years meditating. With the goal of reaching consistent access to brain wave states like Theta. In this trial, they
did it with a dose of L-Theanine. The same type of dose you could get with a few cups of quality green tea.
L-Theanine reduces stress
Considerable research has been dedicated to L-Theanine and its benefits to stress reduction in both animal and human studies. And we have ample documentation that
corticosterone and stress exert negative effects on memory.[xiv]
Corticosteroids which are secreted after stress, have a profound impact on long-term potentiation and memory formation.[xv]
In this animal study, rats were fed water containing L-Theanine for 3 weeks and put through some stress inducing exercise. The researchers found that corticosterone levels
were lower in the rats who used L-Theanine compared to those who had none.
In fact, stress had no effect on the animals who were fed L-Theanine. Memory was not affected. The researchers concluded that L-Theanine modified corticosterone
secretion. And L-Theanine is a strong preventive measure in preventing memory loss otherwise induced by stress.[xvi]
Dosage Notes
Recommended dosage of L-Theanine is 200 – 400 mg once or twice per day. With a maximum of 1,200 mg per day according to the Cleveland Clinic.[xvii]
L-Theanine is water soluble so you can take it with water.Labels on quality green tea often only display the amount of green tea leaf available in each bag in milligrams
(mg). But not its L-Theanine content. Green tea that’s steeped correctly will offer 1-2% L-Theanine per cup. So 1,500 mg of green tea leaf would be about 30 mg. of LTheanine (at 2%).
We often say that YMMV, and this is especially applicable to L-Theanine. Find out what works best for you. Start at a lower dose like 100 mg. And work your way up until
you achieve the effects you’re looking for.
Side Effects
L-Theanine is a naturally occurring amino acid found in plants like tea or one species of mushroom. So it’s considered non-toxic and very safe.
Theanine seems to decrease blood pressure. So if you’re on meds for high blood pressure, use L-Theanine with caution. Your blood pressure could go too low.
Available Forms
L-Theanine is available in green, black and white teas. Green tea contains the most L-Theanine.
A great side benefit for neurohackers is green tea also contains caffeine. A cup of good quality green tea has less caffeine than a cup of coffee. About 10 mg less.
L-Theanine + Caffeine stack
One study done at Unilever in the UK looked at the combined effects of L-Theanine and caffeine on cognitive performance and mood. They compared 50 mg of caffeine with
and without 100 mg of L-Theanine.
The research team had 27 volunteers participate. And based measurements on word recognition, rapid visual information processing, critical flicker fusion threshold,
attentions switching and mood.
Performance was measured at the beginning, and again 60 minutes and 90 minutes after consumption. Separated by a 7-day washout period.
Caffeine improved alertness at 60 mins. And accuracy on attention-switching at 90 mins. The L-Theanine and caffeine combination improved both speed and accuracy, and
reduced susceptibility to distracting information on the memory task.
The research team concluded that, “L-Theanine and caffeine in combination are beneficial for improving performance on cognitively demanding tasks”.[xviii]
And for an added bonus, L-Theanine takes the jittery-edge off of caffeine consumption.
The best pre-formulated caffeine + L-Theanine stack I’ve tried, and use is the new Performance Lab® Stim. It contains Natural Caffeine (from Coffea Robusta seeds) 50
mg, L-Theanine (Suntheanine®) 100 mg, Ajipure® L-Tyrosine 250 mg, with a balanced NutriGenesis® B-Complex. For alert clean energy without the jitters.
L-Theanine from green tea
Extracting the optimal amount of L-Theanine from green tea is both art and science.
Researchers at the University of Newcastle in Australia set out to determine optimal conditions for water extraction of L-Theanine from green tea. They examined 4 different
extraction methods. And learned that temperature, extraction time, ratio of water-to-tea and tea particle size had significant impacts on extraction yield of L-Theanine from
green tea.
They concluded, “The optimal conditions for extracting theanine from green tea using water were found to be extraction at 80 °C for 30 min with a water-to-tea ratio of
20:1 mL/g and a tea particle size of 0.5-1 mm.” [xix]
So to get the most nootropic value when using green tea as your L-Theanine source – follow the directions. Just sayin’…
L-Theanine Supplements
L-Theanine is available in capsule or tablet form from several supplement manufacturers. Japanese company Taiyo is the oldest and most established company in the green
tea supplement industry. Taiyo developed and patented a method for L-Theanine extraction from green tea called ‘Suntheanine®’.
Suntheanine can be found in some of higher quality pre-formulated nootropic stacks. For example, Mind Lab Pro® contains 11 brain enhancing nootropic compounds
including Suntheanine.
Research has shown that some supplement makers using their own extraction method for L-Theanine, contain more than just the “L” form of Theanine. Turns out if it’s not
done exactly right, you end up with a “D” form of Theanine.
D-Theanine may have a very different action in your body than L-Theanine. We’re not saying it’s dangerous. You just may not get all the benefit of pure L-Theanine.
So read the labels and reviews by people who have tried the product.
I recommend Mind Lab Pro because it uses Suntheanine. And addresses all aspects of anxiety resistance, memory and cognitive enhancement, stabilizes mood, brain repair,
and maintenance.
This premium nootropic stack is designed to affect neurotransmitters, cognitive energy, brain waves, neuroprotection, and regeneration. See my Mind Lab Pro review for a
detailed report.
You will also find Suntheanine® in the new Performance Lab® Stim. It contains Natural Caffeine (from Coffea Robusta seeds) 50 mg, L-Theanine (Suntheanine®) 100 mg,
Ajipure® L-Tyrosine 250 mg, with a balanced NutriGenesis® B-Complex.
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
L-Theanine 250 – 500 mg per day
We recommend using L-Theanine as a nootropic supplement.
Your body cannot make L-Theanine on its own. It’s a non-dietary amino acid only available from tea (and one little-known mushroom).
L-Theanine affects Alpha and Theta brain waves. This alone will help calm your mind, reduce stress, and help you stay alert. You’ll get even more cognitive benefit by
stacking L-Theanine with caffeine.
L-Theanine helps boosts the neurotransmitters dopamine, serotonin, and GABA. Improving alertness and attention. And boosting cognition and memory.
And it reduces the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate which is associated with stress, tension and agitation.
L-Theanine helps to prevent strokes, and even reduces the damaging effects if you’ve had a stroke.
And L-Theanine has been shown to improve sleep quality.
We suggest starting with a dose of 100 – 250 mg of L-Theanine daily for nootropic use. Using either a quality supplement, or high quality green tea.
As a supplement, Suntheanine® is your best and safest choice for getting the kind of L-Theanine your brain can use. I recommend my favorite pre-formulated nootropic
stack Mind Lab Pro® which includes Suntheanine.
Mind Lab Pro contains a synergistic blend of 11 brain enhancing nootropics covering all aspects of cognition and brain health. See my full Mind Lab Pro review for more.
Or for a smooth energy boost I recommend the new Performance Lab® Stim. For alert clean energy without the jitters.
Maca
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
Maca is known for elevating mood, increasing energy and endurance, boosting learning and memory, and is a potent neuroprotectant
Maca (Lepidium meyenii) is a native Peruvian plant growing over 4,000 m (13,000 ft) high in the Andes mountains.
Native Peruvians (pre-Inca) have cultivated Maca for at least 2,000 years. It is the only sustainable food crop that can grow in the harsh, cold conditions of the upper
Andean plateau.
Maca has the highest nutritional value of any food crop grown at this altitude. And is a staple diet of people living high in the Andes.
Modern Peruvian herbal medicine uses Maca as an immune booster, for anemia, tuberculosis, menstrual disorders, PMS, stomach cancer, sexual dysfunction, and for
enhancing memory.
Maca is growing in popularity as a superfood and dietary supplement worldwide. And appears on our List of Nootropics because of its natural ability to boost cognition and
memory.
Neurohackers are using Maca to increase energy, athletic endurance, mental clarity, boost libido in men and women, help tame PMS symptoms including mood, and chronic
fatigue syndrome.
Here we’ll explore how Maca benefits your brain.
Maca helps:
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Neurotransmitters: Maca contains significant amounts of the amino acids arginine, serine, histidine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, valine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and threonine.
Endurance & energy: Maca is used as a sports supplement by strength and endurance athletes to improve trial performance.[i] Likely due to better energy metabolism and improved
antioxidant status.[ii]
Learning & memory: Natives in the central Peruvian Andes traditionally had their children eat Maca to improve their performance in school.[iii] Likely due to Maca’s ability to boost
acetylcholine and act as an antioxidant.[iv]
Table of Contents
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Overview
How does Maca work in the brain?
How things go bad
Maca to the rescue
How does Maca feel?
The Research
o
o
o
o
Maca improves cognition
Maca improves mood
Maca improves quality of life
Maca decreases SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
Maca (Lepidium meyenii) is a Peruvian plant of the brassica (mustard) family and Lepidium genus. It’s closest relative to other plants are rapeseed, mustard, turnip,
cabbage, garden cress, and water cress.
Maca grows naturally and is cultivated above 4,000 m (13,000 ft) in the Peruvian Andes. In a habitat of intense cold, intense sunlight, and strong winds.
Maca has been used for well over 2000 years in the Andes for nutrition, and to enhance fertility in humans and animals. And has gained popularity worldwide over the last
few years as a nootropic supplement and for its medicinal properties.
Traditionally, Maca is harvested and dried naturally for long-term storage. The hard Maca is then boiled in water to soften it and often used by the natives as juice.
Maca contains the amino acids leucine, arginine, phenylalanine, lysine, glycine, alanine, valine, isoleucine, glutamic acid, serine, aspartic acid, histidine, threonine, tyrosine,
methionine, and proline.
Maca also contains the minerals iron, calcium, copper, zinc, and potassium.
And Maca contains the metabolites macaridine, macaene, macamides, thiohydantoins and maca alkaloids that are only found in this plant.[v]
Maca comes in three primary colors; yellow, red and black. Clinical studies have revealed that each color of Maca has different concentrations of metabolites. Which likely
explains the different biological properties described for Maca.[vi]
How does Maca work in the brain?
Maca boosts brain health and function in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
Maca boosts anandamide. The Maca compound macamide is structurally similar to anandamide, a neurotransmitter that binds to cannabinoid receptors in your brain.[vii]
Anandamide is known as the ‘bliss molecule’ and its name comes from the Sanskrit ‘ananda’ meaning joy, bliss or delight.
Studies have also revealed that Maca acts as fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor.[viii] FAAH is known to break down anandamide.[ix]
Researchers think that Maca provides it’s pharmacological effects by prolonging the presence of anandamide in your brain. And possibly binding to cannabinoid receptors.
Which may account for Maca’s ability to boost libido, regulate hormones, regulate metabolism, improve memory and act as an antidepressant.[x]
2.
Maca reduces anxiety & depression. Maca is well-known for boosting libido, sexual function, and reducing anxiety & depression in both men and women. But studies show Maca does this
without having a direct effect on hormones.
Researchers at Victoria University in Australia conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with 29 postmenopausal women.
The women were given 3.3 g per day of Maca or a placebo for a total of 12 weeks in this crossover trial. Blood samples for estradiol, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), sex
hormone binding globulin (SHBG), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), full lipid profiles, glucose and serum cytokines were collected at 6 and 12 weeks. As well as a test to
assess the severity of menopausal symptoms.
No differences were found in serum concentrations of hormones from the baseline. But there was a significant reduction in scores for anxiety and depression.
The study concluded that Maca at 3.3 g per day reduced anxiety and depression independent of hormone levels.[xi]
ntidepressant activity has been shown with all three varieties of Maca; yellow, red, and black.[xii]
Research has not proven this yet, but I speculate that this antidepressant activity including a boost in libido with Maca could be due to some of the amino acids it provides
including tyrosine and GABA. And its antioxidant activity in the brain.
How things go bad
Most of us do not get the phytonutrients from food our body and brain need every day. The nutrients we need that contribute to neurotransmitter synthesis and release,
and neuroprotection. Including preventing oxidative damage from free radicals.
A deficiency in these nutrients contributes to:
↑ Chronic inflammation
↑Accelerated aging
↑ High cholesterol and triglycerides
↑ Increased belly fat
↑ Insulin resistance
↑ Mitochondrial insufficiency and dysfunction
↑ Neurodegeneration
Maca is unique in the number and quantity of amino acids, and metabolites found only in this plant that supports mood, learning and memory, sexual well-being and overall
health.
Maca to the rescue
Maca has been used as a staple food source by the native Inca and pre-Inca of the Central Peruvian Andes for thousands of years.
The Inca first domesticated the plant over 2,000 years ago. And in the 1553, Spanish conquistador Cieza de León recorded the first written description of Maca use.[xiii]
Maca is rich in calcium, copper, Vitamins B1, B2 & B6, Vitamins C, iron, iodine, manganese, niacin, potassium, zinc, 20 different fatty acids (including linolenic, palmitic, and
oleic acids), and 19 amino acids (including leucine, arginine, phenylalanine, histidine, threonine, tyrosine, and methionine), choline and GABA.
Maca also contains macamides and the alkaloid macaridine which are unique to this plant.
The Inca used Maca to boost energy and endurance, treat sexual dysfunction in men and women, support the immune system, tame menopause symptoms, menstrual
issues, help memory and cognition, and even some cancers.
The macamides in Maca boost anandamide levels which increases mood and feelings of happiness.
Maca reduces hemoglobin which contributes to Chronic Mountain Sickness.
Maca protects against oxidative stress and free radical damage to brain cells.
Maca improves libido, sperm count and mobility, decreases anxiety & depression, lowers elevated blood pressure, increases energy levels and stamina, reduces PMS
symptoms including improved mood, seems to boost cognitive function and memory, and reduces enlarged prostate.
Maca truly lives up to its “superfood’ label and may be considered an adaptogen.
How does Maca feel?
Maca has a unique smell that some find unpleasant. So if the smell offends you, I recommend doing what I do and make your own capsules. Or hide your Maca in a
smoothie or juice.
Supplementing with Maca should increase your energy levels. But not with the same rush you’d get from coffee or an energy drink. Instead, it feels more like you just woke
up from a great night sleep.
Many find that their stamina is better and their performance in any sport gets a boost with Maca.
Some report using Maca provides an increase in libido, and a noticeable reduction in PMS symptoms.
Younger neurohackers report less acne when using Maca. They’re more productive and everything just seems easier.
Older biohackers find that using Maca provides the energy boost they’re looking for. Without any anxiety or jitters, and no blood pressure issues.
If you are unfortunate enough to live in cold climate, Maca may help you combat the winter blues.
Your overall mood should be more upbeat and positive when using Maca as a nootropic supplement.
And using Maca daily keeps you regular.
The Research
Much of the research that has been promoted in the press has been done by a couple of supplement manufacturers. Attempting to promote Maca as an aphrodisiac and
testosterone booster.
While it’s true that Maca boosts libido in many people it has no direct effect on hormones including testosterone.
The most trustworthy research has been done at Peruvian University. But most of it is done with animals. While helpful, you should read the studies closely and carefully to
learn how Maca works in your brain and body.
The bottom-line will always be how well this nootropic supplement works for you.
Maca improves cognition
A study was conducted at Peruvian University to determine the effects of Yellow, Red and Black Maca on cognitive function and depression. The subjects were mice.
The animals were treated for 21 days in four groups; control, Yellow Maca, Red Maca, and Black Maca. Learning and depression were assessed during the study.
The study concluded that Black Maca was better as improving cognition and learning. All varieties of Maca showed antidepressant activity.[xiv]
Maca improves mood
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial study was conducted at Victoria University in Australia with 14 postmenopausal women.
The women used 3.5 g per day of powdered Maca or a placebo for 12 weeks. Blood samples were analyzed for estradiol, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone,
and sex hormone-binding globulin. And the women were assessed for severity of menopausal symptoms.
No differences were seen in the hormone tests. But researchers found that the women experienced a significant reduction in anxiety and depression while using Maca
independent of estrogenic and androgenic activity.[xv]
At weeks 8 and 12, Red Maca improved mood in around 80% of subjects.
At week 12, more than 90% of the subjects consuming Red Maca manifested an increase in energy.
Another study with 175 people was conducted at Peruvian University who were given 3 g of either a placebo, Black or Red Maca daily for 12 weeks.
Half of the volunteers lived at low altitudes and the other half at high altitudes. Consumption of extracts of Red and Black Maca resulted in improvement in mood, energy,
health-related quality of life scores, and Chronic Mountain Sickness.
The study found that effects on mood, energy and Mountain Sickness were better with Red Maca.[xvi]
Maca improves quality of life
The Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQL) questionnaire is universally used to assess things like physical, mental, emotional, and social functioning.
In other words, it assesses the positive aspects of a person’s life, such as positive emotion and life satisfaction.
A study conducted at Peruvian University with 50 subjects living 4,000 m (13,000 ft) above sea level in the central Peruvian Andes. Half the participants were Maca
consumers and the other half did not use Maca.
The study was done with people living at a high altitude because of the prevalence of chronic mountain sickness (CMS).
Living at high altitude is associated with increased hemoglobin levels which in turn produces oxidative stress measured by the inflammatory marker interleukin-6 (IL-6).
Elevated IL-6 has been associated with aging, obesity, increased incidence of heart disease, and cognitive impairment.[xvii]
The researchers concluded after conducting the HRQL survey that consumption of Maca resulted in higher health status scores. And lower chronic mountain sickness (CMS)
scores.[xviii]
Maca decreases SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction
One of the major side effects of taking SSRIs for treating depression is sexual dysfunction and reduced libido.
Researchers in the psychiatry department of Massachusetts General Hospital decided to see if they could figure out a way to counteract this problem.
The team conducted a double-blind, randomized study with 20 depressed (mostly) female patients (mean age 36 years) who were experiencing SSRI-induced sexual
dysfunction.
The subjects were given either 1.5 g or 3 g of Maca per day for the duration of the study. The researchers found that the high dose group (3 g/day) had a significant
improvement in relief from sexual dysfunction but not the 1.5/day group.
The study concluded that Maca root may alleviate SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction, and there may be a dose-related effect. Maca may also have a beneficial effect on
libido.[xix]
Dosage Notes
Recommended dosage of Maca for cognitive benefit is up to 5 grams per day.
And like most nootropics, more does not work better. Too much Maca will upset your stomach.
Side Effects
Maca is non-toxic and safe at recommended doses.
Higher doses of Maca can cause intestinal gas.
Raw Maca (not gelatinized) contains high amounts of glucosinolates which can cause problems if you have thyroid issues (i.e. hypothyroid).[xx]
No drug interactions or contraindications have been reported.
Available Forms
Maca is available as a powder, capsules, flour, liquor and extract.
As a nootropic supplement it is typically used in powder form dissolved in water or a smoothie. Or in capsule form.
In general, Maca is available as dehydrated raw or dried powder, or gelatinized Maca powder.
Maca is gelatinized by boiling and pressurizing the raw material to remove fiber and make it easier to digest.
Maca is traditionally cooked by the Andean people. So gelatinized Maca works best for nootropic benefit. Ignore any advice that claims raw Maca is best. It’s just not true.
Maca is available in Yellow, Red or Black and each provides unique benefits. Black Maca has been shown to boost learning and memory. And all three types of Maca provide
antidepressant benefits.
The purest Maca comes from high in the Andes of Peru. “Certified organic” is a bit of an oxymoron because all Maca grown in the Peruvian Andes is organic naturally.
Beware that Maca is also popular now in China and some Maca for export comes from that country. And should be avoided.
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Maca up to 5 grams per day
We recommend using Maca as a nootropic supplement.
Your body does not make Maca on its own. So to get its benefits you must take it as a supplement.
Maca can be particularly effective as an energy booster. And helps increase athletic endurance.
Maca may provide an increase in libido, and a noticeable reduction in PMS symptoms including better mood.
Supplementing with Maca is a great way to beat the winter blues.
And for many neurohackers, your overall mood should be more upbeat and positive when using Maca as a nootropic supplement.
Most clinical studies with Maca showed positive results with 3 g of Maca per day. You can and likely should use up to 5 g per day for cognitive benefit.
Magnesium
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
Magnesium improves cognition, memory, learning, recall, reduces brain fog, is an antioxidant, helps neuroplasticity, and protects against glutamate-toxicity.
Magnesium is the 4th most abundant mineral in your body. And critical for optimal cognitive health. It is a cofactor in more than 600 enzymatic reactions in your body.
Magnesium assists in converting energy supplied by food to a useable form to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The primary fuel source for your mitochondria.
Magnesium is also needed for the synthesis of RNA and DNA.[i]
In your brain, magnesium regulates the activity in neuron ion channels. These channels are like tiny electrical switches. Governing the flow of neurotransmitters within
neurons.
Magnesium also regulates brain synaptic plasticity. Which is critical for learning and memory.
Magnesium is critical to all of your body’s electrical and electrochemical activities. It’s involved in muscle contractions, heart rhythm, nerve function and brain cell activity.
Low blood magnesium levels show up as seizures, hypertension, stroke, migraines, and ADHD. It can also result in insulin resistance and type II diabetes.
Magnesium helps:
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Neuroplasticity: Magnesium controls the ion channels in brain cells. These tiny electrical switches control the transmission of electrical signals between neurons. Directly regulating learning
and memory.
Brain Energy: Magnesium is necessary for ATP synthesis. It’s needed for the Krebs cycle that turns sugar and fat from your diet into ATP. The primary fuel source for mitochondria in brain
cells.
Neuroprotectant: Low levels of magnesium in your diet correlate to a high incidence of neurodegenerative disease.
Table of Contents
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Overview
How does Magnesium Work in the Brain?
How things go bad:
Magnesium to the rescue
How does Magnesium feel?
The Research
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Magnesium improves long-term memory
Magnesium relieves depression
Magnesium may relieve symptoms of ADHD
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
Magnesium plays an essential role in neuroplasticity and ATP production which is fundamental to learning, memory and cognitive function.[ii]
Magnesium is the 4th most abundant mineral in your body. But many of us in Western society are living with a magnesium deficiency. And most are unaware of this
deficiency.[iii]
Magnesium in our diet comes from foods like green leafy vegetables, beans, nuts, seeds, whole grains, poultry, beef, and salmon. Tap, mineral and bottled water also used
to be good sources of magnesium. But varies by brand, source and if the magnesium has been filtered out during processing.
Magnesium is an essential part of neuroplasticity. Brain plasticity is the ability of your neurons to make cell-to-cell connections to form and regulate learning and memory.
With aging, or insufficient magnesium in our diet, we lose brain plasticity which results in a loss of cognitive function.[iv] This is why a young person, with an active, flexible
brain easily catches new ideas. And simply thinks faster than a person whose brain has lost plasticity and is more fixed in their patterns.
Magnesium is also crucial to synthesizing ATP (adenosine triphosphate). The primary energy source for mitochondria in every one of your cells. Including the brain.
ATP must be bound to a magnesium ion (Mg-ATP) in order to be biologically active. This is critically important to how your brain’s mitochondria and cells use ATP. Including
the synthesis of DNA and RNA.
To put this in perspective, over 300 enzymes and over 600 enzymatic reactions require the presence of magnesium ions for thei r catalytic action. Including all enzymes
utilizing ATP.
Magnesium is even involved in how the other nootropics in your stack are utilized by cells in your brain. The bottom-line is magnesium could be one of the most important
additions to any nootropic stack.
How does Magnesium Work in the Brain?
Magnesium boosts brain health and function in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
Magnesium is critical for neuroplasticity. Your brain is capable of forming new connections between neurons. When you take in new information, a signal is sent across the synaptic space
between neurons. The ability of your brain to form these new connections is referred to as neuroplasticity.
This neuroplasticity is how learning and memories are formed. When these signaling pathways break down, memories fade. And you start to forget simple things like
people’s names or phone numbers.
A simple example of how this works is reading this article. As you read this, your brain is forming and reforming new neural connections. When things aren’t optimal, you
find yourself reading and re-reading sentences.
Magnesium is critical for maintaining this neuroplasticity. And your ability to learn and form memories. Magnesium ions control the ion channels, or electrical switches for
this signaling.[v]
The more signals that these ion channels transmit, the stronger the connections between neurons. And the stronger the formation of the resulting memory.
Many studies demonstrate the detrimental impact of insufficient magnesium on optimal cognitive function.[vi]
2.
Magnesium is required for ATP synthesis. ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the main energy source for the mitochondria in brain cells. 20% of your body’s total ATP is located in your brain.
For ATP to be biologically active, it must be bound to a magnesium ion (Mg-ATP). [vii] About two thirds of your brain’s energy budget is used to help neurons send signals
to neighboring neurons. The remaining third is used for housekeeping, or cellular maintenance.
Wei Chen, a radiologist at the University of Minnesota Medical School was co-author of a study on the brain’s use of ATP. The team used magnetic resonance spectroscopy
(MRS) to measure the brain’s energy production during shifts in activity.
Their study on lab rats noted that when the rats were knocked out, they produced 50% fewer ATP molecules than when mildly anesthetized. Chen noted that the ATP
produced when the brain is inactive, it goes to cell maintenance.[viii] This housekeeping is important for keeping the brain tissue alive.
The other two thirds are needed for other cellular processes including recharging neurons so they can fire. And create the electrical signals needed for neuron
communication. Required for learning, memory, recall and cognition.
Without magnesium, your brain cannot produce ATP, and all brain function breaks down.
How things go bad:
As we get older, our brain chemistry and metabolism changes.
↓ ATP levels decline in mitochondria
↓ Cognition, learning, memory and recall decline
↓ Brain cell plasticity declines
↓ Free radicals damage brain cell mitochondria
All of these changes can happen at any age. And can be a result of not getting an adequate supply of magnesium.
So magnesium supplementation can help for age-related cognitive decline, as well as anyone who wants to boost cognition, learning, recall and memory.
Magnesium to the rescue
Magnesium plays a critical role in supporting neuroplasticity which is fundamental for a youthful, flexible brain. A brain that is optimized to support cognition, learning and
memory.
Raising brain magnesium levels has been proven to restore neuroplasticity and improve cognitive function.[ix]
Magnesium deficiency has been associated with Alzheimer’s Disease. Scientists have found that treatment with magnesium-L-threonate decreases β-amyloid deposits in the
brain. And is able to rebuild signaling pathways in neurons helping to restore memory.[x]
And magnesium is required for ATP synthesis in brain cells. Providing the mental energy needed for cognition, memory, recall and learning.[xi]
How does Magnesium feel?
Most neurohackers report an increased level of focus, energy, memory, and cognitive ability when supplementing with magnesium.
You should also experience an improved quality of sleep. And have an overall improvement in mood.
The Research
One of most common reasons we use nootropics is to boost memory and mental energy. Memory loss drastically reduces quality of life. And simple brain fog makes it
difficult to accomplish the simplest of tasks.
Research has shown that magnesium is involved in memory, learning and cognition in several levels. And supplementing with magnesium is one of the most fundamental
things you can do to boost cognition.
Magnesium improves long-term memory
Synapses in the hippocampus and other areas of the brain strengthen the more they’re used. Even brief repetitive activity results in a substantial increase in synaptic
strength. The results can last for several hours. Or even weeks afterwards. This is called ‘long-term potentiation’.[xii]
Several studies have been conducted on magnesium supplementation and its effects on memory in the last 20 years. With positive results. This study on ages and young
rats found that adding magnesium to their food improved learning.[xiii]
Magnesium relieves depression
Researchers have found magnesium works in the hippocampus to suppress the release of the stress hormone ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic hormone). This is the hormone
that tells your adrenal glands to release more cortisol and adrenaline.
Too much cortisol eventually damages the hippocampus in the brain. This causes a negative feedback loop which results in even more stress. Which is toxic to the brain and
your entire body. And one of the causes of chronic depression.
A study was done with 5,708 people aged 46-49 and 70-74 years old in Norway. The aim of the study was to examine the association between magnesium intake and
depression and anxiety.
The researchers concluded that low magnesium intake is related to depression. And they stated, “These findings may have public health and treatment implications.”[xiv]
Another study done with 12 subjects found that magnesium supplementation improved sleep and lowered the stress hormone cortisol. Concluding that magnesium has
“possible efficacy… as a mood stabilizer”.[xv]
Magnesium may relieve symptoms of ADHD
Magnesium in the treatment of ADHD is becoming more mainstream. And there is a growing body of research that supports the idea that one of the factors causing ADHD is
a lack of magnesium.
A study in Poland showed that 95% of the children examined with ADD or ADHD were magnesium deficient.[xvi]
Dosage Notes
Recommended magnesium dosage in most common forms is 400 mg per day. But the problem is most magnesium supplements don’t work well as a nootropic. Because
they don’t cross the blood-brain barrier.
Research begun at MIT by Dr. Inna Slutsky came up with a new magnesium supplement called Magnesium-L-threonate (MgT). This new magnesium compound easily
crosses the blood-brain barrier.[xvii]
This form of magnesium was patented and now produced by Magtein TM Science. Several supplement companies sell magnesium with this branded form.
Recommended dose of Magnesium-L-threonate is up to 1 gram per day.
Chelated magnesium and lab-grown magnesium are suitable alternatives and covered in more detail below.
Magnesium is water-soluble so you don’t need to take it with a meal, or healthy fat like some nootropics.
Side Effects
Most forms of magnesium can cause diarrhea and bloating. Magnesium-l-threonate contains less elemental magnesium per dose and should not cause gastrointestinal
upset.
Available Forms
Magnesium is sold in as magnesium aspartate, Bisglycinate, citrate, lactate, oxide, chloride, Taurate, and magnesium L-threonate.
Depending on the type of magnesium; it comes in capsules, chewable tablets, powder, extended release tablets, or in a liquid solution.
Magnesium oxide is widely available in supermarkets, drug stores and vitamin shops. It’s popular because it’s cheap to manufacture. But it’s not chelated, and your body
does not recognize it as a mineral it can readily use.
As an individual supplement, the patented form of magnesium-l-threonate (MgT) called MagteinTM easily crosses the blood-brain barrier. And is recommended because even
in high doses does not cause diarrhea.
Most multivitamins include a small amount of magnesium oxide which is useless as an ingredient.
A far better option is Performance Lab’s Whole-Food Multi for men or women which includes their proprietary NutriGenesis® form of magnesium grown in a yeast
culture. It’s nature-identical and highly bioavailable.
One of the many benefits of magnesium as a nootropic is in helping you fall asleep and stay asleep. But you need higher doses of magnesium to accomplish this. And I get
my extra magnesium from …
Performance Lab® Sleep which contains a combination of magnesium Bisglycinate, magnesium Taurate, and NutriGenesis® magnesium. This sleep stack also contains LTryptophan and Tart Cherry Concentrate.
The magnesium works with L-Tryptophan to help synthesize serotonin which then produces melatonin in your brain. And Tart Cherry is a natural source of melatonin. I
highly recommend this nootropic sleep stack and you can find my full review here.
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Magnesium up to 1 gram per day
We recommend using Magnesium as a nootropic supplement.
Your body does not make Magnesium on its own. So to get its benefits it needs to come from your diet. Or you must take it as a supplement.
Magnesium is especially helpful for boosting memory, learning, recall, mood and cognition.
Magnesium is also particularly useful to help alleviate some of the symptoms of ADHD. And to help restore memory caused by neurodegenerative disease like Alzheimer’s.
While most forms of magnesium are helpful for overall health, most are not very helpful for cognitive health. So choose your magnesium supplement wisely.
Magnesium is also useful to help you fall asleep and stay asleep. I recommend my favorite sleep stack Performance Lab® Sleep which has magnesium, L-Tryptophan and
Tart Cherry extract.
As an individual nootropic supplement, we recommend magnesium-L-threonate (MgT). MgT has been proven in the lab to easily cross the blood-brain barrier. And to boost
cognition.
And if you are counting on getting at least some magnesium from your multivitamin supplement, know that most brands use magnesium oxide which is cheap and not
bioavailable.
Performance Lab’s Whole-Food Multi for men or women is a better choice because it uses nature-identical, lab-grown vitamins and minerals including magnesium.
Which are digested easily and go straight to every cell in your body for the energy and repair you need every day.
The Nootropic Benefits of Medicinal Mushrooms
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
Mushrooms have been used by humans for thousands of years as food and medicine.
More than 14,000 species of mushrooms have been identified and about 2,000 of them are edible.
Of 2,000 edible mushrooms, 270 species have potential therapeutic or preventative agents that ensure human health.
But of 270 medicinal mushrooms, only 6 are considered nootropics. And provide some type of benefit for your brain.
In this post you’ll discover the nootropic value of those 6 mushrooms. Including how they benefit learning and memory, anxiety, fatigue, and the potential for Alzheimer’s
Disease.
And then you’ll learn how to identify a genuine nootropic mushroom supplement. We’ll also cover how to avoid misleading marketing tactics that could trick you into buying
bogus mushroom supplements.
Table of Contents
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Top 6 Nootropic Mushrooms
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Chaga (Inonotus obliquus)
Cordyceps (Cordyceps militaris)
Lion’s Mane (Hericium erinaceu)
Maitake (Grifola frondosa)
Oyster (Pleurotus ostreatus)
Reishi (Ganoderma lucidum)
How to Buy Genuine Nootropic Mushrooms
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Understanding the Market of Nootropic Mushrooms
Genuine Mushrooms vs Mycelium
The nootropic value of mushrooms: beta-D-glucans
Polysaccharides does NOT Equal Mushroom Quality
Summary
Top 6 Nootropic Mushrooms
270 species of edible mushrooms have been researched and tested as providing therapeutic or preventive benefits.
But so far, only 6 mushroom species have been identified with plenty of evidence to work as a nootropic and benefit your brain.
Chaga (Inonotus obliquus)
Chaga mushrooms grow naturally on the bark of birch trees in northern Canada, Alaska, Siberia, Northern Europe, and Korea.
Chaga (Inonotus obliquus)
Traditional medicine in the Northern Hemisphere used Chaga Mushrooms to inhibit cancer progression, stimulate immunity, reduce inflammation, and liver protection.[i]
In the lab, Chaga has been shown to be antitumor, anti-mutagenic, antiviral, antidiabetic, antioxidant, and analgesic (pain relief).
Animal studies demonstrated Chaga as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor which boosts acetylcholine for better learning and memory.[ii]
Another study showed Chaga is a potent antioxidant and scavenges free radicals.[iii]
Do not use Chaga Mushrooms if you’re on blood thinning medication, diabetes medication or if you have kidney disease.
Chaga is high in oxalates, which may prevent the absorption of some nutrients and can be toxic in high doses.
Chaga Mushroom is available in capsules, bottled tinctures, as an extract, in tea bags, and fresh raw mushroom. Dosages vary between brands.
Other than as an extract, Chaga is best absorbed in hot water, alcohol, or fermented. If you’re using Chaga powder or tea bag, let it steep in hot water for 5 minutes before
using it.
Cordyceps (Cordyceps militaris)
In the wild, Cordyceps (sinensis) grows as a parasitic fungus on caterpillars. Cultivated Cordyceps (militaris) which is mass produced for the supplement industry has been
found to have similar components as sinensis. And may yield higher quantities of active compounds.[iv]
Cordyceps (Cordyceps militaris)
Cordyceps mushrooms have been used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat fatigue, respiratory and kidney disease.
Over 200 clinical studies show Cordyceps mushrooms improves performance by increasing blood flow, boosts ATP synthesis for more natural energy, acts as an antioxidant,
enhances lactate clearance, increases the release of catecholamines, and reduces oxidative stress, and fatigue.[v]
Cordyceps first gained attention in 1993, when world record-breaking performances of Chinese female athletes were attributed to a vigorous training and nutrition regimen
that involved Cordyceps supplementation.[vi]
A study conducted in Japan showed significant increases in the concentrations of creatine, and all the catecholamines in men over of the course of 2 weeks who were
supplementing with Cordyceps sinensis.
The researchers concluded that “during this prolonged exercise, ingesting with Cordyceps mushrooms might elicit the superior efficiency and the economical function on the
energy metabolism”.[vii]
You will get the most benefit of supplementing with Cordyceps by using 4 grams per day for at least 3 weeks.
Lion’s Mane (Hericium erinaceu)
Lion’s Mane Mushroom is an ancient Chinese remedy for improving cognitive performance, and for overall health.
Lion’s Mane (Hericium erinaceu)
You’ll find my full review for Lion’s Mane Mushroom here.
Known for its powerful effects as a “brain tonic”, Lion’s Mane is said to have been used as a tea for thousands of years by Buddhist monks. To enhance brain power and
heighten their ability to focus during meditation.
Lion’s Mane stimulates enzyme production that releases Nerve Growth Factor (NGF). In a study done in Kuala Lumpur in 2013, scientists showed that Lion’s Mane extract
induced NGF synthesis and promoted neurite outgrowth.[viii]
Nerve Growth Factor helps repair neurons in your brain and boosts the growth of new neurons (neurogenesis). For better learning and memory.
Dosage of Lion’s Mane depends on the strength of the extract. Ranging from 300 mg to 3000 mg dosed 1 – 3 times per day.
My favorite pre-made nootropic stack Mind Lab Pro® contains the genuine fruiting body of Lion’s Mane Mushroom as well.
Maitake (Grifola frondosa)
Maitake (Grifola frondosa)
The Maitake mushroom is native to northeastern Japan. Its rippling appearance with no caps is a bit like that of dancing butterflies. Hence its name is derived from the
Japanese words Mai (dance) and take (mushroom).
Maitake mushrooms are used to support some cancer therapies, chronic fatigue, hepatitis, allergies, high blood pressure and cholesterol.
Its nootropic value comes from its ability to relieve depression.
Studies show that the expression of AMPA receptors are reduced in patients with depression.[ix] And antagonists that sensitize AMPA receptors help prevent depression.
Animal models show that supplementing with Maitake provides an antidepressant effect by sensitizing AMPA receptors. And the researchers concluded that “patients may
just eat Maitake as a supplement for the treatment of depression.[x]
Recommended dosage of Maitake Mushroom extract is 250 – 500 mg per day.
Oyster (Pleurotus ostreatus)
Oyster mushrooms are of Asian origin, but first cultivated in Germany during the first World War as an alternative food source. It’s
Oyster (Pleurotus ostreatus)
now the 3rd highest in quantity of the commercially produced mushrooms worldwide.
Oyster mushrooms are high in protein and a good alternative to animal meat because they contain some of the same amino acids as found in animal protein. Making Oyster
mushrooms a good protein source for vegetarians.
Oyster mushrooms are also a good source of the B-Vitamins, Vitamin C, Vitamin D, and several minerals.[xi]
The nootropic benefits of Oyster mushroom extract are attributed to and include anti-bacterial, antiviral, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and works as an antioxidant by
suppressing oxidative stress and as a free radical scavenger.
Trials are undergoing and testing Oyster Mushrooms ability to degrade plastic waste, crude oil, and even radioactive waste.[xii]
Reishi (Ganoderma lucidum)
Reishi mushroom has been used for over 2000 years in traditional Chinese Medicine.
Reishi (Ganoderma lucidum)
In China, G. lucidum is called lingzhi. In Japan, the name for the Ganodermataceae family is reishi or mannentake.[xiii]
Reishi mushroom benefits include blood sugar regulation, antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-tumor.[xiv]
As a nootropic, Reishi is used for its anti-anxiety benefits[xv] and for chronic fatigue syndrome.
A study at Mae Fah Luang University in Thailand recruited 50 volunteers suffering Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Each were given Reishi mushroom extract or placebo.
Each person was asked to respond to a questionnaire for quality of life score and level of fatigue before and 4, 8, and 12 weeks after the first dose.
At the end of the study, those who used Reishi mushroom extract reported a significant increase in quality of life compared to placebo with a decrease in fatigue.
The researchers concluded that “G. lucidum extract could be potentially effective in the treatment of fatigue and improve quality of life in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
patients.”[xvi]
Many ‘in-vivo’ studies demonstrate the benefits of Reishi mushroom to include boosting your immune system[xvii], preventing abnormal blood vessel formations, it’s antitumor, and helps reverse liver damage.
Another animal study showed that Reishi mushroom could play an important role in Alzheimer’s Disease treatment. And as a nootropic, it supports the growth of Nerve
Growth Factor (NGF).[xviii] NGF boosts learning, memory, and longevity.
Reishi mushroom is available in capsules, as a powder, and as an extract. Dosages vary depending on the strength or how concentrated the extract.
The Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China recommends 6 to 12 g reishi extract daily.
How to Buy Genuine Nootropic Mushrooms
The beauty of mushrooms as a food and the few that are considered for their nootropic cognitive benefit is that they’re natural, and free of pesticides.
And as nootropics or functional food, are high in vitamin, mineral and protein content. As well as being neuro-active and as antioxidants.
But a word of caution here.
You can usually find any of the 6 mushrooms I detailed above in a vitamin shop or online for use as a nootropic supplement. But the challenge is choosing nootropic
mushroom supplements that work as claimed.
How the mushroom is grown and processed as well as the part of the mushroom used will affect its value as a nootropic.
Just one of many examples, the processing method (oven-dried vs freeze-dried) for Lion’s Mane Mushroom has been shown to affect its neurite stimulation activity.[xix]
Here you’ll learn about the different parts of a mushroom. And depending on how its grown and the part used, which supplements will offer the most nootropic value.
Choose the wrong supplement and you won’t get its benefit.
Unfortunately, manufacturers often make it difficult to discern what method was used to make their mushroom supplement.
Once you learn how to read the label, you’ll have more confidence knowing you’re buying the best nootropic mushrooms.
Understanding the Market of Nootropic Mushrooms
What we call a “mushroom” is made up of two parts – the mycelium and the fruiting body. The top of the mushroom is the fruiting body. And its stem is the mycelium.
NOTE: mycelium and mushroom is not synonymous.
“mycelium” is NOT a mushroom supplement and “Polysaccharides” are NOT an indication of quality – classic example of trying to trick you into believing this is a quality mushroom supplement
If the supplement label states that the contents are ‘mycelium’, you’ll know you’re NOT getting a mushroom supplement. More on that in the next section.
The active components in a mushroom are what dictate their benefit to your cognition and overall health.
Those active components are beta-D-glucans, triterpenoids and ergosterol.[xx]
Beta-D-glucans are the primary source of nootropic activity. They make up the natural structural component of the cell walls of the fruiting body of the mushroom.
Triterpenoids compliment beta-D-glucans in immune system activity. And along with Ergosterol offer antioxidant activity, reduced inflammation, liver protection and reduced
histamine response.
Genuine Mushrooms vs Mycelium
What you refer to as a ‘mushroom’ is actually the ‘fruiting body’ of the mushroom. Which develops from a spore, grows into the mycelium, and then tops it off with a
mushroom (fruiting body).
Mycelium is the underground network that acts like a root which feeds off of organic plant matter.
This plant matter is usually referred to as substrate. The mycelium becomes woven into whatever that substrate is and is inseparable from the substrate material.
If all goes well, the mycelium produces a mushroom (fruiting body). The fruiting body is the reproductive mechanism of this organism.
When fully mature, the fruiting body produces spores that enter the substrate matter. To go on to produce more mycelium.
The bottom-line is a mushroom is not mycelium, and mycelium is not a mushroom.
The nootropic value of mushrooms: beta-D-glucans
Mind Lab Pro -this is a genuine mushroom example using “fruiting body” – if it doesn’t specify “fruiting body” don’t buy it
Functional nootropic mushroom benefits come from their active compounds which are found primarily in the mushroom (fruiting body). And much less so in the mycelium.
The fruiting body contains Beta-D-glucans which modulate your immune system, reduce inflammation, control blood sugar, help reverse fatigue symptoms, and increase
overall performance endurance.[xxi]
As the mycelium grows down into the substrate matter the two become interwoven. And cannot be separated during processing when manufacturing supplements.
Mushroom supplement manufacturers often claim their product is pure “mushroom” extract. But what you may be getting instead is a mycelium supplement combined with
substrate matter.
Check the ‘Supplement Facts’ label on the back of a “mushroom” supplement to ensure you’re getting the “fruiting body” and not “mycelium” instead.
Polysaccharides does NOT Equal Mushroom Quality
Polysaccharides is another term you’ll come across on mushroom supplement labels.
Classic example of a fake. Grown in the USA, But NOT genuine mushroom, this is mycelium/grain powder trying to make you believe it’s real mushroom
Truth is they are a key component in nootropic mushrooms. And companies boast about their high polysaccharide numbers.
But here’s the problem with evaluating a mushroom supplement simply by measuring polysaccharides.
Polysaccharides are long chain carbohydrates made up of components like beta-glucans, chitin, cellulose, glucose, and fructose.
But polysaccharides also include alpha-glucans such as glycogen, dextran, pullulan, and starch.
Many so-called “mushroom” products are made up of alpha-glucans and not beta-glucans.
The thing is a lot of medicinal mushroom supplements on the market are just mycelium which is grown on grain. And the grain cannot be separated from the mycelium that
it’s entangled with.
These grains are alpha-glucans, starches, and other fillers which are part of the grain substrate the mushroom is grown on. And are passed off as “mushroom” supplements
to those who haven’t done their homework.
Alpha-glucans provide no nootropic benefit.
Unless you inspect the nootropic mushroom label carefully, you may be misled into believing that you are buying a genuine mushroom supplement.
When in fact, you could be buying a bottle filled with mycelium/grain powder.
Six researchers conducted and published a study in partnership with the US Pharmacopoeia to evaluate 19 Reishi mushrooms. The supplements were purchased online from
Amazon and eBay.
Only 5 of the 19 supplements tested contained genuine Reishi mushroom. The supplements evaluated in this study included 6 fruiting body powders, 1 fruiting body powder
with added polysaccharides, 1 reishi mycelium product and 11 extracts.
The researchers concluded that several so-called ‘Reishi’ mushroom supplements did NOT contain what consumers expected based on product information and labels.[xxii]
The big take-away here is just because you see a picture of a mushroom on the front of a supplement bottle does NOT guarantee any genuine mushroom fruiting body in
the supplement.
To get the most potent nootropic mushroom supplement, look for extracts made from the mushroom (fruiting body) and which also specifies beta-glucan content.
Do NOT buy a mushroom supplement if the manufacturer neglects to state the part of the mushroom they use.
The bottle or package should say whether you’re getting the mushroom (fruiting body), the mycelium, or a blend of both. How much of each including the percentage (%)
of beta-glucan content. If not, put it back on the shelf.
Summary
China is the leading grower worldwide of medicinal mushrooms accounting for 90 – 95% of world production.
China first began growing mushrooms for food and medicine in the 13 th century. Many of the research centers dedicated to the study and development of mushrooms are in
China.
Mushrooms grown in the United States or Canada are too expensive for nootropic supplement use.
If your supplement label states “Made in the USA” double-check and make sure that you are buying genuine mushroom. Because if it’s an extract and whole “fruiting body”,
the mushrooms are grown China. Even if the extract was manufactured in the USA.
If the company insists their product was grown in the USA or Canada, you can be sure that the contents of that supplement are mycelium/grain powder and not genuine
mushroom (fruiting body).
When choosing a nootropic mushroom it’s important to keep in mind that for you to get it’s nootropic benefit it needs to be 100% mushroom (fruiting body), with verified
levels of beta-glucans, zero fillers, and preferably certified organic.
Lion’s Mane Mushroom is one of the best nootropic mushrooms. Get it as a standalone supplement, or part of a pre-made stack like my favorite, Mind Lab Pro®.
Mind Lab Pro® contains 500 mg of Organic Lion’s Mane Mushroom (fruiting body) per dose.
If you’d like to try a pre-made stack containing all the nootropic mushrooms detailed in this review, I suggest trying the Mushroom Complex by HR Supplements.
Their Harvest Naturals Mushroom Complex includes 11 different medicinal mushrooms species including our 6 nootropic mushrooms. With a minimum 30% betaglucans from whole fruiting body.
And their label includes a QR Code you can scan to get a Certificate of Analysis for that supplement batch.
Methylene Blue
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
Methylene Blue boosts mitochondrial energy, is anti-aging, and improves mood and memory
Methylene Blue (methylthioninium chloride) is a synthetic compound used as a nootropic to increase memory, mood and longevity.
Soon after Methylene Blue was synthesized as a textile dye in the late 1800’s, it became the first synthetic drug to be used in humans. It was used for the treatment of
malaria.
In the early 20th century, psychiatrists were using Methylene Blue in the experimental treatment of schizophrenia.[i]
Methylene Blue is currently being studied as potential therapy for mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, and other neurodegenerative disorders.
All sharing a common problem with mitochondrial function.
Your brain’s neurons rely almost entirely on mitochondria-derived energy. Failure of mitochondrial function can affect the rest of your body. But it’s particularly detrimental
to your brain.
This is where Methylene Blue steps in as possibly one of the most important anti-aging and neurological disease preventing nootropics we have available today.
As a nootropic, Methylene Blue quickly crosses the blood-brain barrier. It improves mitochondrial efficiency and respiration, acts as an antioxidant, and increases brain cell
lifespan. Resulting in improved memory and mood.
Here we’ll dive into over 140 years of research on how Methylene Blue helps your brain.
Methylene Blue helps:
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Neurotransmitters: Methylene Blue inhibits monoamine oxidase and acetylcholinesterase activity which increases levels of catecholamines and acetylcholine. And boosts serotonin and
norepinephrine affecting anxiety, depression and memory.
Mitochondrial Energy: Methylene Blue assists brain cell respiration by increasing oxygen. And donating electrons to the electron transport chain within mitochondria. This same process is
used to feed mitochondrial ATP when you eat. So MB provides this fuel without you having to eat. Increasing cellular energy positively effects mood and memory.
Neuroprotectant: Methylene Blue is a potent antioxidant. Reactive oxygen species are produced inside mitochondria. The first free radical that is formed inside a cell is superoxide. MB will
bind to superoxide and reduce it to water. It stops the oxidative cascade at its very beginning. Before it gets a chance to do damage.
Table of Contents
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Overview
How does Methylene Blue work in the brain?
How things go bad
Methylene Blue to the rescue
o
o
o
Methylene Blue boosts acetylcholine
Methylene Blue is an antidepressant
Methylene Blue resists Alzheimer’s Disease
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o
o
Methylene Blue is anti-aging
Methylene Blue improves memory
How does Methylene Blue feel?
The Research
o
o
Methylene Blue Improves Memory
Methylene Blue helps Bipolar Disorder
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
Methylene Blue (methylthioninium chloride) was first synthesized in 1876 by German chemist Heinrich Caro at BASF as an aniline-based dye for cotton staining.
Methylene Blue
In 1891, German physician and Noble Prize recipient Paul Ehrlich pioneered the use of Methylene Blue in the treatment of malaria.[ii]
Ehrlich discovered that when MB was injected into animals in the lab, it would quickly concentrate in the brain. And had an uncanny ability to selectively target diseased
tissues in the body.
It was Ehrlich who coined the term “Magic Bullet” for this unique action displayed by Methylene Blue. A term still in use today.
Methylene Blue has since been used to treat dementia, cancer chemotherapy, malaria, methemoglobinemia, urinary tract infections, cyanide and carbon monoxide
poisoning.[iii]
As a nootropic, Methylene Blue is used to enhance mitochondrial function, increase cerebral blood flow, and acts as an antidepressant.
How does Methylene Blue work in the brain?
Methylene Blue boosts brain health and function in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
Methylene Blue improves memory. Unlike other nootropics which often work by increasing neurotransmitter synthesis and neural signaling, MB improves memory by increasing brain cell
respiration. Or how the brain cell utilizes oxygen.
Studies show dramatic increases of cellular oxygen consumption and glucose uptake when using Methylene Blue. MB increases CMRO2 (cerebral metabolic rate) through
increased activity in the mitochondrial electron transport chain.
Methylene Blue functions as an alternative electron carrier in the electron transport chain in mitochondria. It accepts electrons from NADH and transfers them to
cytochrome c.[iv]
Cytochrome complex (cytochrome c) is a component of the electron transport chain in mitochondria. Playing a role in apoptosis and as an antioxidant.
Methylene Blue also stimulates glucose metabolism. Taken together, increases in CMRO2 and glucose uptake means that MB elevates oxygen consumption which helps
glucose increase ATP production.
Increases in ATP production provides more cellular energy for better overall brain function including cognition, mood and memory.
2.
Methylene Blue is an antioxidant. MB has a unique mechanism of action that is fundamentally different from traditional antioxidants. During cellular respiration, the first free radical formed
inside a cell is superoxide (O2).
Methylene Blue binds to superoxide and reduces it to water. It stops the oxidative cascade at its very beginning. Before it gets a chance to do damage.[v]
So think of Methylene Blue as having a unique dual property. First, it increases cellular energy production which normally leads to oxidative stress. And second, it eliminates
this oxidative stress. Making it a metabolic enhancer and an antioxidant.
Researchers tested Methylene Blue in animal models of neurological disease. First, researchers used rotenone (a potent pesticide) which causes severe dopamine depletion
in the part of the brain associated with Parkinson’s.
Methylene Blue rescued brain cell mitochondria from the damaging effects of this toxin. By donating electrons in the electron transport chain broken by rotenone. Essentially
bypassing the broken transport chain with donated electrons as an alternative electron carrier.
Methylene Blue also countered cerebral ischemia reperfusion damage. The tissue damage caused when blood supply returns to tissue after a lack of oxygen. As can occur
with Traumatic Brain Injury. MB accomplished this by rerouting mitochondrial electron transfer.
This means that Methylene Blue dramatically countered the behavioral, neurochemical, and neuropathological impairment found in Parkinson’s disease.[vi]
How things go bad
As we live life, our brain chemistry and metabolism changes.
↓ Mitochondrial energy levels decline
↓ Attention, memory and mental agility decline
↓ Tau proteins and amyloid plaques clog the brain
↓ Free radicals damage brain cell mitochondria
↓ Cerebral blood flow declines
All of these changes can happen at any age. And are a product of the food we eat, what we drink, lifestyle habits, the air we breathe and more.
So Methylene Blue can help for age-related cognitive decline, as well as a student looking to do better in school. By boosting brain cell mitochondria energy levels. And
improving cerebral blood flow.
Methylene Blue to the rescue
Low dose Methylene Blue supplementation provides memory enhancing effects in animals and humans. It works as an antidepressant, is anti-aging, helps dementia,
Huntington’s and Alzheimer’s.
Methylene Blue increases low blood pressure, improves cognition in healthy people, boosts mitochondrial function, is anti-microbial, can eliminate fear and even slow skin
aging.
Methylene Blue boosts acetylcholine
Research shows that Methylene Blue is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor with a preference for muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Meaning MB prevents the breakdown of
acetylcholine and making more available in your brain.[vii]
Methylene Blue is an antidepressant
Methylene Blue is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI). It inhibits MAO-A more than MAO-B, but inhibits both at large doses.[viii]
One study in 1987 showed that 15 mg per day of Methylene Blue was a potent antidepressant in those with severe depression.[ix]
Another study with 31 bipolar disorder patients compared 300 mg per day of Methylene Blue with 15 mg per day. The patients were also on lithium treatment. The study
showed that the 300 mg dose of Methylene Blue was a “useful addition to lithium in the long-term treatment of manic-depressive psychosis”. And patients were significantly
less depressed.[x]
Methylene Blue resists Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia are associated with a buildup of the protein Tau. Clinical trials show that Methylene Blue inhibits Tau formation. And is
under consideration as a treatment for Alzheimer’s.[xi]
Methylene Blue has an inhibitory action on the cGMP pathway, and affects other molecular events closely related to the progression of Alzheimer’s.
Methylene Blue boosts neuron resistance to the formation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. And helps repair impairments in mitochondrial function and cellular
metabolism.
Research also shows that cholinergic, serotonergic and glutamatergic systems all play important roles in the development of Alzheimer’s and other cognitive disorders.
Methylene Blue provides beneficial effects in mediating these pathways.[xii]
This is particularly significant because most existing treatments for Alzheimer’s can only prevent the disease before it is diagnosed. But Methylene Blue shows promise in
delaying the effects of Alzheimer’s and dementia after it is diagnosed.
Methylene Blue is anti-aging
esearch shows that Methylene Blue is an effective anti-aging nootropic. MB increases mitochondrial complex IV by 30%, enhances cellular oxygen consumption by 3770%, increases heme synthesis, and reverses premature senescence caused by H2O2 or cadmium.
Methylene Blue is considered a redox agent. Meaning it cycles between oxidized and reduced forms. This cycling by MB helps block oxidant production in brain cell
mitochondria.[xiii]
Mitochondrial complex IV is the last enzyme in the respiratory electron transport chain of mitochondria. The last step in synthesizing ATP. Your cellular and mitochondrial
source of energy.
Iron (heme) is an essential element and participates in oxygen transport, DNA synthesis and electron transport. Heme synthesis begins in mitochondria. Every cell
requires heme to function properly.[xiv]
Senescence or biological aging is the gradual deterioration of cellular function. And is caused by telomere shortening that triggers DNA damage in response to reactive
oxygen species, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), cadmium and other toxins. Methylene Blue helps prevent premature senescence or premature cell death.
Methylene Blue improves memory
Animal studies have shown that a single low dose of Methylene Blue enhances long-term contextual memory. This type of memory is the conscious recall of the source and
circumstances of a specific memory.
Other studies show that Methylene Blue in low doses taken after the event helps memory retention of the event. A study done with rats revealed why this works.
In this study, rats received 1 mg/kg of MB post-training for 3 days. The researchers then measured cytochrome c oxidation in participants brains. The idea was to determine
if an increase in metabolic energy was behind the memory enhancing qualities of MB.
The study found that in the Methylene Blue treated group, brain cytochrome oxidase activity was 70% higher than in the placebo-treated group.
The findings suggest that repeated post-training supplementation of Methylene Blue improves memory consolidation. And this memory boost is due to the increased
metabolic capacity in brain regions that require more energy during discrimination learning.[xv]
How does Methylene Blue feel?
Methylene Blue as a nootropic will likely feel different than any other supplement you’ve ever tried.
When reading or studying, once you’re done, you should feel like you fully understand the subject material. And you’ll be able to use what you learned in the future.
Methylene Blue seems to facilitate a full understanding of something on the first try.
Many neurohackers report the biggest nootropic effect they experience with Methylene Blue is “after the fact learning”. You take in the information. And it’s like your brain
sorts through the material. Then stores it in a form you can easily access later.
Methylene Blue has this uncanny ability to rewire your brain to forget about any negative associations you have of a situation. And only retains the positive aspects of that
memory.
Some report that Methylene Blue makes you “feel young again”. It eliminates social anxiety. You’ll feel focused and more confident.
Workouts seem easier because you have more energy. Your mitochondria are energized. And you may find that recovery from workouts is easier.
Methylene Blue helps eliminate stress. So you have more energy in any situation with a relaxed state of mind.
And one recurring theme from many is improved sleep while using Methylene Blue.
The Research
Research into Methylene Blue for its therapeutic value goes back to the late 1800’s. But it’s only in the last couple of decades that scientists have been able to decode
exactly how Methylene Blue works in the brain. All the way down to the molecular level in mitochondria.
A study in 2017 found that Alzheimer’s Disease could be caused by more than the accumulation of amyloid beta in the brain. The scientists looked into the two main
components that produce energy in cells.
1.
2.
Glycolysis is the mechanism used to convert glucose into fuel for consumption by mitochondria.
Burning this fuel in mitochondria uses oxygen in a process called mitochondrial respiration.
The researchers found that as the brain ages, mitochondrial metabolism deteriorates. Resulting in a reduction in the molecules needed for energy production. And possibly
the main culprit behind many neurological diseases including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.[xvi]
A study conducted at Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute may have found the solution to this mitochondrial energy problem in brain cells.
The researchers found that Methylene Blue can prevent or slow the decline of mitochondrial function.
One of the key aspects of Alzheimer’s is mitochondrial dysfunction. Specifically complex IV dysfunction. And this is where Methylene Blue steps in.
The study found that Methylene Blue enhances complex IV in mitochondria. It increases oxygen consumption. And it reverses premature cell death.
The researchers concluded that Methylene Blue may be useful to delay mitochondrial dysfunction with aging and the decrease in complex IV in Alzheimer’s disease.[xvii]
Methylene Blue Improves Memory
26 healthy volunteers aged 22 – 62 participated in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Purpose of the study was to measure the effects of
Methylene Blue on working memory and sustained attention.
Study results showed that a single low-dose of Methylene Blue resulted in an increase in short-term memory ability. In an area of the brain associated with the senses and
visual processing.
Timothy Duong, Ph.D., the study author concluded Methylene Blue showed promise “in healthy aging, cognitive impairment, dementia and other conditions that might
benefit from drug-induced memory enhancement”.[xviii]
Another study published in the American Journal of Psychiatry tested fear extinction (elimination of fear) and contextual memory. Both are forms of long-term memory.
In this study, participants received either Methylene Blue or a placebo after being placed in a small dark chamber for a couple of minutes to address their fear.
One month later, participants that had used Methylene Blue had less retained fear than those given a placebo. The study authors concluded, “Methylene Blue enhances
memory and the retention of fear extinction”.[xix]
Methylene Blue helps Bipolar Disorder
Increasing evidence shows that bipolar disorder may be a progressive condition. Dealing with bipolar symptoms long-term results in deterioration of the cortex and less
gray matter.
A study at Dalhousie University in Halifax compared the effectiveness of lamotrigine (Lamictal ®) along with daily supplementation of either 195 mg or 15 mg of Methylene
Blue in patients with bipolar disorder.
Patients took a dose (Lamictal and either 195 mg or 15 mg of Methylene Blue) for three months. Then switched to the other dose for 3 months. The team found that bipolar
participants had reduced depression and anxiety when taking the higher dose of Methylene Blue compared to when they were on the lower dose.
Several bipolar disorder patients in the study chose to continue using Methylene Blue after the study concluded.[xx]
Dosage Notes
Recommended safe doses based on clinical studies with animals and humans ranges from 0.5 – 4 mg/kg. So a 90 kg (200 lb.) body weight translates to 45 – 360 mg of
Methylene Blue.
45 mg of Methylene Blue is a safe starting dose. But 360 mg of MB is much too high in my opinion even if you’re 200 lbs.
The bottom line is there is no true recommended dose for Methylene Blue. My recommendation is start with the lowest dose of 0.5 mg/kg and see how you react.
Methylene Blue is water-soluble so you don’t need to take it with a meal, or healthy fat like some nootropics.
Methylene Blue has a half-life of about 5 hours. So you can dose twice a day.
Methylene Blue is famous for turning urine blue. But for most neurohackers, your urine will only stain blue at doses roughly exceeding 500 mcg. Some recommend
preventing blue urine by mixing Methylene Blue with ascorbic acid for 3 hours before taking it.
Methylene Blue is also available as a doctor-administered injection for therapeutic use. Typically used to treat diseases like malaria or with anti-cancer therapy.
Side Effects
Methylene Blue shows a hormetic dose-response, with opposite effects at low and high doses.
In other words, lower doses of Methylene Blue work well as a nootropic. But high doses do not because MB can potentially “steal” electrons away from the electron transport
chain. Disrupting the redox balance and acting as a pro-oxidant (instead of an antioxidant).[xxi]
Adverse effects of Methylene Blue also come from chemical impurity. Even pharmaceutical (USP) grade Methylene Blue can contain impurities like arsenic, aluminum,
cadmium, mercury and lead.
At low doses, these contaminants are not that big of a problem. But higher doses will result in the accumulation of these toxins in your cells.
Side effects with Methylene Blue are rare when doses are under 2 mg/kg. But can include stomach pain, chest pain, dizziness, headache, sweating, confusion, high blood
pressure, shortness of breath, accelerated heartbeat, tremor, skin turning blue, urine turning blue or green, reduction of red blood cells, or jaundice (only reported in
infants).
Monoamine Oxidase (MAOI) inhibition becomes a big problem at around 2 mg/kg of Methylene Blue. So if you are using antidepressants or antianxiety medications that
affect serotonin, you should NOT use Methylene Blue. Because using Methylene Blue with one of these medications could cause Serotonin Syndrome.
This includes SSRI’s and MAOI’s such as citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, sertraline, zimelidine, bupropion, buspirone, clomipramine,
mirtazapine and venlafaxine.
Do not use Methylene Blue if you are pregnant or breast-feeding.
Available Forms
Methylene Blue is sold as a liquid, and in crystalline powder form.
Industrial-grade and chemical-grade Methylene Blue is sold as a dye or stain. And can consist of more than 8% – 11% of various contaminants. And should NOT be used as
a nootropic.
Only pharmaceutical (USP) grade Methylene Blue should be used as a nootropic. Ask for a Certificate of Analysis which should include the amount of contaminants such as
arsenic, aluminum, cadmium, mercury and lead.
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Methylene Blue 0.5 – 4 mg/kg of body weight per day
We recommend using Methylene Blue as a nootropic supplement.
Your body does not make Methylene Blue on its own. So to get its benefits you must take it as a supplement.
Methylene Blue is especially helpful for those dealing with anxiety and depression.
Methylene Blue is also particularly useful to students and executives who want to boost cognition, learning and memory.
Methylene Blue is a fast-acting nootropic that can also help prevent brain mitochondrial degeneration. Providing potential as an anti-aging nootropic.
Methylene Blue donates electrons in the electron transport chain in your mitochondria. So experienced neurohackers suggest avoiding CoQ-10 or idebenone when using MB
because it seems to make Methylene Blue much less effective.
Idebenone is an Alzheimer’s drug that has some nootropic benefit. But it works similar to Methylene Blue because it acts as a transporter in the electron transport chain of
mitochondria. Competing with Methylene Blue.
Melatonin
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
Melatonin is known for helping insomnia, is a powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory, protects against neurodegenerative diseases, stroke and brain trauma
Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a hormone primarily produced in the pineal gland. This gland is a pea-sized organ located in the center of your brain
and shaped like a tiny pine cone (hence its name).
Your pineal gland is filled with cells that respond to light and darkness. Many Eastern traditions refer to the pineal gland as the “third eye” for this reason.
Your pineal gland acts as your body’s central clock through its secretion of melatonin. Telling your brain, body and organs when it’s time to be active and when it’s time to
rest. This is the reason why melatonin is referred to as the “sleep hormone”.
Melatonin is also a powerful antioxidant. It scavenges free radicals and reactive nitrogen species. It protects mitochondrial ATP synthesis. And melatonin is set apart from
many other supplemental antioxidants because it easily crosses the blood-brain barrier.
Age-related decline in melatonin is a primary contributing factor to several neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, ALS, Huntington’s Disease, stroke
and brain trauma.[i]
Melatonin helps:



Sleep. Melatonin is a powerful sleep aid and is registered as a drug in Europe for that purpose.[ii]
Neuroprotection. Melatonin helps protect neurons by reducing the damage caused by amyloid proteins and tau proteins linked to Alzheimer’s Disease. Melatonin protects against the harmful
effects of aluminum.[iii] And melatonin scavenges free radicals of oxygen and nitrogen, neutralizes other toxic radicals, stimulates gene expression of other antioxidants, and protects ATP
synthesis.[iv]
Neurotransmitters. Melatonin modulates dopamine production and pathways in areas of your brain involved in movement disorders such as Parkinson’s Disease and tardive dyskinesia.
Melatonin also interacts with dopamine’s role to your body’s biological clock.[v]
Table of Contents
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
Overview
How does Melatonin work in the Brain?
How things go bad
Melatonin to the rescue
How does Melatonin feel?
The Research
o
o
o
o
Melatonin Lowers Cholesterol
Melatonin helps Reduce Insomnia
Melatonin Relieves Mild Cognitive Impairment
Melatonin Replaces Benzos for Sleep
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a hormone produced in your pineal gland. Melatonin is often referred to as the “sleep hormone”. As your body’s
central clock, melatonin tells your body, brain and organs when to be active and when to take a break and rest.
melatonin
Melatonin and the neurotransmitter serotonin are both derived from the amino acid L-tryptophan. First L-tryptophan is hydroxylated by the enzyme tryptophan
hydroxylase. The intermediate is decarboxylated by PLP and 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan (5-HTP) to produce serotonin (5-HT or 5-hydroxytryptamine).
Serotonin acts as a neurotransmitter on its own. But is also converted into N-acetyl-serotonin by the enzymes serotonin N-acetyl transferase and Acetyl-CoA. Hydroxyindole
O-methyl transferase and SAMe convert N-acetyl-serotonin into melatonin through methylation of the hydroxyl group.[vi]
This process is first fueled by the tryptophan you get from foods like turkey, chicken, tuna, oats, bananas, peanuts and chocolate. Or from a L-tryptophan supplement.
You can also supplement with 5-HTP to produce serotonin which will create melatonin. Or supplement with SAMe to produce melatonin. Or you can take a melatonin
supplement on its own and bypass this entire process.
Besides acting as your body’s biological clock, melatonin is also a potent free-radical scavenger. And a wide-spectrum antioxidant. The beauty of melatonin as an
antioxidant is its ability to easily cross the blood-brain barrier.
Adding melatonin to your nootropic stack gives you a head-start in protecting yourself against Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Disease, decreases your chance of stroke, and
helps reverse the brain damage caused by stroke or brain injury.
The bonus is a good night’s sleep and feeling refreshed the next day. With your brain firing on all cylinders.
How does Melatonin work in the Brain?
Melatonin helps brain health and function in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
Melatonin promotes quality sleep. Your pineal gland acts as your body’s central clock by secreting melatonin. This action tells your brain and other organs when it’s time to be active, and
when it’s time to rest. Melatonin helps regulate other hormones and maintains your body’s circadian rhythm.[vii]
Your pineal gland responds to darkness by producing melatonin. Blood levels of melatonin are low during the day, with peak levels occurring from 2 – 4 AM.[viii]
One study at Duke University Hospital surveyed clinical trials from 1948 – 2009. Researchers found that children with ADHD using melatonin doses of 3 – 6 mg showed
improvement in how fast the kids went to sleep. And significantly better quality of sleep.[ix]
Another extensive survey of clinical trials was conducted by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services on melatonin use for sleep disorders.
The overall conclusion of this research showed melatonin effective in improving quality of sleep and how fast a person went to sleep. This study included those who did not
suffer with insomnia, those who did, and others who had messed up circadian rhythm patterns due to shift work and jet lag.[x]
2.
Melatonin prevents neurodegenerative disease. Melatonin improves longevity by increasing the longevity gene called SIRT1. This gene plays an important role in maintaining metabolism
and neuroplasticity.[xi]
Melatonin is a powerful antioxidant protecting your brain from free radicals and oxidative damage. It stimulates gene expression of intracellular antioxidant systems. And
melatonin helps relieve the free radical damage that occurs after traumatic brain injury or stroke.[xii]
Research has found that melatonin levels and Alzheimer’s Disease are closely linked. Greatly reduced melatonin levels have been found in Alzheimer’s patients.[xiii]
High levels of melatonin are maintained throughout your youth and middle age. But as you age and melatonin levels drop you are at greater risk for brain damage both now
and in the future. Your chances of having a stroke greatly increase as melatonin levels decline.[xiv]
How things go bad
Low levels of Melatonin are associated with a variety of health problems. Much more than just insomnia.
↑ Insomnia, restlessness and poor sleep quality (sundowning)
↓ Circadian rhythm goes out of sync
↑ Agitation and activity increases later in the day (sundowning)
↓ Benzodiazepines like Valium® and Xanax® suppress melatonin levels[xv]
↑ Stroke risk increases
Melatonin deficiency is one of the earliest indicators of Alzheimer’s Disease.[xvi] Abnormal oxidation and inflammatory protein accumulation can lead to Parkinson’s Disease.
And is associated with low levels of melatonin in the brain.
Low levels of melatonin lead to increased free radical production and risk of stroke goes up. And oxidative damage to brain cells is a leading culprit in traumatic brain injury.
Melatonin to the rescue
Melatonin is both a neurotransmitter and hormone. This ‘neurohormone’ is produced in your pineal gland from the neurotransmitter serotonin with the assistance of SAMe
and other enzymes.
Melatonin is the mechanism used by your pineal gland to function as your body’s biological “clock”. And is in charge of the “circadian rhythm” that tells your system when to
be active, and when to rest.
As a nootropic supplement and sleep aid, melatonin exerts its effects by acting as a ‘phase re-setter’ rather than as a hypnotic-type drug.
Supplementing with inexpensive melatonin helps restore your body’s natural antioxidant protection. Guarding against age-related changes in your brain.
Melatonin protects cholinergic neurons from the amyloid and tau protein buildups related to Alzheimer’s Disease.
Melatonin offers potent antioxidant protection for your brain. Supplementing with melatonin helps protect your brain against neurodegenerative disease, reduces stroke risk
and guards against brain trauma.
How does Melatonin feel?
I no longer use melatonin to help me sleep. Instead, I prefer Performance Lab® Sleep which contains 100 mg of Magnesium (as Magnesium Bisglycinate, Magnesium
Taurate, and BioGenesis® Magnesium), 500 mg of tart cherry extract (as CherryPURE®), and 250 mg of L-Tryptophan (as TryptoPure®).
Montmorency tart cherry contains the richest natural source of melatonin. Identical to the hormone secreted by the pineal gland in your brain.
Melatonin as a sleep aid has mixed reviews among neurohackers. And for good reason. Melatonin is a hormone that your body naturally produces from serotonin. Too much
melatonin is not good.
And part of the problem could be attributed to the synthetic melatonin marketed to promote sleep. A study published in the Journal of Sleep Medicine found that synthetic
melatonin content ranged from -83% to + 478%. Contrary to what was claimed on sleep supplement labels. And 8 of the 31 supplements tested contained undisclosed
serotonin.
Some find that supplementing with melatonin works well, and others find it disrupts sleep patterns. If you are perfectly heal thy and do not deal with insomnia on a regular
basis you don’t need to supplement with melatonin.
Everyone’s body chemistry is unique. Some find that ½ a mg of melatonin works well. And others require 5 mg. Experimentation is key with this hormone.
Some have found that melatonin helps regulate disrupted circadian rhythms caused by jet lag or night shift work.
The Research
Melatonin Lowers Cholesterol
Melatonin levels decrease as we age, and the possibility of heart disease increases. And studies in the last 10 years show that melatonin and your cardiovascular system are
linked. Patients with cardiovascular disease have decreased melatonin levels.
Studies also show that people with heart disease have high levels of LDL-cholesterol. Research has found that supplemental melatonin decreases cholesterol by 38%. And
reduces LDL accumulation by 42%.
One study demonstrated that just 1 mg of melatonin reduced blood pressure within 90 minutes of supplementation. Melatonin reduces blood pressure through its
antioxidant properties, by decreasing norepinephrine and epinephrine, and relaxing the smooth muscle of the heart aorta wall.[xvii]
Melatonin helps Reduce Insomnia
Studies show that sleep disorders affect 50 – 70 million Americans, or about 20% of the population. A sleep disorder exists whenever a lower quality of sleep results in
impaired functioning, or excessive sleepiness. Insomnia is the most common sleep disorder affecting 6 – 12% of the adult population.
A double-blind placebo-controlled study in France worked with 244 adults with primary insomnia. Patients received prolonged-release melatonin nightly for up to 12 months
of the trial, followed by a 2-week withdrawal period.
Outcome was measured based on the patient’s sleep diary, adverse events, vital signs and lab tests recorded at each visit. The study concluded that prolonged-release
melatonin was helpful in relieving insomnia during the trial. And patients did not experience any adverse events or withdrawal symptoms when they stopped using
melatonin.[xviii]
Melatonin Relieves Mild Cognitive Impairment
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is often the final step before dementia. Approximately 12% of MCI patients convert to Alzheimer’s Disease or other dementia disorders
every year.
Researchers in Argentina took a look at the first and final assessment of 50 MCI patients, 25 of whom had received a daily dose of 3-9 mg of melatonin at bedtime for 9 –
18 months.
Patients who took melatonin showed significantly better performance in the mini Mental State examination and the cognitive test used to assess Alzheimer’s. The team
conducted several other tests and found better performance in every test but one.
The researchers concluded that melatonin can be a useful drug for treating mild cognitive impairment.[xix]
Melatonin Replaces Benzos for Sleep
Many people use benzodiazepines for sleep. Drugs like Xanax®, Valium® and Ativan® all have nasty side effects. And studies going back 25 years show benzos depress
natural melatonin levels.[xx]
This is a problem because drugs taken for sleep are depleting the very hormone your body uses for sleep. To make matters worse, regular benzodiazepine use is now
recognized as putting you at greater risk for dementia.[xxi]
This study done in Argentine had subjects use fast release melatonin 3 – 9 mg daily for 3 years just before bedtime. And it significantly improved cognitive and emotional
performance. Including the daily sleep-awake cycles of patients.
A follow up study was done with 91 MCI patients. 61 patients received 3 – 24 mg of fast release melatonin at bedtime for 15 to 60 months. Patients given melatonin
showed significantly better cognitive performance and every other parameter tested.
Depression scores in the patients also decreased. And showed an improvement in quality of sleep and wakefulness. Before the study began, 62.8% of the patients were
using benzodiazepines to help them sleep. At the conclusion of the study only 9.8% were using benzos to help them sleep along with melatonin.[xxii]
Our recommendation is if you are using one of these drugs for sleep, it would be wise to start using melatonin instead. And start weaning yourself off the benzos.
Dosage Notes
Unlike all the other nootropics we talk about on Nootropics Expert, there is no recommended dosage for melatonin supplementation. Everyone has different responses to its
effects.Lower doses like ½ mg of melatonin work well for some who are especially sensitive. And higher doses can cause anxiety and irritability.
The best approach is to start with very low doses of melatonin (i.e. ½ mg) and see how your body reacts.
The right dose should produce a restful night’s sleep with no irritability or fatigue the next day.
For jet lag: ½ – 5 mg of melatonin an hour before bedtime at your final destination.
Side Effects
Melatonin is considered very safe when taken in normal recommended low doses.
Some may experience nightmares or vivid dreams when supplementing with melatonin.
Melatonin can cause drowsiness if taken during the day. And if you experience a “sleep hangover” the next day, you took too much melatonin the night before.
Other side effects include abdominal cramps, dizziness, headache, irritability, decreased libido, breast enlargement in men and reduced sperm count.
Melatonin can interfere with fertility if you’re trying to get pregnant. Do not use melatonin while you’re pregnant.
Melatonin can worsen symptoms of depression. So if you’re dealing with depression, or are using antidepressant medications you should avoid melatonin.
Remember that melatonin is a hormone. So if you have hormone-related issues you must be careful about using melatonin.
Melatonin may increase the risk of bleeding and should be avoided if you’re taking anticoagulant medications. Or are anticipating surgery.
Melatonin can interfere with steroids and immunosuppressant medications and cause them to lose their effectiveness.
Available Forms
Melatonin is available in capsules, tablets and liquid. Capsules and tablets usually range from 1 – 5 mg.
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Melatonin 1 – 3 mg per day.
We recommend using melatonin as a nootropic supplement.
Your body does make melatonin on its own from serotonin in your brain. Most healthy people have an adequate supply of melatonin. But if you’re dealing with insomnia and
need some extra help in getting to sleep and staying asleep, melatonin can help.
Melatonin easily crosses the blood-brain barrier, and takes effect in about 90 minutes. Avoid taking melatonin immediately before bed because you may have trouble falling
asleep.
Melatonin is especially helpful to those dealing with jet lag or shift work that has you working nights. Disrupted natural circadian rhythms can be normalized by
supplementing with melatonin.
We suggest trying a melatonin supplement first at a dose of ½ – 1 mg taken 90 minutes before bedtime. And see how you feel. If you readily fall and stay asleep until
morning you know you’ve got the dose right.
Then adjust your dose up or down depending on how you react. Most people don’t need more than o.5 – 5 mg per night.
N-Acetyl L-Cysteine
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
N-Acetyl L-Cysteine (NAC) is a powerful anti-oxidant, can boost mood, lower anxiety, improve memory, and reduce compulsive behavior
N-Acetyl L-Cysteine (NAC or N-acetylcysteine) is the N-acetyl derivative of the naturally occurring amino acid L-cysteine. And works primarily by helping restore the
body’s natural antioxidant glutathione (γ-glutamylcysteinylglycine; GSH).
As the most abundant antioxidant in your body, GSH is responsible for maintaining oxidative balance in each of your cells.
Taking glutathione as a nootropic supplement does not adequately restore GSH levels in your brain because it can’t cross the blood-brain barrier. This vastly underrated
nootropic, NAC easily penetrates the blood-brain barrier and raises glutathione levels in your brain.[i]
NAC has been used to treat acetaminophen poisoning for decades.[ii] Every year there are 56,000 ER visits from Tylenol overdose, resulting in at least 100 deaths. [iii] NAC
provides the glutathione your liver needs to fight off the metabolite NAPQI in Tylenol that does severe liver damage.
As a nootropic, NAC helps prevent glutamate toxicity, boosts dopamine, and reduces inflammation, oxidative and free radical damage.
N-Acetyl L-Cysteine helps:
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Neuroprotection. NAC as a precursor of glutathione, is a potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and free radical scavenger.[iv] Your brain is especially vulnerable to inflammation, free radical
and oxidative damage. Affecting cognition, long-term potentiation, memory and mood.
Neurotransmitters. NAC modulates glutamate levels and dopamine release in the brain. Excess glutamate in your brain is toxic to brain cells affecting neuron health, cognition, memory and
mood. And NAC protects dopamine receptors. Influencing dopamine levels and function in your brain. Even protecting dopaminergic nerve terminals from chronic methamphetamine use.[v]
Anxiety and depression. NAC reduces irritability, anxiety and depression. NAC increases your body’s antioxidant capacity, and balances excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in your
brain. Resulting in less anxiety and depression.
Table of Contents
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Overview
How does N-Acetyl L-Cysteine work in the Brain?
How things go bad
N-Acetyl L-Cysteine to the rescue
How does N-Acetyl L-Cysteine feel?
The Research
o
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N-Acetyl L-Cysteine increases dopamine
N-Acetyl L-Cysteine repairs Traumatic Brain Injury
N-Acetyl L-Cysteine helps alleviate depression
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
N-Acetyl L-Cysteine (NAC) is the N-acetyl form of the naturally occurring amino acid L-Cysteine.
N-Acetyl L-Cysteine
L-Cysteine is naturally produced in your body using the amino acid methionine. You can also get L-Cysteine from eating ricotta and cottage cheese, yogurt, pork, chicken,
turkey, duck, wheat germ, granola and oat flakes.
But acute stress, illness, or a poor diet can deplete L-Cysteine levels in your body and brain. The quickest and most efficient way to boost levels of L-Cysteine is to
supplement with N-Acetyl L-Cysteine (NAC).
NAC regulates the amount of glutamate in your brain. Glutamate is a neurotransmitter that is responsible for sending signals between neurons in the brain. This plays an
important role in learning and forming memories.
But too much glutamate can be toxic to brain cells. NAC regulates the amount of glutamate and keeps it at safe, healthy level s.
NAC influences the amount of dopamine available in your brain. It works to keep dopamine receptors healthy and able to transmit and receive dopamine. These
neurotransmitters are crucial for cognitive energy and drive, motor control, feelings of pleasure, and focus.
NAC is a precursor to the powerful anti-oxidant glutathione (GSH). GSH is a potent anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and free radical scavenger.
Your brain is especially vulnerable to inflammation, free radical and oxidative damage. If left unchecked, inflammation, oxidation and free radicals can negatively affect
cognition, long-term potentiation, memory and mood.
As a nootropic, NAC can boost glutathione and dopamine levels in your brain. NAC is also used by medical professionals to treat serious cognitive disorders like
schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, severe depression and anxiety.
How does N-Acetyl L-Cysteine work in the Brain?
N-Acetyl L-Cysteine boosts brain health and function in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
N-Acetyl L-Cysteine reduces oxidative stress. Oxidative stress results in free radical damage in brain cells. Leading to neurodegeneration and ultimately Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and other
age-related neuronal disorders. Proteins and DNA are injured, inflammation, tissue damage and cellular apoptosis (cell death) are the result.
And neurohackers are not immune to oxidative stress no matter what your age. Keep this in mind the next time you reach for a Diet Coke. Consumption of the artificial
sweetener aspartame induces cortical inflammation and oxidative stress.
Researchers did a study with 30 adult male Wistar rats randomly divided into 3 groups. The control group received distilled water. The second group was given aspartame.
And the third group was given aspartame and NAC. Oral administration was done in the morning daily for 90 days.
The study found that NAC affected Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) levels, blocked the COX-2 and PGE2 inflammatory enzymes, and reduced the expression of
interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) inflammatory cytokines in the rat cerebral cortex. They also found that NAC replenished glutathione levels.
The researchers concluded that NAC prevented neurotoxicity and improved neurological function, suppressed brain inflammation, and oxidative stress response.[vi]
2.
N-Acetyl L-Cysteine relieves depression. Major depressive disorder is one of the most common psychiatric disorders. It’s a burden on the individual, family and the community. And the
pharmaceutical companies are making literally billions on selling various anti-depressants. Not treating the cause, producing a host of side effects, and in most cases just ‘dumbing down’ the
symptoms.
But the pipeline for new anti-depressant drug discovery is at a near stand-still for treating problems like schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression and common forms of
autism.
The good news is that neuroscience continues to work on the problem. And have shown that many of these disorders share inflammation and oxidative stress as part of
their disease physiology.
Neuroscientists also discovered that associated pathways causing these diseases include a reduction in proteins that stimulate neuron growth (neurotrophins), increased
apoptosis (cell death), and reduced energy generation in mitochondria.
It turns out that NAC seems to have multiple effects on all these pathways. NAC reduces the core symptoms of schizophrenia, reduces depression, and reduces cravings
for a number of addictions including cocaine, cannabis and tobacco.[vii]
How things go bad
As we get older or suffer from chronic illness, our brain and body chemistry and energy metabolism changes.
↑ Oxidative stress in brain cells increase
↓ Free radicals damage neurons
↓ Dopamine receptors stop working
↑ Glutamate toxicity causes cell damage and apoptosis
↓ Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) declines
↓ Mitochondria energy declines
All of these changes are often attributed to chronic illness, lifestyle choices, and aging.
Unchecked, they could lead to neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, major depression, schizophrenia, OCD, addictions, autism, and a drop in quality of
life.
N-Acetyl L-Cysteine to the rescue
N-Acetyl L-Cysteine (NAC) is a slightly modified version of the sulfur-containing amino acid L-Cysteine. When taken as a supplement, NAC replenishes intracellular levels of
the natural antioxidant glutathione (GSH). Restoring your cells’ ability to fight damage from reactive oxygen species (ROS).
Conventional medicine has used NAC for decades as an inhaled mucous thinner to treat symptoms of cystic fibrosis. NAC is given intravenously (IV) or orally as a treatment
for acute acetaminophen poisoning. NAC quickly restores glutathione levels, averting permanent disability or death.
The nootropics community has recently discovered NAC as a way to suppress inflammation in the brain. NAC prevents oxidative stress on brain cells, eliminates free
radicals, restores Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), rejuvenates dopamine receptors, and improves overall cognitive function.
NAC can help boost cognition, Long-Term Potentiation for long-term memory formation, short-term and working memory, improve your mood and quell anxiety.
How does N-Acetyl L-Cysteine feel?
Neurohackers report that supplementing with NAC could be the best nootropic they’ve ever used for their brain and overall health. Comments include:
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Thinking is clearer (less brain fog)
Memory improves
Concentration and attention improves
Less anxiety
Less depression
Less irritable
Mood improves (like a ‘clean high’)
Symptoms caused by ADHD meds disappear
Obsessive Compulsive behavior decreases
Sleep quality improves
Energy levels increase
Weight maintenance is easier
Less flu and colds
Skin looks better
Feel younger
Hangovers are less severe
The Research
N-Acetyl L-Cysteine increases dopamine
Treatments for Parkinson’s Disease are limited to replacing dopamine in the brain. As well as some medications designed to slow down the disease.
In 2016, researchers at Thomas Jefferson University showed that oxidative stress in the brain could play a critical role in the progression of Parkinson’s. And this stress
lowers levels of glutathione, a compound produced in the brain to counteract oxidative stress.
Studies show that N-Acetyl L-Cysteine (NAC) helps reduce oxidative damage to neurons by helping restore the levels of the antioxidant glutathione.
In this study, Parkinson’s patients were placed into two groups. The first group received 50 mg/kg NAC intravenously (IV) once per week. And 600 mg of NAC as a
supplement twice a day on non-IV days.
The second (control) group received only their standard Parkinson’s treatment. Patients were evaluated at the beginning of the study and again 3 months later.
The evaluation consisted of the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), and a SPECT brain scan which measures the amount of dopamine transporter in the
brain.
Compared to controls, the patients receiving NAC had significant improvements in their scores. One of the study authors said, “We have not previously seen an intervention
for Parkinson’s disease have this kind of effect on the brain”. This study demonstrated for the first time the direct effect of NAC on the brain’s dopamine system. NAC has
the unique ability to enable dopamine neurons to recover their function.[viii]
N-Acetyl L-Cysteine repairs Traumatic Brain Injury
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major public health issue affecting 1.7 million Americans each year.[ix] TBI can be caused by sports injuries, work accidents, car and
motorcycle accidents, falls, and your wife hitting you over the head with a frying pan.
Many survivors end up with long-term or even permanent neurocognitive dysfunction. Affecting cognition, motor function (movement) and personality. These disabilities are
estimated to cost $9.2 billion in lifetime medical costs and $51.2 billion in productivity losses.[x]
A major cause of TBI comes from blast exposure on the battlefield. Symptoms are similar to other causes of TBI; dizziness, hearing loss, headache, memory loss, sleep
issues, and neurocognitive dysfunction.
In a brain subjected to TBI there is glutamate toxicity, free-radical injury to brain cells, electrolyte imbalances, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, apoptosis (cell
death) and stroke.[xi][xii]
This double blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted with 81 active duty service members at a forward deployed field hospital in Iraq. All service members in this
study were exposed to significant ordinance blast and met the criteria for TBI.
Service members were randomly assigned to receive either a placebo or N-Acetyl L-Cysteine (NAC) for 7 days. The resolution after 7 days of all the TBI symptoms listed
above was the main outcome measure of this study.
The researchers concluded that NAC was a safe pharmaceutical countermeasure of blast-induced TBI. And that further work on long term outcomes and the potential use of
NAC in civilian TBI is warranted.[xiii]
N-Acetyl L-Cysteine helps alleviate depression
Both depression and bipolar disorder are complicated by glutathione depletion. The researchers in this double-blind, multicenter, placebo-controlled study worked with 75
subjects with bipolar disorder.
Subjects received 1 gram of NAC twice daily for 24 weeks. NAC treatment caused a significant improvement with depression with those using NAC.
The researchers concluded, “NAC appears a safe and effective augmentation strategy for depressive symptoms”. In this case with people suffering from bipolar
disorder.[xiv]
Dosage Notes
N-Acetyl L-Cysteine (NAC) suggested dosage for cognitive benefit is 600 mg 3-times per day.
Clinical studies have found that doses up to 2,000 mg per day are safe and effective.
And one German study showed the safety of 2,800 mg per day for 3 months in patients with cystic fibrosis.[xv]
NAC has also proven effective against seasonal influenza and flu-like illnesses. One large study of older adults in Italy took 600 mg of NAC twice daily for 6 months. Only
25% of those adults who used NAC experienced flu-like episodes compared to 79% in the placebo group.[xvi]
Side Effects
N-Acetyl L-Cysteine (NAC) is the N-acetyl form of the naturally occurring amino acid L-Cysteine. NAC is considered non-toxic and very safe.
NAC is a slightly modified version of the sulfur-containing amino acid L-Cysteine. So NAC in powder form can have an unpleasant smell.
Very rarely can NAC cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation. Even more rare are rashes, fever, headache, drowsiness, low blood pressure and liver problems.
Side effects can be a result of very high doses of NAC. And if you have a genetic condition called Cystinuria do not use NAC. This rare condition causes stones to form in the
kidneys, ureter and bladder from cysteine. NAC is the N-Acetyl form of Cysteine.
One study has also found that long-term use of high-dose NAC can deplete your body’s stores of zinc. So if you are using NAC everyday you should also supplement with
zinc and low dose copper.
Available Forms
N-Acetyl L-Cysteine is available in powder, tablet and capsule form. NAC capsules and tablets are usually 600 mg.
Some supplement makers add other compounds to their formula. So ensure you read labels carefully. And stick with manufacturers who follow Good Manufacturing
Practices (GMP). And are GMP-Certified.
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
N-Acetyl L-Cysteine (NAC) 600 mg, 3-times per day
We highly recommend using N-Acetyl L-Cysteine (NAC) as a nootropic supplement.
Your body does synthesize some L-Cysteine from methionine. And you can get L-Cysteine from foods such as dairy, poultry, pork, and some grains and nuts.
But most of us don’t get enough N-Acetyl L-Cysteine from our diet. So supplementation will help. And N-Acetyl L-Cysteine is a highly bioavailable form of L-Cysteine. So you
should feel its effects faster.
NAC is helpful for most neurohackers to improve mood, memory, cognition, and concentration. And NAC helps alleviate brain fog, anxiety, and irritability.
NAC is especially helpful to those dealing with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. And stacked with ADHD meds, NAC helps alleviate some of the negative side effects
associated with stimulants.
You can safely use up to 1,800 mg of NAC per day. The usual dose for cognitive improvement is 600 mg. dosed 3 times throughout your day.
N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine (NALT) enhances working memory, executive function, creative flow states, stress reduction, better mood, anti-anxiety and lessens symptoms of ADHD
N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine (NALT or NAT) is a highly bio-available form of the amino acid L-Tyrosine. Your brain uses the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase to convert L-Tyrosine
into L-DOPA. Decarboxylation of L-DOPA results in synthesis of the neurotransmitter dopamine.[i]
Once converted into dopamine, the enzyme dopamine-beta-hydroxylase converts it into the neurotransmitters norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline).
This triad of neurotransmitters are collectively referred to as “catecholamines”.
N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine can be a highly effective nootropic for boosting cognitive function. And is particularly helpful in maintaining cognitive performance when you’re under
practically any kind of stress. Including music played above 90 dB’s.
N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine works in synergy with stimulants like methylphenidate (i.e. Ritalin).[ii] Drugs like Ritalin work by blocking the reuptake of the neurotransmitters
dopamine, and norepinephrine. And if there’s not enough dopamine available to do the job, Ritalin doesn’t work very well. NALT potentiates increases in extracellular
dopamine.
NALT also stimulates the production of thyroid hormones T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine) which are crucial in maintaining both overall physical and cognitive health.
NALT can boost libido, memory, focus, concentration, mood, offers anti-depressant effects, and improves executive function in those with ADHD.
N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine helps:
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Cognitive Stress. NALT produces the catecholamine-triad of neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine. Sleep deprivation and extreme stressors like heat and cold can
deplete catecholamine levels. NALT restores them to preserve optimal cognition.[iii]
Neurotransmitters. NALT is a necessary precursor for dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine. As your dopamine levels increase, you’re better able to concentrate, organize your thoughts,
and stay productive.
Attention Deficit Disorder (ADHD). NALT can be an effective treatment for ADHD symptoms. NALT works in synergy with pharmaceutical drugs like Ritalin and Adderall by boosting
extracellular levels of dopamine. Helping these drugs be more effective. And mitigating side effects like crashes when the drug wears off.
Table of Contents
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Overview
N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine (NALT) vs. L-Tyrosine: What’s the Difference?
How does N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine work in the Brain?
How things go bad:
N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine to the rescue
How does N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine feel?
The Research
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N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine to treat ADHD
L-Tyrosine reduces blood pressure under stress
N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine promotes cognitive flexibility
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine (NALT) is a form of the amino acid L-Tyrosine. The addition of an acetyl group to L-Tyrosine makes it more bioavailable than supplementing with LTyrosine.
N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine
Your brain converts L-Tyrosine to L-DOPA which then produces the neurotransmitter dopamine. The unused dopamine is then further converted into the neurotransmitters
norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline). This triad of neurotransmitters are collectively referred to as “catecholamines”.
“Tyrosine” is derived from the Greek word tyros, meaning cheese. It was first discovered by German chemist Justus von Liebig in 1846 in the protein casein from cheese.
Tyrosine is considered a non-essential amino acid because it can be synthesized in your body from phenylalanine. Which is found in many high-protein foods such as
poultry, fish, dairy, nuts, soy products, lima beans, avocados and bananas.
NALT enhances working memory and executive function in the prefrontal cortex. It helps with creative flow states, is fuel for inspiration, cognitive flexibility, and the kind of
“convergent thinking” you do in multiple choice exams.
N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine assists in the production of thyroid hormones T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine) which are crucial in maintaining both overall physical and
cognitive health.
N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine (NALT) vs. L-Tyrosine: What’s the Difference?
N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine (NALT) is the amino acid L-Tyrosine with an acetyl group added. When you take NALT as a supplement, it breaks down in your kidneys back into LTyrosine. So in theory, the two supplements offer the same benefits.
There is some debate in the nootropics community on which is more effective. NALT or plain L-Tyrosine. NALT is a more soluble form of L-Tyrosine so it should be more
bioavailable to your body.
However, some studies report that in some cases, a sizeable percentage of supplemental NALT is excreted in urine before it’s converted into L-Tyrosine.[iv]
On a personal note, I haven’t had any issues using NALT as a source of L-Tyrosine. It gives me a dopamine and adrenal boost you’d expect from supplementing with a
dopamine precursor.
When dealing with ADHD/ADD it’s particularly effective when stacked with ALCAR (Acetyl-L-Carnitine). ALCAR easily crosses the blood-brain barrier for boosting
acetylcholine levels. And seems to positively influence serotonin levels. And NALT provides my brain with the dopamine it needs to mitigate symptoms of ADHD/ADD.
But in the interests of full transparency, this is stacked with 20 mg of Ritalin twice a day. Clearly, this brain doesn’t have the capacity to produce enough dopamine on its
own. And needs the boost that comes from supplementing with NALT.
So like all nootropics, YMMV. Always take into account how each nootropic works synergistically with others in your stack. And how they work with any meds you need to
take.
This is as much art as it is science. And experimentation is key for optimal cognition, and a ‘Limitless’ mindset.
How does N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine work in the Brain?
N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine boosts brain health and function in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine improves memory and cognition under acute stress. Acute stress is defined as short-term stressors that can affect cognition. Examples are extreme heat or cold.
Things like cold showers, extreme sports, car accidents, relationship problems, intense movies, business deals gone awry, exams and war zones.
In one study done at the University of Bedfordshire in the UK, the effect of L-Tyrosine on cognitive performance was measured before an exercise task.
Researchers recruited 8 soccer players. And had them complete a 90-minute soccer simulation performance test in an environmental chamber set at 77 degrees Fahrenheit.
The soccer players were given either L-Tyrosine before exercise or a placebo. Cognitive performance was measured before the exercise task. Then again at “half-time”,
following half time, and following the entire simulation.
The cognitive performance task assessed dual-task and vigilance. The outcome revealed that cognitive vigilance and reaction time among soccer players significantly
improved following administration of L-Tyrosine.
Results showed that in warm-weather conditions, L-Tyrosine could enhance cognitive function and prevent cognitive impairment during exposure to exercise-heat stress.[v]
2.
N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine boosts neurotransmitters. NALT turns into L-Tyrosine once taken as a supplement. It then converts into the neurotransmitter dopamine. Dopamine is used to control
movement in your body, is fundamental to memory, attention and problem solving.
The unused dopamine can then convert into the neurotransmitters norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline).
Norepinephrine is important for attentiveness, emotions, sleeping, dreaming and learning.
Epinephrine drives your ‘flight-or-flight’ response. It’s what prompts your reaction to dangerous circumstances, emergency situations, or in stressful situations or
environments.
In one study done in the Netherlands, researchers determined if L-Tyrosine would boost cognitive resources associated with cognitive control. They performed tests
designed to measure “working memory” using the N-Back Test.
Study participants were assigned to engage in a “1-back” condition of easy difficulty and then a 2-back condition of tougher difficulty. Those that used L-Tyrosine
demonstrated superior performance in the 2-back test, but not the 1-back test.
The study authors suggested that L-Tyrosine provides greater cognitive enhancement when cognitive demand increases. The bottom-line; supplementation of L-Tyrosine
may help you increase your IQ score due to maximizing catecholamine reserves.[vi]
How things go bad:
As we get older, our brain and bodychemistry and energy metabolism changes.
↓ Dopaminergic neurons are damaged or die
↓ Neurotransmitter levels decline
↓ Thyroid hormones decline
↑ Stress levels increase
↓ Working memory and mood decline
All of these changes are often attributed to aging. But could be a result of dietary and lifestyle choices. Unchecked, they could lead to neurodegenerative diseases like
Parkinson’s, a drop in quality of life and depression.
N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine to the rescue
N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine (NALT) can boost levels of the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine. And can help a sluggish thyroid produce more T4 and T3.
NALT can help boost cognition especially in stressful situations. It helps improve decision making, ‘flow state’ and creativity, cognitive flexibility, and working memory.
NALT converts into L-Tyrosine which then converts into L-DOPA to produce dopamine. L-DOPA is also used to make melanin in your body. This conversion process helps in
the removal of neurotoxic quinones. And chelates heavy metals like mercury and lead which can accumulate in and damage neurons.
The dopamine that is not used by your brain is available to produce norepinephrine (noradrenaline) which is important for attentiveness, emotions, sleeping, dreaming and
learning.
NALT can be an effective nootropic when stacked with ADHD/ADD meds like Ritalin or Adderall. It helps supply extracellular dopamine needed to improve the effectiveness
of stimulants used to boost the uptake of dopamine in your brain.
How does N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine feel?
Keep in mind that NALT is a precursor to catecholamines. So if you’re not ‘low’ on dopamine, norepinephrine or epinephrine – you may not ‘feel’ anything.
Many neurohackers report a lift in mood, better focus, concentration, increased energy, and an overall sense of well-being. NALT can help readjust your motivation levels. It
can help lower anxiety levels, especially social anxiety.
Supplementing with N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine can help bring your blood pressure down if it’s elevated from a stressful situation or environment. Take it before the stressful event
if you can.
NALT helps buffer the effects of stimulants like caffeine or amphetamines. It helps potentiate and prolong the effects of Ritalin or Adderall, and reduces the crash.
If you’re into athletics or do manual work, you’ll find that supplementing with NALT before a workout or construction job will leave you feeling great afterwards. It helps
mitigate many of the effects of acute stress caused by short-term stressors.
And NALT helps your body to produce melanin, so you may find it easier to get a tan while at the beach.
The Research
N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine to treat ADHD
Several studies have investigated using L-Tyrosine for the treatment of ADHD. One informal study published in the 1980’s determined that L-Tyrosine resulted in short-term
relief from ADHD symptoms. But subjects eventually reached tolerance and a diminished effect.
This is important for neurohackers to keep in mind. It seems that NALT on its own can benefit some more than others. Regardless if your treating ADHD, or are perfectly
cognitively healthy.
I’ve seen more than one report of nootropic users experiencing tolerance after just a week of supplementing with NALT. But most peer-reviewed, published studies show
positive results.
One study published in Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment in 2011 looked at using amino acid precursors for the treatment of ADHD. Including L-Tyrosine for
dopamine, and 5-HTP for serotonin.
The study used 85 young people aged 4 – 18 years old, all with a clinical diagnosis of ADHD. They were treated for an initial period of 8 – 10 weeks. Urinary samples to
determine serotonin and dopamine levels were collected within the first 4 weeks. If they didn’t reach adequate levels, subjects were moved to higher dosing levels 2 and
then 3 until they got relief from symptoms.
Researchers found that the dopamine and serotonin precursors yielded similar results to Strattera and Ritalin. And “the amino acid protocol may be equal in efficacy to
potent, pharmaceutical ADHD medications”.[vii]
L-Tyrosine reduces blood pressure under stress
This study is particularly interesting for its nootropic application. It’s commonly understood that blood pressure rises when we’re under stress. The source of stress doesn’t
really matter. Stress up = blood pressure up.
A study in Amsterdam showed that L-Tyrosine administration decreased blood pressure about 15 minutes after ingestion. This study involved assessing task performance
following acute stress.
Acute stress is usually short-term and can be caused by driving, fighting, athletics, martial arts training, war, combat training, Crossfit, cold showers, loud music, intense
movies, loud noises, business deals, relationships, school, exams and more.
The point is, this study is applicable to every one of us. The study found that L-Tyrosine reduced diastolic blood pressure within 15 minutes of taking the
supplement. And blood pressure normalized within 1 hour.
This study tells us that L-Tyrosine (and NALT) may promote a decrease in blood pressure caused by stress. And could be used to mitigate the effects of stressful situations if
taken prior to the stressful event.[viii]
N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine promotes cognitive flexibility
Cognitive flexibility applies to those who can adjust their thinking quickly to adapt to novel situations and stimuli. A high degree of cognitive flexibility is associated with
increased fluid intelligence, superior reading and comprehension, and a healthier brain.
Recent research (2015) supports the idea that L-Tyrosine (and NALT) promotes cognitive flexibility. In this trial, researchers recruited 22 adults. And setup a double-blind,
placebo-controlled study.
All subjects were assigned a task switching procedure to measure their flexibility. The results showed that receiving L-Tyrosine supplements increased cognitive flexibility
compared to the placebo group. The researchers determined that “L-Tyrosine can facilitate cognitive flexibility by repleting cognitive resources”.[ix]
The team observed that increased cognitive flexibility was likely due to a boost in dopamine concentrations. They noted that L-Tyrosine enhanced usage of various cognitive
resources. And one way to increase your cognitive flexibility would be to start supplementing with N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine.
It stands to reason that people who are close-minded, set it their ways, are resistant to change and can’t cope with unexpected stimuli or situations have “cognitive
rigidity”. And it’s likely due to suboptimal dopamine levels.
Dosage Notes
N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine (NALT) suggested dosage for cognitive benefit is 350 – 500 mg twice per day.
NALT is water-soluble so you don’t have to take it “with a meal” or healthy fat like some nootropics.
You may find your body responds to smaller doses. Or even more if you are stacking it with stimulants like ADHD meds. Listen to your body and see how you react.
Side Effects
NALT quickly turns into the non-essential amino acid L-Tyrosine once you take it. So is considered non-toxic and very safe. Most neurohackers don’t have any negative side
effects.
At higher doses there are reports of stomach issues and migraines. Migraine problems usually happen to those who already suffer from migraines. This may be an indication
that your neurotransmitter levels are already optimal and you don’t need to supplement with NALT.
NALT can increase your thyroid hormones. So if you’re hyperthyroid you shouldn’t use NALT.
And if you’re taking MAO inhibitors (MAOI’s) like selegiline, Azilect, Marplan or Nardil you should not use NALT. MAOI’s work in your brain and effect neurotransmitters. So
using NALT in combination with MAOI’s could throw off the delicate balance of neurotransmitters needed for optimal brain health and cognition.
Available Forms
N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine is available in powder, capsule and tablet form. Capsules and tablets are usually 300 – 500 mg.
Some pre-made nootropic stacks and workout stacks also include NALT as part of their formula. For example, Mind Lab Pro® contains 11 brain enhancing nootropic
compounds including N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine.
I recommend Mind Lab Pro because it addresses all aspects of anxiety resistance, memory and cognitive enhancement, stabilizes mood, brain repair, and maintenance.
This premium nootropic stack is designed to affect neurotransmitters, cognitive energy, brain waves, neuroprotection, and regeneration. See my Mind Lab Pro review for a
detailed report.
Ensure you read labels carefully, and stick with manufacturers who follow Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP). And are GMP-Certified.
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine (NALT) 350 – 500 mg twice per day
We recommend using N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine (NALT) as a nootropic supplement.
Your body does synthesize some L-Tyrosine from phenylalanine which comes from high-protein foods like chicken, fish, almonds, avocados and bananas.
But most of us don’t get enough L-Tyrosine from our diet. So supplementation will help. And N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine is a highly bioavailable form of L-Tyrosine. So you should
feel its effects faster.
NALT is helpful for most neurohackers to combat stress and sleep deprivation. It’ll boost dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine levels.
It’s particularly helpful if you take NALT prior to a stressful situation, workout or physically demanding job.
NALT is especially helpful to those dealing with ADHD/ADD. It’s a great compliment to stack with stimulant meds like Ritalin or Adderall. NALT will provide the dopamine
your brain needs. It will help smooth out and prolong the effects of stimulant meds. And help prevent the associated crash when they wear off.
A good stack for ADHD is using your usual med dose with NALT 500 mg and ALCAR 500 mg.
You can buy individual N-Acetyl-L-Tyrosine supplements. Or you could try my favorite pre-formulated nootropic stack Mind Lab Pro® which includes NALT.
Mind Lab Pro contains a synergistic blend of 11 brain enhancing nootropics covering all aspects of cognition and brain health. See my full Mind Lab Pro review for more.
You can safely use up to 1,500 mg per day when stacking with ADHD meds. But dosed throughout your day.
NADH
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
NADH is known for increased alertness, clarity, focus, memory, enhanced mood and energy, and is a potent antioxidant and free radical scavenger
NADH (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide + Hydrogen, or coenzyme 1) is the active coenzyme form of Vitamin B3 (niacin). Every cell in your body contains NADH.
NADH is the primary carrier of electrons in the transfer of food from your diet into energy. This energy is stored as adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP provides the fuel
for mitochondria in each of your cells. Not enough NADH leads to ATP depletion, which can eventually lead to cell death.[i]
Studies have shown that supplementing with NADH improves cognitive function, enhances cellular energy, increases endurance, switches ‘off’ aging genes, and extends life
span.
NADH helps:
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Protect brain cells. NADH repairs cell and DNA damage. And stimulates your immune system. NADH boosts the production of Nitric Oxide (NO) which relaxes blood vessels in your brain
increasing cerebral blood flow. And NADH acts as an antioxidant helping to eliminate free radicals that can damage brain cells.[ii]
Brain energy. NADH provides electrons for ATP synthesis that fuels mitochondria in brain cells. Low levels of NADH result in brain fog, slow mental processing, and cognitive decline.
Neurotransmitters. NADH affects cognitive function by stimulating the production of dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin.[iii] These neurotransmitters are involved in memory, learning,
cognition, recall and mood.
Table of Contents
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Overview
How does NADH work in the brain?
How things go bad:
NADH to the rescue
How does NADH feel?
The Research
o
o
o
o
NADH helps reduce Jet Lag
NADH regenerates stem cells in the brain
NADH decreases anxiety
NADH reduces symptoms of Chronic Fatigue
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
NADH (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide + Hydrogen) is the active coenzyme form of Vitamin B3 (niacin). Discovered early in the 1900’s, it’s also known as
Coenzyme 1.
NADH
NADH is found in, and critical for the health of every cell in your body. NADH is the reduced form of NAD (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide), making it the “active” form
which can donate electrons.
NADH is the primary carrier of electrons from glucose and lactate for ATP synthesis. ATP is the fuel source for mitochondria. The power supply in each of your brain cells. So
you need NADH to transfer the energy from the food you eat into a type of energy your body can use.
You get small amounts of NADH by eating meat, poultry and fish. Vegetables have very low concentrations of NADH. So vegetarians are typically low in NADH. And since
NADH is very unstable, much of it is lost through cooking.
When you supplement with NADH, cerebral electrical activity increases in areas of your brain used for attention, cognition, focus, memory, concentration, and decision
making.
How does NADH work in the brain?
NADH boosts brain health in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
NADH increases the production ATP. NADH carries the electrons needed for the synthesis of ATP. Your brain cell mitochondria depend on this fuel (ATP) to function and stay healthy.
By providing the means for ATP synthesis, NADH is involved in cognition, focus, concentration, memory, and processing speed.[iv] And NADH plays an important role in
mediating brain aging and tissue damage. Even decreasing the damage done by strokes.[v]
In one double-blind, placebo-controlled study researchers did a 3-month trial with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome patients. 86 patients were chosen to receive either 20 mg of
NADH daily or a placebo for the first 2-months. Mean age of the participants was 47 years.
The study measured the intensity of fatigue, functional performance, mood state, functional impact of fatigue, quality of life, sleep quality, and exercise capacity. Each was
measured prior to the study. And then at 30, 60 and 90 days of treatment.
The study found that oral administration of NADH resulted in decreased anxiety and maximum heart rate.[vi]
2.
NADH increases neurotransmitters. NADH is directly involved in the production of the critical neurotransmitters dopamine and norepinephrine.
Dopamine is usually made inside the neurons that use it. The amino acid tyrosine is first converted to L-DOPA through the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase. L-DOPA is then
converted to dopamine.
Research shows that tyrosine hydroxylase is the rate-limiting controller of dopamine synthesis. This is seen in Parkinson’s patients where tyrosine hydroxylase is much
lower than in healthy people.
To complicate things even more, we need to understand what makes tyrosine hydroxylase work. The coenzyme that activates tyrosine hydroxylase is tetrahydrobiopterin
(H4BP). And it’s NADH that activates this enzyme, and helps produce H4BP.
Researchers in Austria conducted an open label trial with 885 Parkinson’s patients. The study was conducted to try a therapy that might increase the brain’s own dopamine
production instead of directly giving the patents L-DOPA.
In this study, 415 patients received intravenous (IV) NADH and 470 patients got an oral dose of NADH. Both groups showed overall good response to treatment including
improvements in motor function, walking, pushing, posture and speech. They also experienced improvements in cognition and mood.
The researchers found increased dopamine metabolites in the urine of the patients. Indicating that NADH induced an increase in dopamine production. Most of the
Parkinson’s patients were able to reduce and even eliminate their other Parkinson medications.[vii]
How things go bad:
As we get older, NADH levels decline. And no amount of healthy eating or exercise can stop this decline.
↓ Dopamine and norepinephrine levels decline
↓ Intra-cellular genome communications break down
↓ Energy levels decline
All of these age-related changes are contributing factors to the neurodegenerative diseases of aging, including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.
But even if things haven’t degenrated to such a debilitating level, NADH can help. In fact, it’s required for dopamine synthesis.
NADH to the rescue
Research has shown that people with low NADH levels are far more vulnerable to addiction, disease and other chronic conditions. Low NADH levels can happen at any age.
Even at birth.
In our Western society, NADH is lost in cooking and food processing. And what little remains is broken down by stomach acid and degraded before it’s absorbed in your
digestive tract.
When you take NADH as a supplement, your cells think oxygen levels are normal and start working as if they were younger, undamaged cells.
Research from hundreds of studies have shown that NADH will:
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Boost energy levels and stamina
Reduce fatigue
Reduce the possibility of age-related diseases
Lower blood pressure
Provide protection and energy to your brain
Boost cerebral blood flow
How does NADH feel?
Using NADH as a nootropic can boost ATP synthesis in your brain. And increase the production of the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin.
You should experience a boost in mental and physical energy levels, a better mood, improved cognition and alertness.
NADH even helps relieve symptoms related to jet lag. And has been shown to alleviate the symptoms of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome including less brain fog, improved mood
and energy, and better cognition.
And neurohackers report more endurance during workouts and running.
The Research
NADH helps reduce Jet Lag
Current remedies for jet lag don’t work very well. Chronic commuters have resorted to melatonin, stimulants, sedatives and phototherapy. And all have produced dismal
results in recovering from jet lag.
NASA investigated the efficacy of using NADH as a countermeasure for jet lag. NADH increases cellular production of ATP and facilitates dopamine synthesis. So the thinking
was NADH could counteract the effects of jet lag on cognitive function and sleepiness.
35 healthy frequent travelers were recruited in this double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Testing was conducted on the West Coast before subjects flew overnight to the
East Coast.
Subjects were given either 20 mg of sublingual NADH, or a placebo. All underwent testing to assess cognitive function, mood, and sleepiness in the morning and afternoon
the day after the red-eye flight.
Jet lag resulted in sleepiness for half the participants, and a third of them experienced deterioration of cognitive function. The morning following the flight, subjects
experienced lapses of attention, disruptions to working memory, divided attention and visual perceptual speed.
Those who received NADH performed significantly better on cognitive and motor tests, showed better performance on other measures, and reported less sleepiness than
those who took a placebo.
NASA concluded that, “Stabilized NADH significantly reduced jet lag-induced disruptions of cognitive functioning, was easily administered, and was found to have no adverse
side effects”.[viii]
NADH regenerates stem cells in the brain
Researcher Hongbo Zhang wanted to understand how the regeneration process deteriorated with age. So he teamed up with colleagues from ETH Zurich, the University of
urich and universities in Canada and Brazil.
Under normal conditions, stem cells react to signals sent by your body, and regenerate damaged organs by producing new specific cells. Fatigue in stem cells is one of the
main causes of poor regeneration. Resulting in degeneration in tissues, organs and the brain.
The research team set out to revitalize stem cells in the muscles of elderly mice. They gave nicotinamide riboside to 2-year-old mice (which is considered “old” for a
mouse). Nicotinamide riboside is a precursor to NADH.
The results showed muscular regeneration was much better in mice that received nicotinamide riboside. They lived longer than the mice that didn’t get it.
Parallel studies have revealed a comparable effect on stem cells of the brain and skin. This work on the aging process has potential for treating diseases that can affect, and
be fatal even in young people, with illnesses like muscular dystrophy.
No negative side effects were observed in any of the studies following use of nicotinamide riboside, or stabilized NADH. It appears to boost the functioning of all cells.
Including cells that have been damaged.[ix]
NADH decreases anxiety
Studies show that NADH may be low in those suffering chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). So researchers in Spain set out to evaluate the efficacy of supplementing NADH in
those with CFS.
The research team recruited 86 CFS patients with a mean age of 47 years to take part in a 3-month double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The patients were given 20 mg of
NADH or a placebo for 2 months.
The team found that those using NADH experienced a significant decrease in anxiety symptoms. And maximum heart rate dropped.[x]
NADH reduces symptoms of Chronic Fatigue
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) has baffled researchers and the medical community for years. Its cause is unknown, and it’s associated with a myriad of symptoms.
But the main common denominator in all Chronic Fatigue cases is severe fatigue. And no therapeutic regimen has proven effective for this condition.
In this study, 31 patients fulfilling the criteria for CFS were selected to participate. They were given NADH or other nutritional supplements for 24 months.
The 12 patients who received NADH had a dramatic and statistically significant reduction of chronic fatigue symptoms.[xi]
Dosage Notes
NADH is a coenzyme, antioxidant form of Vitamin B3 (niacin). It’s a naturally occurring enzyme found in all living cells. And necessary for cellular ATP synthesis and energy
production.
NADH is available in tablet form as 5, 10 and 20 mg tablets. It’s faster-acting if you can find sublingual tablets.
If you’re looking to boost dopamine, stack your NADH with N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine (NALT). Because NADH converts tyrosine to dopamine.
Side Effects
Your body naturally produces NADH. So it’s non-toxic and very well tolerated. NADH should not produce side effects.
Available Forms
NADH is highly unstable and for it to remain effective needs to be in a stabilized form.
Most neurohackers recommend the patented, stabilized form of NADH that’s made by a German company called ENADA. A couple of major supplement manufacturers
license the ENADA brand of NADH. Check the label.
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
NADH 10 mg per pay
We recommend using NADH as a nootropic supplement.
Your body does make some NADH on its own. And from eating meat, poultry and fish. But studies have shown we don’t get an adequate supply of NADH from food sources
because most of it is lost in cooking.
NADH is particularly helpful for vegetarians because very little NADH is available from vegetables.
NADH is especially helpful for those suffering Chronic Fatigue Syndrome.
We suggest starting with a dose of 10 mg daily. And NADH is a great compliment to a stack with any nootropic. Do your best to find a stabilized form of NADH like the
patented ENAND.
For a more effective dopamine boost, stack your NADH with NALT. NADH converts tyrosine to dopamine.
You need to provide your brain mitochondria with the ATP fuel it is demanding. Or neurons start to break down from the inside. Signs that your lacking adequate NADH is
brain fog, slow thinking, fatigue and low endurance.
Some clinics in the USA and other countries are using NADH therapy as a treatment for addiction, anxiety, depression, chronic stress and post-traumatic stress disorder
(PTSD).
Intravenous (IV) NADH has been used effectively since the 1960’s for detoxing patients from alcohol, opiates, tranquilizers and stimulants.[xii]
Nefiracetam
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
Nefiracetam has been shown to reduce apathy, improve cognition, learning, and long-term memory, reduce anxiety, depression and stress, boost nerve growth factor, and is neuroprotective
Nefiracetam is a fat-soluble nootropic in the racetam-class of compounds. Nefiracetam is considered more potent than the original racetam, Piracetam.
Nefiracetam was developed by Daiichi Seiyaku in the 1990’s as a treatment for cerebrovascular disorders. In 1999, Nefiracetam was in phase II clinical trials in the USA for
treatment of cognition problems as a consequence of stroke, and Alzheimer’s type dementia.[i]
It is similar in structure to Piracetam with a phenyl group and two methyl groups added to the amine of Piracetam. Nefiracetam, like all racetam nootropics, has a
pyrrolidone nucleus at its core. The structure of Nefiracetam is similar to Aniracetam.
Nefiracetam is used as a prescription drug in Japan. And as a supplement in the United States.
Relatively new to the nootropics community. Neurohackers use Nefiracetam to boost learning, cognition and memory.
Nefiracetam helps:
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Neuroprotection: Nefiracetam helps control NMDA signaling which protects against excessive glutamate levels. Glutamate is powerful excitatory neurotransmitter. Too much glutamate
damages neurons and the entire brain.
Neurotransmitters: Nefiracetam modulates GABA levels in the brain. Reducing GABA when it’s too high, and increasing GABA levels if they’re too low. Producing a calm-like focus and
reducing anxiety. Nefiracetam prolongs the opening of calcium channels. Keeping neurotransmitters active longer. Improving memory formation and recall.
Acetylcholine: Nefiracetam potentiates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Boosting the release of GABA and glutamate. Producing a calming effect while improving neuroplasticity and boosting
learning and memory.
Table of Contents
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Overview
Nefiracetam vs. Piracetam: What’s the Difference?
How does Nefiracetam work in the Brain?
How things go bad
Nefiracetam to the rescue
How does Nefiracetam feel?
The Research
o
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Nefiracetam as an Antidepressant
Nefiracetam Improves Learning & Memory
Nefiracetam Reduces Apathy
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
Nefiracetam (DM-9384, N-(2, 6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(2-oxopyrrolidine-1-yl)-acetamide) is in the racetam-family of nootropic compounds. It is a fat-soluble
nootropic.
Nefiracetam
The racetam-class of nootropics have a pyrrolidone nucleus at their core. And Nefiracetam is a cholinergic compound, meaning it affects acetylcholine levels in the brain.
Nefiracetam is used as a prescription drug in Japan. It is sold as an over-the-counter, unrestricted compound in the United States. But not as a dietary supplement.
One of the most recent synthetic nootropic compounds, it is known as a cognitive enhancer. And is known for its anxiolytic, or anti-anxiety effects.
Nefiracetam is considered to be much more potent than Piracetam. As a nootropic, it helps increase attention span, alertness, cognition, learning and boosts memory.
Nefiracetam vs. Piracetam: What’s the Difference?
Japan-based pharmaceutical company Daiichi Seiyaku developed Nefiracetam in the late 1990’s as a derivative of Piracetam.
Piracetam
Nefiracetam is fat-soluble while Piracetam is water-soluble. Fat-soluble molecules cross the blood-brain barrier more easily than water-soluble molecules.
Both Nefiracetam and Piracetam are cognitive enhancers. And both have neuroprotective qualities. Both racetams are able to improve learning and memory. And both are
able to prevent brain damage.
Nefiracetam has additional benefits not shared with Piracetam. Nefiracetam can reduce anxiety and depression. And exhibits several other memory enhancing qualities
over Piracetam.
Nefiracetam increases the amount of time calcium channels in neurons remain open. Tied to protein kinase A (PKA) and the Gi alpha subunit (Gi/o protein), signaling is
enhanced in the neuroreceptor independent of the synapse. This calcium channel pathway is critical for long-term potentiation (LTP) and the formation of long-term
memories.[ii]
Nefiracetam also potentiates protein kinase C alpha (PKCα) which is involved in long-term potentiation (LTP).[iii] PKCα is dependent on glutamate signaling.
And Nefiracetam activates Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) which is critical in memory formation. Again dependent on glutamate signaling.[iv]
Finally, Nefiracetam potentiates acetylcholine receptors in the hippocampus which encourages glutamate release and LTP. Piracetam does not share this memory enhancing
quality.[v]
The bottom-line is Nefiracetam seems to be a much more potent memory enhancer that the original nootropic Piracetam.
How does Nefiracetam work in the Brain?
Nefiracetam boosts brain health and function in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
Nefiracetam enhances memory. In several studies and clinical trials, researchers have noted Nefiracetam’s anti-amnesia effects. And they’ve arrived at this observation by noting
Nefiracetam interacting with individual acetylcholine receptors in the brain.
One study conducted at the Albert Einstein Healthcare Network in Philadelphia worked with older rabbits. Researchers use a technique called the “nictitating membrane
(NM)/eyeblink response” in rabbits which is used in the lab to study age-related memory disorders.
In this case, the team used Nefiracetam to study its effect on retention and relearning. The scientists administered 5, 10 or 15 mg/kg of Nefiracetam to 34 “retired” rabbits
over 15 days. And then tested retention and relearning 1, 5 and 12-weeks post-training.
The researchers found that the effect of Nefiracetam on the ability of older rabbits to relearn was apparent up to 5 weeks after using Nefiracetam. In other words,
Nefiracetam had a significant effect on memory long after the rabbits stopped using it.
The researchers concluded that Nefiracetam likely has an even greater effect on memory the longer you use it.[vi]
This testing model is dependent on cholinergic (acetylcholine) firing in the brain.[vii]
2.
Nefiracetam alleviates depression. Nefiracetam enhances signaling of GABA on GABAa receptors when GABA is too low. And has a suppressive effect when GABA is too high.[viii] Leading to
stabilized mood and sociability. No mood swings!
Nefiracetam also provides an antidepressant effect by activating the enzyme Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII). Scientists in Japan worked with mice
with depressive-like behaviors. The mice were given 1 mg/kg per day of Nefiracetam. And noticed antidepressant effects within a day of supplementation.[ix]
Note that this antidepressant effect takes a completely different approach to controlling depression compared to SSRI’s. These prescription antidepressants mess with
serotonin levels in your brain to control depression. And come with a host of side effects.
Also note that the CaMKII enzyme is associated with a boost in long-term memory formation.
How things go bad
Glutamate is an excitatory relative of GABA. While GABA has a calming effect, glutamate stimulates. Glutamate is the most common neurotransmitter in the central nervous
system.
But glutamate is actually toxic to neurons. And too much of it in your brain can kill brain cells. Lou Gehrig’s Disease for example, is caused by excess glutamate.
But glutamate is a pivotal neurotransmitter in the brain. It links the brain circuits involved in memory, learning and perception.
↑ Too much glutamate can kill neurons
↑ Too much GABA can cause brain damage
↓ Too little GABA can cause depression
↓ Too little glutamate can cause problems with memory, learning and perception
↓ Acetylcholine levels decline
All of these changes can happen at any age. And are a product of the food we eat, what we drink, lifestyle habits, the air we breathe and more.
So Nefiracetam can help for age-related cognitive decline, as well as a student looking to do better in school. By boosting acetylcholine and controlling glutamate and GABA
in the brain.
Nefiracetam to the rescue
Nefiracetam modulates GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid) in your brain. GABA is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its role is to keep glutamate, the
primary excitatory neurotransmitter from overwhelming your brain. And causing damage. When GABA levels are too low, you experience anxiety, insomnia, poor mood and
restlessness. Left unchecked it can lead to neurodegenerative disease and a very poor quality of life.
But when GABA is too high, you have a toxic environment in your brain. Causing damage to neurons and other areas of your brain. Nefiracetam modulates GABA levels,
keeping them steady for a healthy brain. And improved long-term memory.
Nefiracetam contributes to learning by enhancing long-term potentiation (LTP). Enhancing NMDA-dependent LTP at low concentrations and AMPA dependent LTP at
higher concentrations.[x]
Nefiracetam combined with choline boosts the production of the crucial neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Improving memory, recall and focus.
Nefiracetam is fat-soluble and quickly enters your brain after you take it. Once in your brain, it boosts signal transmission, and protects neurons.
Nefiracetam boosts acetylcholine so you should add a good choline source. Try Alpha GPC or CDP-Choline with Nefiracetam. And give your brain the choline it needs.
How does Nefiracetam feel?
Several studies have noted that short-term or one-time use of Nefiracetam doesn’t do much. But supplementing Nefiracetam every day for 7 days or more is needed to
experience the full benefit of this nootropic.
Nootropics users report:
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Nefiracetam as a study aid. Nefiracetam provides calm focus, recall and cognition for many neurohackers. It improves attention span, motivation, and alleviates apathy and mental fatigue.
Increased visual acuity. The visual effects of Nefiracetam feel like your brain is processing a broader spectrum of what’s in your visual range. Nature and your surroundings look more vibrant
and beautiful.
Mood. Many users report a calm focus and being able to articulate thoughts, and improved speaking ability. Language and your vocabulary seem to flow effortlessly. Thoughts and ideas come
with less effort.
Some experienced users of Aniracetam say they prefer Nefiracetam. You may recall that the chemical structure of Nefiracetam is very similar to Aniracetam. And the clinical
studies support its superior ability to affect memory.
You should be able to experience the full effects of Nefiracetam within 7 days of starting to supplement with it. It’s fat-soluble so it’s digested and enters your cells quickly.
The Research
Nefiracetam was developed by a company in Japan in the late 1990’s. As a result, the majority of the published research available in the Western directories was conducted
in Japan. And most of it on rats and mice.
Clinical trials for Nefiracetam have been conducted in China and the USA for use in treating Alzheimer’s Disease. So far, no large pharmaceutical company in the USA has
formulated a prescription drug version of Nefiracetam to my knowledge.
Nefiracetam as an Antidepressant
Researchers at The University of Iowa in the USA conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with 159 stroke patients with major depression. Patients received 600
mg or 900 mg of Nefiracetam or a placebo within 10 days to 3 months after their stroke.
The trial ran for 12 weeks with patients evaluated at 4, 9 and 12 weeks of the trial. The study concluded that Nefiracetam produced a significant improvement in the most
severely depressed patients.[xi]
Nefiracetam Improves Learning & Memory
Much of the research on Nefiracetam has been done with learning and memory in mind.
One study conducted in Ireland used Nefiracetam with rats. Scopolamine, a memory inhibitor, was given to the rats while they were in training. Scopolamine is used to
purposely inhibit memory. When the researchers gave the memory-deprived rats Nefiracetam, task recall improved and significantly improved memory deficits.[xii]
Another Irish study with rats showed 40-days of Nefiracetam supplementation induced Nerve Growth Factor and neurogenesis. Proving that Nefiracetam could facilitate
long-term memory consolidation.[xiii]
Nefiracetam Reduces Apathy
Supplementing with Nefiracetam is reported by many neurohackers to boost motivation and a “get it done” attitude. Which is the opposite of ‘apathy’.
Stroke patients who suffer depression commonly experience apathy. Researchers at The University of Iowa conducted a study with 137 stroke patients with major
depression. 70 of which also met published diagnostic criteria for apathy.
The patients were assigned a placebo, or 600 mg or 900 mg of Nefiracetam per day for 4 weeks. Patients who used 900 mg of Nefiracetam had a significantly greater
improvement in Apathy Scale scores compared to the other two groups. Conclusion: Nefiracetam reduces apathy.
Dosage Notes
Recommended Nefiracetam dosage is 100 mg to 900 mg per day. Taken in divided doses. One Nefiracetam dose in the morning, and one in the early afternoon.
Nefiracetam is sold in tablet, capsule and powder form. Tablets and capsules are usually 400 – 600 mg each.
Since Nefiracetam is a fat-soluble nootropic, you should take it with a meal containing healthy fats. Or with a tablespoon of extra virgin, expeller cold-pressed coconut or
olive oil. Or other similar healthy fat to ensure quick absorption.
Nefiracetam also boosts acetylcholine (ACh) activity in your brain. To avoid a “racetam headache” make sure to stack Nefiracetam with a good choline source like CDPCholine or Alpha GPC.
Note that most studies suggest, and many neurohackers report that it will take at least 7 days of daily dosing of Nefiracetam to experience the full benefit of this nootropic.
Side Effects
Nefiracetam non-toxic. So is considered well-tolerated and safe.
Side effects are rare but can include anxiety, fatigue, headaches, nervousness and nausea. Side effects are often a result of unusually high doses of the nootropic.
Headaches from using Nefiracetam typically happen when you forget to combine it with a good choline supplement. Headaches are often a symptom of a choline deficit in
your brain.
Nearly all of the toxicity studies on Nefiracetam have been done on animals. And prolonged usage of this nootropic have shown no toxic effects at recommended doses.
One study with male Beagle dogs reported a reduction in testicular testosterone after a single treatment of Nefiracetam.
But before you write this nootropic off, note that the dose was a ridiculous 180 or 300 mg/kg dose.[xiv] That’s the equivalent of 16 or 27 grams of Nefiracetam for a 200
lb. male human.
And dogs happen to metabolize Nefiracetam differently than humans and primates. The metabolite M-18 in dogs seems to be the culprit. And is not found in humans or
monkeys.[xv]
I’m not going to belabor this point. But to say that Nefiracetam is safe and non-toxic if used at recommended doses. Just don’t give it to your dog.
Available Forms
Nefiracetam is sold in tablet, capsule and powder form. Tablets and capsules are usually 400 – 600 mg each.
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Nefiracetam 100 – 900 mg per day
We recommend using Nefiracetam as a nootropic supplement.
Your body does not make Nefiracetam on its own. So to get its benefits you must take it as a supplement.
Nefiracetam is especially helpful for those suffering from apathy, loss of motivation and memory loss. Studies show it helps stop and reverse the symptoms associated with
apathy.
And this nootropic helps boost the activity of GABA, glutamate and acetylcholine in your brain. All involved in long-term potentiation and formation of long-term memory.
Nefiracetam is also particularly useful to students and executives who want to boost cognition, learning and especially long-term memory. Neurohackers experience using
Nefiracetam shows it helps boost study scores, work flow, learning and memory.
You should use Nefiracetam with a good choline supplement like Alpha GPC or CDP-Choline. It helps boost neural acetylcholine, so demands the presence of more choline in
your brain.
You can safely boost daily intake of Nefiracetam to 1,200 mg if needed. All daily dosing of Nefiracetam should be in divided doses if above 200 mg per day. One dose in the
morning and another early afternoon.
Nicotine
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
Nicotine has been shown to improve concentration, focus, mental clarity, motivation, memory, and reduce mood swings and anxiety
Nicotine (3-(1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl) pyridine) is an alkaloid found in tobacco leaves. And has been used by humans for its psychoactive (nootropic) properties for
thousands of years.
But it is only in the last several decades that nicotine’s mechanism of action in the brain has been revealed.
Nicotine works primarily by upregulating nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) in the brain. Increasing neural signaling of neurotransmitters and boosting alertness,
cognition and memory.
Studies have shown however that this upregulation of nAChR is dose dependent. And too much nicotine desensitizes these receptors.[i] So low doses of nicotine are key in
using nicotine as a nootropic for cognitive benefit.
Since we’re investigating nicotine as a nootropic here, it’s important to point out that we are not encouraging smoking. Smoking tobacco has been shown to increase
cognition.
But the harmful effects of tobacco have been proven extensively.[ii] Including this study that showed life-time smokers have less gray matter in the prefrontal cortex
compared to non-smokers. Affecting the brain’s reward, impulse control and decision-making circuits.[iii]
Nicotine helps:
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Memory. Nicotine improves short and long-term memory. Nicotine increases neurotransmitters that helps with memory formation. And induces long-term potentiation which helps encode longterm memories.
Neurotransmitters. Nicotine binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain. Boosting the release of acetylcholine (ACh), dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate. Affecting alertness[iv],
attention, cognition, memory and mood.
Brain Optimization. Nicotine modulates the connectivity and structure of brain networks. And improves whole-brain communication efficiency. Boosting overall cognitive and brain function.[v]
Table of Contents
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Overview
How does Nicotine work in the Brain?
How things go bad
Nicotine to the rescue
How does Nicotine feel?
The Research
o
o
o
o
Nicotine boosts IQ
Nicotine improves typing speed
Nicotine boosts memory
Nicotine for the treatment of ADHD
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
Nicotine (3-(1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl) pyridine) is an alkaloid found most famously in tobacco leaves. But nicotine is also present in very small amounts in plants from
the Solanaceae or nightshade family including potatoes, tomatoes and eggplant.[vi]
Nicotine
Nicotine acts on acetylcholine (ACh) receptors in your brain. Stimulating and regulating the release of a host of neurotransmitters including serotonin, dopamine and
norepinephrine.
New drugs derived from nicotine and the research on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are in clinical trials for Alzheimer’s, ADHD, anger management, anxiety, depression,
schizophrenia, Tourette Syndrome and wound healing.[vii]
As a nootropic, we’re talking about using a nicotine lozenge or gum for cognitive enhancement. We are NOT talking about smoking tobacco.
Smoking is the cause of 5 – 6 million deaths per year. Affecting 18 different organs in your body. But it’s not the nicotine in tobacco that kills.
The biggest issue with using nicotine as a nootropic is that it can be addictive. But it’s not the nicotine that causes cancer. Nicotine however could be a “tumor promoter”.
Nicotine binds specifically to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) in your brain. And it deregulates essential processes like regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis
(programmed cell death), migration, invasion, angiogenesis, inflammation and cell-mediated immunity of stem cells, adult tissues and cancer cells.[viii]
As a nootropic, nicotine works in smalls doses (i.e. 1-2 mg) used occasionally when you need that cognitive boost. If you have cancer or a tendency to tumor growth you
should avoid using nicotine as a nootropic.
How does Nicotine work in the Brain?
Nicotine boosts brain health and function in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
Nicotine boosts memory. Nicotine binds to presynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain. And boosts the release of acetylcholine (ACh), dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate.[ix]
Neurotransmitters known to be involved in cognitive processes.
Problems with cholinergic signaling has been implicated in neurologic disorders including schizophrenia, ADHD and addiction. And much of the study of nicotine’s effects on
cognition has been done looking for treatments for these disorders.[x]
The National Institute of Drug Abuse conducted a meta-analysis of 41 double-blind, placebo-controlled studies between 1994 and 2008. The analysis found significant
positive effects of nicotine on fine motor performance, alertness, attention and accuracy, response time, short-term and working memory.[xi]
2.
Nicotine improves attention. Attention deficits are often associated with those dealing with ADHD. The inability to focus can cause all kinds of problems both in relationships, and on the job.
Nicotine has been shown to improve attentiveness in smokers. And helps alleviate attention deficits in Alzheimer’s Disease, schizophrenics and adults with ADHD.
A double-blind study conducted at Duke University Medical Center used nicotine patches to see if it would improve attentiveness in non-smoking adults without attention
deficits. Subjects received 7 mg of nicotine per day using a transdermal patch for a 4 ½ hour morning session.
Nicotine significantly decreased the number of omission errors during testing. And in this study, decreased the variance in “hit reaction time” which is used a measure of
attentiveness.
The study showed that nicotine reduced attention deficit, and even improved attentiveness in normal adult non-smokers.[xii]
How things go bad
As we get older, our brain chemistry and energy metabolism changes.[xiii]
↓ Acetylcholine signaling in the brain declines
↓ Dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine and serotonin levels decline
↓ Alertness, attention and memory declines
↑ Anxiety, depression and stress increases
All of these age-related changes are contributing factors to the neurodegenerative diseases of aging, including Alzheimer’s and dementia.
Nicotine to the rescue
Nicotine boosts levels of dopamine, epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine and serotonin. And stimulates the growth of new blood vessels. Even
increasing the number of red blood cells.
Nicotine rapidly crosses the blood-brain barrier. Within 20 seconds of putting a nicotine lozenge under your tongue. It has the fastest action of any nootropic we review here
on Nootropics Expert.
Alpha brain waves increase with nicotine which provides a relaxed state associated with super-learning, flow states and joy.[xiv]
Nicotine stimulates electrical and neurotransmitter activity throughout your brain. Helping alertness, mood, motivation, selective attention, sustained attention, and
decreases distraction.[xv]
Nicotine helps pre-attentional processing which is your ability to detect information. It brings you down when you’re up. And it brings you up when you’re down. And it helps
you cope with stress and anxiety.
And nicotine improves short-, long-, and working memory processes.[xvi]
How does Nicotine feel?
Neurohackers report nicotine improves mental clarity and motivation. Mood swings are minimized and less anxiety.
Concentration and focus significantly get a boost with nicotine as a nootropic.
All forms of memory get a boost with nicotine. Short and long-term memory. And working memory. Nicotine induces long-term potentiation in the hippocampus which is the
basis for the neuroplasticity that helps encode long-term memory.[xvii]
The key with nicotine is to use low doses. And only use it occasionally. Too much nicotine desensitizes the alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. So tolerance is an issue.
But your receptors recover fairly quickly if you give them a break for a day.
The Research
Much of the research conducted with nicotine was done with cigarette smokers. The studies were to determine the effects of abstinence (quitting smoking) on cognition. Or
funded by tobacco companies out to prove smoking was good for you (i.e. improved cognition).
So keep an open mind when reviewing these studies. Our intent is certainly not to encourage smoking. But to show the effects of nicotine regardless of the delivery system
to the human brain.
Nicotine boosts IQ
Researchers in New Zealand conducted a trial with 10 women and 6 men ranging in age from 18 – 32 years. All participants were smokers and were instructed not to smoke
during the 2-hour period prior to the experiment.
Each subject completed the even and odd numbers of the Raven’s Advanced Progressive Matrices (APM) test in two sessions. APM is a test to measure intelligence (IQ).
In each of 2 experimental sessions, subjects were given 20 minutes to complete the assigned half of the APM. Before beginning the test, subjects took 6 puffs of a medium
(0.8 mg) cigarette every 20 seconds. After 10 minutes, subjects were prompted to take 2 additional puffs.
Results of the experiment showed that APM scores were significantly higher in the smoking session compared to the non-smoking session. Suggesting that nicotine acts to
enhance intelligence.[xviii]
Another study at the University of Colorado may explain part of this boost in IQ. Nicotine was found to increase the efficiency of neural communication between areas of the
brain involved in cognition. And even the rest of the brain.[xix]
Nicotine improves typing speed
Researchers conducted 5 experiments to study the effects of using 2 mg of nicotine on keyboard typing speed. In study after study nicotine produced a reliably consistent
increase in typing speed.[xx]
Nicotine will also improve and increase the speed of your handwriting. Scientists in Germany noted that nicotine has consistently been shown to improve psychomotor
performance. So they recruited 38 smokers and 38 non-smokers to participate in a study.
Both groups received gum containing 0, 2 or 4 mg of nicotine. And their handwriting performance was assessed after they chewed the nicotine gum. Subjects were asked to
perform a simple writing task. Movement time, velocity and acceleration of handwriting movements were measured.
Nicotine reduced movement times, increased writing velocity and more fluid handwriting movements were observed. The results suggested that nicotine can enhance
psychomotor performance to a significant degree in a real-lie motor task.[xxi]
Nicotine boosts memory
Nicotine has been shown to improve short-term and working memory in several studies. In this study conducted in the UK, researchers recruited 60 smokers and 60 nonsmokers in a double-blind procedure.
Half of the subjects chewed nicotine gum and the other half chewed a placebo prior to performing a memory task. Results showed that nicotine significantly improves shortterm memory.[xxii]
Nicotine for the treatment of ADHD
Several studies have shown the benefits of nicotine in treating the symptoms of ADHD. Focusing and memory break down in those of us with ADHD and ADD. And
treatment with Ritalin, Adderall or other stimulants often corrects this inattentiveness and memory impairment. But it does nothing for the accompanying depression and
anxiety.
And this is the reason many Adult ADHD sufferers smoke. This study showed that using a nicotine patch not only helped decrease anxiety and depression symptoms of
ADHD. It also helped smokers stop using tobacco products while taking care of their ADHD symptoms.[xxiii]
In this study, nicotine was compared to the effects Ritalin and or a placebo had in treating ADHD. Nicotine improved performance and reduced errors. It decreased
depression, and decreased overall severity of ADHD symptoms.[xxiv]
Another double-blind, placebo-controlled trial worked with 6 smokers and 11 nonsmokers with Adult ADHD. Nicotine decreased ADHD symptoms, increased vigor, and
improved reaction time.[xxv]
Dosage Notes
Nicotine as a nootropic is dosed at 1 – 2 mg on an as needed basis.
Nicotine gum typically comes in 2 – 4 mg. You can cut a 4 mg piece of gum in half for a 2 mg dose. Gum releases the nicotine dose over the course of 20 – 30 minutes.
The problem with nicotine gum is aspartame along with other unhealthy sweeteners.
Nicotine patches come in varying strengths and usually contain more nicotine than gum or lozenges. Neurohackers (contrary to package warnings) cut the patch to size
depending on the dose they want to use.
My preferred method is nicotine lozenges. The mini-lozenges are best because they’re not full of toxic chemicals like the larger lozenges. The 2 mg mini-lozenge cut in half
provides a nice cognitive boost in 10 – 20 minutes.
Side Effects
Nicotine is addictive primarily because it boosts levels of dopamine in your brain.[xxvi] Not nearly as addictive as smoking tobacco but addictive nonetheless.
Nicotine can cause increased heart rate, dizziness, cough, sneezing, sinus problems, upset stomach, constipation, and headaches.
Nicotine does not “cause” cancer. But may be a tumor promoter. So if you had or currently have cancer you should avoid nicotine.
If you are dealing with a gut infection of H pylori bacteria, you should not use nicotine until you get this problem under control.
Available Forms
Nicotine as a nootropic comes in gum, inhalers, lozenges, and transdermal patches.
See “Dosage Notes” for specific dosing instructions.
Mini-lozenges are the safest and best form for nootropic use. I have tried and recommend the nicotine lozenges or gum by Lucy Nicotine. Lucy uses pharmaceutical grade
nicotine and natural ingredients only in their lozenges and gum. Check them out here: Lucy.co Nicotine.
Nicotine spray is a newer option you may want to try. You get a 1 mg dose for each spray under your tongue (sublingually). Great for a quick cognitive boost and burst of
energy. There’s about 100 sprays in each container.
Of course there is also smoking and chewing tobacco for your nicotine dose which we DO NOT recommend.
Vaping is another option. But it can come with a host of potential issues if you’re not familiar with vaping. The safest option is rebuildable coils using stainless steel wire and
organic cotton with vegetable glycerin as your nicotine base. And keeping the temperature low and power less than 4 volts.
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Nicotine 1 – 2 mg per dose
We recommend using Nicotine as a nootropic supplement.
Your body does not make nicotine on its own. So if you are going to supplement with nicotine, you must take it as a supplement.
Nicotine is helpful for those dealing with short-, long-term and working memory problems, low energy, depression or anxiety.
Nicotine is especially helpful for dealing with the symptoms of Adult ADHD. Nicotine can help relieve most of the symptoms of ADHD. And is a good compliment to your
existing ADHD meds.
While nicotine is a powerful cognitive enhancer, it is also addictive and can lead to tolerance and withdrawal symptoms in some people. So caution is advised. And if you’re
prone to addiction please stay away from nicotine.
As neurohackers, we have great acetylcholine agonists available to us if you don’t want to experiment with nicotine. Most of the racetams will boost acetylcholine use in the
brain.
We suggest starting with a dose of ½ – 1 mg of nicotine in mini-lozenge or spray form. Nicotine will compliment nearly everything in your current nootropic stack.
There is no benefit to dosing more than 2 mg of nicotine for cognitive benefit. And too avoid addiction and tolerance we suggest only using nicotine occasionally.
Lucy.co for example sells nicotine 4mg lozenges. Use a pill splitter and cut them in half for a 2 mg nootropic dose.
Noopept
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
Noopept is known for boosting cognition, memory, learning, perception, logical thinking and mood
Noopept (n-phenylacetyl-l-prolylglycine ethyl ester or GVS-111) is an ampakine nootropic similar in action to the racetam-class of compounds. Noopept is up to
1000-times more potent than the original racetam, Piracetam.
Noopept was patented by Russian-based pharmaceutical company JSC LEKKO Pharmaceuticals in 1996. Research shows Noopept has similar effects, but works differently
than other nootropics in the racetam-family.
Noopept is not considered a true “racetam” because it doesn’t have a 2-oxo-pyrrolidine core.
Noopept does not appear in blood samples when taken as a supplement. Instead it elevates concentrations of cycloprolylglycine (CPG) in the brain.
CPG is a dipeptide consisting of proline and glycine which acts as a modulator of acetylcholine transmission and AMPA receptor function.[i]
Noopept is patented in both Russia and the USA. It is sold as a prescription drug in Russia, and other countries that were part of the Soviet Union. And as a supplement in
the United States.
Neurohackers use Noopept to boost cognition, memory and learning. And to improve reflexes, perception, logical thinking and mood.
Noopept helps:



Brain Optimization: Noopept increases Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF). Critical for neuroplasticity and Long-Term Potentiation. Brain health gets a
boost along with long-term memory.
Neuroprotection: Noopept prevents the release of excess glutamate in your brain. Glutamate is the brain’s primary excitatory neurotransmitter. When there’s a lack of oxygen in the brain,
neurons can’t receive glutamate. This leads to toxic levels of glutamate within brain cells. And can result in neuron damage and death. Diminishing this neurotoxic overload with Noopept is
potent neuroprotection.[ii]
Brain Waves: Noopept boosts Alpha and Beta brain wave activity. You become calmer and more creative. It’s easier to go into a flow state. And you are prone to making innovative and
resourceful decisions.
Table of Contents

Overview
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Noopept vs. Piracetam: What’s the Difference?
How does Noopept work in the Brain?
How things go bad
Noopept to the rescue
How does Noopept feel?
The Research
o
o
o
Noopept increases Nerve Growth Factor & BDNF
Noopept boosts Brain Waves
Noopept improves memory
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
Noopept (n-phenylacetyl-l-prolylglycine ethyl ester or GVS-111) is often included in the racetam-family of nootropic compounds. But is not a true “racetam” because
it does not have a 2-oxo-pyrrolidine nucleus.
Noopept
Noopept was developed in Russia where it is called Ноопепт or GVS-111. Russian-based pharmaceutical company JSC LEKKO Pharmaceuticals synthesized Noopept in 1996
based off the endogenous neuropeptide cycloprolylglycine (CPG).
Researchers in Moscow found Noopept similar to Piracetam in not only it’s nootropic effect, but also anxiolytic activity.[iii]
Noopept is a water-soluble ampakine nootropic. AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic) refers to one of three glutamate receptors in your brain.[iv]
Noopept could also be considered a Cholinergic compound because it affects acetylcholine levels in the brain.
One of the newer synthetic nootropic compounds, Noopept is known as a cognitive enhancer. And is known for its anxiolytic, or anti-anxiety effects.
Noopept is considered to be up to 1000-times more potent than Piracetam. As an ampakine nootropic, it helps increase attention span, alertness and boosts all three levels
of memory. Memory formation, retention and recall.
Ampakines tend to have a stimulant effect. But do not produce the same stimulant side effects as Ritalin or coffee from prolonged use.
Noopept vs. Piracetam: What’s the Difference?
Russian-based pharmaceutical company JSC LEKKO Pharmaceuticals developed Noopept in the late 1996 as a peptide analogue of the original nootropic Piracetam.[v]
Noopept and Piracetam are both water-soluble. And both Noopept and Piracetam are cognitive enhancers. Both have neuroprotective and anxiolytic (anti-anxiety)
qualities.[vi] Both racetams are able to improve learning and memory. And both are able to repair brain damage.
But Noopept has additional benefits not shared with Piracetam. First, the effective dose of Noopept compared to Piracetam is 1,000-times lower. A typical dose of Noopept is
10 – 30 mg while Piracetam is often dosed up to 3 or 4,000 mg.
Second, Piracetam facilitates only the early stages of the memory process. On the other hand, Noopept influences memory consolidation AND retrieval steps as well. So
Noopept helps you develop the memory, retain the memory, and then recall what you have stored in memory.[vii]
Noopept also has additional selective anxiolytic (anti-anxiety) action. Researchers believe this is due in part to Noopept’s antioxidant effect, anti-inflammatory action, and
the ability to prevent the neurotoxic effect of too much calcium and glutamate.
How does Noopept work in the Brain?
Noopept boosts brain health and function in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
Noopept modulates AMPA and NMDA receptors and acetylcholine (ACh) transmission. Noopept boosts the level of cycloprolylglycine (CPG) in the brain. CPG is a dipeptide consisting of proline
and glycine which acts as a modulator of acetylcholine transmission, and AMPA and NMDA receptors.
When brain cells are starved of oxygen, glutamate which is your brain’s primary excitatory neurotransmitter, does not work efficiently with neuroreceptors. The result can
be a toxic buildup of glutamate within brain cells. Causing neuron damage and ultimately, neuron death.
Noopept modulates neuroreceptor function keeping glutamate transmission at normal levels. Protecting neurons and other brain cells from glutamate damage.
Noopept has also been shown to modulate acetylcholine flow in your brain. Restoring the harmony of glutamate and acetylcholine function not only protects your brain from
damage. It can boost cognition, memory, learning, recall, mood and relieve anxiety.
2.
Noopept increases Nerve Growth Factor (NGF), Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and mRNA. NGF and BDNF are directly related to neuroplasticity. This ability to repair and even grow
new brain cells can have profound implications. Particularly with someone with neurodegenerative brain damage like Parkinson’s or Alzheimer’s. And even affecting Long-Term Potentiation
needed for long-term memory development.
mRNA affects the expression of genes and intracellular communication in brain cells. This ongoing brain signaling and gene expression within brain cells is required for
healthy cognition.
One study conducted in Moscow showed long-term use of Noopept boosted NGF, BDNF and mRNA. The animal subjects in this study showed no sign of tolerance. And longterm use of Noopept even potentiated the neurotrophic effect.[viii]
How things go bad
Glutamate is an excitatory relative of GABA. While GABA has a calming effect, glutamate stimulates. Glutamate is the most common neurotransmitter in
the central nervous system.
But glutamate can be toxic to neurons. And too much of it in your brain can kill brain cells. Lou Gehrig’s Disease for example, is caused by excess glutamate.
But glutamate is a pivotal neurotransmitter in the brain. It links the brain circuits involved in memory, learning and perception.
↑ Too much glutamate can kill neurons
↓ Too little glutamate can cause problems with memory, learning and perception
↓ Acetylcholine levels decline
↓ Nerve Growth Factor declines
↓ Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor declines
All of these changes can happen at any age. And are a product of the food we eat, what we drink, lifestyle habits, the air we breathe and more.
So Noopept can help for age-related cognitive decline, as well as a student looking to do better in school. By boosting NGF, BDNF and acetylcholine, and controlling
glutamate in the brain.
Noopept to the rescue
Noopept modulates AMPA and NDMA receptors. AMPA receptors are associated with how glutamate and calcium is used in your brain. With Noopept, it’s more of a
neuroprotective role.
Similar to the AMPA receptor, the NMDA receptor is also associated with glutamate and calcium use in your brain. They work together to modulate how neurons use
glutamate.
Noopept modulates levels of glutamate within and between neurons. It prevents glutamate toxicity, and influences Long-Term Potentiation (LTP). LTP is associated with
neuroplasticity that allows long-term memories to form.
There is clinical evidence that Noopept boosts communication and neuron signaling. By boosting Alpha and Beta brain wave activity. You become calmer and more
creative. It’s easier to go into a flow state. And you are prone to making innovative and resourceful decisions.
Noopept produces an anxiolytic (anti-anxiety) effect. It stimulates dopamine receptors (D2 and D3) and acetylcholine nicotinic receptors. And Noopept also seems to
modulate some serotonin receptors. All contributing to a better mood and less anxiety.
Noopept has been shown in the lab to boost Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF). NGF and BDNF are both involved in neuroplasticity,
and the repair and replacement of damaged brain cells. Resulting in overall better brain health, memory and cognition.[ix]
Noopept is water-soluble and quickly enters your brain after you take it. Once in your brain, it boosts signal transmission, and protects neurons.
How does Noopept feel?
Nootropics users report:



Noopept as a study aid. On its own, Noopept increases focus and attention for many neurohackers. Mental arithmetic and grasping difficult concepts is easier.
Increased verbal fluidity. Your conversation skills could increase with Noopept. Vocabulary comes easier. Being able to focus contributes to a more balanced dialogue. Neurohackers report
being more outgoing, friendly and less self-conscious.
Improved mood. With Noopept you may find yourself better able to deal with stressful situations and work issues that normally get you down. Once you get past the first few weeks of
unpleasant memories related to PTSD you may find overwhelming emotions will subside. You could feel detached in a pleasant way from painful memories.


Music appreciation. Many users report increased pleasure when listening to music while using Noopept. For some it takes music to a different plane. Distinguishing between instruments in
sound tracks is easier. As a whole, music sounds better.
Long-term memory. Noopept affects NGF and BDNF which affects long-term potentiation. Some neurohackers report memories long forgotten suddenly spring up. Which could be good or bad
I suppose depending on the memory. But reports say memories are clear. And if they’re unpleasant there is an emotional detachment shielding from unpleasant feelings.
You should be able to experience the effects of Noopept soon after you take it. It’s water-soluble and enters your cells quickly especially if you take it sublingually.
A word of caution however; don’t go over the recommended 10 – 30 mg per day dose! You will not experience any added benefit, and could bring on unwanted side effects.
There is some debate on the water-solubility of Noopept. It’s not truly fat-soluble but it certainly doesn’t hurt to use a quality “good fat” when taking your Noopept dose.
The Research
Noopept increases Nerve Growth Factor & BDNF
A study published by the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences in Moscow shows that Noopept stimulates Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic
Factor (BDNF).
In this study, researchers studied the effect of single and long-term treatment (28 days) of Noopept. They found that one-time treatment boosted mRNA in the cerebral
cortex of rats. mRNA is a molecule in brain cells that carries codes from DNA where they specify the amino acid sequence of proteins.
And long-term treatment of Noopept increased Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF). The researchers speculated that this sequence of events in the brain plays
a role in the restoration of neurons.
Improving neurotrophin synthesis in the hippocampus boosts cognitive function. Particularly consolidation and delayed memory retrieval.
The research team concluded that Noopept “holds much promise to prevent the development of Alzheimer’s disease in patients with mild cognitive impairment”.[x]
Noopept boosts Brain Waves
Researchers in Moscow studied the effects of injecting Noopept in rats to see how it would affect brain waves.
The team found that Noopept increased Alpha and Beta brain wave activity throughout the brain.
You experience Alpha waves as you become more relaxed. Alpha waves are associated with super-learning, flow state and joy. Beta waves are associated with
concentration, alertness and cognition.
The researchers observed that NMDA receptors were involved with a single injection of Noopept. While AMPA receptors were activated after longer-term use of Noopept.[xi]
NMDA receptors are associated with Long-Term Potentiation (long-term memory) and neuroplasticity. AMPA receptors are associated with increased brain signaling
activity. Boosting cognition and memory.
Noopept improves memory
Noopept is known within the nootropic community for enhancing memory. And dozens of studies support this claim of better memory when using Noopept.
One study done at the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences in Moscow experimented with Noopept on rats. The animals were trained in passive avoidance response.
The animal’s ability to both form a memory and retain a memory was impaired. But once the rats received a dose of Noopept, they were able to retain a memory and
retrieve that memory later.
In other words, Noopept normalized learning capacity in animals with damage done to their cerebral cortex. And promoted training ability in rats with a hereditary learning
deficit.
The researchers noted that “Noopept improves all three stages of memory”. And was most pronounced in those with impaired memory function.[xii]
Another study, again done with rats noted that Noopept stimulated learning after just a single administration. And repeated administration actually increased the number of
successful learners among the animals who failed the initial training.[xiii]
Dosage Notes
Recommended Noopept dosage is 10 – 30 mg per day.
Noopept is very bioavailable and easily crosses the blood-brain barrier.[xiv]
Noopept is sold in tablet, capsule and powder form. Tablets and capsules are usually 10 mg each.
Noopept is primarily water-soluble nootropic, but won’t easily dissolve in water or juice. So it may help if you take it with a meal containing healthy fats. Or with a
tablespoon of extra virgin, expeller cold-pressed coconut or olive oil. Or other similar healthy fat to ensure quick absorption.
For even quicker absorption you can use Noopept sublingually. Let the tablet or powder dissolve under your tongue so it can go straight into your blood-stream, and into
your brain. Bypassing your digestive system completely.
Side Effects
Noopept is a synthetic nootropic and consider non-toxic. So is considered well-tolerated and safe. As long as you stay within the recommended dosage.
Side effects are rare but can include fatigue, headaches, insomnia or stomach upset. Side effects are often a result of unusually high doses of the nootropic.
Headaches from using Noopept typically happen when you forget to combine it with a good choline supplement. Headaches are often a symptom of a choline deficit in your
brain.
Available Forms
Noopept is sold in tablet, capsule and powder form. Tablets and capsules are usually 10 mg each.
In the USA, the best place to buy Noopept in capsules or powder form is HR Supplements based in Phoenix, AZ. The company has been in business for over 25 years, has
an extensive testing lab and their product is top quality. I’ve use their product and recommend them.
In Russia and some other Eastern European countries, Noopept is a prescription drug.
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Noopept 10 – 30 mg per day
We recommend using Noopept as a nootropic supplement.
Your body does not make Noopept on its own. So to get its benefits you must take it as a supplement.
Noopept is especially helpful for those looking to boost cognition, memory and recall. This nootropic helps boost the activity of acetylcholine in your brain. It modulates
glutamate receptors which normalizes optimal neurotransmitter function. And increases Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) which
helps the neuroplasticity needed for Long-Term Potentiation.
Noopept is also particularly useful to students and executives who want to boost cognition, learning and memory. My experience using Noopept shows it helps boost study
scores, work flow, learning and memory.
Noopept also helps improve verbal fluidity and sociability. Words seem to come easily, and vocabulary you didn’t know you had access to come into play.
Music sounds richer and fuller, and your listening experience enters a new level of music appreciation.
You should stack Noopept with a good choline supplement like Alpha GPC or CDP-Choline. It helps boost neural acetylcholine, so demands the presence of more choline in
your brain.
You should not exceed doses of more than 30 mg per day. Start with 10 mg and see how you respond.
In the USA, the best place to buy Noopept in capsules or powder form is HR Supplements based in Phoenix, AZ.
Oat Straw
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
Oat Straw has been shown to relieve stress and anxiety, increase energy, boost cognition, and improve libido
Oat Straw (avena sativa) is green oat grass. The tops of the oat plant in the milky stage before mature oat grains form a head.
Avena sativa, or the common oat plant is a popular cereal grain that has been used by humans as nutrition for at least 3,000 years.
Oat Straw
In 1987, the German Commission E declared oat straw be used as a “nervine herb”. The Commission determined that oat straw extract was an effective herbal remedy for
anxiety and stress (i.e. nerves).[i]
Oat straw has a reputation in men’s health as a sexual performance enhancer. More recent studies have shown oat straw can improve cognitive performance as well.
The nootropic benefits of Oat Straw were first revealed in the Middle Ages in Europe. In was recommended for boosting mental health, and as a restorative to the nervous
system.[ii]
Saint Hildegard of Bingen, a nun and herbalist born in 1098 in what is now present-day Germany, considered oats to be a favorite ‘happiness’ herb.[iii]
Here we investigate using oat straw extract as a nootropic.
Oat Straw helps:
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Inflammation. Bioactive compounds unique to oat straw are anti-inflammatory protecting against neurodegeneration, heart disease, colon cancer and skin irritation.
Cerebral Circulation. Oat straw helps boost nitric oxide and inhibits PDE4 which help dilate blood vessels. Increased blood flow increases delivery of vital nutrients and oxygen needed for a
fully optimized brain.
Anxiety and stress. Oat straw helps boost Alpha brain waves associated with super-learning, flow states and joy. And helps increase dopamine levels in your brain which increases feelings of
pleasure, libido and sexual pleasure. Even cognition gets a boost.
Table of Contents
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Overview
How does Oat Straw work in the Brain?
How things go bad
Oat Straw to the rescue
How does Oat Straw feel?
The Research
o
o
Oat Straw Improves Memory
Oat Straw for Improved Cognition
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
Oat Straw (avena sativa) as a nootropic is an extract produced from the common oat plant while still in its milky stage.
Oats are a cereal grain grown in temperate climates world-wide as food for humans and livestock. And as an ingredient used in cosmetics.
The oat plant is descended from avena sterilis, a wild oat that originated in the ‘Fertile Crescent’ that spanned from Israel to western Iran to Europe. It was domesticated
about 3,000 years ago in Europe.
Oat Straw (avena sativa)
Tea brewed from oats has traditionally been used as a sedative. And as an herbal treatment for insomnia and nervous disorders.
Avenanthramides (bioactive compounds unique in oats) have been shown to enhance nitric oxide (NO) production in human smooth muscle cells.[iv] And have antiinflammatory, anti-proliferative, and anti-itching activity. Protecting against heart disease, colon cancer and skin irritation.[v]
Oat straw extract inhibits phosphodiesterase type 4 (PDE4). PDE4 is a component of signaling pathways involved in the mediation of antidepressant activity.[vi]
PDE4 inhibitors can prolong the effects of cAMP in the brain which can improve long-term memory, wakefulness, is neuroprotective, works as an anti-inflammatory and
antidepressant.
Oat straw extract inhibits monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) which increases dopamine levels in the brain. Helping brain disorders like ADHD and Parkinson’s Disease.[vii]
Oat straw extract suppresses inflammatory cytokines by inhibiting nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation[viii] Cytokines are implicated in a number of brain disorders including
major depression, schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s Disease.[ix]
How does Oat Straw work in the Brain?
Oat Straw boosts brain health and function in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
Oat Straw boosts cerebral circulation. Oat straw extract increases blood flow to and within the brain through several mechanisms of action. Oat straw contains the amino acid arginine
which synthesizes to create nitric oxide (NO). NO dilates blood vessels allowing more blood to flow.
Avenanthramides (bioactive compounds unique in oats) have been shown to enhance nitric oxide (NO) production in human smooth muscle cells. And the suppression of
inflammatory cytokines in combination with increased nitric oxide increases blood flow.
A study with 37 healthy older adults (60+ years) participated in a 24-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Participants received 1500 mg per day of oat
straw extract or a placebo.
The study showed that cerebral vascular responsiveness increased by 42%. This indicates that the middle cerebral artery was able to dilate in response to stress.[x] And
more blood flow to the brain increases oxygen and nutrient delivery to brain cells.
2.
Oat Straw increases Alpha Brain Waves. You experience alpha brain wave patterns as you become more relaxed. And is associated with super-learning, flow states and joy.
German researchers conducted a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study using 1,250 or 2,500 mg of oat straw extract compared to placebo. An EEG
was used to measure brain wave frequencies in this trial.
The researchers noted that oat straw extract affected brain wave patterns in an area of the brain associated with cognition. The subjects performed better in arithmetic with
fewer errors.[xi]
How things go bad
Ever noticed how older people seem more frail? They suffer from cognitive dysfunction and an overall decline in well-being. Research show these conditions are associated
with a drop in dopamine levels as we age.[xii]
↓ Dopamine levels decrease
↑ Monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) increases
↓ Mood, cognition and bodily function decline
Dopamine levels begin to decline by 13% per decade after age 45.[xiii] Cognition, mood and sexual function all suffer as a result. And gradually progress into diseases such
as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.
Oat Straw to the rescue
Researchers have found that this age-related decrease in dopamine is caused by an enzyme called monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B).
In our youth, MAO-B regulates the exact amount of dopamine we need in our brain. But as we age, MAO-B levels get out of hand and increase too much.[xiv] As MAO-B
levels rise, dopamine levels fall.
Research has shown that inhibition of MAO-B preserves brain function by protecting dopamine. And extends cognition, sexual function and life span.[xv]
Oat Straw extract has been found to inhibit MAO-B, and enhance dopamine that normally declines with age.[xvi]
Oat straw extract can:
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Work as an antidepressant
Help you cope with stress
Reduce anxiety
Control inflammation
Relieve skin irritation
Increase libido and sexual performance
How does Oat Straw feel?
Most neurohackers report that supplementing with oat straw extract increases energy levels and libido.
Others report more mental clarity, less anxiety, and an overall sense of well-being.
Men say it increases libido and morning wood.
The Research
Oat Straw Improves Memory
An Australian study was conducted with a group of elderly people. Some showed signs of mild cognitive impairment while others showed no impairment. Researchers
wanted to measure cognitive performance after taking oat straw extract.
Subjects were randomly assigned to receive a single dose of oat straw extract once a week. The study used 0 mg, 1,600 mg or 2,400 mg of oat straw extract.
This was a “crossover” trial which means each subject was rotated through all 3 doses. So each participant functioned as a “control” during the trial.
Researchers used the Stroop Color-Word Test which measures memory, executive function, catching errors, appropriate responses and attention.
In this study, those who did not use oat straw extract had an average of 3.39 errors on the test. Those receiving 1,600 mg made only 1.2 errors (a 65% improvement).
The subjects who reported no cognitive impairment did even better with an average of 0.55 errors compared to placebo who averaged 2.13 errors (a 74% improvement).
The 2,400 mg subjects performed about as well as those taking a placebo.
The 2,400 mg dose of oat straw extract is significant because it shows that suppressing MAO-B too much will not improve cognition.[xvii]
Oat Straw for Improved Cognition
A study using oat straw extract (Neuravena®) assessed the effects of a single dose with healthy adults aged 40 – 65 years with self-declared memory decline.
Participants received a single dose of 800 or 1,600 mg of oat straw extract. Cognitive function was assessed measuring attention, spatial-working-episodic memory and
executive function before dosing. Testing was done 1, 2.5, 4 and 6 hours after dosing.
The results showed that 800 mg of oat straw extract increased speed of performance. Participants experienced improved performance of delayed word recall in terms
of errors. And executive function in terms of decreased thinking time and overall completion time.
The researchers concluded that acute (one-time) dosage of oat straw extract produced optimal effects on cognition at or below 800 mg. Once again showing that when
inhibiting MOA-B, too much inhibiting does more harm than good.[xviii]
Oat straw extract enhances attention and concentration without the side effects of insomnia, nervousness, or anxiety.
Dosage Notes
Oat straw extract recommended dosage:
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Oat straw powder in a capsule is 350 mg up to 3-times daily
Oat straw tincture ½ to 1 teaspoon up to 3-times daily
Oat straw tea up to 3 cups per day
Most clinical studies showed the most effective dose to be between 800 – 1,600 mg per day.
You should not exceed the recommended dosage because studies show that inhibiting MOA-B in excess will not provide the benefits normally associated with oat straw
supplementation.
Side Effects
Oat straw is natural, non-toxic and considered very safe.
Exceeding recommended doses however can inhibit MAO-B too much and you will not get the cognitive benefit you’re looking for with oat straw.
Available Forms
Oat straw is available as powdered leaves and stems in capsule form, oat straw extract standardized 10:1 or 20:1, and alcohol extract tinctures.
Neuravena® (EFLA®955) is a patented oat straw extract made by Frutarom Health and licensed to some supplement manufacturers.
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Oat Straw extract 800 – 1,600 mg per day
We recommend using Oat Straw as a nootropic supplement.
Your body does not make Oat Straw on its own. So you must take it as a supplement.
Oat Straw is especially helpful for those dealing with dopamine decline due to aging. As we age and particularly past age 40, MOA-B is produced in excess in our brains
which causes dopamine to decline.
Declining dopamine levels affect cognition, sexual function, mood and longevity. Oat straw extract is a natural inhibitor of MAO-B and will help restore dopamine to youthful
levels.
Oat Straw is also helpful for those suffering from Parkinson’s or Alzheimer’s disease. Increased MOA-B, loss of dopamine receptors, and declining dopamine levels all
contribute to neurodegenerative disease. Studies have found that using oat straw extract early in the diagnosis of disease can help alleviate symptoms of these diseases.
You can safely take up to 1,600 mg of Oat Straw extract daily if needed. Half the dose first thing in the morning. And the other half early afternoon. Oat straw extract acts
as a stimulant so avoid taking it too late in the day or it may affect sleep.
Do not exceed recommended doses (more than 1,600 mg) of oat straw extract. You’ll suppress MOA-B too much which can mess with dopamine levels in your brain.
Oxiracetam
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
Oxiracetam has been shown to improve short and long-term memory, boost concentration and focus, improve cognition and increase cognitive energy
Oxiracetam (4-Hydroxy-2-oxopyrrolidine-N-acetamide or ISF-2522) is a water-soluble Ampakine nootropic in the racetam-class of compounds. Oxiracetam is
considerably more potent than the original racetam, Piracetam.[i]
Oxiracetam was the 3rd racetam nootropic and developed in the 1970’s. It is chemically derived from Piracetam (2-oxo-1-pyrrolidinoacetamide) where the main difference is
the addition of a hydroxyl group. Oxiracetam, similar to other racetam nootropics, has a pyrrolidone nucleus at its core.
Oxiracetam modulates AMPA-sensitive glutamate receptors, and increases neurotransmitter release.[ii]
A favorite racetam among the nootropics community. Neurohackers use Oxiracetam to boost memory and learning, support brain health and for its mild stimulant
properties.
Oxiracetam helps:
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Brain Optimization: Oxiracetam significantly improves cognition and memory, sensory perception and reflexes. Focus and concentration get a boost. And recall is easier.
Neurotransmitters: Oxiracetam enhances choline-acetyltransferase (ChAT) in your brain.[iii] ChAT is the enzyme responsible for acetylcholine (ACh). ACh is the neurotransmitter critical for
encoding new memories, reasoning, concentration, cognition and neuroplasticity.
Brain Energy: Oxiracetam modulates AMPA-receptors in your brain. Ampakines provide a stimulant-effect by influencing glutamate receptors. Without any of the side effects associated with
stimulants.[iv] Oxiracetam also seems to boost ATP synthesis in brain cells.[v]
Table of Contents
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Overview
Oxiracetam vs. Piracetam: What’s the Difference?
How does Oxiracetam Work in the Brain?
How things go bad
Oxiracetam to the rescue
How does Oxiracetam feel?
The Research
o
o
Oxiracetam helps Traumatic Brain Injury
Oxiracetam Improves Cognition and Memory
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
Oxiracetam (4-Hydroxy-2-oxopyrrolidine-N-acetamide or ISF-2522) is in the racetam-family of nootropic compounds. It is a water-soluble ampakine nootropic.
AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic) refers to one of three glutamate receptors in your brain.[vi]
Oxiracetam
The racetam-class of nootropics have a pyrrolidone nucleus at their core. But Oxiracetam has the addition of a hydroxyl group. And Oxiracetam is a Cholinergic
compound, meaning it affects acetylcholine levels in the brain.
Oxiracetam is sold as an over-the-counter, unrestricted compound in much of the world including the United States.
One of the older synthetic nootropic compounds, it is known as a cognitive enhancer. And for its stimulatory effects.
Oxiracetam is considered to be more potent than Piracetam. As an ampakine nootropic, it helps increase attention span, alertness and boosts memory. Including the
ability to form long-term memories even if taken after the initial memory formation.[vii]
Ampakines tend to have a stimulant effect. But do not produce the same stimulant side effects as Ritalin or coffee from prolonged use.
Oxiracetam vs. Piracetam: What’s the Difference?
Oxiracetam was developed in the 1977 as a derivative of Piracetam.
Oxiracetam and Piracetam are both water-soluble. The half-life and nootropic benefits are similar.
iracetam vs Oxiracetam
The potency of Oxiracetam seems to be about 5-times that of Piracetam. So it’ll take less to get the same nootropic effect.
Both Oxiracetam and Piracetam are cognitive enhancers. And both have neuroprotective qualities. Both racetams are able to improve learning and memory. And both are
able to repair brain damage.
Oxiracetam has additional benefits not shared with Piracetam. Oxiracetam provides more of a stimulatory effect than Piracetam. Some even compare it to Modafinil.
Many prefer Oxiracetam over Piracetam. But if you’re a first-time user of Oxiracetam, start with a lower dose and see how you react to it. And make sure you stack it with a
good choline source to avoid the racetam-headache and irritability sometimes associated with racetams.
How does Oxiracetam Work in the Brain?
Oxiracetam boosts brain health and function in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
Oxiracetam boosts memory and cognition. Oxiracetam modulates AMPA receptors in the brain. These receptors work like control channels, overseeing and regulating synaptic transmission.
Oxiracetam also increases the density of binding sites for neurotransmitters on AMPA receptors.[viii]
The result of these actions is a stimulant-effect without any of the negative side effects associated with stimulants. And there is clinical evidence that this stimulant
action has an effect on memory and cognition.
One double-blind, placebo controlled trial was done with 65 patients diagnosed with primary degenerative dementia. Patients were given 800 mg of Oxiracetam twice daily
for 12 weeks, or a placebo. Subjects were tested before the trial, and after 6 and 12 weeks of treatment.
The researchers found a significant difference in favor of Oxiracetam based on a ‘quality of life scale’, and several neurological tests for memory.[ix]
Oxiracetam also seems to prevent an imbalance of acetylcholine activity when NMDA receptors are malfunctioning.[x] AMPA and NMDA receptors work together for the flow
of glutamate necessary for learning and memory processes. Including Long-Term Potentiation that is associated with neuroplasticity that allows long-term memories to
form.
2.
Oxiracetam boosts the availability of acetylcholine (ACh) in the brain. Leading to improved short-term and long-term memory. And eliminating ‘brain fog’. Oxiracetam does this by
boosting the sensitivity of ACh receptors.
Oxiracetam enhances protein kinase C (PKC) which affects M1 acetylcholine receptors. Oxiracetam even demonstrates the ability to repair these receptors when
damaged.[xi] More ACh results in better memory and learning.
How things go bad
Glutamate is an excitatory relative of GABA. While GABA has a calming effect, glutamate stimulates. Glutamate is the most common neurotransmitter in the central nervous
system.
Glutamate is a pivotal neurotransmitter in the brain. It links the brain circuits involved in memory, learning and perception.
↓ Too little glutamate can cause problems with memory, learning and perception
↓ AMPA and NMDA receptors wear out or die
↓ Acetylcholine levels decline
↓ Cholinergic neurons wear or die out
All of these changes can happen at any age. And are a product of the food we eat, what we drink, lifestyle habits, the air we breathe and more.
So Oxiracetam can help for age-related cognitive decline, as well as a student looking to do better in school. By boosting acetylcholine and controlling glutamate in the
brain.
Oxiracetam to the rescue
Clinical studies have looked at using Oxiracetam to treat Alzheimer’s, ADHD, dementia, concussions and other brain disorders. Many of these trials demonstrated
Oxiracetam’s ability to improve learning, spatial learning performance, memory, recall and quality of life scores.
Oxiracetam works similar to other racetams by targeting the neurotransmitters acetylcholine (ACh) and glutamate. ACh has a significant impact on memory formation and
recall. And glutamate plays a role in memory formation, motivation and attention.
Oxiracetam encourages the use of acetylcholine in your brain. So when using Oxiracetam you must ensure you have adequate choline levels available to make
acetylcholine. Most neurohackers stack Oxiracetam with a choline supplement like Alpha GPC or CDP-Choline.
Oxiracetam is used to boost short and long-term memory, eliminate brain fog, improve attention and focus, and the ability to learn.
How does Oxiracetam feel?
Nootropics users report that Oxiracetam clears brain fog, improves focus and motivation. Especially when learning new material or working through a tedious task.
You could see a significant improvement in recall. Reading is easier giving you the ability to get through more pages faster and retain the information for later.
And some report an improvement in mood which could be the result of more acetylcholine available for use in the brain.
Oxiracetam does have a stimulant-effect so try not to take it too late in the day as it may interfere with a good night’s sleep.
You should be able to experience the effects of Oxiracetam soon after you take it. It’s water-soluble so it’s digested and enters your cells quickly. And unlike other
stimulants, there is no “crash” once Oxiracetam leaves your system.
The Research
Researchers worked with 96 patients diagnosed with dementia for 12 months. Patients were treated with 1600 mg per day of Oxiracetam or a placebo. And were assessed
at 2, 6 and 12 months of the trial.
The patients treated with Oxiracetam showed a significant improvement in reaction time and cognition. The placebo group experienced a worsening of conditions. The study
authors concluded that Oxiracetam favorably acts on the symptoms of dementia. And can improve information processing, reaction times and attention.[xii]
Oxiracetam helps Traumatic Brain Injury
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major public health issue affecting 1.7 million Americans each year.[xiii] TBI can be caused by sports injuries, work accidents, car and
motorcycle accidents, falls, and your wife hitting you over the head with a frying pan.
Many survivors end up with long-term or even permanent neurocognitive dysfunction. Affecting cognition, motor function (movement) and personality. These disabilities are
estimated to cost $9.2 billion in lifetime medical costs and $51.2 billion in productivity losses.[xiv]
In a brain subjected to TBI there is glutamate toxicity, free-radical injury to brain cells, electrolyte imbalances, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, apoptosis (cell
death) and stroke.[xv]
In one study done with 30 Wistar rats, researchers looked at the role Oxiracetam could have on TBI. The animals were randomly divided into 3 groups. Rats in the
treatment group were given 100 mg/kg of Oxiracetam for 21 days. Neurologic impairment scores were measured on days 1, 4, 7, 14 and 21.
The researchers found the treatment group has significantly less brain impairment after 7, 14 and 21 days. And concluded that Oxiracetam shows promise in decreasing
neural injury caused by TBI. Increasing learning ability, memory and space cognition.[xvi]
Oxiracetam Improves Cognition and Memory
Researchers worked with 43 patients to evaluate the effects of Oxiracetam on ‘organic brain syndrome’ (OBS). OBS is brain dysfunction that is not attributable to a specific
disease like Alzheimer’s or dementia.
This double-blind, placebo-controlled study had one group of patients taking 800 mg of Oxiracetam twice a day for 8 weeks, and the other group took a placebo.
In OBS patients with mild to moderate cognitive impairment, Oxiracetam improved cognition, logic and attention. The placebo group experienced no change in cognitive
impairment.[xvii]
Another study with memory impaired rats showed that Oxiracetam restored acetylcholine receptors. Restoring learning and memory as a result.[xviii]
Dosage Notes
Recommended Oxiracetam dosage is 750 – 1,500 mg per day. Divided in two equal doses. One Oxiracetam dose in the morning, and one in the early afternoon.
Oxiracetam is sold in tablet, capsule and powder form. Tablets and capsules are usually 750 mg each.
Since Oxiracetam boosts the efficiency of acetylcholine in your brain, you should stack it with a good choline source like Al pha GPC or CDP Choline.
Side Effects
Oxiracetam non-toxic. So is considered well-tolerated and safe.
Side effects are rare but can include anxiety, fatigue, headaches, nervousness and nausea. Side effects are often a result of unusually high doses of the nootropic.
Headaches from using Oxiracetam typically happen when you forget to combine it with a good choline supplement. Headaches are often a symptom of a choline deficit in
your brain.
Available Forms
Oxiracetam is sold in tablet, capsule and powder form. Tablets and capsules are usually 750 mg each.
The best place to buy Oxiracetam in capsules or powder form is Hard Rhino supplements based in Phoenix, AZ. The company has been in business for over 25 years, has
an extensive testing lab and their product is top quality. I’ve use their product and recommend them.
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Oxiracetam 750 – 1,500 mg per day
We recommend using Oxiracetam as a nootropic supplement.
Your body does not make Oxiracetam on its own. So to get its benefits you must take it as a supplement.
Oxiracetam is especially helpful for those suffering from lack of energy, brain fog and the inability to focus. Oxiracetam influences AMPA and NMDA receptors in your brain.
Improving the efficiency of the neurotransmitter glutamate. This excitatory brain chemical is responsible for sending signals between neuron in the brain. And plays a critical
role in learning and forming memories.
Oxiracetam is also particularly useful to students and executives who want to boost cognition, learning and memory. It boosts the efficiency of the neurotransmitter
acetylcholine (ACh) in your brain. ACh is critical for encoding new memories, reasoning, concentration, cognition and growth of new synapses (neuroplasticity).
Oxiracetam also helps improve verbal fluidity and sociability. Words seem to come easily, and vocabulary you didn’t know you had access to come into play.
You should stack Oxiracetam with a good choline supplement like Alpha GPC or CDP-Choline. It helps boost neural acetylcholine, so demands the presence of more choline
in your brain.
You can safely boost daily intake of Oxiracetam to 2,800 mg if needed.
The best place to buy Oxiracetam in capsules or powder form is Hard Rhino supplements based in Phoenix, AZ.
Phenibut
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
Phenibut has a calming effect on brain and body, helps relieve stress and anxiety, and boosts Human Growth Hormone
Phenibut (β-Phenyl-GABA, β-phenyl-γ-aminobutyric acid, Noofen, Citrocard) is an analogue of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. The addition of a phenyl ring
allows Phenibut to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Neurohackers prefer Phenibut when the goal is to raise GABA levels in the brain because GABA as a supplement
cannot cross the BBB.
GABA-vs-Phenibut
Phenibut was developed in St. Petersburg, Russia in 1963. And it has since been used as a pharmaceutical used to treat PTSD, anxiety, depression, insomnia, alcoholism
and other neurological disorders.
GABA’s role is to keep glutamate, the primary excitatory neurotransmitter, from overwhelming you. Too much glutamate can cause a seizure, and too little GABA can put
you in a coma. A healthy brain maintains a critical balance of GABA and glutamate.
GABA acts like a “brake” on neuron circuits during stress. Low GABA levels can result in anxiety, insomnia, poor mood and restlessness.
Clinical studies show that boosting GABA with a supplement like Phenibut relieves anxiety, stress, and boosts the production of alpha brain waves.[i] If GABA is optimized in
your brain you’ll feel focused, relaxed and stress-free.
Phenibut helps:
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Balance mood. Phenibut has an inhibitory effect on overly stimulated neurons because it raises GABA levels in your brain. Low GABA levels lead to anxiety, depression and insomnia. GABA
helps restore that balance. Promoting a more positive mood which improves focus and relaxation.[ii]
Boost Human Growth Hormone. Bodybuilders and athletes use Phenibut before resistance training. Studies show by raising GABA levels, you can boost blood levels of Human Growth
Hormone.[iii] Promoting greater recovery support and lean muscle growth.
Neurotransmitters. Phenibut stimulates dopamine receptors, and antagonizes beta-phenethylamine (PEA).[iv] Dopamine aids in memory formation, attention, focus, and cognition. PEA
increases the action of dopamine, norepinephrine, acetylcholine and serotonin. It’s partly behind the overstimulation that causes irritability, restlessness, and agitation that could be caused by
too much dopamine and norepinephrine. Phenibut can counteract this affect giving you a cognition boost without the negatives.[v]
Table of Contents
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Overview
How does Phenibut work in the Brain?
How things go bad
Phenibut to the rescue
How does Phenibut feel?
The Research
o
o
GABA Increases Human Growth Hormone
GABA helps Reduce Insomnia
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
Phenibut (β-Phenyl-GABA, β-phenyl-γ-aminobutyric acid, Noofen, Citrocard) is derived from the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. The addition of a phenyl ring
allows Phenibut to cross the blood-brain barrier. And the reason why neurohackers prefer Phenibut when the goal is to raise GABA levels in the brain.
Phenibut
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is the major inhibitory or relaxing neurotransmitter in your brain.[vi] GABA’s primary role is to keep the major excitatory
neurotransmitter glutamate in check.
GABA is naturally synthesized in your brain from glutamate. It’s estimated that 40% of the synapses in the human brain work with GABA and therefore have
GABA receptors.
So when using Phenibut to boost GABA, you enhance normal sleep cycles, and improve blood pressure. GABA even stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete Human Growth
Hormone. And helps produce endorphins that make you feel good after a workout or sex.
Soon after Phenibut was discovered in St. Petersburg, Russia, it was being prescribed by doctors to lower stress and anxiety, treat PTSD and insomnia.
Phenibut was included in the medical kit for Russian astronauts on the Soyuz-19 and Salyut-4 missions as a ‘tranquilizer’.[vii] Phenibut is one of the only tranquilizers that
lowers stress levels without negatively affecting performance.
As a nootropic, when you use Phenibut to normalize GABA levels you’ll experience a reduction in anxiety, insomnia, nervousness, restlessness and stress.
Phenibut can be a more natural, safer alternative to Benzodiazepine drugs like Valium and Xanax. These pharmaceuticals work by increasing GABA receptor sensitivity.[viii]
How does Phenibut work in the Brain?
Phenibut helps brain health and function in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
Phenibut boosts GABA in the brain. Phenibut is a derivative of GABA. And easily crosses the blood-brain barrier. GABA on its own cannot cross this barrier unless paired with a dedicated
carrier.[ix]
GABA works by preventing neural signaling associated with anxiety from reaching other neurons. It does this by attaching to the receptors that would otherwise excite those
neurons. Over-stimulating neurons in certain areas of your brain is what causes anxiety-related symptoms.
The majority of studies on Phenibut have been conducted in Russia. And most studies have been done with animals. In this study using rabbits, scientists looked at anxiety
behaviors and how they were effected by Phenibut.
They exposed the rabbits to emotional stimuli causing anxiety in the animals. Anxiety caused the rabbits to ‘freeze’ and exhibit defensive reactions. Behaviors very similar
to what happens in humans when they’re under stress.
When the rabbits were administered Phenibut, the anxiety-caused reactions of defensiveness and passive reactions (freezing) decreased to normal behavior.[x]
2.
GABA changes brain waves. Using Phenibut as a nootropic helps increase GABA levels in your brain. And we know that GABA helps decrease Beta brain waves and increase Alpha brain
waves.[xi]
Beta brain waves are important for attention, alertness, concentration and developing memories. But excess levels of concentration, particularly during stress, can lead to
anxiety, depression, insomnia and more stress.
When you are in an alert state, both Alpha and Beta brain waves can be stimulated. But the type of alertness will determine which brain wave is produced.
Alertness during an Alpha wave state is associated with a relaxed state. And a stressed alert state produces a Beta wave. But an excess of Beta brain waves contributes to a
variety of nervous disorders including anxiety and stress.
Most of the clinical studies available done with humans use GABA supplementation rather than Phenibut. But the outcome of using GABA could be applied to using Phenibut
to increase GABA levels in the brain. Phenibut crosses the blood-brain barrier more effectively than GABA.
In this study, researchers investigated using GABA on relaxation and immunity during stress in humans. They evaluated the effect on 13 subjects of GABA intake on brain
waves.
An electroencephalogram (EEG) was used to measure brain waves after subjects took water only, GABA or L-Theanine. 60 minutes after administration, the study showed
that GABA significantly increased Alpha waves and decreased Beta waves compared to water or L-Theanine.
The researchers concluded that raising brain levels of GABA induced relaxation and diminished anxiety.[xii] And you raise brain levels of GABA effectively when
supplementing with Phenibut.
How things go bad
Low levels of GABA are associated with a variety of health problems.
↑ Anxiety[xiii], panic attacks, stress, PTSD, and insomnia
↑ Muscle spasms, hypertension, convulsion, Tourette’s Syndrome and epilepsy
↑ Dry skin and wrinkles
↑ Poor digestion, bloating, flatulence, and constipation
When your neurotransmitters, including GABA, are in balance, you feel motivated, productive and energetic. And you feel calm and relaxed during downtime.
When GABA levels are low you feel filled with dread, you’re constantly worried, you have racing thoughts, and you’re frequently late and disorganized.[xiv]
Many people in this GABA-slump resort to high carbohydrate foods, and drugs or alcohol to relax.
Phenibut to the rescue
Phenibut is an analogue of GABA. The addition of a phenyl ring allows Phenibut to cross the blood-brain barrier much more easily than GABA taken as a supplement.
We need adequate GABA levels in our brain because it’s an inhibitory neurotransmitter. When we raise GABA levels by supplementing with Phenibut, we help keep
glutamate in check.
Glutamate is your body’s most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter. Which is responsible for attention span, brain energy, learning ability, memory, and staying awake.
So GABA is calming and glutamate is stimulating. And they must be in balance with each other for optimal cognitive health.
An imbalance of these two neurotransmitters can cause fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, poor memory and cognition, anxiety and depression.
But when these two neurotransmitters work together efficiently, you feel relaxed with no stress or feelings of anxiety. And you get a more restful night’s sleep.
Adding Phenibut to your nootropic stack can help bring GABA and glutamate back into balance.
How does Phenibut feel?
When you balance GABA levels in your brain, you feel relaxed and calm. But many neurohackers who try using GABA as a supplement don’t feel the effects. Because the
GABA molecule is too large to cross the blood-brain barrier.[xv]
Note: If you do feel the calming effects of supplementing with GABA within a ½ hour of taking it, it may mean you have a “leaky” blood-brain barrier. Not a good
thing.[xvi] Because if GABA can get through, all kinds of nasty stuff can get through too. Including toxins, undigested food particles and anything else in your blood stream
that shouldn’t be in your brain.
We’ll deal with how to fix a “leaky” blood-brain barrier in another article on Nootropics Expert.
But here were talking about increasing our GABA levels using Phenibut. Neurohackers report that adding Phenibut to their stack relieves anxiety, there is less stress and
they feel more relaxed.
In fact, some say it’s the best anti-anxiety ‘medication’ they’ve ever used. Including some well know pharmaceuticals (i.e. Clonazepam, Diazepam, Alprazolam) used to
treat anxiety. With none of the nasty side effects that come with prescription meds.
Social functions could get some help with Phenibut. You could feel less inhibited, speak freely and feel more confident.
Others report that Phenibut boosts sex drive, and for men it helps control ejaculation. And it helps for a better night’s sleep.
Athletes report that Phenibut goes well with a workout. Because Phenibut has been shown to boost Human Growth Hormone. You’ll be able to work out with less fatigue,
energy levels will go up, muscles won’t be as sore and recovery could be faster.
Phenibut takes 2 – 4 hours before you begin to feel its effects. A strong word of caution: do not increase the dose or take additional Phenibut if you think things are not
happening fast enough! Wait at least 24 hours before taking another dose.
The Research
GABA was identified as a neurotransmitter several decades ago. And there had been a lot of research on GABA published since. But most of it is focused on how GABA
works. And the drugs and chemicals which affect its action.
There is very little research available on using GABA as a supplement. Likely because most scientists believe that GABA taken as a supplement will not cross the blood-brain
barrier.
And there is even less research available on using Phenibut. Particularly in humans. Most of the clinical trials have been done in Russia and were done with animals.
Here we talk about how GABA can affect your cognition and overall health. This research supports the idea that using Phenibut to raise GABA levels can have a profound
effect on your quality of life.
GABA Increases Human Growth Hormone
Bodybuilders and athletes use Phenibut or even GABA to help repair and build muscle. And there are several studies supporting the notion that GABA increases Human
Growth Hormone.
In one study, researchers worked with 19 subjects who were given a single oral dose of 5 grams of GABA. 18 subjects were given a placebo during this trial. 3 hours after
the administration of GABA, blood samples were taken. The team reported that “GABA caused a significant elevation of plasma growth hormone levels”.[xvii]
GABA helps Reduce Insomnia
A Los Angeles study conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial with 18 patients with sleep disorders. The patients received either a placebo, or
Gabadone (a combination of GABA and 5-hydroxytryptophan).
The difference between the two groups of sleep-deprived patients was significant. The Gabadone group fell asleep faster, stayed asleep longer, and had a better quality of
sleep than the placebo group.[xviii]
Neurohackers consistently report a similar effect on sleep quality when using Phenibut.
Dosage Notes
The recommended daily starting dosage of Phenibut is 200 – 300 mg. for a relaxation or calming effect. Give it 2 – 4 hours before it starts to kick in.
More experienced Phenibut users go with 1 – 1 ½ grams per dose. And up to 3-times per week.
Since you can quickly build up a tolerance to Phenibut dosing less often is preferred. Many advise keeping Phenibut use to once or twice per week with almost no side
effects and no hangover the next day.
Phenibut can be very addictive for some people and the withdrawal from continuous use is particularly nasty. So if you’re going to try Phenibut make sure you follow dosage
recommendations.
Side Effects
Phenibut is considered safe when taken in normal recommended doses.
Bodybuilders who use much higher doses of Phenibut do report experiencing flushing, tingling, a spike in heart rate and blood pressure, and anxiety.
You can build up tolerance to Phenibut quickly. And if you have an addictive personality you should avoid using Phenibut.
Most neurohackers suggest cycling Phenibut. Using recommended doses for 4 or 5 days and taking a few days off. Others suggest only using Phenibut once per week.
You’ll have to find out what works for you if you decide to try Phenibut. And expect to have a rough ride at first. Too much and the withdrawal can be nasty.
You are strongly advised not to combine Phenibut with alcohol. And absolutely DO NOT combine Phenibut with benzodiazepines.
Available Forms
Phenibut as a supplement is available in tablet, capsule and powder. Scientists have shown that Phenibut easily crosses the blood-brain barrier.
The best place to buy Phenibut in capsules or powder form is Hard Rhino supplements based in Phoenix, AZ. The company has been in business for over 25 years, has an
extensive testing lab and their product is top quality. I’ve use their product and recommend them.
Phenibut is an analogue of GABA developed in Russia, and it increases levels of GABA in your brain. While some report that Phenibut causes drowsiness and fatigue, it’s a
much safer way to boost GABA than with a pharmaceutical like Valium or Xanax.
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Phenibut 200 – 300 mg per day.
We recommend using Phenibut (with caution) as a nootropic supplement if you’re feeling anxiety or stress. And to calm or keep in check the stimulatory effects of some
nootropics.
Your body does make GABA on its own from glutamate in your brain. Most healthy people have an adequate supply of GABA. But if you’re dealing with anxiety or stress and
need some extra help in calming things down, Phenibut can help.
Phenibut is particularly helpful if you’re dealing with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). I’ve seen reports by combat veterans who say that Phenibut worked far better
than any prescription anti-anxiety med.
We suggest trying a Phenibut supplement first at a dose of 200 – 300 mg. Phenibut can be a powerful method of boosting GABA levels in your brain. But it also has
addictive potential especially if you’re prone to addiction.
Phenibut takes 2 – 4 hours to take effect in your body. Do not yield to temptation and take more just because you’re not feeling anything. Sometimes the beneficial effects
of Phenibut are not felt until the next day.
Cycle your use of Phenibut to avoid tolerance and side effects. Your sweet spot could be every 2 nd or 3rd day. Or even just once a week. Find out what works best for you.
The ‘hangover’ from abusing Phenibut is particularly nasty. You should be able to avoid these side effects by keeping doses low. And limiting the days you use Phenibut.
You can safely work your way up to 1,500 mg of Phenibut per day on the day that you dose. Some athletes go as high as 3,000 mg. But for nootropic use, a higher dose is
not necessary or recommended.
The best place to buy Phenibut in capsules or powder form is Hard Rhino supplements based in Phoenix, AZ.
Phenylpiracetam
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
Phenylpiracetam has been shown to boost alertness, cognition, clarity, focus, learning and memory, provides a stimulant-effect, and reduces symptoms of depression and anxiety
Phenylpiracetam ((R,S)-2-(2-oxo-4-phenylpyrrolidin-1-yl) acetamide, Phenotropil, Fenotropil, Carphedon, Fonturacetam) is a water-soluble nootropic in the
racetam-class of compounds.
Phenylpiracetam was created by adding a phenyl group to Piracetam by Russian scientists in 1983. It was developed as a nootropic to boost cognition, and to improve
physical stamina.
It turns out that Phenylpiracetam is very effective in boosting athletic performance. It provides significant stimulatory effects and helps you resist cold. Leading to a ban by
the World Anti-Doping Agency from use by athletes in the Olympics and other professional sports.[i]
Russian cyclist Anton Reshetnikov was suspended in 2007 for 2 years from the International Cycling Union for using Carphedon.[ii] One year earlier (2006), Russian
Olympic athlete Olga Pyleleva lost her silver metal for using Carphedon.[iii]
Carphedon is a brand name for Phenylpiracetam. Adding a phenyl group to Piracetam boosts the bioavailability of Phenylpiracetam. It easily crosses the blood-brain barrier
and is considered 20 to 60-times more potent than Piracetam.[iv]
Neurohackers report that Phenylpiracetam enhances alertness, focus, memory, and learning. It reduces brain fog. And it provides physical stamina and cold tolerance while
combating physical and mental fatigue.
Phenylpiracetam helps:
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
Prevent Anxiety & Fear: Phenylpiracetam helps reduce symptoms of anxiety and fear. Unlike popular prescription anti-anxiety and anti-depressant drugs, Phenylpiracetam has no sedative
action or other adverse side effects associated with these medications.[v]
Neuroreceptors: Phenylpiracetam increases the density of acetylcholine (ACh), NMDA, GABA and dopamine receptors in the brain.[vi][vii]More receptors mean more binding sites for
neurotransmitters that affect memory formation, cognition, sleep and mood.
Cerebral Circulation: Phenylpiracetam increases blood flow in the brain. As a derivative of Piracetam, this nootropic has the same mechanism of action when it comes to blood flow. It
suppresses the constriction of blood vessels allowing the freer flow of blood. More oxygen and nutrients get to brain cells boosting alertness, cognition, focus and mood.[viii]
Table of Contents
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Overview
How does Phenylpiracetam work in the Brain?
How things go bad
Phenylpiracetam to the rescue
How does Phenylpiracetam feel?
The Research
o
o
Phenylpiracetam Improves Cognition
Phenylpiracetam Boosts Cerebral Circulation
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
Phenylpiracetam (((R,S)-2-(2-oxo-4-phenylpyrrolidin-1-yl) acetamide) was created by adding a phenyl group to the original nootropic Piracetam.
Phenylpiracetam
Russian chemists synthesized Phenylpiracetam in 1983 to boost the physical and mental performance of astronauts during space flight. It’s currently used by Russian
cosmonauts on the International Space Station.[ix]
Phenylpiracetam combats physical and mental fatigue. It enhances memory, mood and focus. It facilitates learning and retention, reduces brain fog, increases alertness and
boosts physical stamina and tolerance to cold.
Phenylpiracetam is also an effective treatment for epilepsy. This debilitating condition is caused by sudden surges of electrical activity in the brain. This temporary
disturbance in messaging systems between brain cells can cause a seizure. Normal brain function gets halted or mixed up. This is where Phenylpiracetam comes in.
Phenylpiracetam has been shown in clinical studies to affect Alpha and Beta brain waves.[x] Scientists haven’t quite figured out why it works, but Phenylpiracetam has an
‘anti-convulsive’ action in the brain. They did conclude after one clinical trial, “Phenotropil reduced the frequency of seizures and improved cognitive function in the absence
of epileptiform EEG abnormalities.”[xi]
Phenylpiracetam is sold as a prescription drug in Russia and several Eastern European countries. In the United States, Phenylpiracetam is sold as an unregulated OTC
research compound.
How does Phenylpiracetam work in the Brain?
Phenylpiracetam boosts brain health and function in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
Phenylpiracetam as a stimulant. Phenylpiracetam increases the density of neuroreceptors. Studies have shown it increases the density of acetylcholine (ACh), dopamine, GABA, and
NMDA receptors. This translates into more receptors for each of these important neurotransmitters to bind with and boost their effectiveness.
The increase in density of neuroreceptors likely accounts for Phenylpiracetam’s stimulant-like properties. Similar to Ritalin or Adderall, this nootropic increases the
effectiveness of dopamine in your brain. Increasing alertness, decision-making capability, and cognition.
But unlike stimulants like Ritalin and Adderall, Phenylpiracetam does not come with any stimulant-like side effects. You should not experience any fatigue, rapid heartbeat,
decreased appetite or irritability. Rather you’ll feel increased stamina, have more physical endurance and get smarter.
Just don’t try using Phenylpiracetam if you’re planning on being an Olympic athlete. It was banned several years ago because it’s too effective to be used in professional
sports. We don’t want an unfair advantage now, do we?
2.
Phenylpiracetam decreases anxiety and depression. For similar reasons to how Phenylpiracetam works as a stimulant, it can also tame symptoms of anxiety and depression. It increases
the density of receptors for acetylcholine (ACh), GABA and NMDA receptors.[xii]
This increase in receptor sites for GABA, choline and glutamate affects levels of the calming neurotransmitters GABA and serotonin in your brain. Phenylpiracetam floods
your brain with the neurochemicals you need to chill out.[xiii]
How things go bad
As we get older, our brain chemistry and metabolism changes. And it seems these changes are affecting younger and younger people.
↓ Recall, reaction time and learning capacity declines
↓ Neurotransmitter levels decline
↓ Density of ACh, dopamine, GABA and NMDA receptors decline
↓ Acetylcholine levels decline
↓ Cerebral blood flow declines
↓ Stamina and endurance decline
All of these changes are contributing factors to age-related cognitive decline. Early signs of these effects can be seen in poor decision-making, difficulty learning, and even
recalling simple things like an important appointment.
But even if you’re not concerned with the signs of aging, Phenylpiracetam can help.
Phenylpiracetam to the rescue
Phenylpiracetam is highly bioavailable when used as a nootropic. Once digested it quickly gets absorbed and crosses the blood-brain barrier.
Phenylpiracetam modulates neuroreceptors. It’s been shown to increase the density of receptors for GABA, NMDA, dopamine and acetylcholine.
More neuroreceptors result in more of each neurotransmitter being able to bind to neurons. And affect alertness, cognition, memory, recall and mood.
Phenylpiracetam has a positive effect on physical performance by increasing endurance, and reducing physical and mental fatigue. In fact, these effects are so potent that
Phenylpiracetam has been banned from professional sports by the World Anti-Doping Agency.
Phenylpiracetam has been shown to act as a stimulant. But unlike pharmaceutical drugs, it does not affect your cardiovascular or respiratory system. And does not have the
side effects of jitteriness, restlessness or irritability like regular stimulants.
Phenylpiracetam is also noted for increasing your threshold to tolerance for cold.
How does Phenylpiracetam feel?
Many neurohackers say Phenylpiracetam is the strongest nootropic they’ve ever experienced. It’s highly bioavailable and you experience the effects within 30 minutes of
taking it.
Phenylpiracetam increases concentration, motivation, memory, physical endurance, and tolerance to cold. Learning is quicker and stress is reduced.
Learning and processing information becomes easier with Phenylpiracetam. You’re not re-reading sentences and paragraphs trying to understand them.
Short and long-term memory improves. Motor skills improve so you’re typing faster and more accurately.
Those dealing with depression report a decrease in depressive symptoms. More confidence helps in social situations and conversations are easier.
Productivity rises and you assume a “get it done’ mentality. Procrastination is a thing of the past.
Phenylpiracetam is a popular pre-workout supplement. It increases your endurance and reduces both physical and mental fatigue. And if you’re one of the unfortunate ones
who live in a cold climate you’ll find that your tolerance for cold is better.
The Research
Phenylpiracetam was developed in Russia in 1983. And the majority of research done with this nootropic has been conducted in Russia. Published in Russian medical
journals in Russian.
So we have limited clinical trial data to draw on. And like many nootropics we rely on nootropic user reviews. The following is two samples of clinical trials we were able to
find that have been translated into English. And published in Western medical databases.
Phenylpiracetam Improves Cognition
A study done by Russian researchers investigated the effects of Phenylpiracetam on cognition. 99 adults aged 40 – 60 suffering from cognition deficits due to surgery or
brain trauma were enrolled in this study.
Volunteers were given 200 mg of Phenylpiracetam daily for 30 days. The researchers found that those using the nootropic showed a significant improvement in motor
coordination, higher brain function, memory, attention and counting. And a reduction in both anxiety and depression.[xiv]
Phenylpiracetam Boosts Cerebral Circulation
Researchers in Moscow recruited 400 patients suffering from ischemic stroke. This is the most common type of stroke where blood vessels carrying blood to the brain are
blocked by a blood clot.
Half of the group received 400 mg of Phenylpiracetam daily for a year. The control group got a placebo.
The research team found that the group who received Phenylpiracetam experienced a significant restoration in cognitive function, and resumed daily activities. Far better
than the control group who took a placebo.[xv]
Dosage Notes
Recommended Phenylpiracetam dosage is 100 mg twice per day. One Phenylpiracetam dose in the morning, and one in the early afternoon.
Don’t use Phenylpiracetam later in the day because its stimulant effect can cause insomnia.
You can develop a tolerance to Phenylpiracetam, so consider taking it only on days when you need the extra focus. Or try cycling it one week on and one week off.
Side Effects
Phenylpiracetam is non-toxic. So is considered well-tolerated and safe.
As with many of the racetams, Phenylpiracetam can cause headaches because it boosts the use of acetylcholine in your brain. Choline supplements like Alpha GPC or CDPCholine can help you avoid this side effect.
Tolerance is a problem with Phenylpiracetam and builds rather quickly. It will soon lose its effects if used in excess. So try using Phenylpiracetam only when you need extra
cognitive power, or before a workout. Or try cycling it one week on and one week off to avoid tolerance.
Many neurohackers find that stacking Phenylpiracetam with a choline supplement boosts the effect even more with improved memory and cognition. And this is supported
in several research studies.
Available Forms
Phenylpiracetam is sold in tablet, capsule and powder form. Tablets and capsules are usually 100 mg each.
The best place to buy Phenylpiracetam in capsules or powder form is Hard Rhino supplements based in Phoenix, AZ. The company has been in business for over 25 years,
has an extensive testing lab and their product is top quality. I’ve use their product and recommend them.
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Phenylpiracetam 100 mg 2-times per day
We recommend using Phenylpiracetam as a nootropic supplement.
Your body does not make Phenylpiracetam on its own. So to get its benefits you must take it as a supplement.
Phenylpiracetam is especially helpful for those suffering from ADHD or brain fog. This nootropic has a stimulant-like effect similar to that of pharmaceutical stimulants. But
without the side effects of increased heart rate, irritability and restlessness.
Phenylpiracetam can boost athletic performance. It has been shown to improve physical performance, increase stamina and endurance. And even provides cold-weather
resistance.
Phenylpiracetam is also particularly useful to students and executives who want to boost alertness, cognition, clarity, focus, learning and memory. This nootropic also has
anti-depressant and anti-anxiety benefits.
Studies have shown that Phenylpiracetam can be effective in relieving the frequency of epileptic seizures in those dealing wi th epilepsy. It even compliments some epilepsy
medications.
You should use Phenylpiracetam with a good choline supplement like Alpha GPC or CDP-Choline. It helps boost the effectiveness of neural acetylcholine, so demands the
presence of more choline in your brain.
You can safely boost daily intake of Phenylpiracetam to 400 mg. But be aware that tolerance to the effects of this nootropic build quickly. So we recommend using
Phenylpiracetam only on days when you need the extra cognitive power. Or cycle the use of this nootropic one week on, and one week off.
The best place to buy Phenylpiracetam in capsules or powder form is Hard Rhino supplements based in Phoenix, AZ.
Picamilon
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
Picamilon is known for having a strong anti-anxiety effect while boosting concentration, focus, memory and motivation, and lowering blood pressure
Picamilon (nicotinyl-y-aminobutyric acid, or N-nicotinoyl-GABA) is a combination of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA with nicotinic acid (Vitamin B3 or niacin).
The addition of niacin allows GABA to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB).
Neurohackers prefer either Picamilon or Phenibut when the goal is to raise GABA levels in the brain because GABA alone cannot cross the BBB. And note that taking GABA
and niacin as a stack will not produce the same effect as Picamilon. GABA is bonded with niacin to produce Picamilon and it’s this molecule that does its magic in the brain.
Picamilon was developed in Russia in 1969 by the All-Union Research Institute. And it has been used since 1986 as a pharmaceutical in Russia to treat attention, memory,
and learning problems, and for treatment of loss of brain blood circulation, brain trauma, chronic alcoholism and other disorders.
The company’s promotional material states, “The important property of Picamilon is the ability to quickly restore mental and physical fitness for work, which was lost
through overstress”.
Once Picamilon crosses the blood-brain barrier it hydrolyzes into GABA and niacin. GABA activates GABA receptors producing an anxiolytic response. And niacin acts as a
vasodilator relaxing constricted blood vessels and improving blood flow in the brain.
Picamilon helps:
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
Balance mood. Picamilon has an inhibitory effect on overly stimulated neurons because it raises GABA levels in your brain. Low GABA levels lead to anxiety, depression and insomnia. GABA
helps restore that balance. Promoting a more positive mood which improves focus and relaxation.[i]
Cerebral Circulation. Picamilon is unique among GABA boosters because it can boost cerebral circulation as well.[ii] It increases cerebrovascular activity better than Piracetam and
Vinpocetine. The nicotinic acid (niacin) in Picamilon boosts blood flow, enhances cell metabolism and oxygen supply in the brain. Resulting in an improvement in short-term and long-term
memory.
Neurotransmitters. Picamilon has been shown to normalize serotonin and dopamine content, and dopamine uptake in the brain. Dopamine aids in memory formation, attention, focus, and
cognition.
Table of Contents
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Overview
How does Picamilon work in the Brain?
How things go bad
Picamilon to the rescue
How does Picamilon feel?
The Research
o
o
Picamilon increases dopamine uptake
Picamilon boosts brain cell mitochondria function
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms

Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
Picamilon (nicotinyl-y-aminobutyric acid, or N-nicotinoyl-GABA) is a derivative of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA and nicotinic acid (niacin or Vitamin B3).
Picamilon
Russian scientists conducted a lot of research into GABA and cognitive health in the 1960’s and 70’s. The nootropics community has benefited from this research. It was
the Belgians who started the development of the racetam-family of nootropics. And not too long afterwards, Russian scientists continued the research on GABA-derived
compounds and gave us Phenibut and Picamilon.
GABA’s role is to keep glutamate, the primary excitatory transmitter, from overwhelming your brain. Too much glutamate can cause a seizure, and too little GABA can put
you in a coma. A healthy brain maintains a critical balance of GABA and glutamate.
GABA acts like a “brake” on neuron circuits during stress. Low GABA levels can result in anxiety, insomnia, poor mood and restlessness.
Clinical studies show that boosting GABA with a supplement like Picamilon relieves anxiety, stress, and boosts the production of alpha brain waves.[iii] If GABA is optimized
in your brain you’ll feel focused, relaxed and stress-free.
But the big challenge for cognitive health is trying to boost GABA levels in the brain. GABA cannot cross the blood-brain barrier on its own. It needs help to carry it across
this barrier.
Including Vitamin B3 (niacin) in the Picamilon formula helps GABA to cross the blood-brain barrier. And the reason why some neurohackers prefer Picamilon when the goal is
to raise GABA levels in the brain.
Picamilon is unique among GABA boosters because it can boost cerebral circulation as well.[iv] It increases cerebrovascular activity better than Piracetam and Vinpocetine.
It’s even better at boosting blood flow than prescription vasodilating agents like cinnarizine, papaverine, and xanthinol niacinate.
So when using Picamilon to boost GABA, you enhance cerebral circulation, and lower blood pressure. GABA even stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete Human Growth
Hormone. And helps produce endorphins that make you feel good after a workout or sex.
As a nootropic, when you use Picamilon to normalize GABA levels you’ll improve blood flow to and within your brain. And you’ll experience a reduction in anxiety, insomnia,
nervousness, restlessness and stress.
Picamilon exhibits the properties of a tranquilizer with a stimulating component. But unlike tranquilizer drugs, Picamilon does not induce muscle relaxation, drowsiness or
lethargy.
How does Picamilon work in the Brain?
Phenibut helps brain health and function in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
Picamilon boosts cognition. Picamilon is a derivative of GABA and niacin. And easily crosses the blood-brain barrier. GABA on its own cannot cross this barrier unless paired with a dedicated
carrier.[v] When niacin is bonded to GABA the molecule easily enters the brain.
Once in the brain, Picamilon separates back into niacin and GABA. GABA works by preventing neural signaling associated with anxiety from reaching other neurons. It does
this by attaching to the receptors that would otherwise excite those neurons. Over-stimulating neurons in certain areas of your brain is what causes anxiety-related
symptoms.
Studies have shown this unique combination of niacin and GABA affect the regulation of neurotransmitters in the brain. Picamilon was shown in one study on Parkinson’s
disease to normalize serotonin and dopamine content, and dopamine uptake in the brain.[vi]
2.
Picamilon improves cerebral blood flow. Picamilon is more effective than Piracetam and Vinpocetine in improving blood flow to cerebral vessels in the brain. It easily crosses the blood-brain
barrier to protect neurons against the effects of diminished oxygen flow. Improving cognitive function.
Picamilon separates into niacin and GABA once it crosses the blood-brain barrier. Niacin acts as a vasodilator relaxing blood vessels and allowing the freer flow of blood in
the brain.
Picamilon is often prescribed in Russia for treatment of migraine headaches. A study published in Nutrition Journal reviewed clinical trials from 1990 – 2004 looking at
studies using niacin to treat migraines, and other tension-type headaches.
The conclusion from this review showed niacin’s effectiveness for its vasodilatory properties in increasing cerebral blood flow. And its ability to improve mitochondrial energy
metabolism.[vii] The result is fewer migraines and less headaches when using a nootropic containing niacin.
How things go bad
Low levels of GABA and poor cerebral circulation are associated with a variety of health problems.
↑ Anxiety[viii], panic attacks, stress and insomnia
↑ Muscle spasms, hypertension, convulsion, Tourette’s Syndrome and epilepsy
↓ Neurotransmitters decline
↓ ATP energy levels decline starving mitochondria in brain cells
When your neurotransmitters, including GABA, are in balance, you feel motivated, productive and energetic. And you feel calm and relaxed during downtime.
When GABA levels are low you feel filled with dread, you’re constantly worried, you have racing thoughts, and you’re frequently late and disorganized.[ix]
Many people in this GABA-slump resort to high carbohydrate foods, and drugs or alcohol to relax.
Picamilon to the rescue
Picamilon is an analogue of GABA and nicotinic acid (Vitamin B3 or niacin). The addition of niacin allows GABA to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB).
We need adequate GABA levels in our brain because it’s an inhibitory neurotransmitter. When we raise GABA levels by supplementing with Picamilon, we help keep
glutamate in check.
Glutamate is your body’s most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter. Which is responsible for attention span, brain energy, learning ability, memory, and staying awake.
So GABA is calming and glutamate is stimulating. And they must be in balance with each other for optimal cognitive health.
An imbalance of these two neurotransmitters can cause fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, poor memory and cognition, anxiety and depression.
But when these two neurotransmitters work together efficiently, you feel relaxed with no stress or feelings of anxiety. And you get a more restful night’s sleep.
The addition of nicotinic acid in the Picamilon formula helps improve cognition even more. One study with 96 healthy volunteers was done to determine the effects on
memory with nicotinic acid. The study found that nicotinic acid (niacin) enhanced cell metabolism and oxygen supply in the brain. Resulting in an improvement in shortterm and long-term memory.[x]
Adding Picamilon to your nootropic stack can help bring GABA and glutamate back into balance.
How does Picamilon feel?
When you balance GABA levels in your brain, you feel relaxed and calm. But many neurohackers who try using GABA as a supplement don’t feel the effects. Because the
GABA molecule is too large to cross the blood-brain barrier.[xi]
Note: If you do feel the calming effects of supplementing with GABA within a ½ hour of taking it, it may mean you have a “leaky” blood-brain barrier. Not a good thing.[xii]
Because if GABA can get through, all kinds of nasty stuff can get through too. Including toxins, undigested food particles and anything else in your blood stream that
shouldn’t be in your brain.
Learn how to fix a “leaky” blood-brain barrier here >How to Heal a Leaky Blood-Brain Barrier .
But here were talking about increasing our GABA levels using Picamilon. Neurohackers report that adding Picamilon to their stack relieves anxiety “better than Xanax”.
There is less stress and they feel more relaxed.
Picamilon also offers a stimulant effect providing mental clarity, dreams can be vivid, and it’s not sedating like Phenibut.
Social functions could get some help with Picamilon. You could feel less inhibited, speak freely and feel more confident. Picamilon generates a calm focus without making
you drowsy.
Some neurohackers maintain that the ‘magic’ with Picamilon is in the nicotinic acid. And I’d have to agree with this observation. It’s what provides the stimulant-effect and
gives you an energized type of calmness.
The cognitive benefits of niacin are considerably understated in the nootropics community. Just check out the research and studies in my NADH article for more on the
magic of niacin.
The Research
Nearly all the research with Picamilon has taken place in Russia. It’s published in Russian journals in Russian. Most of these trials are not indexed in international or US
medical databases.
We won’t get into the politics of this type of behavior here on Nootropics Expert. We’re here to educate and collate information for you on nootropics to help cognitive
health.
The sources we have been able to find shows Picamilon extensively studied in animals and humans. And has been shown to act like a tranquilizer without the sedative
effects of muscle relaxation, drowsiness or lethargy.
The studies show Picamilon decreases anxiety, fear, irritability and symptoms of emotional stress. It inhibits aggression, and restores physical working capacity after
stressful work.
Picamilon has been proven to prevent forgetfulness, enhance memory, recall and improve mood. It decreases headaches, dizziness and tinnitus. It increases mental and
motor activity in patients with anxiety and depression.
Picamilon has been shown to prevent or suppress diabetic neuropathy[xiii], and alleviate the effects of alcohol withdrawal. It helps glaucoma, retinal and optic nerve
damage[xiv]. And helps those with neurologically-based urinary problems.
Here we talk about how Picamilon, nicotinic acid and GABA can affect your cognition and overall health. This research supports the idea of using Picamilon to raise GABA
and niacin levels. And the cognitive benefits can have a profound effect on your quality of life.
Picamilon increases dopamine uptake
Reports by neurohackers repeatedly show that Picamilon provides a ‘calm focus’ without making you drowsy. And this study, done in the Ukraine gives us a clue on how this
works.
This study was done with Parkinson’s patients. It’s well know that serotonin and dopamine content and dopamine uptake by neurons in Parkinson’s Disease is decreased.
This research found that Picamilon normalized dopamine uptake in Parkinsonism. And that Picamilon is “involved in the regulation of brain neurotransmission under
experimental parkinsonism and can be useful in treatment of Parkinson’s disease”.[xv]
Picamilon boosts brain cell mitochondria function
We know from our research on Nootropics Expert that NADH boosts ATP energy production that helps power brain cell mitochondria. And this “energizing” effect that’s often
spoken of when using Picamilon comes at least in part from its niacin component.
This study done on one-month old rats looked at trauma of the brain. The researchers studied oxidative damage done on brain mitochondria 1, 4, 7 days and 4 weeks after
the trauma.
The young rats were given several different nootropics to see the effect on the rat’s mitochondria. And they concluded that Picamilon had a protective effect on the function
of brain mitochondria during the trauma.[xvi]
Picamilon increases blood supply, oxygen saturation and blood circulation in the brain.[xvii] This boost in blood flow[xviii] brings the nutrients and oxygen needed to fuel
ATP that power brain cell mitochondria.
Dosage Notes
The recommended daily starting dosage of Picamilon for anxiety is 50 mg 2 or 3 times per day. If you’re looking for a stimulatory effect you can safely increase your dose to
100 mg 2 or 3 times daily.
Side Effects
Picamilon is considered safe when taken in normal recommended doses.
Picamilon has not been shown in clinical trials to produce any allergic or toxic effects. The only side effects noted were headache, dizziness and nausea. And nearly always
when taken above recommended doses.
At higher doses Picamilon can lower blood pressure. So if you are already on blood lowering medication, or have an issue with low blood pressure, you should not use
Picamilon.
Available Forms
Picamilon as a nootropic supplement is available in powder, tablet and capsule form. But very few major supplement retailers sell the tablet or capsule form of Picamilon. If
you choose the buy bulk Picamilon powder from a vendor, make sure you ask for a genuine Certificate of Analysis to verify its authenticity.
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Picamilon 50 – 100 mg 2 or 3 times per day.
We recommend using Picamilon as a nootropic supplement if you’re feeling anxiety or stress. And to calm or keep in check the stimulatory effects of some nootropics.
Your body does make GABA on its own from glutamate in your brain. Most healthy people have an adequate supply of GABA. But if you’re dealing with anxiety or stress and
need some extra help in calming things down, Picamilon can help.
Picamilon is particularly helpful if you’re dealing with anxiety. Some neurohackers report that Picamilon is as effective in dealing with anxiety as many prescription antianxiety meds.
Picamilon exhibits the properties of a tranquilizer with a stimulating component. But unlike tranquilizer drugs, Picamilon does not induce muscle relaxation, drowsiness or
lethargy.
In addition to its calming effects, Picamilon may help improve your memory, recall and concentration.
There is no reported added benefit to doses higher than those recommended. In fact, the reverse appears to be true. Lower recommended doses have more of a calming
and cognitive effect for most people.
Pine Bark Extract – Pycnogenol
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
Pine Bark Extract has been shown to improve ADHD, decision-making, concentration, focus, memory and mood
Maritime Pine (pinus pinaster)
Pine Bark Extract (Pycnogenol®) is a standardized extract of French maritime pine bark. This pine tree (Pinus pinaster) is native to the Mediterranean region.
The extract of maritime pine bark called Pycnogenol contains 65 – 75% proanthocyanidins (procyanidins).[i]
Professor Jacques Masquelier of the University of Bordeaux, France was the first to study oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPCs). The professor got his inspiration from
reading about Jacques Cartier’s 1535 expedition up the St. Lawrence River.
Cartier’s crew were trapped in the ice and dying of scurvy. The crew survived after native Iroquois gave them spruce beer brewed from the bark and needles of pines
growing by the river.
Prof. Masquelier speculated pine extracts in the brew contained vitamin C and flavonoids that helped the crew’s recovery.[ii] In 1948, the professor isolated the first OPCs
from peanut skins. And patented his extraction method of isolating OPCs from pine bark in 1951.
In 1965, research was begun by Charles Haimoff, the founder of Horphag Research in Berlin. He developed a water-soluble extract of the same French maritime pine tree.
Calling his extract Pycnogenol®.
Throughout this post I’ll be referring to Pine Bark Extract or Pycnogenol. Assume I’m talking about the same extract.
As a nootropic, Pine Bark Extract is used primarily to increase cerebral blood flow.
Other uses include using Pine Bark Extract for the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s, ADHD, high blood pressure, osteoarthritis,
chronic pain and erectile dysfunction (ED).
On a molecular level, Pine Bark Extract helps with oxidative stress, membrane damage, DNA damage, inflammation and glycation.
Here we’ll investigate Pine Bark Extract’s value as a nootropic to optimize cognition.
Pine Bark Extract helps:
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Neurotransmitters. Pycnogenol helps prevent decreases in dopamine and norepinephrine. And the glutathione (GSH) and GSH-disulphide reductase (GSSG-R) ratio. Neurotransmitter
problems which contribute to hyperactivity in ADHD.[iii]
Cerebral Circulation. Pycnogenol helps boost blood flow to and within your brain. By increasing nitric oxide which helps dilate blood vessels. And helping repair and maintain the health of the
lining of blood vessels.
Neurodegenerative Disease. Pycnogenol prevents accumulation of oxidatively damaged proteins. And may reduce the risk of diseases like Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, and Huntington’s.[iv]
Table of Contents
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Overview
How does Pine Bark Extract Work in the Brain?
How things go bad
Pine Bark Extract to the rescue
How does Pine Bark Extract feel?
The Research
o
o
o
Pycnogenol boosts Working Memory
Pycnogenol for Improved Cognition
Pine Bark Extract for ADHD
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
Pine Bark Extract is a unique nootropic supplement derived from the bark of the French maritime pine tree (Pinus pinaster) which is native to the Mediterranean region.
Pycnogenol® is a patented form of Pine Bark Extract which is standardized to 65-75% procyanidins. Oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPCs) are also found in high
concentrations in wide variety of plants. Including apple, pear, grapes, chocolate, wine and tea.
Pine Bark Extract (Pycnogenol) helps protect your brain from:
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DNA damage – Pycnogenol helps reduce DNA damage caused by oxidation[v]
Inflammation – Pycnogenol inhibits proinflammatory gene expression.[vi] The type of inflammation implicated in diseases like Alzheimer’s.
Glycation – Glycation is caused when sugar molecules bond to protein and fat molecules. Triggering oxidation and inflammation. Pycnogenol prevents glycation by lowering blood sugar
levels.[vii]
Membrane damage – Damage to neuron membranes disrupt neuronal communication and structure. Pycnogenol protects brain cell membranes from free radical damage, chelating heavy
metals, restoring membranes, and preventing their rupture and leakage. Helping to prevent stroke.[viii]
Oxidative stress – Free radicals damage DNA and brain cell membranes by causing inflammation. This inflammation is implicated in neurocognitive disorders like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.
Pycnogenol reduces free radical production, boosts neuron’s natural antioxidant defense systems, and is a potent free radical scavenger.
Pine Bark Extract can also boost cerebral circulation. Providing the blood flow needed to bring nutrients and oxygen to energy-hungry brain cells. By increasing activity of
nitric oxide which dilates blood vessels.[ix]
The active polyphenols called proanthocyanidins in Pine Bark Extract easily cross the blood-brain barrier.
How does Pine Bark Extract Work in the Brain?
Pine Bark Extract boosts brain health and function in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
Pine Bark Extract boosts cerebral blood flow. Pine Bark Extract’s main active component are water-soluble polyphenols. Including bioflavonoids catechin and taxifolin as well as phenol
carbonic acids.
Antioxidants like bioflavonoids enhance blood vessel nitric oxide (NO) synthase expression. Which then releases NO from endothelial cells (blood vessels linings).
It’s a little difficult to measure blood flow in the brain. So researchers conducted a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study using Pycnogenol to study forearm
blood flow responses to acetylcholine (ACh).
The study was with healthy young men before and after 2 weeks of 180 mg per day of Pycnogenol, or a placebo. The group of men using Pycnogenol experienced a
significant increase in blood flow.
The researchers then introduced an NO synthase inhibitor which completely abolished Pycnogenol-induced increases in blood flow. And concluded that it was definitely
Pycnogenol that increased blood flow by boosting nitric oxide production in blood vessels.[x]
2.
Pine Bark Extract boosts cognition. Neurohackers report that supplementing with Pine Bark Extract or Pycnogenol has a significant effect on memory, focus, decision-making and mood. And
researchers verified this in a clinical setting.
In this study, 60 participants aged 35-55 volunteered to work with researchers. Diet, alcohol and lifestyle patterns, including exercise, were controlled. Half the group
received 50 mg of Pycnogenol 3-times per day for 12 weeks. The other half simply followed a healthy lifestyle.
After 12 weeks of Pycnogenol supplementation, results showed a 16% increase in mood, an 8.9% increase in mental performance, 13.4% increase in sustained attention,
and a 30% decrease in oxidative stress.
A 13% increase in attention span may not seem like a big deal. But the National Center for Biotechnology Information reported that the average American’s attention span
has reduced from 12 seconds to 8 seconds.[xi]
This decrease in attention span can have a profound effect on productivity and quality of work produced. So supplementing with Pycnogenol could be the simplest way to
dramatically increase your productivity and income. And get that next promotion.
How things go bad
Poor cerebral blood flow, inflammation and free radicals (oxidative stress) can damage your brain. And one of the ways this manifests is memory loss. Left unchecked, it
can develop into serious neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Disease.
↓Cognitive function declines
↓Heavy metals kill brain cells from the inside
↓Free radicals destroy neurons and synapses
↑Anxiety, depression and moodiness increase
↓Attention, concentration, and memory declines
Poor cerebral circulation causes a domino effect in the brain affecting many critical processes. Memory, cognition, and decision-making all suffer as a result.
Pine Bark Extract to the rescue
Pine Bark Extract and Pycnogenol are Oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPCs). And OPCs have been extensively researched since the 1940’s.
Professor Jacques Masquelier published his doctoral thesis in 1948 on OPCs, phytochemistry and human health. Masquelier discovered that OPCs could neutralize free
radicals which were identified in a number of degenerative conditions and age-associated changes in the body. He found that OPCs were potent antioxidants.
In 1965, Horphag Research of Germany began research on their patented water-soluble Pine Bark Extract called Pycnogenol. More than 370 clinical studies have since been
conducted. Showing Pycnogenol benefits for:
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Cognitive functions including memory, mood and ADHD
Antioxidant & anti-inflammatory properties
Cardiovascular benefits preventing heart disease and stroke
Diabetes by controlling blood glucose levels
Eye health by improving blood flow to tiny capillaries in the eye
Improved sperm quality and erectile dysfunction
Menstrual disorders including PMS symptoms
Joint health including osteoarthritis, mobility, flexibility and chronic pain
Oral health including gum bleeding and plaque formation
Respiratory functions like taming asthma and hay fever
Sports nutrition for energy, recovery, cramps, and better blood flow
Overall blood vessel health[xii]
Pine Bark Extract and the patented Pycnogenol are powerful, multi-modal defenses against aging, diseases and overall brain health.
How does Pine Bark Extract feel?
Pycnogenol and Pine Bark Extract are one of the most potent antioxidants ever discovered. Many neurohackers report having more energy. And an improved attitude while
using this supplement.
The effects of Pine Bark Extract are often not felt immediately. But seem to build over time. For some, you could feel a boost in energy about 6 hours after taking it.
Adding Pine Bark Extract to your stack should have you thinking faster and clearer. You may get more done. And stay focused on things longer until you’re able to fi nish
them.
But chances are you may not ‘feel’ anything at all. Until later you realize that you feel ‘normal’. And find you’re able to recall words and names much more easily. Over the
long-haul you may realize you have more stamina and energy. It simply makes you feel good.
Older neurohackers report Pine Bark Extract:
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Reduces age spots, varicose veins and spider veins
Hair, skin and nails look smoother and take on a healthy glow
You don’t bruise as easily
Allergies and sinus issues clear up
Blood sugar levels return to normal after 2-3 months
No more hemorrhoids
Leg, joint and knee pain are reduced
Runners can go longer without feeling exhausted
You don’t feel completely burnt out after a workout
You may be able to lift more weight and not get as sore
Male neurohackers nearly always report more frequent and harder erections. Especially when stacking with L-Arginine. And a higher sperm count. Which is backed by
science.[xiii]
Long term users say they consistently feel calmer, can think quicker and have better memory.
The Research
Pycnogenol boosts Working Memory
Australian researchers worked with 101 patients (aged 60 – 85 years) in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Participants received 150 mg of Pycnogenol daily for 3
months.
The cognitive tasks measured in the study included attention, working memory, episodic memory, and psychomotor performance. The study found statistical evidence that
the Pycnogenol-group developed better working memory as a result of using Pycnogenol.[xiv]
Pycnogenol for Improved Cognition
This 12-weeks study was conducted in Italy with 60 professionals aged 35-55 years. Half the group received 150 mg per day of Pycnogenol. And the other half took a
placebo.
At 12 weeks the improvement in the Pycnogenol-group was more significant than the controls. Free radicals were reduced by 30.4%. The group showed improvement in
spatial memory retention. Alertness, anxiety and contentedness all improved.
The researchers concluded that Pycnogenol improved cognitive function, and mental performance.[xv]
Another study in Italy was done with university students. The objective of the study was to test supplementation with Pycnogenol on cognitive function, attention and
mental performance.
53 students (18-27 years) were given Pycnogenol for 8 weeks. Another group of students took a placebo. The study found that the students who used the nootropic
experienced better sustained attention, memory, executive function, and mood.
The study concluded that Pycnogenol improves cognitive function in normal students.[xvi]
Pine Bark Extract for ADHD
Several studies have been conducted with Pine Bark Extract and its effects on those with ADHD.
One study in the Slovak Republic gave ADHD children either a placebo or Pycnogenol for one month.
Research has shown that concentrations of catecholamines (dopamine and norepinephrine (NA)) were higher in urine of ADHD patients compared to healthy children.
Higher concentrations of NA correlated with degree of hyperactivity. And both adrenaline and NA concentrations correlated with higher blood levels of oxidized glutathione
(GSSH).
Treatment of Pycnogenol with ADHD children decreased dopamine and NA urine concentrations. And increased the GSH/GSSG ratio. Leading to less hyperactivity. And
reduced oxidative stress.[xvii]
Another study in Slovakia was conducted with 61 ADHD children. The kids were given 1 mg/kg/day of Pycnogenol for 4 weeks in this randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
The children were examined at the beginning of the trail. And tested again one month later.
Results of the study showed those who used Pycnogenol had a significant reduction in hyperactivity, improved attention and visual/motor skills, and better concentration.
The study concluded that Pycnogenol could be used as a natural supplement to relieve ADHD symptoms in children.[xviii]
Dosage Notes
Recommended dosage of Pine Bark Extract containing 95% proanthocyanidins is up to 100 mg 3-times per day. Or 1.4 mg per pound of body weight. So if you’re 200
pounds, your daily dose would be 280 mg.
Higher dosing should be divided equally with your first dose in the morning, next dose at noon and a dose mid-afternoon.
Pine Bark Extract is water-soluble so can be taken with water or mixed in a smoothie.
Side Effects
Side effects for Pine Bark Extract and Pycnogenol are rare when taken in doses from 50 – 450 mg daily. Very rarely will you experience dizziness, stomach problems,
headache or mouth ulcers.
Pycnogenol can boost your immune system. So if you’re on medication for auto-immune diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS), lupus, rheumatoid arthritis and others. Or
taking an immune suppressant for an organ transplant. You should avoid using Pine Bark Extract or Pycnogenol.
High doses of Pycnogenol may increase bleeding if you are dealing with a bleeding condition.
Very high doses of Pycnogenol may decrease blood sugar too much if you’re dealing with diabetes.
Pycnogenol may slow blood clotting. So stop using this nootropic if you’re planning on having surgery or dental work.
And while there is no “scientific evidence”, we have user reports that Pine Bark Extract seems to amplify the effects of alcohol. So caution is advised when using Pine Bark
Extract while consuming alcoholic beverages.
Available Forms
The bioactive component of Pine Bark Extract are proanthocyanidins. Pycnogenol is standardized to 65-75% proanthocyanidins. Regular Pine Bark Extract is often
standardized to 95% proanthocyanidins.
Individual Pine Bark Extract supplements are available as a powder, capsules and tablets. Check the label for the concentration of proanthocyanidins.
Pine Bark Extract can also sometimes be found in some of higher quality pre-formulated nootropic stacks. For example, Mind Lab Pro® contains 11 brain enhancing
nootropic compounds including Pine Bark Extract standardized to 95% proanthocyanidins.
I recommend Mind Lab Pro because it addresses all aspects of anxiety resistance, memory and cognitive enhancement, stabilizes mood, brain repair, and maintenance.
This premium nootropic stack is designed to affect neurotransmitters, cognitive energy, brain waves, neuroprotection, and regeneration. See my Mind Lab Pro review for a
detailed report.
Another good option is Performance Lab® Mind which also contains Pine Bark Extract (standardized to 95% proanthocyanidins).
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Pine Bark Extract (Pycnogenol) up to 300 mg per day
We recommend using Pine Bark Extract or Pycnogenol as a nootropic supplement.
Your body does not make Pine Bark Extract on its own. So you must take it as a supplement.
Pine Bark Extract easily crosses the blood-brain barrier and is available within an hour of taking it. Effects are more typically felt within 6 hours of taking it.
Pine Bark Extract is especially helpful for those suffering from brain fog or memory loss. It helps increase cerebral blood flow and brings more oxygen and nutrients to brain
cells.
Pine Bark Extract is helpful for those dealing with ADHD. Research shows the extract helps prevent the elimination of dopamine and norepinephrine from your system.
Which is a common problem with those dealing with ADHD.
Taken for ADHD symptoms, Pine Bark Extract helps reduce hyperactivity, improves focus and attention, improves memory and puts you in a better mood.
Pine Bark Extract is also helpful for those suffering from Alzheimer’s. It has been shown to boost blood flow to areas of the brain affected by amyloid-β protein aggregation.
And even may prevent the proteins from forming.
Pine Bark Extract helps tame inflammation associated with diseases like Alzheimer’s. And studies are now underway to determine if Pine Bark Extract can help prevent
Alzheimer’s from taking hold in the first place.
You can safely take up to 450 mg of Pine Bark Extract (95% proanthocyanidins) daily if needed. Half the dose first thing in the morning. And the other half at noon. And
your final dose mid-afternoon.
And for memory, Pine Bark Extract is great to stack with most of the racetams. Neurohackers also report good success stacking the extract with Bacopa Monnieri, Lions’
Mane, and Rhodiola Rosea.
You can buy individual Pine Bark Extract supplements. Or you could try my favorite pre-formulated nootropic stack Mind Lab Pro® which includes Pine Bark Extract
(standardized to 95% proanthocyanidins).
Mind Lab Pro contains a synergistic blend of 11 brain enhancing nootropics covering all aspects of cognition and brain health. See my full Mind Lab Pro review for more.
Another good option is the Mind formula by Performance Lab® which also contains Pine Bark Extract (standardized to 95% proanthocyanidins). You can see my full review
of Performance Lab® Mind here.
Piperine
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
Piperine has been shown to amplify the effects of nootropics, decrease anxiety, improve mood and boost memory
Piperine is an alkaloid extracted from Black Pepper (Piper Nigrum). And used to increase the bioavailability and metabolism of nootropic supplements and drugs.
Piperine was discovered in 1819 by Hans Christian Ørsted who isolated it from Piper Nigrum. This is the same Danish chemist who figured out that electric currents create
magnetic fields.[i]
Piperine makes nootropics and pharmaceuticals more bioavailable by inhibiting the drug transporter P-glycoprotein, and the major drug-metabolizing enzyme CYP3A4
active primarily in your liver.[ii]
Piperine does more than just boost the action of your nootropic stack. It acts as a nootropic as well. In this article we investigate how Piperine can help optimize your brain.
Piperine helps:
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Nootropic Effectiveness. Piperine inhibits the drug transporter P-glycoprotein, and the drug-metabolizing enzyme CYP3A4 in your liver. Allowing more of each nootropic in your stack to be
absorbed and used as intended.
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Neurotransmitters. Piperine is a powerful monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor (MAOI). Boosting serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine levels in the brain. Decreasing anxiety, improving
mood and memory.
Neuroprotection. Piperine has potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor capabilities. Helping to reduce toxic free radicals and protecting your brain from oxidative damage.
Table of Contents
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Overview
How does Piperine work in the Brain?
How things go bad
Piperine to the rescue
How does Piperine feel?
The Research
o
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o
Piperine Potentiates the Effects of Curcumin
Piperine as an Antidepressant
Piperine Protects Against Alzheimer’s
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
Piperine is an alkaloid extracted from Piper Nigrum (Black Pepper). And used to boost the effectiveness of other nootropics and drugs.
Piperine
Black Pepper (Piper Nigrum) is a flowering vine native to south India. Its dried fruit is used world-wide as a spice and seasoning.
Research has found Piperine can protect against oxidative damage by inhibiting free radicals and reactive oxygen species. Piperine protects against oxidative stress. And has
been found to have anti-mutagenic and anti-tumor capabilities.[iii]
But Piperine’s biggest claim to fame is its ability to boost the effectiveness of your nootropic stack.
Piperine’s effects are similar to grapefruit juice and St. John’s wort. It inhibits the drug transporter P-glycoprotein, and the major drug-metabolizing enzyme CYP3A4.
Amplifying the effect of nootropics by preventing elimination in your liver and urine. And allowing increased absorption for use by your body and brain.
How does Piperine work in the Brain?
Piperine boosts brain health and function in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
Piperine is an anti-depressant. Piperine is a monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor (MAOI). Piperine inhibits both MAO-A and MAO-B. Research has found that Piperine is as effective as the
popular pharmaceutical antidepressant Prozac® (fluoxetine).[iv]
Piperine has a profound effect on serotonin in the brain. Piperine has been shown in the lab to provide a substantial increase in serotonin (5-HT) in both the hippocampus
and frontal cortex.[v]
And this is where it gets very interesting. Scientists found that combining Piperine with Resveratrol provided significant antidepressant action. But this stack also offered
relief from oxidative stress, inflammation and provided neuroprotection.[vi]
Resveratrol on its own is a good antidepressant. And Piperine also provides antidepressant action as a MAO Inhibitor and serotonin booster. When combined, Piperine also
boosts the bioavailability of Resveratrol. This combination is a potent natural antidepressant. Without the side effects that come with prescription MAOI’s and SSRI’s.
2.
Piperine boosts bioavailability. Piperine inhibits the drug transporter P-glycoprotein, and the major drug-metabolizing enzyme CYP3A4. This can have profound implications on how well
and how much of each nootropic in your stack actually gets to your brain.
Your liver protects you by attaching a glucuronide molecule to nootropics (and drugs) which sends a signal for them to be excreted in your urine. This process prevents
excessive levels of nootropic supplements (and drugs) in your body. But it can also work against your brain optimization goals.
A great example is curcumin, the bioactive compound found in turmeric. You will not experience the medicinal properties of curcumin when taken on its own. Curcumin has
very poor bioavailability when taken as a supplement because of its rapid metabolism in your liver and intestinal wall.
Researchers in India gave mice 2 grams/kilogram of curcumin and tested blood levels over 4 hours. Very small amounts of curcumin were detected in blood in the first 2
hours.
The scientists then administered the same amount of curcumin combined with 20 mg/k of Piperine. Blood levels of curcumin were detected sooner with Piperine added. And
stayed in the blood longer. Bioavailability of curcumin in mice increased by 154% when combined with Piperine.
The researchers then tried the experiment with humans. A 2-gram dose of curcumin on its own was not detectable in blood samples. But curcumin combined with Piperine
in humans made a profound difference.
2-grams of curcumin combined with 20 mg of Piperine in humans showed up in blood samples within 15 minutes. And Piperine increased the bioavailability of
curcumin by 2000%.[vii]
How things go bad
The job of our liver is to clear our body of unwanted compounds and toxins. And excrete them as waste through our urine. But some of the nootropics and especially
prescription drugs are seen as “foreign matter” by our liver. And are eliminated as ‘waste’ even if our intention was to benefit our body and brain.
To make matters even worse, include getting older. Our brain chemistry and energy metabolism changes.
↓ Serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine levels decline
↓ Recall, reaction time and mood diminish
↓ Toxins, oxidation and free radicals damage neurons
↓ Brain cell membranes degenerate
↓ Bioavailability of nootropics and supplements decline
All of these changes can happen at any age. And some are contributing factors to the neurodegenerative diseases of aging, including Alzheimer’s and dementia.
This is where Piperine can help.
Piperine to the rescue
Research from hundreds of studies have shown that Piperine will:
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Boost the bioavailability of nootropics
Increase the effectiveness of nootropics
Work as an antidepressant
Relieve oxidative stress
Prevent inflammation
Provide neuroprotection
Protect against tumors and cancers
How does Piperine feel?
Piperine on its own has antidepressant capabilities. So you may feel your mood improve.
If you are using curcumin or turmeric for its anti-inflammatory benefit, you’ll likely find that these supplements will be much more effective in relieving pain by adding
Piperine.
You should notice a substantial benefit in the effectiveness of most nootropics and prescriptions meds when stacked with Piperine.
Some neurohackers report a reduction in anxiety (that can be caused by some supplements) by taking it with Piperine.
If you are dealing with arthritis you may find pain levels will decrease by using Piperine. This nootropic is a potent anti-inflammatory even on its own.
You may be able to reduce the amount of some nootropics and medications by stacking them with Piperine. Because the effectiveness of most of these supplements and
meds will get a boost by combining them with Piperine.
The Research
Piperine Potentiates the Effects of Curcumin
Stress in everyday life puts every one of us in danger of developing some type of cognitive disorder. And curcumin is a proven therapy to help protect us from this assault
on our cognition and brain health.
To help illustrate what happens in our brain when under stress, scientists subjected male Laca mice to stress-induced cognitive impairment for 28 days.
Chronic stress impaired memory, locomotor activity, elevated toxins like nitrate, decreased the master antioxidant glutathione, damaged mitochondria enzyme function,
reduced acetylcholine levels, and increased stress cortisol levels.
Researchers then treated the mice with either 200 or 400 mg/k per day of curcumin. All of the damage caused by stress was reversed to a certain extent.
Then the team added 20 mg/k of Piperine to a reduced daily curcumin (100 or 200 mg/k) supplement. The results clearly demonstrated that Piperine enhanced the
bioavailability of the curcumin. And greatly potentiated the effects against stress-induced cognitive impairment.[viii]
Piperine as an Antidepressant
Researchers injected mice with 60 mg/k of Piperine. An hour after the injection, the team measured serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine levels. Serotonin levels were
significantly higher in the cerebral cortex of the mice. Dopamine levels were markedly higher in the hippocampus, midbrain and cerebellum. And norepinephrine levels were
lower in every part of the brain.[ix]
Scientists in Korea analyzed Piperine (ethanol extract) for its monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor capabilities. Piperine showed an inhibitory effect against MAO-A and MAOB.
The team found that Piperine exhibited the same type of antidepressant effect in the brain as the popular prescription drug Prozac® (fluoxetine).
The researchers concluded that Piperine possesses potent anti-depressant properties. And Piperine is a promising pharmacotherapeutic candidate as an
antidepressant agent.[x]
Piperine Protects Against Alzheimer’s
A study conducted in Thailand looked at Piperine’s effect on memory and neurodegeneration in an animal model of Alzheimer’s Disease.
Adult male Wistar rats were given Piperine at doses ranging from 5, 10 and 20 mg/k of body weight for 2 weeks before and 1 week after artificially induced Alzheimer’s-like
conditions in the rat’s brain.
The results showed that Piperine at all dosage ranges significantly improved memory impairment and neurodegeneration in the hippocampus.
The scientists speculated the mechanism of action for Piperine to produce these effects could be a decrease in lipid peroxidation and the acetylcholinesterase enzyme. (This
enzyme degrades acetylcholine synthesis in the brain). Piperine also demonstrated a neurotrophic effect in the hippocampus.[xi]
Dosage Notes
The recommended dosage of Piperine to enhance bioavailability of nootropic supplements is 5 – 20 mg per day.
Many nootropic stacks and some supplement formulas (i.e. curcumin, turmeric and resveratrol) come pre-stacked with the appropriate dose of Piperine.
For example, Performance Lab® Energy uses the patented BioPerine® form of Piperine in their premium energy stack.
I love this energy stack and use it twice a day instead of the morning and noon doses of ALCAR I used in the past.
This pre-formulated nootropic stack also includes the patented forms of MicroActive® Q10, BioPQQ®, and Bio-enhanced® Na-RALA (alpha lipoic acid).
You can see my full review here of how I use the Performance Lab Energy stack in treating Adult ADD.
Side Effects
Piperine is an extract of Black Pepper and considered non-toxic and safe to use at recommended doses.
Piperine potentiates the effect of nearly all nootropic supplements and prescription medications. So be very aware that boosting the effects of certain supplements or drugs
could produce unwanted consequences.
Be cautious of using Piperine in addition to Piperine that may already be in one or more of your supplements. Too much Piperine will not only amplify most of the
supplements and drugs you’re taking. But could also negate the effects of some.
Available Forms
BioPerine® is a patented form of Piperine made by Sabinsa Corporation. And licensed to other supplement manufacturers to include in thei r formulas, or as a standalone
product. It’s the only source I’m aware of who have clinical studies to back up their claims of safety and efficacy.
You can also get Piperine by grinding black peppercorns on your food. The problem is there is no way to measure how much Piperine you’re actually using.
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Piperine up to 20 mg per day
We recommend using Piperine as a nootropic supplement.
Your body does not make Piperine on its own. So you must take it as a supplement.
Piperine is especially helpful for boosting the bioavailability of other nootropics in your stack.
Beware that Piperine also amplifies the potency of other supplements and meds you are taking. Boosting the effect of certain SSRI’s and some other meds could be
extremely dangerous.
Piperine is also an effective antidepressant, and can help lower stress and anxiety. Piperine is a potent anti-inflammatory and could help reduce pain if you are dealing with
arthritis. Or other conditions caused by excess inflammation in your body.
Piperine is a powerful neuroprotectant and makes a great addition to any nootropic stack.
You can buy Piperine or BioPerine® as an individual supplement. And some premium pre-formulated nootropic stacks like Performance Lab® Energy include BioPerine.
Piracetam
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
Piracetam has been shown to increase Cerebral Circulation, improve creativity and verbal fluency, boost memory, learning and recall and improve mood
Piracetam (2-oxo-1-pyrrolidine-acetamide, Nootropil) is a water-soluble ampakine nootropic in the racetam-class of compounds.
Piracetam was first synthesized by Dr. Corneliu Giurgea at Belgian-based pharmaceutical company UCB Pharma in the 1964. Piracetam is considered the first true
nootropic ever developed.
As a cyclic derivative of GABA, Piracetam was first intended to be a calming type of drug for motion sickness. But in spite of its connection with GABA, Pi racetam didn’t show
any behavior associated with this calming neurotransmitter. And cannot directly affect GABA receptors.[i]
Instead, Dr. Giurgea discovered that Piracetam was able to boost cognition even in healthy people. The company launched this new ‘drug’ as ‘Nootropil’ in Europe in the
early 1970’s. The success of Nootropil soon allowed UCB Pharma to expand its operations which led to many new pharmaceutical drugs.
Dr. Giurgea coined the term “nootropic” to describe this class of cognition-optimizing compounds.[ii] Nootropic was derived from the Greek words for “mind” (noos) and
“towards” (tropein).
Piracetam is sold as a prescription drug (Nootropil and Lucetam) in Europe. In South America, Piracetam is sold under the names Noostan (Argentina), Breinox (Venezuela
and Ecuador), and Nootropil (Mexico). Piracetam is also branded as Lucetam, Oikamid, Smart, Geratam, Biotropil, Neurobasal, Stimulan and Nocetan in countries around
the world.
In the United States, Piracetam is sold as an OTC supplement as Piracetam and Nootropil.
Dozens of racetam derivatives have since been developed based on the original Piracetam. All synthetic compounds, racetams share a pyrrolidone nucleus.
Piracetam modulates AMPA receptors, and boosts the function of acetylcholine in the brain. A favorite racetam among the nootropics community. Neurohackers use
Piracetam to boost memory and learning.
If you’re going to start experimenting with racetams, our recommendation at Nootropics Expert is to start with Piracetam. Because it works, it’s safe and it’s cheaper than
all the other nootropics in the racetam-family.
Piracetam helps:
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Inflammation: Piracetam is a potent analgesic (anti-pain). This analgesic effect is related to inhibition of inflammatory markers including IL-1β. And the prevention of reduced glutathione,
ferric reducing ability and free radical scavenging[iii]
Neurotransmitters: Piracetam potentiates the flow of, and increases the effect of acetylcholine (ACh) in the brain.[iv] And studies have shown it significantly improves learning and
memory.[v]
Cerebral Blood Flow: Piracetam increases blood flow in the brain.[vi] Better blood flow delivers more oxygen and nutrients to neurons improving cognition, memory and focus.
Table of Contents
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Overview
How does Piracetam work in the Brain?
How things go bad
Piracetam to the rescue
How does Piracetam feel?
The Research
o
Piracetam Improves Cognition
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o
Piracetam Enhances ATP Production
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
Piracetam (2-oxo-1-pyrrolidine-acetamide, Nootropil) was the first in the racetam-family of nootropic compounds. It is a water-soluble ampakine nootropic. AMPA
(α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic) refers to one of three glutamate receptors in your brain.[vii]
Piracetam
Developed by a fellow of famous Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov, Dr. Corneliu Giurgea first synthesized Piracetam at Belgian-based pharmaceutical company UCB
Pharma in the 1964.
Since the discovery of Piracetam, dozens of nootropics have been created in the racetam-class of compounds. And all have a pyrrolidone nucleus at their core.
Piracetam is a cyclic derivative of GABA. But oddly enough, it doesn’t affect GABA receptors in the brain. Instead, Piracetam was found to modulate AMPA and NMDA
receptors and improve the function of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh).
AMPA and NMDA receptors along with acetylcholine are associated with learning and memory.[viii] And when Piracetam is stacked with a choline supplement its effects are
even more pronounced. Researchers have shown in hundreds of clinical studies that Piracetam significantly improves learning and memory.
Piracetam also increases cerebral blood flow. Blood delivers oxygen and glucose needed for cellular metabolism, and helps carry away cellular waste. Critical for the highly
optimized brain.
Piracetam is sold as a prescription drug in many countries around the world. In the United States, Piracetam is sold as an unregulated OTC research compound.
How does Piracetam work in the Brain?
Piracetam boosts brain health and function in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
Piracetam modulates AMPA and NMDA receptors in the brain. And improves the flow of acetylcholine (ACh) and sensitivity and density of ACh receptors.[ix]
This German study conducted with lab mice showed Piracetam elevated NMDA receptor density. And normalized the way those receptors worked with L-Glutamate similar to
that of a healthy brain.
Deficits at the level of NMDA receptors could be one of the mechanisms of action underlying age-related cognitive decline. And the researchers concluded that Piracetam
showed cognition-enhancing properties.[x]
This effect on NMDA receptor sites is directly related to our interest in using Piracetam for Long-Term Potentiation and the support of long-term memory formation.
Neuroplasticity is dependent on activation of NMDA receptors.[xi] And this neuroplasticity is at the heart of memory formation. Reviews of Piracetam used by neurohackers
frequently report the return of long-lost memories. Further proof of the efficacy in using Piracetam to support learning and memory.
2.
Piracetam increases cerebral blood flow. Several studies have shown how Piracetam positively influences brain blood flow. Cerebral blood flow is critical for the highly optimized brain. Blood
delivers oxygen and glucose needed for cellular metabolism, and helps carry away cellular waste.[xii]
Strokes can be caused by an interruption in cerebral blood flow. Starving parts of the brain of oxygen and glucose. This double-blind, placebo-controlled study was done
with 24 stroke patients. One group received 2,400 mg of Piracetam twice daily, and the other a placebo.
Before treatment, both groups were comparable in performance during language tasks. The study found that Piracetam improved recovery of various language functions.
And this effect was attributed to increased blood circulation to areas of the brain related to language. The placebo group showed very little improvement in areas of
language.[xiii]
How things go bad
As we get older, our brain chemistry and metabolism changes. And it seems these changes are affecting younger and younger people.
↓ Recall, reaction time and learning capacity declines
↓ ATP energy levels decline
↓ Density of AMPA and NMDA receptors decline
↓ Acetylcholine levels decline
↓ Cerebral blood flow declines
All of these changes are contributing factors to age-related cognitive decline. Early signs of these effects can be seen in poor decision-making, difficulty learning, and even
recalling simple things like an important appointment.
But even if you’re not concerned with the signs of aging, Piracetam can help.
Piracetam to the rescue
Piracetam helps increase blood flow in the brain, improves oxygen levels, enhances glucose use in brain cells, maintains brain cell mitochondria and ATP synthesis.
Piracetam is also a potent modulator of AMPA-sensitive glutamate receptors in neurons. It increases the density of specific binding sites for AMPA in neuronal synapses.[xiv]
Glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in your brain. This glutamate activity by Piracetam affects alertness, focus, attention, memory and learning. And one
of the reasons why neurohackers consistently report that Piracetam improves mental performance and memory.
Piracetam increases high-affinity choline uptake (HACU) which is the process that occurs in cholinergic nerve endings and facilitates acetylcholine (ACh) formation. Boosting
ACh with Piracetam produces a powerful effect on learning and memory.[xv]
Piracetam also boosts choline receptor density in the frontal cortex. The area of your brain used for working memory and decision-making.[xvi]
ATP energy is critical to your brain’s survival. Brain cells must produce all of their own ATP from glucose and oxygen. This brain energy carbohydrate metabolism depends
on cerebral blood flow, oxygen uptake and glucose. Piracetam enhances this glucose utilization, and increases ATP synthesis needed to power brain cell mitochondria.[xvii]
And Piracetam has analgesic (anti-pain) benefits. This anti-pain action is linked to Piracetam’s anti-inflammatory properties.[xviii] Inflammation can cause pain, and studies
have shown Piracetam can have profound effect on pain.
Piracetam boosts acetylcholine so you should add a good choline source. Try Alpha GPC or CDP-Choline with Piracetam. And give your brain the choline it needs.
How does Piracetam feel?
Most neurohackers report a noticeable benefit from Piracetam after about 2 weeks. Consider that Piracetam is modulating your brain’s chemistry. And this change is unlikely
to occur immediately.
Your brain needs some time to adjust to the new change in acetylcholine (ACh) levels and how it uses it. Increased cerebral blood flow takes a while to bring up levels of
oxygen and nutrients. And for your neuronal cells to respond. Your mileage may vary depending on your own neuro-chemical makeup.
Many suggest starting with an ‘attack dose’ for the first 3-days. A 3,000 mg ‘attack dose’ of Piracetam for example to start with theoretically gets more of the supplement
into your system right away. So it takes less time to build up before you start feeling the effects.
From there step down to a maintenance dose and vary the quantity until you find your own sweet spot.
Once you begin to notice the effects of Piracetam you’re likely to feel a mood boost, less social anxiety, heightened creativity, improved verbal fluency and better memory.
Piracetam does boost your brain’s use of acetylcholine. So you will likely find that adding a good choline source (Alpha GPC or CDP-Choline) to your Piracetam stack helps.
The Research
We have plenty of evidence that Piracetam improves memory in animals and people who are suffering from many types of cognitive impairment. Keep in mind that most
of the scientific research available for nootropics is done for sick people trying to get well. The return on investment for research at institutions and universities comes from
treating diseases. And not from helping ordinary biohackers like us trying to get a competitive advantage at work or in school.
We can however extrapolate the findings from these studies and learn if and how something like Piracetam can help our memory and cognition. Once-in-awhile someone
does take the time to conduct such a study on healthy people. Like this one done with normal, healthy volunteers.
Researchers gave this healthy group of participants four 400 mg capsules of Piracetam 3-times per day (4,800 mg total) for 14 days. No effects on memory were observed
after 7 days during this experiment. But after 14 days verbal learning had significantly increased.[xix]
Piracetam Improves Cognition
Researchers in Belgium (where Piracetam originated) conducted an analysis of 19 double-blind, placebo-controlled studies done with patients suffering dementia or
cognitive impairment and who took Piracetam.
The results of this meta-analysis demonstrated the difference between people who used Piracetam or used a placebo. The end result of this analysis provided compelling
evidence for the usefulness of Piracetam in a diverse group of people with cognitive impairment.[xx]
Several studies and user reviews have shown that Piracetam dosage makes a difference. And unlike some other nootropics where you start at a lower dose and work your
way up, with Piracetam we recommend you start at a higher suggested dose.
This study in Germany with 78 elderly patients showed that there was a significant difference in cognition improvement while dosing Piracetam at 1,600 mg 3-times per
day. There was no difference in cognition with patients who received 800 mg 3-times per day.[xxi]
Piracetam Enhances ATP Production
Piracetam is used around the world to treat cognitive impairment in aging, brain injuries, dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease. Several studies show that Piracetam enhances
ATP production, mitochondrial membranes and neurite outgrowth in neurons.
In this study, scientists investigated the effects of Piracetam on mitochondrial function. Human brain cells were treated with Piracetam under normal conditions and under
conditions imitating aging and damage by ROS (reactive oxygen species). And with cells representing early-stage Alzheimer’s Disease.
The cells representing Alzheimer’s conditions showed impaired mitochondrial function under baseline conditions. Piracetam was able to restore this impairment in cells and
shift mitochondrial function back to normal.
The researchers showed that Piracetam is able to repair mitochondria in those with mild Alzheimer’s and return cell function back to normal.[xxii]
Dosage Notes
Recommended Piracetam dosage is 1,600 mg 3-times per day. One Piracetam dose in the morning, and one in the early afternoon, and one later in the afternoon.
You will likely want to start with an ‘attack dose’ when you’re first starting out with Piracetam. Refer to the “How does Piracetam feel?” section of this article for more on
‘attack doses’.
Dosing Piracetam varies widely between neurohackers. Experimenting and finding the dose where you experience the most benefit is key. You may find a lower dose works
well for you. Or you may find you need to increase your dose even more. Dosing Piracetam is directly related to your own unique neurochemistry.
Side Effects
Piracetam is non-toxic. So is considered well-tolerated and safe.
As with many of the racetams, Piracetam can cause headaches because it boosts the use of acetylcholine in your brain. Choline supplements like Alpha GPC or CDP-Choline
can help you avoid this side effect.
Many neurohackers find that stacking Piracetam with a choline supplement boosts the effect with improved memory and cognition. And this is supported in several research
studies.[xxiii]
Available Forms
Piracetam is sold in tablet, capsule and powder form. Tablets and capsules are usually 800 mg each.
In Europe, Asia, South America and some other countries around the world, Piracetam is a prescription drug. And sold under many different brand names (including
Nootropil). Refer to the Introduction of this article for some of these brand names.
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Piracetam 1,600 mg 3-times per day
We recommend using Piracetam as a nootropic supplement.
Your body does not make Piracetam on its own. So to get its benefits you must take it as a supplement.
If you’re going to start experimenting with racetams, our recommendation at Nootropics Expert is to start with Piracetam. Because it works, it’s safe and it’s cheaper than
all the other nootropics in the racetam-family.
Piracetam is especially helpful for those suffering from most types of age-related cognitive decline.
Piracetam is also particularly useful to students and executives who want to boost cognition, learning and memory.
You should use Piracetam with a good choline supplement like Alpha GPC or CDP-Choline. It helps boost neural acetylcholine, so demands the presence of more choline in
your brain.
You can safely boost daily intake of Piracetam to 9,600 mg if needed. Studies have shown that Piracetam is completely non-toxic even at high doses. You may find however
that a lower dose than our recommended amount works better for you.
Rhodiola Rosea
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
Rhodiola Rosea is known for improving alertness, energy, memory and mood, is anti-anxiety and anti-depressant, reduces fatigue, and boosts cognition and concentration
Rhodiola Rosea L. (Golden Root, Roseroot, Arctic Root) is an adaptogenic herb and nootropic that has been used in traditional medicine in Russia and Scandinavian
countries for hundreds of years.
In Russia, Rhodiola Rosea is widely used as a remedy for fatigue, poor concentration, and decreased memory. It’s also believed to make workers more productive.
Rhodiola Rosea
The Journal of the American Botanical Council reported on 180 studies done on Rhodiola Rosea since 1960. The bulk of the research shows how this herb works in treating
physical endurance, fatigue, depression, impotence, infections, fertility, cold and flu, tuberculosis, cancer, and anxiety.[i]
German researchers describe the benefits of Rhodiola Rosea for pain, headache, scurvy, hemorrhoids, as a stimulant, and as an anti-inflammatory.[ii]
This ancient remedy has remarkable stress-relieving and anti-anxiety properties. And stands shoulder to shoulder with some of the most potent drugs used to treat
depression and anxiety.
Here we’re going to explore how Rhodiola Rosea benefits your brain.
Rhodiola Rosea helps:
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Reduce Stress and Fatigue: Rhodiola Rosea helps reduce stress and fatigue, increase energy, alertness and stamina, while boosting mental performance under periods of chronic stress.
Research shows Rhodiola Rosea can increase attention to detail-oriented tasks by improving concentration over a prolonged period. The ideal study nootropic.
Improve Mood. Rhodiola Rosea boosts mood by influencing serotonin and norepinephrine levels in your brain, and the feel-good opioids like beta-endorphins.
Neuronal Regeneration: Rhodiola Rosea helps in neurogenesis by repairing and growing new neurons. It also activates the synthesis and re-synthesis of ATP, your body and brain cell’s main
energy source. Rhodiola Rosea helps reduce the inflammatory C-reactive protein. And salidroside, one of many components of this incredible herb, protects neurons from oxidative stressinduced cell death.
Table of Contents
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Overview
How does Rhodiola Rosea work in the Brain?
How things go bad:
Rhodiola Rosea to the rescue
How does Rhodiola Rosea feel?
The Research
o
o
Rhodiola Rosea as a nootropic
Rhodiola Rosea as an anti-depressant
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
Rhodiola Rosea L. (Golden Root, Roseroot, Arctic Root) has been used for several thousand years in traditional medicine. It grows in primarily dry sandy ground at high
altitudes in the arctic areas of Europe and Asia.
Rhodiola rosea (arctic root) growing on a rock in Siberia
The plant is 12 – 30 inches high and produces yellow blossoms. The Greek physician, Dioscorides, first recorded the medicinal applications of ‘rodia riza’ in 77 C.E. in De
Materia Medica.[iii]
This ancient herbal adaptogen has remarkable anti-depressant and anti-anxiety qualities. And has been shown to be as good as many prescription pharmaceuticals in
treating depression and anxiety.
In total, Rhodiola Rosea contains 140 compounds in the roots and rhizome. The critical components include rosavin, rosarian, and rosin, collectively known as rosavins.
Certain chemicals must be present for Rhodiola Rosea to work. And these include rosavin, rosarin, rosin, salidroside, and tyrosol. The first 3 of these compounds are found
only in Rhodiola Rosea. It takes a synergistic combination of these chemicals for this herb to be effective.
To ensure the supplement you choose works and contains pure Rhodiola Rosea, it needs to be standardized to contain at least 3% rosavins and 1% salidroside. This is the
ratio found in the natural root. (See more about selecting the right Rhodiola Rosea supplement in “Available Forms” later in this article).
Studies on organs, tissues, cells and enzymes show that Rhodiola Rosea extracts exhibit adaptogenic effects that are neuroprotective, cardio protective, anti-fatigue, antidepressive, anxiolytic, nootropic, and has life-extension qualities.[iv]
Rhodiola Rosea is known as an adaptogen. Which means it helps your body adapt to stress, both mental and physical.
How does Rhodiola Rosea work in the Brain?
Rhodiola Rosea boosts brain health and function in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
Rhodiola Rosea enhances mood. Reports from the nootropics community, and data from clinical trials show that Rhodiola Rosea encourages a balanced mood.
One double-blind, placebo-controlled trial worked with male and female subjects aged 18 – 70 years. All were diagnosed with mild to moderate depression.
One group received two 340 mg tablets of Rhodiola Rosea extract (SHR-5) daily. A second group received double the dose of the first group per day. And the third group
received a placebo daily.
The efficacy of SHR-5 extract for depression complaints was assessed on the first day. And again on day 42 of the trial. The research team reported that Groups A and B
saw significant improvements in depression, insomnia, emotions and overall quality of life.
The team concluded that Rhodiola Rosea extract has potent anti-depressant qualities in those with mild to moderate depression. When administered in doses of
either 340 or 680 mg per day over 6-weeks.[v]
2.
Rhodiola Rosea improves mental performance under stress. Mental fatigue can cause brain fog, and make it hard to focus. It can affect your performance at school, and on the job.
Rhodiola Rosea stimulates your nervous system to fight fatigue that stifles mental clarity. And studies show it even saves injured neurons. And encourages the growth and
development of brain cells.
One animal study in China explored the effects of Rhodiola Rosea on the number of neurons in the hippocampus of rats with depression induced by chronic stress.
This study has a direct correlation on how Rhodiola Rosea works in the human brain. And its value as a nootropic. In this study, 50 rats were divided into 5 groups: normal
control, untreated, negative control, positive control and Rhodiola Rosea-treated groups.
The research team found that the number of neurons in the hippocampus in the Rhodiola Rosea-treated group were increased and recovered to normal level.
The study concluded that Rhodiola Rosea promotes the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells in the hippocampus. And may play a role in saving injured
neurons of the hippocampus.[vi]
How things go bad:
Chronic stress and cortisol can damage your brain. Neuroscientists at the University of California, Berkeley, found that chronic stress triggers long-term changes in
brain structure and function.[vii]
Chronic stress changes neural networks. Cortisol creates a domino effect that hard-wires pathways between the hippocampus and amygdala. (The amygdala (lizard brain) is
the area responsible for your fight-or-flight response).
This hard-wiring caused by stress is not the way the brain was designed. But chronic, ongoing stress tricks the brain into rebuilding circuits and hunkering down for the long
haul.
This re-wiring appears to be permanent. Unless you intervene with something like Rhodiola Rosea.
Chronic stress seems to ‘flip a switch’ in stem cells in the brain. And turns them into a type of cell that prevents connections to the prefrontal cortex. Preventing improved
learning and memory.
And laying down the scaffolding linked to anxiety, depression and PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder).
↓ Chronic stress reduces levels of serotonin and norepinephrine
↓ Chronic stress reduces the number of neurons
↑ Anxiety and depression increases
↓ Chronic stress induces brain fog and memory loss
Under conditions of chronic stress and excess cortisol you experience mental and physical fatigue.
Rhodiola Rosea to the rescue
Rhodiola Rosea undoes damage to your brain caused by chronic stress. It helps keep it healthy. And even improves your body and brain’s response to stress.
Rhodiola Rosea relieves stress by balancing your body’s stress-response system. And helps your body return to a relaxed state by influencing key brain chemicals like
serotonin, norepinephrine and beta-endorphins (opioid neuropeptides).[viii]
Rhodiola Rosea can also help prevent and repair damage caused by C-reactive protein and free radicals.
Rhodiola Rosea even provides protection and regeneration of neurons during periods of stress. It helps in the synthesis and re-synthesis of ATP. The main fuel source for
the mitochondria in your cells.
Any kind of fatigue you experience – regardless of source – Rhodiola Rosea is like your “magic bullet”. Mood, energy, stamina and concentration can all increase with a dose
of this herb.
Many neurohackers even report improved libido and sexual performance when using Rhodiola Rosea.
If you get an effective dose of real standardized Rhodiola Rosea extract, you should experience an effect.
How does Rhodiola Rosea feel?
The time required to begin feeling the effects of Rhodiola Rosea depends on your genetics, mental and physical condition, environment, behavior and lifestyle.
Some neurohackers report feeling its effects in just a few days. While others require as much as 3 weeks. Clinical studies show that most people experience the full benefits
of Rhodiola Rosea in 30 – 40 days.
If you don’t notice a change within 40 days, Rhodiola Rosea may not be effective for you.
Many report that Rhodiola Rosea provides a pronounced anti-anxiety effect. Depression lifts and overall quality of life improves.
Rhodiola Rosea should give you an energy lift. It could improve your mood, focus, level of concentration and alertness.
The Research
Rhodiola Rosea has a reputation in the nootropic community for its energizing and anti-fatigue qualities.
One double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was carried out with 161 cadets aged from 19 – 21 years. The intent was to measure the effect of a single dose of Rhodiola Rosea
extract (SHR-5) on capacity for mental work against a background of fatigue and stress.
An additional objective was to try two different doses of the extract. The other dose being 50% higher. So the cadets were given either 2 or 3 capsules of Rhodiola Rosea
extract.
The study showed a “pronounced anti-fatigue effect” in the cadets. With no significant differences between the two dosage groups. But there was a “possible trend in favor
of the lower dose” in the cognitive tests.[ix]
Rhodiola Rosea as a nootropic
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of repeated low-dose treatment of Rhodiola Rosea extract (SHR-5) on mental performance with fatigued physicians.
The researchers recruited a group of 56 healthy, young physicians working night duty at the Armenian State Medical University. Tests involved overall level of mental
fatigue, associative thinking, short-term memory, calculation, ability of concentration, and speed of audio-visual perception.
Tests were done before and after night duty during 3 periods of 2 weeks each. The young doctors received Rhodiola Rosea extract tablets or a placebo for the first 2 weeks.
Followed by a 2 week ‘washout’ period. And finishing with another 2 weeks of Rhodiola Rosea extract tablets or a placebo.
The research team found a statistically significant improvement in cognitive tests during the first 2 weeks. No side effects were reported. And the young doctors had a
reduction in general fatigue under stressful conditions.[x]
Rhodiola Rosea as an anti-depressant
One study published in Phytomedicine was run as a “proof of concept” trial to evaluate the efficacy of using Rhodiola Rosea compared to the anti-depressant ‘sertraline’ for
major depressive disorder.
Sertraline (Zoloft©) is a pharmaceutical SSRI used to treat depression, anxiety, panic attacks, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). And it comes with a host of side
effects including fatigue, diarrhea, anorexia, convulsions, confusion, decreased libido, and ejaculation failure.
This trial recruited 57 people diagnosed with depression. They were given standardized Rhodiola Rosea extract, sertraline, or a placebo for 12 weeks. 3 different depression
scoring tests were used during the trial.
The researchers concluded that Rhodiola Rosea produced less antidepressant effect than sertraline, but it also resulted in “significantly fewer adverse events and was better
tolerated.”
The research team concluded that even though Rhodiola offered slightly less anti-depressant benefits, it possessed “a more favorable risk to benefit ratio for those with mild
to moderate depression”.[xi]
Dosage Notes
Recommended dose of Rhodiola Rosea is 150 – 200 mg per day.
Look for an extract that is standardized to contain rosavins and salidrosides in a 3:1 ratio. This mimics the ratio of these compounds that naturally occur in Rhodiola
Rosea root.
No additional benefit seems to come from taking more than 1,000 mg per day.
Side Effects
Rhodiola Rosea is a natural adaptogen and herb that has been used successfully for thousands of years. It’s considered non-toxic and safe. And very few side effects have
been reported.
Considerably higher than recommended doses could result in dry mouth, nausea, upset stomach, headache, insomnia and weight loss.
Since Rhodiola Rosea acts as a Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor (MAOI), you should not use it if you’re taking MAOI meds. MAOI’s are a type of anti-depressant drug used to
treat bipolar disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and PTSD.
MAOI meds influence serotonin levels in the brain. So taking MAOI’s in combination with Rhodiola Rosea has the potential to cause serotonin syndrome.
Available Forms
Rhodiola Rosea is available as a powder, capsules, tablets and tea.
Active ingredients of Rhodiola Rosea include rosavins and salidrosides. Make sure you look for the percentage of active ingredients listed on the bottle or package.
Ideally you’re looking for a 3:1 ratio of rosavins and salidrosides. This mimics the ratio of these compounds naturally occurring in the Rhodiola Rosea root.
Rhodiola Rosea can sometimes be found in some of higher quality pre-formulated nootropic stacks. For example, Mind Lab Pro® contains 11 brain enhancing nootropic
compounds including Rhodiola Rosea (standardized to 3% rosavins, and 1% salidrosides).
I recommend Mind Lab Pro because it addresses all aspects of anxiety resistance, memory and cognitive enhancement, stabilizes mood, brain repair, and maintenance.
This premium nootropic stack is designed to affect neurotransmitters, cognitive energy, brain waves, neuroprotection, and regeneration. See my Mind Lab Pro review for a
detailed report.
Now this is where it gets tricky if you choose to buy individual Rhodiola supplements. And probably the reason why some forum threads and user reviews report
no effect from using Rhodiola Rosea.
Rhodiola Rosea growing wild
In the late 1980’s, demand for Rhodiola Rosea-based phytomedicines dramatically increased. The wild-grown, raw material was over-harvested, resulting in a steady
decline in the quality and effectiveness of Rhodiola Rosea.
Studies revealed that other species of genus Rhodiola were being substituted for Rhodiola Rosea. While some of these mixed batches were highly variable in quality, others
had no pharmacological or nootropic effect.[xii]
The American Botanical Council has more on Rhodiola Rosea and problems with adulterants in this extensive report.
So do your best to find out where the supplement maker gets their raw Rhodiola Rosea. Hostile environments like Siberia seem to produce higher quality Rhodiola Rosea.
The active ingredients for most nootropic benefit include; Rosavin, Rosaridin, Rosarin, Rosin, Salidroside, and Tyrosol. The first 3 are collectively referred to as “rosavins”.
And the other big one is “salidroside” which has several iterations.
Avoid supplements that list “other ingredients” on the label. And look for Certified Organic to ensure the root used to make your Rhodiola Rosea supplement is free of
heavy metals, pesticides and herbicides.
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Rhodiola Rosea Extract 150 – 200 mg per day
We recommend using Rhodiola Rosea as a nootropic supplement.
Your body does not make Rhodiola Rosea on its own. So to get its benefits you must take it as a supplement.
Rhodiola Rosea is especially helpful for those suffering from anxiety and stress. Studies show it helps stop and reverse the devastating effects of stress in your brain, and
body. This nootropic helps repair the damage to neurons caused by chronic stress.
Rhodiola Rosea is a powerful adaptogen. Which means it helps increase the effect of certain hormones when activity is low. And will block excess stimulation when activity is
too high.
Rhodiola Rosea as an adaptogen helps balance norepinephrine in the body caused by chronic stress. It also boosts serotonin and the feel-good opioid chemical betaendorphins.
Using Rhodiola Rosea can help eliminate brain fog, increase concentration during brutal periods like exams or business presentations, boost energy by increasing the ATP
fueling your mitochondria, and protect your brain cells from free radical damage.
Rhodiola Rosea helps alleviate mental and physical fatigue, improves stress response, and provides better quality of sleep. It can even help out your sex life.
Rhodiola Rosea is especially helpful for those suffering from anxiety and panic disorders. Studies have shown the calming effect of this herb was equal to some popular
antidepressant and anti-anxiety drugs. Without the side effects.
You can safely take up to 600 mg of Rhodiola Rosea extract daily if needed. Most get all the benefit they need with 150 – 200 mg. Half of the dose in the morning, and
another early afternoon.
And make sure your getting genuine Rhodiola Rosea extract with a 3:1 ratio of rosavins and salidrosides. Read the user reviews and labels.
You can buy individual Rhodiola Rosea supplements. Or you could try my favorite pre-formulated nootropic stack Mind Lab Pro® which includes Rhodiola Rosea
(standardized to 3% rosavins, and 1% salidrosides).
Mind Lab Pro contains a synergistic blend of 11 brain enhancing nootropics covering all aspects of cognition and brain health. See my full Mind Lab Pro review for more.
Phenylalanine
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
Phenylalanine enhances working memory, executive function, creative flow states, stress reduction, better mood, anti-anxiety and lessens symptoms of ADHD
Phenylalanine is a highly bio-available essential amino acid. Your body naturally converts L-Phenylalanine into the amino acid L-Tyrosine which is then converted into LDOPA. Decarboxylation of L-DOPA results in synthesis of the neurotransmitter dopamine.[i]
Once converted into dopamine, the enzyme dopamine-beta-hydroxylase converts dopamine into the neurotransmitters norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine
(adrenaline). This triad of neurotransmitters are collectively referred to as “catecholamines”.
As a nootropic supplement, you may find several different forms of Phenylalanine available. L-Phenylalanine is the natural form found in proteins. D-Phenylalanine is a
mirror image of L-Phenylalanine that is made in the lab. And DL-Phenylalanine is a combination of the two forms.[ii]
L-Phenylalanine can be a highly effective nootropic for boosting cognitive function because it boosts norepinephrine and dopamine production. Resulting in increased
attention, motivation and working memory.
D-Phenylalanine (but not L-Phenylalanine) has been used to treat chronic pain although the clinical research in this area is sparse.
L-Phenylalanine also stimulates the production of thyroid hormones T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine) which are crucial in maintaining both overall physical and
cognitive health.
Phenylalanine helps:
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Cognitive Stress. L-Phenylalanine helps produce the catecholamine-triad of neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine. Sleep deprivation and extreme stressors like heat
and cold can deplete catecholamine levels. L-Phenylalanine restores them to preserve optimal cognition.[iii]
Neurotransmitters. Phenylalanine is a necessary precursor for dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine. As your dopamine levels increase, you’re better able to concentrate, organize your
thoughts, and stay productive.
Attention Deficit Disorder (ADHD). L-Phenylalanine can be an effective treatment for some with ADHD symptoms. L-Phenylalanine works in synergy with pharmaceutical drugs like Ritalin
and Adderall by boosting extracellular levels of dopamine. Helping these drugs be more effective. And mitigating side effects like crashes when the drug wears off.
Table of Contents
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Overview
L-Phenylalanine vs. D-Phenylalanine: What’s the Difference?
How does L-Phenylalanine work in the Brain?
How things go bad
L-Phenylalanine to the rescue
How does L-Phenylalanine feel?
The Research
o
o
Phenylalanine as an Antidepressant
Phenylalanine for ADHD
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
L-Phenylalanine is an essential amino acid that you get from food or a supplement. The enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase converts Phenylalanine in your liver into the
amino acid L-Tyrosine.[iv]
Phenylalanine
Phenylalanine is found in protein-rich foods like soybeans, cheese, nuts, seeds, beef, lamb, chicken, pork, fish, eggs, dairy, beans, and whole grains. The artificial sweetener
aspartame also contains Phenylalanine.
Your brain converts L-Tyrosine to L-DOPA which then produces the neurotransmitter dopamine. The unused dopamine is then further converted into the neurotransmitters
norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline). This triad of neurotransmitters are collectively referred to as “catecholamines”.
Many neurohackers prefer L-Phenylalanine over other catecholamine precursors because it supports neurotransmitter production without directly increasing
neurotransmitter levels.
This last part is key because indiscriminately increasing neurotransmitters across the board can lead to imbalances and tolerance. Which can defeat the purpose of taking
the nootropic in the first place.
For example, not enough epinephrine can decrease cognition. And too much norepinephrine can decrease attention, processing speed and executive function.[v]
L-Phenylalanine vs. D-Phenylalanine: What’s the Difference?
L-Phenylalanine is an essential amino acid which means you must get if from food. Or as a supplement. Your body cannot synthesize Phenylalanine on its own.
L-Phenylalanine (LPA) is converted into the amino acid L-Tyrosine in your liver. Once L-Tyrosine crosses the blood-brain barrier, it is converted into L-DOPA. Which is further
converted into the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline).
D-Phenylalanine (DPA) is a synthetic version of, and mirror image of L-Phenylalanine created in the lab. DPA has a different mechanism of action in the body than LPA.
D-Phenylalanine (DPA) slows the action of the enzymes carboxypeptidase A or endorphinase and enkephalinase. These enzymes degrade endorphins. Slowing down these
enzymes that reduce endorphins can help reduce pain.[vi]
DL-Phenylalanine is a 50/50 combination of L-Phenylalanine and D-Phenylalanine. By combining the two in theory you get the best of both an antidepressant and pain
reducer.
How does L-Phenylalanine work in the Brain?
L-Phenylalanine boosts brain health and function in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
L- Phenylalanine decreases depression. L-Phenylalanine is converted into L-Tyrosine which in turn is converted into L-DOPA in the brain. L-DOPA is then used to make the feel good
neurotransmitter dopamine. So depression could be the result of not getting enough of the first amino acid (L-Phenylalanine) in the chain of events needed to produce dopamine.
In one study done in Germany, 20 depressed patients received from 75-200 mg per day of DL-Phenylalanine for 20 days. At the end of the trial 12 of the depressed patients
could be discharged without any further treatment. 4 of the patients had a moderate decrease in depressive symptoms. And 4 patients showed no response.[vii]
2.
L-Phenylalanine boosts neurotransmitters. L-Phenylalanine turns into L-Tyrosine once taken as a supplement. It then converts into the neurotransmitter dopamine. Dopamine is used to
control movement in your body, is fundamental to memory, attention and problem solving.
The unused dopamine can then convert into the neurotransmitters norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline).
Norepinephrine is important for attentiveness, emotions, sleeping, dreaming and learning.
Epinephrine drives your ‘flight-or-flight’ response. It’s what prompts your reaction to dangerous circumstances, emergency situations, or in stressful situations or
environments.
This balance in neurotransmitters is critical to the fully optimized, healthy brain. And why some neurohackers choose L-Phenylalanine to allow the body to make the
neurotransmitters it needs. Instead of causing an imbalance by boosting one neurotransmitter over another.
A study in Venezuela investigated ADHD and autism, and the implications of amino acids on these neuropsychiatric disorders. 40 subjects affected by autism and 11 with
ADHD along with 41 healthy subjects were included in this study.
The researchers found that those with ADHD had decreasing Phenylalanine and increasing glycine which disrupted their inhibitory neurotransmission system. Not enough
phenylalanine and increasing lysine was present in those with autism.[viii]
Another study at Ohio State University looked at amino acids in 28 ADHD patients. And found all subjects with ADHD had significantly lower levels of the amino acids
phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, histidine, and isoleucine. The researchers concluded each subject had a general deficit in amino acid transport, absorption or both.[ix]
How things go bad
As we get older, our brain and body chemistry and energy metabolism changes.
↓ Dopaminergic neurons are damaged or die
↓ Neurotransmitter levels decline
↓ Thyroid hormones decline
↑ Stress levels increase
↓ Working memory and mood decline
All of these changes are often attributed to aging. But could be a result of dietary and lifestyle choices. Unchecked, they could lead to neurodegenerative diseases like
Parkinson’s, a drop in quality of life and depression.
L-Phenylalanine to the rescue
L-Phenylalanine can boost levels of the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine. And can help a sluggish thyroid produce more T4 and T3.
L-Phenylalanine can help boost cognition especially in stressful situations. It helps improve decision making, ‘flow state’ and creativity, cognitive flexibility, and working
memory.
L-Phenylalanine converts into L-Tyrosine which then converts into L-DOPA to produce dopamine. L-DOPA is also used to make melanin in your body. This conversion process
helps in the removal of neurotoxic quinones. And chelates heavy metals like mercury and lead which can accumulate in and damage neurons.
The dopamine that is not used by your brain is available to produce norepinephrine (noradrenaline) which is important for attentiveness, emotions, sleeping, dreaming and
learning.
L-Phenylalanine may be an effective nootropic when stacked with ADHD/ADD meds like Ritalin or Adderall. It helps supply extracellular dopamine needed to improve the
effectiveness of stimulants used to boost the uptake of dopamine in your brain.
How does L-Phenylalanine feel?
Keep in mind that L-Phenylalanine is a precursor to catecholamines. So if you’re not ‘low’ on dopamine, norepinephrine or epinephrine – you may not ‘feel’ anything.
Many neurohackers report a lift in mood, better focus, concentration, increased energy, and an overall sense of well-being. L-Phenylalanine can help readjust your
motivation levels. It can help lower anxiety levels, especially social anxiety.
Supplementing with L-Phenylalanine can help bring your blood pressure down if its elevated from a stressful situation or environment. Take it before the stressful event if
you can.
L-Phenylalanine helps buffer the effects of stimulants like caffeine or amphetamines. It helps potentiate and prolong the effects of Ritalin or Adderall, and reduces the crash.
If you’re into athletics or do manual work, you’ll find that supplementing with L-Phenylalanine before a workout or construction job can leave you feeling great afterwards. It
may help mitigate many of the effects of acute stress caused by short-term stressors.
And L-Phenylalanine helps your body produce L-Tyrosine which helps to produce melanin, so you may find it easier to get a tan while at the beach.
The Research
Phenylalanine as an Antidepressant
Several studies have investigated using Phenylalanine for the treatment of depression. One study published in the journal Arzneimittel-Forschung looked at using DLPhenylalanine in a small group of patients who failed to respond to popular antidepressants like MAOIs.
In this study, researchers worked with 23 patients diagnosed with depression and who had not responded to standard antidepressants. They were given 50 or 100 mg of
Phenylalanine daily for 15 days. The researchers found that Phenylalanine completely improved mood in 17 of the patients. Within 13 days of the 15-day trial.[x]
Another study in the Journal of Neural Transmission studied DL-Phenylalanine use with 20 depressed patients. The subjects were given 75 – 200 mg/day of DLphenylalanine for 20 days.
The study found that 8 patients completely recovered from depression. And another 4 experienced a significant improvement in mood. Another 4 patients saw mild to
moderate improvements, and another 4 did not respond to treatment.
This study shows that Phenylalanine has considerable antidepressant properties. And is effective for the majority of people suffering from depression.[xi]
Phenylalanine for ADHD
Phenylalanine for ADHD seems at first glance as a natural solution for ADHD symptoms. It’s a precursor to the neurotransmitter dopamine which is targeted with stimulants
like Ritalin and Adderall. But the very limited clinical evidence tell a different story for practical use.
In this double-blind crossover study, 19 patients with ADD were given DL-phenylalanine or a placebo for 2 weeks. 13 of the ADD patients experienced a significant
improvement in ADD symptoms compared to the placebo. And patients saw an improvement in mood.
But the patients who did respond to DL-Phenylalanine lost all positive benefits within 3 months. And it’s interesting that a later study with ADHD patients using Lphenylalanine (not DL-Phenylalanine) produced no clinical benefit.[xii]
Another study from 1987 treated 11 hyperactive boys for 2 weeks with D-Phenylalanine. There was no significant improvement or deterioration in behavior.[xiii]
There is a modern school of thought that there are several different types of ADD and ADHD. And the symptoms are caused by malfunctions in different parts of the brain
depending on the ‘type’ of ADHD.
The bottom line is some dealing with ADHD may benefit from supplementing with Phenylalanine. And that DL-Phenylalanine may be the best option. Try it and see if it
works for you.
Dosage Notes
L-Phenylalanine suggested dosage for cognitive benefit is 500 mg up to 3-times per day.
You may find your body responds to smaller doses. Or even more if your stacking it with stimulants like ADHD meds. Listen to your body and see how you react.
Since L-Phenylalanine is an amino acid, for best absorption and so it’s not competing with other amino acids, take it at least an hour before food. L-Phenylalanine works
best on an empty stomach.
And take L-Phenylalanine with Vitamin B6 and Vitamin C to further maximize absorption. And give your body what it needs to produce the neurotransmitters dopamine,
norepinephrine and epinephrine.
L-Phenylalanine is also needed along with L-Tyrosine to synthesize the CoQ10 needed to fuel your brain’s mitochondria.
Side Effects
L-Phenylalanine quickly turns into the non-essential amino acid L-Tyrosine once you take it. So is considered non-toxic and very safe. Most neurohackers don’t have any
negative side effects.
Important Caution: People with phenylketonuria (PKU), and women who are breastfeeding or are pregnant, should not take phenylalanine supplements. PKU is an
inherited condition where excess phenylalanine can build up in your body. Aspartame, found in artificial sweeteners such as NutraSweet, is a source of phenylalanine.
People with PKU should not use aspartame. If you are pregnant, ask your doctor about using this artificial sweetener.[xiv]
At higher doses there are reports of stomach issues and migraines. Experts say that L-Phenylalanine is toxic in doses above 5000 mg. And higher doses will not give you
any added benefit.
If you try recommended doses of L-Phenylalanine and do not feel any benefit, then this nootropic may not be right for you. You could try L-Tyrosine or NALT instead.
L-Phenylalanine can increase your thyroid hormones. So if you’re hyperthyroid you shouldn’t use L-Phenylalanine.
And if you’re taking MAO inhibitors (MAOI’s) like selegiline, Azilect, Marplan or Nardil you should not use L-Phenylalanine. MAOI’s work in your brain and affect
neurotransmitters. So using L-Phenylalanine in combination with MAOI’s could throw off the delicate balance of neurotransmitters needed for optimal brain health and
cognition. And taking L-Phenylalanine with MAOI’s could cause a severe increase in blood pressure which could lead to a heart attack or stroke.
Other sides effects which can accompany unusually high doses of phenylalanine can include anxiety, rapid heart beat, restlessness, heart palpitations or high blood
pressure. If you are dealing with or on medication for high blood pressure you should not use L-Phenylalanine.
Available Forms
L-Phenylalanine is available in powder, capsule and tablet form. Capsules and tablets are usually 500 mg.
Phenylalanine is also available as D-Phenylalanine and the 50/50 combined form of DL-Phenylalanine. You may find one form works better for you than another.
Ensure you read labels carefully, and stick with manufacturers who follow Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP). And are GMP-Certified.
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
L-Phenylalanine 500 mg up to 3-times per day
We recommend using L-Phenylalanine as a nootropic supplement.
Your body does synthesize some L-Tyrosine from phenylalanine which comes from high-protein foods like chicken, fish, almonds, avocados and bananas.
But most of us don’t get enough L-Phenylalanine from our diet. So supplementation will help. And L-Phenylalanine is a highly bioavailable, natural form of this amino acid.
So you should feel its effects faster.
L-Phenylalanine is helpful for most neurohackers to combat stress and sleep deprivation. It’ll boost dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine levels.
It’s particularly helpful if you take L-Phenylalanine prior to a stressful situation, workout or physically demanding job.
L-Phenylalanine could be helpful to those dealing with ADHD/ADD. It’s a great compliment to stack with stimulant meds like Ritalin or Adderall. L-Phenylalanine will provide
the dopamine your brain needs. It will help smooth out and prolong the effects of stimulant meds. And help prevent the associated crash when they wear off.
You can safely use up to 1,500 mg per day when stacking with ADHD meds. But dosed throughout your day.
Phenylethylamine
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
Phenylethylamine enhances working memory, executive function, creative flow states, stress reduction, better mood, anti-anxiety and lessens symptoms of ADHD
Phenylethylamine (PEA, 2-phenylethylamine, β-phenylethylamine, phenethylamine) is a trace amino acid. Your brain naturally converts L-Phenylalanine into
Phenylethylamine (PEA).
PEA is not at the top of most nootropic stack choices because its effects are so short-lived. But some neurohackers love PEA for its stimulant and mood enhancing qualities.
The most famous promoter of phenylethylamine was Dr. Alexander Shulgin and his wife Anna. Dr. Shulgin published ‘PiHKAL: A Chemical Love Story’ in 1991. PiHKAL is
short for “Phenethylamines I Have Known and Loved”.
Phenylethylamines are a group of phenethylamine derivatives which contain PEA as a backbone. These derivative compounds are formed by replacing one or more hydrogen
atoms in the core structure.
This class of PEA compounds include amphetamines, empathogens, stimulants, psychedelics, appetite suppressants, bronchodilators, nasal decongestants, and
antidepressants.
One of the more famous PEA derivatives is Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or Ecstasy).
Dr. Shulgin developed, tested, and published the formulas for 179 different compounds largely based around the structure of PEA in his book PiHKAL.
In this review we investigate how phenylethylamine (PEA) works in the brain.
Phenylethylamine helps:
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Anxiety & Depression. PEA activates TAAR1 and TAAR2 receptors which in turn prevents the uptake and boosts the release of the ‘feel-good’ neurotransmitters serotonin and dopamine.
Neuroprotector. Monoamine oxidase inhibits the catecholamines like dopamine and norepinephrine. Decreases in dopamine levels are implicated in diseases like Parkinson’s. PEA helps boost
dopamine and norepinephrine levels. Reducing the symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases.
Attention Deficit Disorder (ADHD). PEA prevents the reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine and inhibits their transport. Like the mechanism of action provided by ADHD stimulant meds.
Some have found supplementing with PEA as a nootropic has decreased the symptoms of ADHD.
Table of Contents
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Overview
How does Phenylethylamine work in the brain?
How things go bad
Phenylethylamine to the rescue
How does Phenylethylamine feel?
The Research
o
o
Phenylethylamine as an Antidepressant
Phenylethylamine for ADHD
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
Phenylethylamine (PEA, 2-phenylethylamine, β-phenylethylamine, phenethylamine) is a trace amine naturally synthesized from L-Phenylalanine in your brain.
Phenylethylamine
Aromatic amino-acid decarboxylase converts phenylalanine to phenylethylamine. This is the same enzyme that converts phenylalanine into dopamine. And it converts it at a
rate comparable to the synthesis of dopamine.
But PEA is not retained in neuronal vesicles like dopamine is stored. Instead, monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) quickly degrades PEA.[i]
Despite its short half-life, PEA as a nootropic seems to be effective for increasing catecholamine activity by boosting dopamine and norepinephrine.[ii]
PEA can be found naturally in many cacao, algae, fungi, and bacteria as well as clover, beans, peas, and some food products such as Natto and eggs.
PEA is also found in chocolate where it is produced during cocao’s fermentation and roasting process.[iii]
PEA binds to C-protein-coupled receptors TAAR1 and TAAR2, receptors reserved specifically for trace amine use.[iv] These receptors are not used by other major
neurotransmitters like dopamine or norepinephrine.
The half-life of PEA taken as a nootropic supplement is only 5 – 10 minutes.[v] Because it’s quickly degraded by monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B).
Many neurohackers prologue the effects of PEA by using it with a monoamine oxidase-B inhibitor (MAOI) like selegiline (L-deprenyl), hordenine, or Oat Straw.
How does Phenylethylamine work in the brain?
Phenylethylamine boosts brain health and function in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
Phenylethylamine decreases depression. PEA naturally boosts the ‘feel-good’ neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin in your brain. Studies have shown that depressed patients when
tested have lower levels of PEA.[vi]
In fact, some suggest that a PEA deficit may be the cause of depression in the first place. One study had 14 patients with major depression take up to 60 mg per day of
Phenylethylamine (PEA) along with 10 mg of selegiline (L-Deprenyl) for up to 50 weeks.
Researchers found that “PEA produces sustained relief of depression in a significant number of patients, including some unresponsive to the standard treatments. PEA
improves mood as rapidly as amphetamine but does not produce tolerance.”[vii]
2.
Phenylethylamine is a mesencephalic enhancer. PEA is considered a mesencephalic enhancer which is defined as “enhancer-sensitive neurons in the brain capable of working in a splitsecond on a high activity level due to endogenous enhancer substances”.[viii]
This means that PEA stimulates the release of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin in the brain. But unlike stimulant drugs like amphetamine, which release a flood of
these neurotransmitters in an uncontrolled manner;
PEA instead only increase the amount of neurotransmitters that get released when a neuron is stimulated by receiving an impul se from a neighboring neuron.
In other words, the pattern of the neurotransmitter release in not changed. But when the neuron would normally release a neurotransmitter, a larger than normal amount is
released.[ix]
The result is nearly instantaneous improvements in cognitive performance, attention, awareness, pleasure, libido, and a sense of well-being.
Phenylethylamine is an endogenous (natural or ‘built-in’) amphetamine. This mechanism of action of how prescription ADHD stimulants like Adderall work. And the basis for
many Schedule 1 drugs like MDMA[x], LSD, mescaline, and (crystal) methylamphetamine.[xi]
How things go bad
Phenylethylamine (PEA) is naturally metabolized by monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B). But as we get older, MAO-B levels rise and suppress healthy levels of PEA.
Low PEA levels have been linked to several neurological diseases. And may result in:
↓ Increased chance of ADHD
↓ Increased chance of addiction
↓ Energy levels decline
↓ Working memory and mood decline
↓ Contributing to Parkinson’s Disease
On the other hand, excess levels of PEA has been linked to migraines and paranoid schizophrenia.
Phenylethylamine to the rescue
Phenylethylamine (PEA) quickly crosses the blood-brain barrier once you take it. And you feel its effects right away.
Activation of TAAR1 receptors inhibit the uptake and induces the release of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin. It’s like turning up the volume of neuron activity.
A higher concentration of all of these neurotransmitters increase feelings of pleasure, boosts motivation, improves memory and cognition, and reinforces impulse control.
PEA naturally maintains and regulates neuronal activity. Preventing over- or under-stimulation. When working as designed, PEA and other trace amines prevent metabolic
dysfunction and neurological disorders.
As a neurotransmitter, PEA acts like, and looks similar to amphetamines. And produces effects normally associated with taking a stimulant. But unlike amphetamines, and
because PEA is endogenous to the brain, side effects and tolerance are avoided.
PEA works in an area of the brain associated with emotions. Resulting in feelings of pleasure, more drive and impulse control, heightened creativity, and better sensory
perception.
PEA improves libido, social behavior, a sense of wellbeing, and better overall performance.
PEA is currently being studied and used for the treatment of ADHD, depression, bipolar disorder, cognitive dysfunction like brain fog and poor concentration. And PEA looks
promising for treating addiction and eating disorders.
How does Phenylethylamine feel?
PEA is rapidly broken down by monoamine oxidase-B (MAO) so unless you stack PEA with a MAO-B inhibitor, don’t expect its effects to last. Most experience a peak within
15 minutes and sustained energy for 30 min. to an hour.
If you’re ADHD or ADD, you should see an improvement in mood, attention span, focus and mental clarity. Not quite the same effect you’d get from something like Adderall
but with a side benefit of more sociability.
Neurohackers report taking an MAOI (inhibitor) supplement 15 minutes before a PEA dose and the effects should last about 2 hours. And there’s no crash like you’d
normally experience with a stimulant. Just a general feeling of well-being once it wears off.
Some have reported PEA helped kick the habit of Phenibut or caffeine without going through withdrawal.
As a pre-workout supplement, PEA provides a more intense and focused workout.
Older neurohackers seem to feel even more benefit when using PEA. Likely because monoamine oxidase levels over-power dopamine the older you get. And using PEA,
especially with a MAOI helps restore dopamine and other neurotransmitters that are typically depressed with age.
PEA is a great nootropic for study because you should feel less anxiety, fewer panic attacks and less stress. And more motivation, a better mood, easier to maintain focus,
and more energy.
Some report food cravings subside and it’s easier to lose weight.
The Research
Phenylethylamine as an Antidepressant
Depression is the 2nd leading cause of disability among ages 15 – 44. By 2030, the World Health Organization predicts depression will be the leading cause of disability
worldwide.[xii]
Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRI) are the most popular antidepressant prescribed worldwide. SSRIs work by blocking the serotonin transporter and inhibiting
the reuptake of serotonin. Resulting in an increase of serotonin in synapses.
But the problem is SSRIs are slow to act. And come with a host of side effects. Phenylethylamine (PEA) may be an alternative to SSRIs.
A study done in 2008 showed that PEA alters serotonin transporters by interacting with TAAR receptors. Increasing serotonin levels by preventing their reuptake just like
prescription SSRIs.
The study suggested that PEA may be a safer treatment for depression than SSRIs.[xiii]
Phenylethylamine for ADHD
The diagnosis of ADHD has traditionally been done by analysis of symptoms. But measuring PEA levels instead has recently been described as a possible biomarker for
diagnosing ADHD.[xiv]
This discovery of a relationship between PEA levels and ADHD has excited researchers. Because it will hopefully improve levels of confidence during ADHD diagnosis. And
reduce misdiagnosis and over-medication.
One study of ADHD children medicated with methylphenidate (Ritalin) had significantly higher PEA levels when using methylphenidate.[xv]
PEA binds to the TAAR1 receptor which alters monoamine transporter function. And leads to the inhibition of the reuptake of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine.
Which then increases the concentration of these neurotransmitters in neuron synapses.[xvi]
This increase in synaptic concentrations of dopamine can be accomplished by directly blocking the dopamine transporter. Which is how drugs like methylphenidate work to
boost dopamine.
So if you are ADHD and crave chocolate, it’s likely because cocao supplies PEA.
Some naturopaths are beginning to prescribe PEA instead of stimulants like amphetamines or methylphenidate to treat ADHD.
Dosage Notes
Phenylethylamine (PEA) suggested dosage for cognitive benefit is 500 mg up to 3-times per day.
PEA has a half-life of 5 – 10 minutes.[xvii] But the effects of PEA can be extended by using it with a MAO-B inhibitor.
If you do use a potent MAOI like selegiline (l-deprenyl) make sure you keep the dose low (i.e. 2.5 mg) or you’re in danger of inhibiting MAO-A well. More on the “cheese
effect” next.
Dosing more than recommended is NOT a good idea because you’ll likely feel jittery, irritable, get a headache, feel nausea, and very possibly force your heart rate to
dangerous levels.
Side Effects
“Cheese effect”: Phenylethylamine (PEA) is metabolized by the enzyme MAO-B. And when monoamine oxidase (MAO) is inhibited by eating cheese, chocolate or any other
prescription or natural MAO inhibitor (MAOI), the combination can result in a potentially dangerous increase in blood pressure.[xviii]
Studies show that selective MAO-B inhibition does NOT produce this cheese effect.[xix]
Examples of MAO-B selective inhibitors include low-dose selegiline (L-deprenyl), hordenine, Oat Straw, Glycyrrhiza uralensis (Chinese licorice root extract), Phellondendron
amurense (Amur cork tree bark), Ferula assafoetida extract (resin), and Psoralea corylifolia (Bu Gu Zhi).[xx]
Do not use Phenylethylamine (PEA) if you are using a prescription MAOI like Marplan, Nardil, Azilect or Parnate, or have used one in the last 14 days.
Do not use PEA if you have phenylketonuria (PKU).
Too much PEA can cause irritability, nausea, amplified heart rate, jitteriness, and could be extremely dangerous.
Remember, Phenylethylamine (PEA) is an endogenous (natural) amphetamine. And used irresponsibly could produce the same dangerous side effects as anything else in
the amphetamine-class of compounds.
Available Forms
Phenylethylamine (PEA) is available in capsules, tablets, and as a bulk powder.
DO NOT make the mistake of buying Phenylalanine instead of Phenylethylamine (PEA). Because it’s NOT the same thing. And is easily over-looked when searching for this
nootropic.
If you buy PEA in powder-form, you should invest in a capsule machine and make capsules. Because PEA is a particularly nasty tasting nootropic supplement.
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Phenylethylamine 500 mg up to 3-times per day
We recommend using Phenylethylamine (PEA) as a nootropic supplement.
Your body does synthesize some Phenylethylamine from phenylalanine which comes from foods like beans, cacao, peas, Natto and eggs.
But most of us don’t get enough Phenylethylamine from our diet. So supplementation could help. Phenylethylamine is highly bioavailable, and quickly crosses the bloodbrain barrier. So you should feel its effects soon after you take it.
Phenylethylamine is helpful for most neurohackers to combat anxiety, stress, and sleep deprivation. It’ll boost dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin levels.
It’s particularly helpful if you take Phenylethylamine prior to a stressful situation, workout, or physically demanding job. And it’s a great nootropic for studying.
Phenylethylamine could be helpful to those dealing with ADHD/ADD. It’s a possible substitute to stimulant meds like Ritalin or Adderall for some people.
PEA will provide the dopamine your brain needs. And doesn’t produce the stimulant crash when it wears off.
PEA works well when stacked with N-Acetyl L-Tyrosine (for dopamine), and ALCAR (for acetylcholine).
PEA is quickly degraded by monoamine oxidase-B. So to prologue its effects, stack it with a low-dose MAOI-B.
Phosphatidylcholine (PC)
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
Phosphatidylcholine (PC) is known to repair brain cells and neural connections, boost acetylcholine, and improve alertness, cognition, focus, memory and mood
Phosphatidylcholine (PC, or Ptd-Cho) is one of two fatty acids that make up the outer layer of the membrane covering each of the 70 trillion cells in your body.
Phosphatidylcholine is also converted in your body through a process called hydrolysis to make up the fatty acids AA, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, and DHA. These fatty acids
contribute to the signaling within and between brain cells for long-term potentiation (LTP). LTP is behind the formation of long-term memories.
The synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) is largely dependent on the choline provided by Phosphatidylcholine. ACh is critical for cognition, learning and
memory.
When you don’t have enough Phosphatidylcholine, brain cell membranes lose integrity and eventually die.
Some Phosphatidylcholine (PC) is naturally synthesized in your body. We also get PC from some of our food including beef, oysters, eggs and some vegetables. As a
nootropic supplement, Phosphatidylcholine is derived from lecithin found in soybeans and sunflower seeds.
Note that lecithin and Phosphatidylcholine are NOT the same thing. Plain lecithin is not an efficient source of Phosphatidylcholine or choline. As a nootropic, look for as pure
of a source of Phosphatidylcholine (PC) as you can afford.
Phosphatidylcholine helps:
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Neuroprotection: Phosphatidylcholine (PC) is a major component of brain cell membranes. And neurons use some of this choline to synthesize acetylcholine (ACh). Supplementing with PC
restores the PC that is needed for brain cell membrane integrity. While providing neurons with the ACh needed for memory and learning.
Neurotransmitters: Phosphatidylcholine increases concentrations of choline and acetylcholine in the brain. Improving memory and cognition.
Neurogenesis: Phosphatidylcholine helps restore damaged brain cells. Making them more fluid and permeable allows the proper flow of chemical messengers and nutrients into and out of the
cell. And improving overall cell function and efficiency. Resulting in better cognition, learning, memory, and mood.
Table of Contents
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Overview
How does Phosphatidylcholine work in the Brain?
How things go bad
Phosphatidylcholine to the rescue
How does Phosphatidylcholine feel?
The Research
o
o
Phosphatidylcholine Prevents Brain Cell Death
Phosphatidylcholine Improves Memory
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
Phosphatidylcholine (PC, or Ptd-Cho) is a phospholipid that plays a critical role in every cell in your body. Including your brain.
Phosphatidylcholine
Your brain cells are each encased in a membrane. This bi-lipid layer of two fatty acid tails face each other. The outer layer of each cell contains mostly the phospholipids
phosphatidylcholine (PC) and sphingomyelin, while the inner layer contains predominantly phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylethanolamine.
The outer layer of each cell membrane is highly permeable. But the inner layer is much less permeable. These two fatty acid tails are in a constant state of movement,
vibrating at millions of times a second. This continual vibration could be considered the ‘backbone of life’. And is the basis of everything that happens in your brain.
The amount and type of long-chain fatty acids in your diet affects the composition of these cell membranes. The structure and function of your cells depend on the ideal
balance of fats including cholesterol, oleic, palmitic and stearic fatty acids. And essential fatty acids like Omega 3. Without this proper balance, cell membrane function is
compromised.
And you can be sure that our modern diet does not provide the ideal balance of fatty acids (phospholipids) to maintain brain cell integrity. It’s why we experience brain fog,
memory loss, slow thinking and poor decision making.
Some progressive health care researchers and practitioners have found that supplementing with phosphatidylcholine (PC) can lessen the symptoms of diseases like MS,
diabetes, immune system problems, asthma, and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s.
You naturally get phosphatidylcholine (PC) from foods such as beef, eggs, oysters, broccoli and brussel sprouts. Supplemental phosphatidylcholine (PC) is made from
lecithin found in soybeans and sunflower seeds.
Phosphatidylcholine (PC) maintains the integrity of brain cell membranes. And is directly involved in acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis. ACh is needed for cognition, learning and
memory formation.
How does Phosphatidylcholine work in the Brain?
Phosphatidylcholine boosts brain health and function in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
Phosphatidylcholine is needed for long-term memory. The hydrolysis of Phosphatidylcholine (by a process called phospholipase A2-catalyzed hydrolysis) is used to make the free fatty
acids AA, oleic, linoleic, linolenic and DHA.
These free fatty acids facilitate synaptic transmission by targeting nicotinic ACh receptors using protein kinase C (PKC). This messenger system is needed for long-term
potentiation (LTP). Researchers have determined that these fatty acids are critical for learning and memory.[i]
2.
Phosphatidylcholine helps repair neurons. Cholinergic neurons are unique among cells because they serve two functions. PC is a major component of brain cell membranes. And serves as
a storage pool for the choline needed as a precursor for acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis.
Researchers demonstrated how this works. They incubated human cholinergic cells in the lab. And followed the metabolic link between membrane composition and
turnover, and ACh synthesis. And proved that ACh is synthesized from choline derived from the degradation of Phosphatidylcholine.
If there is not enough choline available to maintain brain cell membrane integrity, and to synthesize the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, brain cell function breaks down. You
experience brain fog, poor memory and decision making. And ultimately leading to neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s, and other motor neuron disorders.[ii]
How things go bad
As we get older, our brain chemistry and energy metabolism changes. This can happen at any age once we enter our adult years. Low Phosphatidylcholine levels have even
been found in newborn babies.
↓ Brain cell membranes degenerate
↓ Recall, reaction time and mood diminish
↓ Acetylcholine levels decline
All of these changes can happen at any age. Our bodies are influenced by the food we eat, what we drink, lifestyle habits, the air we breathe and more.
So Phosphatidylcholine can help for age-related cognitive decline, as well as a student looking to do better in school.
Phosphatidylcholine to the rescue
Phosphatidylcholine (PC) has been around as long as humans have walked this planet. PC is a critical component of the top layer of the membrane surrounding each one of
the cells in your body.
And yet some are talking about Phosphatidylcholine as the “New Wonder Drug”. How could this be? Turns out that PC is a fatty acid. As are many of the fats we consume in
our modern diet.
Long-chain fatty acids affect the composition of our cell membranes. When we eat bad fats our cell membrane fluidity is affected, ion channels disrupted, hormones,
regulation of neuroreceptors, signaling and other signaling chemicals are affected.
Incorrect amounts or types of long chain fatty acids can lead to a cascade of serious health and cognition problems.
The easiest and simplest way to correct many of these cognition problems is to supplement with Phosphatidylcholine as a nootropic. You’ll feel better as cells are repaired.
Digestion issues could be eliminated or minimized. And brain fog, cognition and memory problems could become a non-issue.
How does Phosphatidylcholine feel?
If you eat a perfectly healthy diet and are in optimal physical and mental health, using Phosphatidylcholine may not do anything for you.
But if you’re like most in the Western world relying on fast food, processed food and other unhealthy lifestyle habits, then PC may help.
Neurohackers report that supplementing with Phosphatidylcholine lifts brain fog, improves working memory and boosts alertness.
Others say it helps them prevent anxiety and panic attacks. Mental clarity is improved, and energy levels rise.
Ray Kurzweil, the famous inventor and futurist, gets phosphatidylcholine intravenously once a week at his health clinic. His theory is that this will rejuvenate all his body’s
tissues.[iii]
The Research
A double-blind study in California with 80 college students investigated the effect of Phosphatidylcholine on memory. The students received a placebo or either 10 or 25
grams of Phosphatidylcholine (PC). 25 grams of PC was estimated to supply about 3.75 grams of choline.
Memory was tested at 60 and 90 minutes after taking PC. The researchers recorded a significant improvement in memory after 90 minutes, and only a slight improvement
after 60 minutes.
This 1993 study was the first to test the relationship between a single dose of Phosphatidylcholine on memory in healthy human subjects.[iv]
Phosphatidylcholine Prevents Brain Cell Death
Streptococcus pneumonia is the most common cause of bacterial meningitis. And is the most common cause of death from pneumoni a. If it doesn’t kill you, it can cause
paralysis, mental retardation and learning disorders.
In humans, it’s your hippocampus neurons that are the first to die as a result of meningitis. Cell death is officially called “apoptosis”. But I’m using cell death to drive a point
home.
Phosphatidylcholine (PC) is an essential component of your cell membranes. And a deficiency of PC, either from chemicals, disease, or bad nutrition leads to cell
death. And the first to go are your hippocampal neurons. The same neurons used for learning and memory.
Researchers in Tennessee found that a variety of brain cells die after you get pneumonia. Because it interferes with Phosphatidylcholine synthesis. And apoptosis inhibitors
can’t even stop this cell death from happening.
The research team determined that the only way to prevent cell death from pneumonia infection was supplementing with Phosphatidylcholine. Even after the infection set
in.
The researchers concluded that supplementing with Phosphatidylcholine was the best way to prevent what they called an “apoptotic cascade”. And the best therapeutic
intervention.[v]
Phosphatidylcholine Improves Memory
Studies on the effect of Phosphatidylcholine on memory are limited. So researchers in Japan decided to remedy this lack of data by testing PC in mice with dementia.
They administered PC to mice with dementia and to normal mice. And compared differences in memory, choline and acetylcholine concentration, and choline
acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity. ChAT is the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of acetylcholine in the brain.
The researchers found that giving phosphatidylcholine for 45 days to mice with dementia improved memory. And generally increased brain choline and acetylcholine
concentrations to or above the levels of the normal control mice.
The research team concluded that phosphatidylcholine increases brain acetylcholine concentration and improves memory.[vi]
Dosage Notes
Recommended Phosphatidylcholine dosage is 1,200 mg to 5 grams per day. And divide your total daily dose into 2 or 3 equal doses and dosed throughout the day.
To enhance bioavailability and boost absorption, take PC 30 minutes before a meal.
Do not take Phosphatidylcholine with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors since this combination may excessively increase acetylcholine (ACh) levels and potentially cause
cholinergic side effects. AChE inhibitors include donepezil (Aricept), tacrine (Cognex), rivastigmine (Exelon) and Huperzine-A.
Side Effects
Phosphatidylcholine is naturally produced in your body and is considered well tolerated and safe. PC is not toxic.
Some may experience sweating, stomach upset and diarrhea. Particularly if you’re already high in choline.
Available Forms
Phosphatidylcholine is sold in tablet, capsule, liquid and powder form. Capsules can run from 420 – 1,300 mg each. 500 mg of Phosphatidylcholine in powder form is
equivalent to 2-level 1/8 tsp scoops.
Phosphatidylcholine is sometimes used interchangeably with “lecithin,” although the two are different. Choline is a component of phosphatidylcholine, and is also a
component of lecithin. Although closely related, these terms are not the same.
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Phosphatidylcholine 1,200 mg to 5 grams per day
We recommend using Phosphatidylcholine as a nootropic supplement.
Phosphatidylcholine helps build and repair cell membranes. And is found in every one of the 70 trillion cells in your body.
You can get Phosphatidylcholine from some of the food you eat. But Phosphatidylcholine is only found in foods like beef, eggs, oysters and some vegetables. PC levels
decline as you age and you are unlikely to get nearly enough through diet. So to get its benefits you must take it as a nootropic supplement.
Phosphatidylcholine is vital to maintaining optimal brain health. And has been shown to increase cognitive energy, boost brain function, enhance communication between
neurons, and protect neural membranes from free radical damage.
We suggest starting with a dose of at least 1,200 mg daily. And Phosphatidylcholine is a great compliment to a stack including any nootropic from the racetam-family.
Anything that causes an increase in uptake of acetylcholine in your brain.
You need to provide your brain with the choline it is demanding. Or it starts cannibalizing your own brain cells to make more acetylcholine. Signs that you’re lacking
adequate choline are headaches.
Use Phosphatidylcholine at a ratio of 1:4. For example, 250 mg of Phosphatidylcholine to 1,000 mg of Aniracetam.
If you have liver damage like cirrhosis, you may want to increase the dose up to 4.6 grams per day for liver repair.
Phosphatidylserine (PS)
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
Phosphatidylserine (PS) is known to improve alertness, attention, cognition, memory, recall and mood, lower anxiety, and help you lose weight
Phosphatidylserine (PS) is a phospholipid component of the membrane encasing every one of your brain cells.
PS helps maintain the fluidity and permeability of brain cells. Allowing for the efficient transfer of proteins, enzymes, nutrients, oxygen and glucose into and out of each cell.
Phosphatidylserine is involved in the formation and sending of signals within neurons. And the chemical signaling that takes place across neural synapses.
PS promotes healthy nerve growth factor (NGF), and supports the neurogenesis needed for long-term potentiation (LTP). Memory formation depends on healthy LTP.
Phosphatidylserine is involved in building mitochondria which are the energy centers of each brain cell.
Phosphatidylserine (PS) is arguably one of the most effective and important nootropics we have available today. PS keeps our brain cells healthy. And has a reputation for
improving alertness, attention, cognition, memory, recall and mood.
Phosphatidylserine helps:
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Neuro-optimization: Phosphatidylserine (PS) keeps brain cells fluid and permeable. This neuroplasticity helps neurons form new connections needed for memory formation. PS is integral to
cleaning up damaged neurons and maintaining an optimized brain.[i] And PS boosts mental energy by easing the flow of glucose and oxygen needed to power brain cells.
Neurotransmitters: Phosphatidylserine is an integral part of the flow of crucial neurotransmitters like dopamine and acetylcholine. And phospholipids contain choline which is a precursor to
acetylcholine (ACh). So PS will increase ACh levels in your brain. Affecting cognition, memory and mood. And reducing anxiety.
Neurogenesis: Phosphatidylserine works in concert with the DHA in Omega-3’s and keeping brain cells optimized. Prolonging neuron survival and health.
Table of Contents
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Overview
How does Phosphatidylserine work in the Brain?
How things go bad
Phosphatidylserine to the rescue
How does Phosphatidylserine feel?
The Research
o
o
o
o
o
Phosphatidylserine Reduces Beta Brain Waves
Phosphatidylserine Reduces Stress
Phosphatidylserine Improves Cognition in Athletes
Phosphatidylserine Reduces Symptoms of ADHD
Phosphatidylserine Improves Memory
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
Phosphatidylserine (PS) is a phospholipid component of brain cell membranes. The membrane is the outer casing surrounding each cell. PS plays a vital role in cell-tocell signaling in the brain. And is needed to maintain the fluidity of all cell membranes.
Phosphatidylserine (PS)
Phosphatidylcholine (PC) is the most abundant phospholipid in the brain. Followed by a slightly lesser amount of Phosphatidylserine (PS).
PC is in the outer layer of brain cell membranes, and PS is part of the inner layer. Both are critical to maintaining optimal cognitive health. PS is synthesized from PC in the
brain by exchanging the base head group with a serine.
Phosphatidylserine (PS) supports the formation and sending of neural signals within neurons. And across synaptic junctions that link one neuron with another. This cellular
communication is how we form memories.
Phosphatidylserine (PS) also helps nerve growth factor (NGF) that ensures healthy neurogenesis. And PS even assists in building mitochondria which are the energy source
in every one of your brain cells.
When your brain cell membranes are healthy, they are malleable, fluid and flexible. But by the time we reach our 20’s, phospholipids including Phosphatidylserine (PS) start
declining. This casing starts to harden. And attention, concentration, memory, mood and learning begin to suffer.[ii]
The good news is you can prevent this cellular damage from happening. The amount and type of long-chain fatty acids in your diet affects the composition of these cell
membranes.
The structure and function of your cells depend on the ideal balance of fats including cholesterol, oleic, palmitic and stearic fatty acids. And essential fatty acids like Omega
3. Without this proper balance, cell membrane function is compromised.
But our typical modern diet does not provide the ideal balance of fatty acids (phospholipids) to maintain brain cell health. It’s why we experience brain fog, memory loss,
slow thinking and poor decision making.
You naturally get Phosphatidylserine (PS) from foods like cow brains, pig spleen and chicken hearts. So there must be some merit to the saying, “Eat brains and get
smarter”!
Unfortunately, not many of us include organ meat as part of our daily meal plan. So the best way to maintain healthy levels of Phosphatidylserine (PS) in your brain is
taking PS as a nootropic supplement.
PS was originally made from bovine (cow) brains. But with the mad cow disease scare, PS supplements are now made from extracts of soy or sunflower lecithin.
How does Phosphatidylserine work in the Brain?
Phosphatidylserine boosts brain health and function in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
Phosphatidylserine is needed for memory. PS stimulates the brain chemicals that boost neural signaling for quick, clear thinking. In fact, Phosphatidylserine is one of the most effective
memory boosters known.
PS has been shown that it can slow, halt and even reverse the progression of age-related cognitive decline. One study with 149 patients meeting the criteria for ageassociated memory impairment were given 100 mg of Phosphatidylserine or a placebo for 12 weeks.
The patients who received PS showed improved performance on tests related to learning and the memory tasks of daily life. The study concluded that PS was a promising
candidate for treating memory loss later in life.[iii]
2.
Phosphatidylserine helps repair neurons. PS works in concert with DHA (Omega-3) to protect brain cells from damage. And boost neuronal survival.
You brain is made up largely of DHA fat. The kind of fat you get from supplementing with Omega-3’s. And a decrease in DHA content in the brain results in cognitive
impairment. And studies show that Alzheimer’s Disease is associated with lower Omega-3 fatty acid intake.
Researchers in Canada looked at samples provided by the Memory and Aging Project. And found a significant difference in plasma fatty acid profiles of those with
Alzheimer’s, mild cognitive impairment and those with perfectly healthy brains.
The team found that DHA in Phosphatidylserine in both disease categories was 12-14% lower than those of healthy brains. They concluded that Alzheimer’s Disease is
associated with lower DHA and Phosphatidylserine.[iv]
Trials and clinical studies like these provide plenty of motivation to supplement with Phosphatidylserine and DHA. It will help you ward off neurodegenerative disease. DHA
and PS for an optimized brain.
How things go bad
As we get older, our brain chemistry and energy metabolism changes. This can happen at any age once we enter our adult years.
↓ Brain cell membranes lose fluidity
↓ Neurotransmitter signaling declines
↓ Recall, reaction time and mood diminish
↓ Memory declines
All of these changes can happen at any age. And starts as early as our 20’s. Our cell membranes are influenced by the food we eat, what we drink, lifestyle habits, the air
we breathe and more.
So Phosphatidylserine (PS) can help for age-related cognitive decline, as well as a student looking to do better in school.
Phosphatidylserine to the rescue
Phosphatidylserine (PS) makes up about 15% of the total phospholipid pool in your brain. PS is located mainly in the internal layer of your brain cell membranes.
PS is involved in governing membrane fluidity, and the regulation of all activity going on in that brain cell. PS interacts with cellular proteins, modulates the activity of
neuroreceptors, enzymes, ion channels and signaling molecules.
Supplementing with Phosphatidylserine improves brain function that tends to decline with age. Healthy brain cell membranes support neuroplasticity so neurons can form
the connections needed to convert new experiences into memories.
Phosphatidylserine helps lower cortisol and ACTH levels during intense exercise.[v] PS is even effective in relieving stress. And putting you in a better mood during
exams.[vi]
Many clinical trials with PS have shown improvements in working- and long-term memory, recall, logic and even speech. Attention span increases while using PS. And
motivation, socialization and initiative all increased when using Phosphatidylserine as a nootropic.
How does Phosphatidylserine feel?
Neurohackers report that using Phosphatidylserine (PS) as a nootropic:
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Boosts energy levels
Improves alertness
Less brain fog
Better memory
Logical thinking improves
Concentration is better
Clarity of thought
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Weight loss
Easier to remember names, phone numbers, tasks, etc.
Mood improves
Anti-anxiety
Lowers cortisol
Relieves insomnia
Vivid dreams
There are reports that PS helps with Tourette’s Syndrome.
Phosphatidylserine (PS) a great compliment to ADHD meds. PS helps tame the symptoms of ADHD. And doesn’t interfere with popular stimulants like Ritalin and Adderall.
You may even be able to cut back on the ADHD meds once Phosphatidylserine builds up in your system.
The Research
Phosphatidylserine Reduces Beta Brain Waves
Beta brain waves have the most rapid pattern of all the brain waves produced in your brain. Beta waves are associated with concentration, arousal, alertness and cognition.
But it would be unpleasant to be in a constant state of arousal. This study in Germany gave 16 healthy subjects Phosphatidylserine (PS) for 42 days. The team tested brain
wave patterns before supplementation. And again in 42 days.
The main finding in this study was that chronic Phosphatidylserine supplementation significantly decreases Beta brain waves. And the results showed that the PS group were
connected to a more relaxed state compared to the controls.[vii]
Phosphatidylserine Reduces Stress
Studies have shown that Phosphatidylserine blunts the release of cortisol in response to exercise stress. And PS improves mood. In this study, researchers at the University
of Wales Swansea gave young adults 300 mg of Phosphatidylserine each day for a month.
The study resulted in these young adults feeling less stressed after doing a stressful arithmetic task. And they were in a better mood. The researchers concluded that PS
supplementation improves mood and reduces stress even in healthy, young people.[viii]
Phosphatidylserine Improves Cognition in Athletes
Phosphatidylserine is found in the cell membranes of most animals and plants. PS has been shown to reduce stress and increase performance in runners, cyclists and
golfers.
This double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted to study the effects of PS on cognitive function, mood and endocrine response before and after intense exercise.
18 lower body, resistance-trained male college athletes took Phosphatidylserine for 14 days, or a placebo. Following 14 days of supplementation, participants performed an
acute bout of lower body resistance training.
Mood and cognitive function were measured before, 5 minutes after and 60 minutes after exercise. And blood samples were drawn prior to, 5, 15, 25, 40 and 60 minutes
after exercise. Blood was tested for cortisol and testosterone.
The researchers found that PS significantly increased cognitive function prior to exercise. And PS prevented both mood and hormones from being negatively affected prior to
and following resistance exercise.[ix]
Phosphatidylserine Reduces Symptoms of ADHD
Researchers in Japan conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial with 36 children aged 4 – 14 years. The kids were diagnosed with ADHD but had not
received any conventional ADHD treatment prior to the trial.
The children received 200 mg of PS or a placebo daily for 2 months. The team recorded the children’s ADHD symptoms, short-term and working memory, and mental
performance.
The team found that Phosphatidylserine significantly improved ADHD symptoms and short-term memory. ADHD symptoms that were reduced included inattention, shortterm memory problems, and impulsivity. The placebo group saw no improvement during the trial.[x]
Another study with 200 ADHD children looked at the effects of Phosphatidylserine combined with Omega 3’s for 30-weeks. The key finding of this trial was a significant
reduction in the restlessness/impulsive scale and an improvement in emotions.
The researchers concluded that Phosphatidylserine with Omega 3 may reduce ADHD symptoms in children with ADHD. And it was especially effective in a subgroup of
hyperactive-impulsive, emotionally and behaviorally-dysregulated ADHD children.[xi]
The bottom line is that if you have Adult ADD like I do, or you have children with ADHD or ADD, consider 200 mg of Phosphatidylserine for a couple of months before going
with Adderall or Ritalin. And add in some Omega 3’s for good measure.
Or find a ready-made Nootropic stack like Mind Lab Pro™ that already has 100 mg of Phosphatidylserine in their formula. No side effects and you just might get rid of the
ADHD symptoms that are plaguing you.
Phosphatidylserine Improves Memory
Several studies have shown that using Phosphatidylserine as a nootropic to boost memory works well both for age-related cognitive decline as well as more serious diseases
like Alzheimer’s and dementia.
A double-blind, placebo controlled trial in Tel Aviv worked with 18 healthy elderly volunteers with age related cognitive decline. The volunteers took 100 mg of
Phosphatidylserine 3-times per day for 12 weeks. They were evaluated at the start of the trial, at 6 weeks of treatment and at the end of the trial.
All but two of the volunteers showed significant improvement in memory from using Phosphatidylserine (PS). Memory and cognition improved in the first 6 weeks of PS use.
And continued to get better until the end of the 12-week trial.[xii]
Another trial with 51 Alzheimer’s patients using 100 mg of Phosphatidylserine for 12 weeks showed that PS may be a promising candidate for the early stages of Alzheimer’s
Disease.[xiii]
Dosage Notes
Recommended Phosphatidylserine (PS) dosage is 100 mg 3-times per day.
If you’re concerned about Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) like I am, make sure you find Phosphatidylserine (PS) that is non-GMO. Because most PS is derived from
the lecithin of soybeans.
And oddly enough a manufacturer may use both GMO and non-GMO. And not have it marked on the packaging.
I’m aware of at least one supplement maker who offers non-GMO PS in their 120-count bottles. But their 60-count bottles are made with GMO soybean lecithin. Do your
research.
Even better is find Phosphatidylserine (PS) that is made from non-GMO sunflower lecithin. Especially if you’re allergic or react to soy.
Side Effects
Phosphatidylserine (PS) is naturally produced in your body and is considered well tolerated and safe. PS is non-toxic.
Some may experience insomnia or stomach upset at higher than recommended doses.
Medications for Alzheimer’s may interact with Phosphatidylserine because these drugs are often Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors. An AChE inhibitor will increase the
amount of acetylcholine (ACh) in your brain. And since PS increases ACh, you may end up with too much acetylcholine.
Available Forms
Phosphatidylserine is sold in tablet or capsule form. Capsules can run from 100 to 300 mg each.
Plain PS was originally sourced from cow brains. But since the mad cow disease scare, most PS supplements are now made from soybean lecithin.
Enzymotec makes a unique form of Phosphatidylserine called Sharp PS ®. It is made from vegetable sources that are not soy-based, and is non-GMO.
Several supplement makers offer this branded form of PS which they license from Enzymotec.
Mind Lab Pro™ offers a nootropic stack that includes 100 mg of Sharp PS® that is derived from non-GMO sunflower lecithin.
I recommend Mind Lab Pro because it addresses all aspects of anxiety resistance, memory and cognitive enhancement, stabilizes mood, brain repair, and maintenance.
This premium nootropic stack is designed to affect neurotransmitters, cognitive energy, brain waves, neuroprotection, and regeneration. See my Mind Lab Pro review for a
detailed report.
Another good option is Performance Lab® Mind which also contains Phosphatidylserine (PS) (using Sharp PS® Green).
CHEMI Nutra also makes a branded form of PS made from soy lecithin called SerinAid ®. A few supplement makers license this brand of PS for use in their PS products.
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Phosphatidylserine (PS) 100 mg 3-times per day
We recommend using Phosphatidylserine (PS) as a nootropic supplement.
Phosphatidylserine (PS) is arguably one of the most effective and important nootropics we have available today. PS keeps our brain cells healthy. And has a reputation for
improving alertness, attention, cognition, memory, recall and mood.
PS helps lower cortisol which can help with insomnia. And provide you with a stress-free workout in the gym or on the court.
Phosphatidylserine (PS) clears brain fog, boosts energy levels, helps alertness, and provides clarity to your thought process.
You can get Phosphatidylserine from food. But the highest concentrations of PS are found in organ meats like cow brains and pig spleen.
PS levels decline as you age starting in your 20’s. And you are unlikely to get nearly enough through diet. So to get its benefits you should take it as a nootropic
supplement.
I suggest starting with a dose of PS at 100 mg 3-times per day. Dosing should not exceed 500 mg per day. And there is little benefit to overdoing it with Phosphatidylserine
(PS).
You can buy individual Phosphatidylserine supplements. Or you could try my favorite pre-formulated nootropic stack Mind Lab Pro® which includes Phosphatidylserine (using
Sharp PS® Green).
Mind Lab Pro contains a synergistic blend of 11 brain enhancing nootropics covering all aspects of cognition and brain health. See my full Mind Lab Pro review for more.
Another good option is the Mind formula by Performance Lab® which also contains Phosphatidylserine (using Sharp PS® Green). You can see my full review of Performance
Lab® Mind here.
PQQ
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
PQQ helps create new mitochondria in brain cells, is a very potent antioxidant, stimulates Nerve Growth Factor, and boosts energy, cognition, memory and learning
PQQ (pyrroloquinoline quinone or methoxatin) is a very potent antioxidant and plays a significant role in cognition and memory.
PQQ is the first nutrient discovered that promotes the growth of new mitochondria (mitochondriogenesis) in your cells. Brain cells have a higher concentration of these little
cellular power plants than most other cells in your body.[i]
You can have anywhere from two to several thousand mitochondria in each brain cell. They even have their own DNA. When you increase the number of mitochondria, you
have more cellular energy to power through your day.
PQQ was only discovered recently. But it’s been around for a very long time. So don’t roll your eyes when some New Ager claims that we’re made of stardust. PQQ was
discovered aboard NASA’s spaceship “STARDUST” in interstellar dust particles.[ii]
PQQ plays a role in neurogenesis by helping to form the growth of new neurons through the stimulation of nerve growth factor (NGF).
PQQ protects against oxidative damage by shielding against cellular death and damage to DNA. It reduces inflammation in your brain. And it shields your brain from
glutamate-induced toxicity preventing apoptosis (cell death).
PQQ is able to save and revive brain cells damaged from beta amyloid proteins associated with Alzheimer’s Disease. And prevents the formation of alpha-synuclein proteins
that cause Parkinson’s Disease.
So give yourself an unfair advantage and add PQQ to your nootropic stack. Boost your brain power. And improve your energy, cognition, memory, and recall.
PQQ helps:
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Mitochondria. PQQ can increase the number of mitochondria in your brain cells. Mitochondria have their own DNA, and if you supply this super-nutrient, they start multiplying in each of your
brain cells. It helps stop and reverse cell death. And increases cognitive function and efficiency.
Neuroprotectant. PQQ helps clean up free radicals and oxidative stress damage in brain tissue. You proactively prevent mitochondria death and keep brain cells healthy.
Nerve Growth Factor. PQQ stimulates production of nerve growth factor (NGF) which helps the growth of new neurons. And the branching of neurons. Improving memory and repairing
damage caused by strokes.
Table of Contents
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Overview
How does PQQ work in the brain?
How things go bad
PQQ to the rescue
How does PQQ feel?
The Research
o
o
o
PQQ Improves Mood
PQQ Improves Cognition
PQQ Boosts Memory
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
PQQ (pyrroloquinoline quinone) was first recognized as an enzyme cofactor in bacteria by Norwegian biochemist Jens Hauge in 1964.[iii] It wasn’t until 2003 that
Japanese brain researcher Tadafumi Kato found that PQQ also occurs in rodents and other mammals, including humans.
PQQ (pyrroloquinoline quinone)
As an enzyme cofactor, PQQ is critical to the life of your brain cells. And some would say it’s even critical to life itself. “Cofactors” are molecules that act as a helper for
enzymes that need assistance to work properly.
Recent studies verify the unique ability of PQQ to stimulate the creation of new mitochondria.[iv] And to improve the function of your existing mitochondria. But why would
you want to hack your mitochondria?
It is an understatement to overstate the dramatic impact this has not only in your brain. But in your entire body. Mitochondria’s role is to convert the food we eat into
energy that powers cells to perform at peak function.
This process of mitochondriogenesis stops and reverses brain cell death, and brain degeneration. PQQ is the only nutrient that can do this. And more energy in your brain
cells means quicker thinking, better memory, amped-up alertness, less mental fatigue and more.
PQQ stimulates the growth of new neurons through the promotion of nerve growth factor (NGF) in brain cells. Resulting in improved memory, cognition and learning.[v]
PQQ is also a potent antioxidant mopping up free radicals that would otherwise damage brain cells.
PQQ is used in every cell in your body. And is particularly useful in brain cells. It’s about as close you can get to a vitamin without ‘officially’ being declared a vitamin.
You get PQQ from some of the food you eat including beans, celery, cocoa, fermented foods (i.e. tempeh, natto), kiwi, papaya, parsley, potatoes, spinach and wine. Babies
get it from breast milk.
How does PQQ work in the brain?
PQQ boosts brain health in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
PQQ promotes the growth of new mitochondria. This is the only known nutrient that can perform this function.
Mitochondria are the source of life and death for neurons. They generate your neuron’s energy and control its death. But mitochondria tend to develop defects as we age.
As these defects accumulate, mitochondria start to malfunction. This results in a reduction in cellular energy production. And cells die.
The result of this dysfunction can be brain fog, cognition problems, poor memory and recall. And ultimately neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s,
Huntington’s, stroke and others.
Studies show that PQQ protects against this cellular damage by repairing and helping to create new mitochondria. Studies with mice and rats, and eliminating PQQ from
their diet have shown reduced mitochondria.
To demonstrate how this process works, scientists added PQQ to mouse cells in the lab. And they showed that PQQ activated the cAMP response element-binding protein
(CREB), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1alpha). This pathway is known to regulate mitochondrial biogenesis.[vi]
2.
PQQ helps grow new neurons. This unique nutrient promotes the production of nerve growth factor (NGF). Assisting in brain cell repair, maintenance, and regeneration. Including many of
the cells that are crucial for cognition, memory and learning.
NGF is especially important for maintaining neuroplasticity. This process is how brain cells form connections to communicate with each other. And is how we learn new stuff
and then record it to memory.
By stimulating the production of NGF, PQQ has been found to protect memory and cognition in both animals and humans.
In one study, scientists demonstrated PQQ’s ability to promote the healing of injured nerves. The team used 90 healthy White Wistar rats, and divided them into 3 groups.
The rats had injured (purposely) sciatic nerves. And were treated with Vitamin E, PQQ or combination of both.
The scientists found that 12 weeks after surgery and the introduction of PQQ to the wound, the nerves grew back! They concluded that the combination of Vitamin E with
PQQ promoted nerve regeneration.[vii]
Another way that PQQ influences new neuron development is by protecting neuron stem and progenitor cells from glutamate toxicity (oxidative damage). This allows
neurons to survive and potentially form new brain cells.[viii]
How things go bad
As we get older, the chemistry in our brain cells and energy metabolism changes.
↓ Neurons degenerate
↓ Recall, reaction time, memory, and mood diminish
↓ Neurotransmitter levels decline
All of these age-related changes are contributing factors to the neurodegenerative diseases of aging, including Alzheimer’s and dementia.
But even if things haven’t degenerated to such a debilitating level, PQQ can help.
PQQ to the rescue
Research from hundreds of studies have shown that PQQ will:
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Boost energy levels and stamina
Reduce fatigue
Improve sleep
Reduce the possibility of age-related diseases
Improve cognition, memory, learning and recall
Repair damage caused by strokes
Protects against Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s
Lowers LDL (bad) cholesterol[ix]
PQQ is an extremely powerful antioxidant. For example, PQQ is able to carry out 20,000 catalytic conversions, compared only 4 for Vitamin C.[x]
The studies in Parkinson’s Disease prevention and PQQ are particularly interesting. And applicable to neurohackers of any age.
We are exposed to pesticides in most of the fruit and vegetables we pick up at the supermarket. And who knows what kind of brain damage we subject ourselves to every
day just from the food we eat.
In the lab, animals (rats and mice) have a pesticide injected directly into their brain to induce Parkinson’s-like symptoms. In one study, PQQ not only showed a protective
effect against pesticide caused brain damage. It actually preserved brain mitochondria near control levels. [xi]
The message here is buy organic food, or supplement with PQQ. And you may be able to avoid getting Parkinson’s Disease later in life.
How does PQQ feel?
Mitochondria biogenesis means that your body is creating new mitochondria. PQQ increases the number of mitochondria in your brain cells. And throughout your body
where energy demands are high.
Increasing your body’s mitochondria is one of the anti-aging ‘holy grails’. Boosting these tiny cellular energy power plants can prevent further damage. It can add overall
energy to daily life. And maybe even slow down the aging process.
Neurohackers report dramatic improvements in mental and physical energy when adding PQQ to their nootropic stack. And we recommend adding CoQ10 for the synergistic
effect.
PQQ has a cumulative effect and benefits should continue to improve over continued usage. For some the effects are immediate. For others it could take 2 or 3 months of
dosing PQQ every day or every 2nd day.
PQQ is particularly effective if you’ve suffered mitochondrial damage from using statins.
Memory improves and you’ll be able to think things through more easily. Alertness gets a boost. And better vision and less eyestrain if you’re working on a computer, or
staring at a screen all day.
Blood pressure readings could normalize. And you’ll feel refreshed and well-rested when waking up.
If you are dealing with Fibromyalgia you may get some benefit from PQQ with alleviating your chronic pain.
The Research
PQQ Improves Mood
This study in Japan investigates the effectiveness of supplemental PQQ on stress, fatigue, quality of life and sleep. 17 adult male and female subjects took 20 mg of PQQ
daily for 8 weeks.
Changes in stress, fatigue, quality of life measures and sleep were evaluated. The study showed that vigor, fatigue, tension-anxiety, depression, anger-hostility and
confusion improved following administration of PQQ.
Measures for quality of life, appetite, sleep, obsession and pain also improved significantly. The volunteers also showed significant improvement in sleepiness at awakening,
sleep onset and maintenance, and sleep duration.
The researchers concluded that supplementing with PQQ improved sleep quality and duration, mood improved due to less fatigue, and appetite, pain and obsession all
showed improvement. And that PQQ is a “useful dietary supplement”.[xii]
PQQ Improves Cognition
PQQ is effective on its own in improving brain function. But when it is combined with CoQ10 the results are even more astounding. This synergy was first observed in animal
studies. And was further demonstrated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in Japan.
71 middle-aged and elderly volunteers age 40 – 70 were supplemented with 20 mg per day of PQQ. The result was an improvement on tests of higher cognitive function
compared to placebo.
Then the research team gave the volunteers 20 mg of PQQ along with 300 mg of CoQ10. And the results in improved cognitive function were even more dramatic. PQQ and
CoQ10 are both involved in mitochondrial function. So these results did not come as a big surprise.[xiii]
PQQ Boosts Memory
Many older adults experience problems with memory and other cognitive functions. And these issues seem to be happening to younger and younger people. As
neurohackers, we always ask the question, “Are these declines inevitable?” And to that we say a profound, “No”!
In this Japanese double-blind, placebo-controlled trial 65 adults aged 50 – 70 years with forgetfulness were recruited. The volunteers were given 20 mg of PQQ and 100 mg
of CoQ10 per day for 24 weeks.
The research team found that PQQ taken either alone, or in combination with CoQ10 has the potential to prevent, or even reverse, the decline in cognitive function caused
by aging and oxidative stress.
The team concluded “PQQ was found to improve not only immediate memory, but also other higher brain functions such as spatial awareness. The effects of PQQ were
enhanced when the substance was used with CoQ10.”[xiv]
Dosage Notes
You get PQQ from some of the food you eat including beans, celery, cocoa, fermented foods (i.e. tempeh, natto), kiwi, papaya, parsley, potatoes, spinach and wine. Babies
get it from breast milk.
Estimated daily intake of PQQ is 100 – 400 mcg. But it’s unlikely you’re getting enough PQQ from diet alone. And supplementation of this mitochondria generator coul d
help.
Clinical studies with humans and animals tell us that 20 mg of PQQ daily is needed to experience cognitive benefit.
Side Effects
The primary “side effect” of using PQQ in your nootropic stack is – you’ll feel better. You should have more energy and thinking should be clearer and faster.
PQQ is non-toxic and supplementation is well-tolerated by most people.
Available Forms
PQQ comes in tablet or capsule form 10 mg, 20 mg and 30 mg.
But you need to be aware of different forms of PQQ in the marketplace.
There is only 1 form available that is produced naturally. And that is BioPQQ ® by Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company of Japan. This company makes PQQ through bacterial
fermentation. BioPQQ is licensed to several supplement makers.
You can get BioPQQ® in the new Performance Lab® Energy formula that also contains Acetyl-L-Carnitine, R-Lipoic Acid, and BioPerine . A great way to boost your physical
and mental energy without resorting to stimulants or caffeine.
Other forms of PQQ are produced through a chemical synthesis, involving the use of fairly toxic compounds, and have unresolved safety issues.
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
PQQ 10 – 20 mg per pay
We recommend using PQQ as a nootropic supplement.
Your body does not make PQQ on its own. You can get some PQQ from the food you eat. But studies have shown we may not get an adequate supply of PQQ from food
sources in our diet.
PQQ helps create mitochondria in your brain cells. When cellular energy gets a boost, you can experience better and faster thinking, learning is easier, recall is faster, and
you’ll be more resistant to fatigue.
PQQ is especially helpful for those suffering from age-related cognitive decline. Studies show it helps stop or reverse brain degeneration with Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s
Disease. Especially in the early stages of the disease.
We suggest starting with a dose of 10 – 20 mg daily. And PQQ is a great compliment to a stack including any nootropic. It works particularly well when combined with
CoQ10.
My favorite nootropic stack for boosting physical and mental energy is the new Performance Lab® Energy formula that uses the patented, natural BioPQQ® combined with
Acetyl-L-Carnitine, R-Lipoic Acid, and BioPerine .
You need to provide your brain cells with fresh mitochondria and supply neurons with the fuel it is demanding. Or neurons start to break down from the inside. Signs that
your lacking adequate PQQ is brain fog, slow thinking, headaches and muscle aches.
Age-related cognitive disorders that include muscle control problems may want to up the dose to 30 mg per day. But for a limited time until PQQ blood levels are stabilized.
Work with your doctor.
Pramiracetam
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
Pramiracetam has been shown to boost overall cognition, focus, working- and long-term memory, and learning
Pramiracetam (N-[2-[di(propan-2-yl) amino] ethyl]-2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl) acetamide, CI-879, Pramistar, Neupramir, Remen) is a fat-soluble nootropic in
the racetam-class of compounds.
Pramiracetam was first synthesized by scientists at Parke-Davis in the late 1970’s. It was first tested with Alzheimer’s patients. Seeing mixed results, the company tried it
with major depressive disorder. And licensed Pramiracetam as an orphan drug to Menarini who continued research on using it for dementia.
In 1991, the company licensed Pramiracetam to Cambridge Neuroscience Inc. (CNI).[i] The nootropic was then tested for restoring cognitive function after stroke or
traumatic brain injury.
Researchers found that Pramiracetam was up to 30-times more potent than the original Piracetam. In Europe this nootropic is prescribed for the treatment of dyslexia,
ADHD, dementia and other memory problems. Brand names for prescription Pramiracetam include Pramistar, Neupramir and Remen.
Pramiracetam has gained a reputation in the nootropics community for optimizing cognition. It’s a favorite with students and executives for boosting cognition, focus,
memory, and recall.
Pramiracetam helps:
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High Affinity Choline Uptake (HACU): Pramiracetam has been shown to significantly increase HACU in the hippocampus. This action boosts acetylcholine (ACh) use which accounts at least
in part for Pramiracetam’s ability to enhance cognition and memory.[ii]
Neurotransmitters: Pramiracetam has a profound effect on the synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh).[iii] ACh is critical for encoding new memories, concentration, cognition
and neuroplasticity.
Cerebral Blood Flow: Pramiracetam increases nitric oxide (NO) activity in your brain.[iv] NO acts as a vascular dilator which means it relaxes blood vessels allowing for the freer flow of blood.
Increased blood flow delivers more oxygen and nutrients to brain cells promoting better learning and memory.
Table of Contents
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Overview
How does Pramiracetam work in the Brain?
How things go bad
Pramiracetam to the rescue
How does Pramiracetam feel?
The Research
o
o
o
Pramiracetam Normalizes Brain Waves
Pramiracetam Improves Memory
Pramiracetam Enhances Cognition
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
Pramiracetam (N-[2-[di(propan-2-yl) amino] ethyl]-2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl) acetamide or CI-879) is one of the newer nootropics in the racetam-family.
Pramiracetam
Pramiracetam was developed by Parke-Davis in the late 1970’s from Piracetam by substituting the amide group with a dipropan-2-ylaminoethyl group. Parke-Davis was
once America’s largest and oldest drug maker. It has since been acquired by Pfizer as part of their acquisition of Warner-Lambert in 2000.
Parke-Davis has an interesting history and were pioneers in many areas including drugs that affect cognition. Even conducting some research with peyote in the early
1900’s.[v]
Pramiracetam as a nootropic is legal, and sold in many parts of the world as the prescription drug Pramistar, Neupramir, or Remen. In the United States, Pramiracetam is
sold as an OTC ‘research compound’, and readily available to the nootropics community.
Pramiracetam shares a unique quality with Coluracetam in the racetam-class of nootropics. Its primary method of action is boosting high affinity choline uptake (HACU)
in the hippocampus. It helps increase acetylcholine synthesis and function which helps overall cognition, improved memory and recall, learning, and focus.
Pramiracetam has been shown in the lab to not directly influence GABA, dopamine, norepinephrine, or serotonin in the brain.[vi] So don’t look to Pramiracetam to correct
mood and anxiety issues.
Pramiracetam does increase nitric oxide activity in your brain. Helping to increase cerebral circulation which improves the efficiency of brain cells needed for motor function,
learning and visual function.
How does Pramiracetam work in the Brain?
Pramiracetam boosts brain health and function in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
Pramiracetam improves memory. Several animal and human studies show that Pramiracetam has a significant impact on memory.
In this animal study researchers administered Pramiracetam to rats in a one-trial test. This is significant because it proves that Pramiracetam works right out of the gate. It
doesn’t take multiple doses, or a couple of weeks to build up in your system. It works on the first day you use it.
The scientists found that rats had a significant improvement in retention by using Pramiracetam. And the effect lasted for 24 hours.[vii]
2.
Pramiracetam increases high-affinity choline uptake (HACU). Studies have shown that Pramiracetam boosts HACU in the hippocampus. The increase in acetylcholine (ACh) makes more
of this neurotransmitter available to neurons for cognitive processing. Increasing attention, mental clarity, memory and verbal skills.[viii]
High affinity choline uptake (HACU) is the uptake of choline in synapses needed for acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis. This is a critical link in the chain of events needed for your
brain to make ACh.[ix] Studies with Pramiracetam and other racetam nootropics like Coluracetam show that boosting HACU increases memory. And even restores memory
function in parts of the brain that have been damaged.[x]
How things go bad
As we get older, our brain chemistry and metabolism changes. And it seems these changes are affecting younger and younger people.
↓ Recall, reaction time and learning capacity declines
↓ Acetylcholine receptors decline
↓ Acetylcholine levels decline
↓ Cerebral blood flow declines
↓ Nitric Oxide levels decline
All of these changes are contributing factors to age-related cognitive decline. Early signs of these effects can be seen in poor decision-making, difficulty learning, and even
recalling simple things like an important appointment.
But even if you’re not concerned with the signs of aging, Pramiracetam can help.
Pramiracetam to the rescue
Pramiracetam helps boost acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis and use in your brain, and increases cerebral circulation.
As a nootropic, Pramiracetam easily crosses the blood-brain barrier.[xi] And since it is fat-soluble, it must be taken with a healthy fat to ensure absorption.
Pramiracetam increases the amount and efficiency of acetylcholine by influencing the high affinity choline uptake (HACU) system in your brain. This increase in ACh can
have a profound effect on overall cognition and memory.
With Pramiracetam, you’ll find it easier to focus and learning ability will improve. This increase in ACh in your hippocampus helps with logic and understanding complex
mathematical and technical subjects if that’s your thing.
Increased neuroplasticity from more acetylcholine and improved cerebral circulation affects long-term potentiation.[xii] So you may find it easier to recall long-forgotten
memories.
How does Pramiracetam feel?
Many neurohackers report that taking Pramiracetam quickly gets your brain firing on all cylinders. There is an intense increase in focus and possibly even a boost in
confidence.
But once you get accustomed to this laser-like focus, the novelty wears off and you become used to being able to focus at will.
Pramiracetam is reported to be great for intense, long study sessions. Or when you face logical, attention-based tasks where you need sharp focus. Like when you’re doing
a presentation before the Board, or a group of VC’s.
This nootropic makes burning through tedious, arduous tasks that require a level of sustained focus easier, and that would otherwise seem difficult.
Others report improved recall ability, fluidity of thought, and ease of verbal communication and numerical calculations.
The Research
Pramiracetam Normalizes Brain Waves
Researchers working with old Fisher-344 rats found that the aged rats had a consistently different EEG profile from young rats. They found slow brain waves were present in
both the frontal cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Theta brain wave activity was missing altogether but was dominant in the brains of young rats.
Theta brain waves are associated with creativity, integrative experiences and relief from trauma. Theta waves are commonly experienced by meditators. An “ah-ha
moment” is a burst of Theta waves in your brain.
This research team found that Pramiracetam normalized brain wave activity in the old rats. And even more interesting was that its older sibling Piracetam did not produce
this effect on brain waves. And that tolerance to Piracetam was a problem.
While it hasn’t been proven in the lab, this study shows that Pramiracetam would be of benefit to the older generation looking to improve cognitive function.[xiii]
Pramiracetam Improves Memory
Researchers in Italy investigated Pramiracetam effects on memory, and memory training by a therapist. Types of memory measured were objective memory and
metamemory performance.
Metamemory is both the inner-knowledge of one’s own memories combined with the processes for formulating new memories with no inner-knowledge.
35 healthy volunteers were chosen with an average age of 64.8 years. 10 subjects received memory training only, 8 received Pramiracetam, 10 received both memory
training and Pramiracetam, and the control group received nothing.
Results of the study showed that those receiving both memory training and Pramiracetam experienced a significant improvement in memory. Followed by the Pramiracetam
group. The memory training-only group and control group scored the lowest.
The research team concluded that Pramiracetam significantly improves memory. And the addition of memory training to Pramiracetam has an even more profound effect of
both types of memory measured.[xiv]
Pramiracetam Enhances Cognition
This double-blind placebo-controlled study worked with young males who suffered cognition problems due to brain injuries. The men had problems with memory and recall.
One group received 400 mg of Pramiracetam daily for 18 months. And the other group a placebo. Memory was measured during the trial and for 1-month after
Pramiracetam was discontinued.
The researchers found that Pramiracetam produced a significant improvement in cognition, memory and recall.[xv]
Dosage Notes
Recommended Pramiracetam dosage is 250 – 400 mg up to 3-times per day. One Pramiracetam dose in the morning, and one in the early afternoon, and if you’re doing a
3rd dose do it later in the afternoon.
Pramiracetam is fat-soluble so for best results take it with a quality fat like a tablespoon of extra virgin, cold-pressed unrefined coconut oil, MCT oil or olive oil. If you don’t
take Pramiracetam with supplemental fat, don’t expect much of an improvement in cognition.
My preferred healthy fat is a tablespoon of the new organic, non-GMO Performance Lab® MCT Oil.
Pramiracetam is one of two racetams (the other is Coluracetam) that have a profound effect on high affinity choline uptake (HACU). This means it will help your brain make
more acetylcholine (ACh) and boost the use of ACh.
Acetylcholine is synthesized from the available choline in your brain. Which means for best results you should stack Pramiracetam with supplemental choline. We
recommend a good quality choline source like Alpha GPC or CDP-Choline.
Pramiracetam tastes particularly nasty. So you may want to get capsules or tablets rather than powder (unless you’re making your own capsules).
DO NOT try to take Pramiracetam sublingually because it will literally burn the lining of your mouth.
Side Effects
Pramiracetam is non-toxic. So is considered well-tolerated and safe.
As with many of the racetams, Pramiracetam can cause headaches because it boosts the use of acetylcholine in your brain. Choline supplements like Alpha GPC or CDPCholine can help you avoid this side effect.
Many neurohackers also find that stacking Pramiracetam with a choline supplement boosts the effect with improved memory and cognition. And this is supported in several
research studies.
Some users report that Pramiracetam blunts their emotions. Decisions when it comes life and work issues are logic-based rather than emotional. This can be good or bad
depending on the situation of course. You could call it “emotional objectivity”.
Available Forms
Pramiracetam is sold in tablet, capsule and powder form. Tablets and capsules are usually 250 or 300 mg each.
In the USA, the best place to buy Pramiracetam in capsules or powder form is HR Supplements based in Phoenix, AZ. The company has been in business for over 25
years, has an extensive testing lab and their product is top quality. I’ve use their product and recommend them.
In Europe, Pramiracetam is a prescription drug under brand names Pramistar, Neupramir, or Remen.
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Pramiracetam 250 – 400 mg up to 3-times per day
e recommend using Pramiracetam as a nootropic supplement.
Your body does not make Pramiracetam on its own. So to get its benefits you must take it as a supplement.
Pramiracetam is especially helpful for those suffering from age-related cognitive decline. Its boosts high affinity choline uptake (HACU) which means more acetylcholine
(ACh) is available in your brain. Providing a significant improvement in cognition and memory.
Pramiracetam is also particularly useful to students and executives who want to boost cognition, focus, learning and memory.
Pramiracetam is fat-soluble so stack it with a good quality fat like coconut oil, olive oil or MCT oil. My preferred healthy fat is a tablespoon of the new organic, nonGMO Performance Lab® MCT Oil.
You should use Pramiracetam with a choline supplement like Alpha GPC or CDP-Choline. It helps boost neural acetylcholine, so demands the presence of more choline in
your brain.
You can safely boost daily intake of Pramiracetam to 1500 mg if needed. But most find that lower doses are more effective.
In the USA, the best place to buy Pramiracetam in capsules or powder form is HR Supplements based in Phoenix, AZ.
Pterostilbene
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
Pterostilbene is a very potent antioxidant, stimulates Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, promotes neuroplasticity, is anti-anxiety, boosts dopamine, and helps cognition, learning and memory
Pterostilbene (trans-3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxystilbene, PTE) is a naturally derived polyphenol antioxidant found in blueberries, grapes, and in the bark of the Indian
Kino Tree.
Pterostilbene, a naturally occurring dimethylether analog of resveratrol, is a phytoalexin that, like resveratrol, is made by plants to fight infection, insect infestation, heat
and ultraviolet exposure.[i]
Pterostilbene and resveratrol are both ‘stilbene’ polyphenols. But Pterostilbene is much more bioavailable than resveratrol. It rapidly crosses the blood-brain barrier, and
stays in your body much longer than resveratrol (half-life of 105 mins. vs. 12 mins.).[ii]
Pterostilbene shows 80% bioavailability while resveratrol only has 20% bioavailability.[iii]
Pterostilbene is gaining a reputation in the nootropics community for controlling brain inflammation, boosting dopamine, helping reverse cognitive decline and fighting brain
cell aging.
Pterostilbene helps:
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Neuroplasticity. Pterostilbene increases hippocampus neurogenesis, boosts insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and modulates the receptor kinase pathway that is central in the learning and
memory process. Increasing neuroplasticity in the hippocampus improves learning and memory functions.[iv]
Neuroprotectant. Pterostilbene is a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. It reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS), and increases the antioxidant glutathione and superoxide dismutase
(SOD).[v] Crucial to overall brain health, maintaining signaling pathways and leading to improved learning and memory.
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF). Pterostilbene has been shown in clinical trials to elevate BDNF in the hippocampus. Improving learning and memory.[vi]
Table of Contents
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Overview
How does Pterostilbene work in the brain?
How things go bad
Pterostilbene to the rescue
How does Pterostilbene feel?
The Research
o
o
o
Pterostilbene Reduces Anxiety
Pterostilbene Improves Cognition
Pterostilbene Protects Neurons
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
Pterostilbene (trans-3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxystilbene, or PTE) is a naturally-derived polyphenol antioxidant primarily found in blueberries and the Indian Kino Tree.
Pterostilbene
Pterostilbene and resveratrol are both ‘stilbene’ polyphenols. And both boost cognition, learning and memory. But Pterostilbene works differently than Resveratrol. And is
not a replacement for Resveratrol.
Here’s why…
Resveratrol has been getting a lot of press lately because of its ability to boost learning, memory and cognitive power. But Pterostilbene is much more bioavailable than
resveratrol. And may be the preferred polyphenol to add to your nootropic stack.
PTE stands out because of its structural differences from Resveratrol. Pterostilbene has two methoxy groups and one hydroxyl group. Resveratrol has three hydroxyl
groups.
(a) Pterostilbine (b) Resveratrol
This combination in Pterostilbene improves lipophilicity which means it can dissolve in fats, oil and lipids. Lipids are what makes up the shell or membrane encasing each
one of your cells.
So Pterostilbene can more easily cross through your cell walls. In fact, several published studies refer to Pterostilbene as having much better bio-activity than Resveratrol.
You can easily add Pterostilbene to your diet. It’s found in blueberries, cranberries, sparkleberries, lingonberries, grapes, and in the bark of the Indian Kino Tree.
But to get the therapeutic benefits of PTE, a preferred way of getting this potent antioxidant is to take it as a supplement.
Pterostilbene has been shown to prevent the loss of the neurotransmitter dopamine from memory centers in your brain. Supplementing with PTE raises its levels in your
hippocampus which is where memory is processed.
Pterostilbene also has the effect of caloric restriction on cells which profoundly effects gene expression. This tricks your body into improving memory because it’s thinking
there is food scarcity. And it provides an adaptive response.
The polyphenol Pterostilbene increases neuroreceptor sensitivity which improves neuronal signaling. And PTE promotes the formation of new synaptic connections which
boosts neuroplasticity. Improving long-term potentiation resulting in formation of long-term memories.
How does Pterostilbene work in the brain?
Pterostilbene boosts brain health in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
Pterostilbene mimics caloric restriction. Restricting calories by fasting has been implicated in increased synaptic plasticity resulting in improved learning. Scientists determined that this
enhancement in synaptic plasticity was caused by increased brain cell signaling. The signaling increase is mediated by CREB (cAMP response element binding protein).[vii]
CREB has a proven role in neuronal plasticity and long-term memory formation in the brain. And has been shown to be critical in the formation of spatial memory.[viii]
In several studies, Pterostilbene has been shown to modulate gene expression. PTE up-regulates those genes that stimulate apoptosis (programmed cell death). And
down-regulate those genes that allow cancer cells for example, to invade and metastasize.[ix]
And this gene modulation is linked to increases in CREB and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF). An increase in BDNF helps long-term potentiation needed for the
development of long-term memory.
In this study, researchers supplemented aging animals with blueberry extract for 12 weeks. This extract contained PTE. Spatial working memory tasks emerged within 3
weeks of supplementation. And persisted for the remainder of the testing period.
This memory enhancement correlated with the activation of CREB. And increases in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus. In fact, PTE was
implicated in the entire chain of the ERK-CREB–BDNF signaling pathway that boosts memory.[x]
2.
Pterostilbene boosts dopamine. But it increases dopamine in kind of a ‘back door’ approach. We have plenty of research showing that neurodegeneration is caused by oxidative stress. And
that anti-oxidants can stop and even reverse damage to neurons. Potentially leading to an increase in the release of important neurotransmitters like dopamine. PTE is a potent antioxidant.
One study done a Tufts University in Boston investigated stilbene compounds like PTE and their effect on reversing the effects of aging. The researchers used 344 Fisher
rats and gave them either a low (0.004%) or a high (0.016%) concentration of Pterostilbene.
Results from this study showed that PTE was effective in reversing cognitive deficits. And Pterostilbene increased dopamine release. A boost in working memory correlated
with Pterostilbene levels in the hippocampus.[xi]
How things go bad
As we get older, the chemistry in our brain cells and energy metabolism changes.
↓ Neurons and synapses degenerate
↓ Recall, reaction time, memory, and mood diminish
↑ Anxiety levels increase
↓ Neurotransmitter levels decline
↓ Oxidation damages brain cells
All of these age-related changes are contributing factors to the neurodegenerative diseases of aging including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and dementia.
But even if things haven’t degenerated to such a debilitating level, PTE can help.
Pterostilbene to the rescue
Pterostilbene helps improve memory and provides neuroprotection through different mechanisms of action than most other nootropics in a typical stack.
PTE works primarily through gene expression. Easily passing through cell walls, PTE modulates genes that influence other proteins, mitochondria and even cell DNA.
We talk a lot about apoptosis (programmed cell death) as a negative event in nootropic circles. But the reality is that apoptosis is an integral part of a healthy brain.
Pterostilbene stimulates apoptosis to make way for healthy new cells to be born (neurogenesis). And helps down-regulate invaders like cancer cells. Preventing them from
invading healthy brain tissue and metastasizing.[xii]
Some supplement makers are mistakenly marketing their Pterostilbene as an “upgraded-version” of Resveratrol. Likely because PTE has better bioavailability. But the
research shows Pterostilbene and Resveratrol work together to boost cognitive health.
Resveratrol works at the beginning of the cascade of neurochemical events that activates genes leading to cognitive benefits. And Pterostilbene provides its gene expression
effects in the downstream portion of this molecular cascade.
Pterostilbene has a kind of ‘reverse effect’ on boosting dopamine. Rather than directly increasing dopamine levels like some nootropics, PTE prevents the loss of dopamine
in brain memory centers.
This is not nearly as strange as it sounds. Because this mechanism of action is similar to how Ritalin works as a stimulant. By preventing the uptake of dopamine by
neuroreceptors, Ritalin keeps more dopamine available for increased alertness, cognition and memory formation.
PTE prevents brain injury from lack of blood flow and could have profound applications in the recovery from stroke. This effect could be beneficial even in healthy brains
who suffer from brain fog due to poor cerebral circulation.
Pterostilbene provides well-documented antioxidant activity.[xiii] Affecting neuroreceptor sensitivity for improved neural signaling. PTE even promotes new synaptic
connections between neurons. Improving neuroplasticity leading to better learning and memory.[xiv]
How does Pterostilbene feel?
Neurohackers report that supplementing with Pterostilbene boosts energy levels, provides clearer thinking and improved mood.
Taken before an anxiety-producing event, PTE takes the edge off with no sedation.
Aging baby boomers report feeling younger after using Pterostilbene. They feel more alert, less joint and lower back pain, more energy, less anxiety, and better focus.
The Research
We have hundreds of studies talking about the benefits of Resveratrol. But mostly animal studies for Pterostilbene. So just bear in mind that life is not a clinical study.
Take what you can from this article on PTE, and read user reviews on some of the major sites. Then add Pterostilbene to your stack and see if it makes a difference in your
life.
If you notice a difference, please bookmark this page, come back and leave a comment below this piece. And help other neurohackers out.
Pterostilbene Reduces Anxiety
A study at the University of Mississippi investigated using Pterostilbene for anxiety disorders. Using mice, the team administered PTE in 1 – 10 mg/kg doses. Measuring the
effects of each dose for its anxiolytic effect.
To measure this mood effect, the team evaluated decreases in extracellular regulated kinase 1 and extracellular regulated kinase 2 in the mice. These signaling pathways
are involved in mood modulation in both animals and humans.[xv]
The research team found that no anxiolytic (anti-anxiety) activity was found at higher doses of Pterostilbene. But at lower doses of PTE (1 and 2 mg/kg), there was
significant anti-anxiety activity in the brain. And unlike standard anti-anxiety drugs, there was no impairment of motor movement. In other words, there were no negative
physical effects of using PTE for anxiety issues.
The team concluded that, “These results suggest that Pterostilbene has the potential for therapeutic drug development for anxiety disorders.”[xvi]
Pterostilbene Improves Cognition
Recent studies have shown that Pterostilbene and Resveratrol protect against age-related diseases like Alzheimer’s. So this study looked at comparing the two ‘stilbenes’ to
find out which was more effective in improving cognitive deficits, and Alzheimer’s pathology.
The pathology of Alzheimer’s can be broken down into; cellular stress, inflammation and other pathology markers known to be altered in the disease.
Researchers at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio looked at the mechanism of action behind each of these pathology markers. They used SAMP8 mice
which are bred to model age-related Alzheimer’s.
Two months of a Pterostilbene diet (but not Resveratrol) improved radial arm water maze function in these mice compared to controls who were fed a standard mouse diet.
This is where it gets good. Markers of cellular stress, inflammation, and Alzheimer’s pathology were all positively modulated by Pterostilbene.
The team concluded that “diet-achievable doses of Pterostilbene is a potent modulator of cognition and cellular stress”. Much better than Resveratrol.
The research team said that this success in improving cognition with Pterostilbene was due to its ability to increase peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha
(NR1C1) expression.
This particular receptor is encoded by the pPARA gene. And as you may recall from earlier in this article, Pterostilbene’s big claim to fame is ‘gene expression’ and
modulation.
The team also noted that PTE works better than Resveratrol because of its increased ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. And superior bioavailability.[xvii]
Pterostilbene is one of the only nootropics that improves cognition directly by modifying genes (gene expression).
Pterostilbene Protects Neurons
Blueberries have been reported to provide long-term neuroprotective effects. But researchers in China wanted to dig deeper to determine what in blueberries provided this
benefit. Was it Pterostilbene?
The research team dosed mice with 2.5 – 80 mg/kg of PTE for 3 days. Then induced a middle cerebral artery occlusion for 90 minutes. In other words, they gave the mice a
stroke.
The team gave the mice another dose of PTE immediately after the stroke, at 1 hour and at 3 hours. The team found the most therapeutic window for neuroprotection was
1 hour after the stroke dosed at 10 mg/kg.
Pterostilbene improved motor function, eliminated blood flow disruption, increased neuron survival and reduced cell apoptosis (cell death). The team concluded that you
could protect the brain from stroke using Pterostilbene.
And this neuroprotective effect of Pterostilbene was associated with preventing oxidative stress and neuron death.[xviii]
Dosage Notes
Pterostilbene is found in small quantities in some plant foods. A cup of blueberries for example, contains only about 20 mcg of Pterostilbene.
But even in small amounts, Pterostilbene is believed to provide some of the benefits talked about in this article.
Based on all of the published animal studies, the recommended daily dose of Pterostilbene is 50 mg for cognitive benefit.
Side Effects
The primary “side effect” of using Pterostilbene in your nootropic stack is – you’ll feel better. You should have more energy and thinking should be clearer and faster. And
Pterostilbene provides an anti-anxiety effect.
Pterostilbene is non-toxic and supplementation is well-tolerated by most people.
One randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial conducted at the University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy did an analysis of safety in humans.
80 subjects were divided into four equal groups. Each group received either; 125 mg of Pterostilbene twice daily, the 2 nd group 50 mg twice daily, the 3rd group 50 mg plus
100 mg of grape extract twice daily, and the 4th group a matching placebo twice daily. The trial ran for 6-8 weeks.
The researchers concluded that “Pterostilbene is generally safe for use in humans up to 250 mg per day”.[xix]
But the benefits from Pterostilbene follow a bell-curve. With little or no benefit at lower doses, optimal benefits around 50 mg per day, and no benefit again at much higher
doses.
Like other nootropics, more of Pterostilbene is not necessarily better.
Available Forms
Pterostilbene comes in tablet or capsule form and is available by several well-known supplement makers. Some pre-made nootropic stacks include PTE in their formula.
pTeroPure® is a branded form of Pterostilbene derived from blueberries. And marketed as yielding 99.9% purity.
You can also get Pterostilbene from blueberries. But you’d have to eat a lot of berries to get your quota of 50 mg per day. Blueberry extract supplements contain
Pterostilbene. But do not typically indicate exactly how much is in the extract.
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Pterostilbene 50 mg per pay
We recommend using Pterostilbene as a nootropic supplement.
Your body does not make Pterostilbene on its own. You can get some Pterostilbene from blueberries and a few other fruits. But studies have shown we may not get an
adequate supply of Pterostilbene from food sources in our diet. Especially if you don’t eat a lot of fruit every day.
Pterostilbene has been used in Ayurvedic medicine for thousands of years as a “blood tonic”.
Pterostilbene helps protect neurons, and boosts other antioxidants that shield your brain cells from oxidative stress. Protecting brain cells in memory centers of the brain
helps boost dopamine. Resulting in better alertness, learning and memory.
The boost in memory and learning also comes from Pterostilbene’s ability to promote neuroplasticity. And PTE helps maintain cerebral circulation by protecting brain blood
vessels from lack of oxygen, and oxidative stress.
Pterostilbene is especially helpful for those dealing with anxiety. PTE provides an anxiolytic effect without the sedation you’d normally get from using anti-anxiety drugs.
We suggest starting with a dose of at least 10 mg daily. And Pterostilbene is a great compliment to a stack including any nootropic. It works particularly well when
combined with Resveratrol.
Resveratrol
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
Resveratrol is a potent antioxidant, boosts BDNF, increases cerebral circulation, improves energy and memory, and potentially promotes longevity
Resveratrol (3,4′,5-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) is a polyphenol stilbenoid and phytoalexin that certain plants produce in response to stress, such as injury or fungal
infection.
Resveratrol is a naturally occurring compound found most famously in red wine. Some speculate that the Resveratrol found in red wine accounts for the “French Paradox”.
And how the French can dine on baguettes, cheese, paté and pastries. While avoiding putting on weight and living longer.
Recent research may soon lead the nootropics community to classifying Resveratrol as an Ampakine nootropic. With some rather profound neuroprotective effects in the
brain.
Resveratrol is gaining a reputation among neurohackers for controlling brain inflammation, boosting dopamine, helping reverse cognitive decline and fighting brain cell
aging.
Resveratrol helps:

Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF). Higher levels of BDNF are associated with increased intelligence, mood, productivity and memory. And decreased risks of neurodegenerative
diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Resveratrol increases BDNF in your hippocampus.


Neuroprotectant. Resveratrol protects your brain by boosting the production of the enzyme heme oxygenase which protects against oxidative stress.[i] Resveratrol shields mitochondria from
injury during interruptions in blood flow such as a stroke.[ii] And Resveratrol prevents the release of toxic glutamate during a stroke.[iii] It even protected the brain when administered 6 hours
after a stroke.[iv]
Cerebral Circulation. Resveratrol increases blood flow in your brain. Improving your brain’s blood flow increases oxygen and nutrient levels. Providing your brain with the fuel it needs for
optimized cognition.
Table of Contents
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Overview
How does Resveratrol work in the brain?
How things go bad
Resveratrol to the rescue
How does Resveratrol feel?
The Research
o
o
o
Resveratrol Protects Against Alzheimer’s
Resveratrol Improves Memory
Resveratrol Improves Cerebral Circulation
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
Resveratrol (3,4′,5-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) is a naturally-derived polyphenol antioxidant. This phytoalexin helps plants fight fungal infection, insect infestation,
stress and ultraviolet radiation. And we are finding that Resveratrol could be a potent nootropic.
trans-Resveratrol
Initial research on Resveratrol led researchers to believe that the compound works by mimicking calorie restriction and decreasing chronic inflammation.
As soon as word got out about the first clinical studies at Harvard Medical School, red wine and Resveratrol were soon christened the new “Fountain of Youth”.
But Dr. David Sinclair who led the Harvard study says, “You would need to drink a hundred to a thousand glasses of red wine to equal the doses that improve health in
mice.”[v]
However, more research has revealed some rather profound benefits to adding Resveratrol to your nootropic stack.
Several human studies show that Resveratrol can increase cerebral circulation, protect against heart disease, and increase insulin sensitivity in diabetics.
Even more studies in animals have shown that Resveratrol can reduce depression, treat addictions, protect against memory loss, is anti-anxiety, reduces plaques in
Alzheimer’s disease, improves learning, memory and mood, protects the brain from stroke and shields from hearing loss.
Resveratrol is found in red wine, blueberries, cranberries, raspberries, bilberries, grapes, peanuts, pistachios, cocoa and dark chocolate.[vi]
Here we’re going to dig into how Resveratrol helps your brain. Some of this is going to get a little geeky, so stay with me here…
How does Resveratrol work in the brain?
Resveratrol boosts brain health in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
Resveratrol improves memory. Resveratrol is an inhibitor of enzyme PDE4 (Phosphodiesterase-4). PDE4 inhibitors have been shown to be memory enhancers.[vii] Studies demonstrate that
when you inhibit PDE4, you raise levels of cAMP in the brain.[viii] cAMP-dependent pathways in the brain activate AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase).[ix]
This effect of activating AMPK has a number of implications. First, this would make Resveratrol an Ampakine nootropic similar to some of the racetams.
Second, studies show that AMPK is activated by increases in the cellular AMP/ATP ratio. This helps preserve cellular energy. And would account for at least some of
Resveratrol’s neuroprotective properties.[x]
This same study at the Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri demonstrated that Resveratrol combined with the nootropic ALCAR increased neurite
growth which would have a profound effect on boosting memory. And Resveratrol also stimulated mitochondrial biogenesis.
The researchers concluded, “These findings suggest that neuronal activation of AMPK by Resveratrol could affect neuronal energy homeostasis and contribute to the
neuroprotective effects of resveratrol.”
2.
Resveratrol boosts BDNF. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been called “Miracle-Gro for the brain” by Harvard Neuropsychiatrist John Ratey. When BDNF is released, nerve cells
connect to other cells or their synapses. As brain cells “fire together”, they “wire together”. And this is how new neural networks are formed and consolidated to create memory.
Researchers in Iran administered Resveratrol to rats for 30-days. The team was looking at the effects of Resveratrol on the abundance of mRNA encoding Brain-Derived
Neurotrophic Factor in the hippocampus.
The team measured levels of BDNF in the rat brains and found that Resveratrol elevated the level of BDNF in the hippocampus of these rats. And concluded that the
neuroprotective effects of Resveratrol are due to its ability to boost BDNF mRNA.[xi]
How things go bad
As we get older, the chemistry in our brain cells and energy metabolism changes.
↓ Neurons and synapses degenerate
↓ Recall, reaction time, memory, and mood diminish
↓ Cerebral circulation decreases
↓ Neurotransmitter levels decline
↓ Oxidation damages brain cells
All of these age-related changes are contributing factors to the neurodegenerative diseases of aging including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and dementia.
But even if things haven’t degenerated to such a debilitating level, Resveratrol can help.
Resveratrol to the rescue
Resveratrol is an antioxidant polyphenol which are present in foods like red wine, green tea, apples, berries, pomegranates and dark chocolate.
Polyphenols are among the most effective natural ways to combat aging. And to prevent the health issues that often lead to cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disease.
Resveratrol helps prevent free radical damage to brain cells. Oxidative damage to brain cell membranes causes deterioration. And eventually leads to premature cell death
(apoptosis).
Resveratrol has the unique ability to modulate cell apoptosis. And promotes cell death only in instances where your brain would be healthier with fresh, new cells.
Resveratrol promotes neurogenesis.
Resveratrol inhibits the PDE4 enzyme that raises levels of cAMP in your brain. Much like Luteolin (Artichoke Extract) in the CILTEP stack. cAMP-dependent pathways in the
brain activate AMPK which in turn energize brain cells, and boost memory.
Resveratrol helps boost cerebral circulation, and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF). BDNF helps new neural networks to form which is the basis for memory
formation.
How does Resveratrol feel?
Research shows that Resveratrol can:

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


Improve memory by inhibiting PDE4 in the brain (which boosts cAMP activity)
Tame inflammation in the brain
Boost cerebral blood flow for more oxygen and nutrients to fuel brain cells
Increase BDNF helping new neural networks to form for memory consolidation
Neuroprotective qualities that prevent damage to brain cells
Resveratrol quickly enters your brain after you take it. Once in your brain, it inhibits PDE4 which boosts cAMP activity. cAMP is involved in the Long-Term Potentiation
process of preserving memories.
Inhibiting PDE4 and boosting cAMP also makes the effect of normal dopamine production more effective. Boosting processes in this stream of chemical reactions in the brain
increases learning and memory. Without the side effects of stimulating dopamine production through the use of drugs like Adderall or Ritalin.
Neurohackers report the effects of Resveratrol can be subtle. But you don’t want to take it later in the afternoon or it coul d affect your sleep.
You may experience improved mood and motivation, increased ability to study, increased ability to retain information and improved long-term memory.
The Research
As a young neurohacker, you may not be concerned about the horrors of a disease like Alzheimer’s. Yet several clinical studies make the case for using Resveratrol to boost
your memory. And to avoid ever having to be concerned about this debilitating disease.
84,767 Americans die every year from Alzheimer’s disease. And more than 230,000 suffer from dementia severe enough to require nursing home care.[xii]
The Alzheimer’s Association estimates that more than 5 million Americans are living with this disease. And you have a 1 in 3 chance of developing Alzheimer’s or another
dementia in your lifetime.[xiii]
Now that I have your attention, let’s look at some clinical studies on using Resveratrol to prevent Alzheimer’s and dementia.
Resveratrol Protects Against Alzheimer’s
Some of Resveratrol’s neuroprotective ability comes from its ability to interfere with the cascade of events arising from an accumulation of abnormal proteins called
amyloid-beta.
Amyloid-beta causes oxidative stress and inflammation that damages brain cells. Especially in memory centers in the brain. Hence the reason why Alzheimer’s causes such
profound memory loss.
A study conducted at the Litwin-Zucker Research Center for the Study of Alzheimer’s Disease in New York looked at the cascade of events leading up to Amyloid-beta
accumulation that causes much of the problem with Alzheimer’s.
The research team demonstrated how Resveratrol activates several metabolic sensors, including AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase). AMPK signaling controls Amyloidbeta metabolism. So Resveratrol activates AMPK which reduces levels of Amyloid-beta deposits in the cerebral cortex.[xiv]
Another study in Italy showed how Resveratrol prevents β-amyloid aggregation by scavenging oxygen free radicals, and inducing protective enzymes such as heme
oxygenase. Again preventing the build-up of deposits causing Alzheimer’s.[xv]
More recent studies show that Resveratrol can prevent Amyloid-beta proteins from clumping together into small collections of individual molecules called oligomers. This
action alone has a profound effect on preventing Amyloid-beta damage and preventing Alzheimer’s.[xvi]
And one more study, again about Resveratrol’s ability to activate AMPK and reduce Amyloid-beta build-up, shows that Resveratrol crosses the blood-brain barrier. And stays
in the brain to do its magic. Verifying that using Resveratrol as a nootropic is an effective cognitive enhancer.[xvii]
Resveratrol Improves Memory
The research team at the Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences investigated the effect of Resveratrol on brain function and memory in healthy
overweight older adults.
23 people, aged 50 – 75, took 200 mg of Resveratrol daily for 26 weeks. The control group of 23 subjects took a placebo. Memory tasks, neuroimaging, microstructure and
functional connectivity of the hippocampus were measured before and after the trial.
The study found that Resveratrol had a significant impact on subject’s ability to remember words. Subjects had a significant increase in functional connectivity in the
hippocampus. And there was a decline in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), which indicates improved blood sugar control.
The researchers concluded that Resveratrol can enhance memory along better hippocampus function.[xviii]
Resveratrol Improves Cerebral Circulation
A study conducted at Northumbria University at Newcastle upon Tyne in the UK assessed the effects of Resveratrol on cognition and cerebral blood flow in healthy adults.
In this double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 22 healthy adults received a placebo and 2 doses (250 and 500 mg) of trans-Resveratrol in counterbalanced order on
separate days.
The subjects performed a selection of cognitive tasks that activate the frontal cortex 45-minutes after taking Resveratrol. Near-infrared spectroscopy assessed frontal cortex
changes in oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin in order to evaluate blood flow and hemodynamics during the 36 minutes of task performance.
The research team found that Resveratrol increased cerebral circulation. And this effect was entirely dependent on the size of the dose of Resveratrol. Blood flow was
determined by measuring total hemoglobin concentrations.
The researchers concluded that Resveratrol can increase cerebral blood flow even with a single dose of the supplement.[xix]
Dosage Notes
Resveratrol is found in small quantities in red wine, and some plant foods. Red wine contains about 1.5 – 3 mg of Resveratrol per liter of wine. So if you do the math,
comparable amounts of Resveratrol from red wine for a 150 lb. person means 750 – 1,500 bottles of red wine a day.
Resveratrol has a considerably shorter half-life than its cousin Pterostilbene. And is easily absorbed but has poor bioavailability once digested.[xx] It’s half-life is 1 – 3
hours, and 2 – 5 hours following repeated dosing.[xxi]
Micronized Resveratrol, which has a much smaller particulate size, has been shown to have a 3.6-fold increase in bioavailability compared to standard Resveratrol.[xxii]
And many of the clinical studies done in animals suggest a human equivalent of 1 -2 grams for a 150 – 200 lb. person. Many supplement makers offer much smaller
quantities in capsules or tablets. (We do not advise taking such high doses of Resveratrol).
But even in small amounts, Resveratrol is believed to provide some of the benefits talked about in this article.
Based on all of the published studies, the recommended daily dose of Resveratrol is 20 mg for heart health, insulin sensitivity and longevity. For cognitive benefit, and
increasing cerebral blood flow, recommended dose is 250 – 500 mg of Resveratrol.
It’s better to dose on the lower end of recommended doses of Resveratrol. And see how your body reacts.
Side Effects
Resveratrol is non-toxic and supplementation is well-tolerated by most people. We do not have many human studies on Resveratrol and must rely on user reviews.
Resveratrol has mild estrogenic activity in the body. So if you’re estrogen is low you should avoid supplementing with Resveratrol. This is a potentially serious side effect.
And short of getting your labs done, it may show up as joint pain or arthritis-like symptoms.
Some neurohackers report having trouble sleeping, or staying asleep. Particularly if taken in the afternoon or evening.
If you are dealing with a blood disorder which causes bleeding you should avoid Resveratrol. If you are taking aspirin, warfarin or clopidogrel you should not use
Resveratrol.
Long term side effects reported by some neurohackers include diarrhea, discolored urine, dizziness, insomnia, jitters, joint pain, stomach pain and tendinitis.
Available Forms
Resveratrol comes in tablet, capsule or powder form and is available by several well-known supplement makers.
Most Resveratrol supplements are made from Japanese Knotweed. And some from grape skin extract.
The bioactive form used in clinical studies and found in supplements is ‘Trans-Resveratrol’. ‘Cis-Resveratrol’ is a cis isomer and still bioactive but has a very different
chemical structure.
Purity of Resveratrol is extremely important. Most Resveratrol is made from Japanese Knotweed. A poor quality extract can contain high amounts of Emodin which can
act as a laxative and cause stomach cramps.
High purity Resveratrol extract (99%+) from Japanese Knotweed contains insignificant amounts of Emodin. And should cause far fewer side effects.
Your safest bet when choosing a Resveratrol supplement is an extract from grapes or red wine which contain no impurities. And ideally the ‘micronized’ version of
Resveratrol.
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Resveratrol 20 – 250 mg per pay
We recommend using Resveratrol as a nootropic supplement.
Your body does not make Resveratrol on its own. You can get some Resveratrol from red wine and a few other fruits. But studies have shown we may not get an adequate
supply of Resveratrol from food sources in our diet. Especially if you don’t eat a lot of fruit containing Resveratrol every day. Or don’t drink red wine.
We recommend choosing a Resveratrol supplement that is either 99% pure from Japanese Knotweed. Or a pure extract from grapes or red wine. Ideally the ‘micronized’
version of Resveratrol.
Resveratrol is unique among antioxidants because it easily crosses the blood-brain barrier. And helps protect your brain from free radical damage.
Resveratrol helps improve memory by influencing the cAMP-dependent pathways in your brain that activate AMPK.
And Resveratrol boosts cerebral blood flow which increases the amount of oxygen and nutrients your brain cells need for optimized cognition.
Resveratrol is especially helpful for those concerned about developing Alzheimer’s or dementia. Because it helps prevent the accumulation of abnormal proteins like
amyloid-beta.
We suggest starting with a dose of at least 20 mg daily. And Resveratrol is a great compliment to a stack including any nootropic. One study showed Resveratrol worked
synergistically with ALCAR to boost memory.
And Resveratrol works particularly well when combined with Pterostilbene.
Saffron
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
Saffron is used for depression, PMS symptoms, post-partum depression, memory, appetite suppression, energy & stamina in athletes, and preventing neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson’s and
Alzheimer’s
Saffron is the dried stigma of the Crocus sativus plant native to the Middle East. And is the world’s most expensive culinary spice largely due to the way it must be grown
and harvested (by hand).
As a nootropic, Saffron has been used for thousands of years as an anxiolytic, sedative, and antidepressant.[i]
Today, Saffron is used to help manage appetite, for energy and stamina, anxiety, and is a very effective antidepressant.
Recent studies show Saffron as effective as some popular prescription antidepressants. And can even help alleviate the sexual dysfunction caused by these drugs.
I first became aware of Saffron when researching this ingredient included in Performance Lab Vision.
And then noticed in the last year that it was appearing on shelves as a standalone supplement in the ‘brain health’ section of local vitamin and health food shops.
Here we’ll explore how Saffron benefits your brain.
Saffron helps:
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Anxiety & depression: Saffron extracts (crocin & safranal) inhibit the uptake of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain which helps improve mood.
Alzheimer’s & dementia: Saffron inhibits the deposit of amyloid-β which is associated with the progression of Alzheimer’s disease. Saffron also inhibits the breakdown of acetylcholine
(acetylcholinesterase) just like the current medication (donepezil) approved to treat Alzheimer’s.
Neuroprotectant: Crocin and safranal which are unique carotenoids in Saffron make it a potent antioxidant. Scavenging free radicals which reduces inflammation, preventing apoptosis, and
protecting brain cells and mitochondria.[ii]
Table of Contents
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Overview
How does Saffron work in the brain?
How things go bad
Saffron to the rescue
How does Saffron feel?
The Research
o
o
o
Saffron as good as Prozac
Saffron for Alzheimer’s Disease
Saffron for anxiety & depression
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
Saffron (Crocus sativus) as a nootropic is the dried crimson stigma of the C. sativus flower cultivated primarily in Iran.
Saffron (crocus sativus)
The earliest reference to Saffron goes back to around 2,300 BC from Sargon, founder of the Akkadian empire. Sargon was born in a village on the shores of the Euphrates
called Azupiranu (city of Saffron).[iii]
Since then, documentation of Saffron use over the last 4,000 years for at least 90 illnesses has been uncovered.
Saffron takes a long time to germinate from seed and 3 years for the plant to flower. Once it blooms in mid-Autumn, the flowers must be picked carefully by hand within 1
– 2 weeks.
Each Crocus sativus plant produces 3 – 4 flowers per season. Each flower produces a 3-pronged style, each prong terminating in a vivid crimson stigma. Saffron is the dried
stigma of Crocus sativus.
This labor-intensive production method makes Saffron the most expensive culinary spice in the world.
Saffron contains the metabolites crocin, picrocrocin, safranal, and the antioxidants lycopene and zeaxanthin as well as Vitamin B12 all which provide its medicinal value.[iv]
As a nootropic, Saffron may be used for depression, PMS symptoms, post-partum depression, memory, appetite suppression, and preventing neurodegenerative diseases
like Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s.
How does Saffron work in the brain?
Saffron boosts brain health and function in several ways. But two in particular stand out.
1.
Saffron boosts mood. Recent studies suggest that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), Nerve Growth Factor, and cAMP Response Binding Protein (CREB) all play a role in anxiety and
depression.
Further research shows that Saffron has a significant effect on BDNF, NFG and cAMP levels in the brain.[v] Which likely explains why Saffron is so effective in treating
teenage anxiety and depression.
One study in 2018 had 80 participants aged 12 – 16 years with anxiety and depression try Saffron extract (Affron®) 14 mg or a placebo for 8 weeks.
The study concluded that Saffron extract was effective in relieving the symptoms of separation anxiety, social phobia and depression compared to placebo.[vi]
Researchers in the psychology department at Murdoch University in Perth conducted a systematic analysis of every clinical tri al they could find for high-quality, randomized,
double-blind studies using Saffron, a placebo and antidepressant meds as controls in humans (not animals).
The team concluded that clinical trials support the use of Saffron for the treatment of mild to moderate depression.[vii]
2.
Saffron for preventing Alzheimer’s. One of the most common symptoms in Alzheimer’s patients is depression.
And doctors commonly prescribe antidepressants for treatment. Including drugs like sertraline (Zoloft ®).[viii] Despite the fact that these meds don’t work for Alzheimer’s
disease and come with a host of side effects.[ix]
An alternative treatment is obviously needed. So researchers set up a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with 46 Alzheimer’s patients. The patients were given 15 mg of
Saffron twice daily or placebo for 16 weeks.
The results of this trial showed Saffron produced a significantly better reduction in behavioral and psychological symptoms than placebo. And concluded, “Saffron is both
safe and effective in mild to moderate Alzheimer’s”.[x]
The acetylcholinesterase inhibitor donepezil (Aricept®) is also prescribed to Alzheimer’s patients. For increasing acetylcholine which has been found to be low in these
patients.
A 22-week, randomized, double-blind trial with 54 Alzheimer’s patients was conducted to compare donepezil with Saffron. Patients received either 15 mg of Saffron twice
per day or 5 mg of donepezil twice per day for the extent of the trial.
This phase II study found Saffron extract was as effective as donepezil in the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer’s. But Saffron did not produce the side effect of
vomiting.[xi]
How things go bad
Depression is a growing health problem. With over 10% of Americans taking prescription antidepressants. Of whom 90% experience at least one adverse effect. Ranging
from sexual dysfunction to convulsion to bleeding disorders.
Antidepressant use can result in:
↓ Abnormal bleeding
↓ Agitation, aggression, anxiety, and delirium
↓ Confusion, convulsions and even death
↓ Decreasing memory, delusional thinking
↓ Hallucinations, headaches, and heart attacks
↓ Insomnia, lethargy, nightmares, and panic attacks
↓ Sedation, impaired driving, slow speech
↓ Sexual dysfunction, priapism
↓ Panic attacks, paranoia, suicidal thoughts, violent behavior
↓ Serotonin Syndrome, withdrawal symptoms
A growing database of studies and user reviews show that Saffron helps treat depression without the risky side effects of prescription antidepressants.
Saffron has also been shown to be effective with other conditions for which antidepressants are prescribed. Including anxiety, Alzheimer’s, and obsessive-compulsive
disorder (OCD).
We even have reports of Saffron reversing the sexual dysfunction caused by using prescription antidepressants.
Saffron to the rescue
To experience Saffron’s nootropic value you’ll need to use more than a sprinkling of the spice from your local supermarket.
Studies show Saffron could be an alternative to some popular antidepressant meds.[xii] And for anxiety.[xiii]
Another study with 18 – 45-year-old women suffering from post-partum depression showed Saffron effective in reducing depression.[xiv]
And a group of women aged 18 – 45 dealing with Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) found that Saffron was effective in relieving depression during two menstrual cycles (cycles
3 and 4).[xv]
Saffron is a smooth muscle relaxant and helps lower blood pressure. Likely because of its inhibitory effect on histamine H1 receptors, stimulatory effect on ß2adrenoceptors, and antagonist effect on muscarinic receptors.[xvi]
Saffron inhibits acetylcholinesterase which increases acetylcholine in your brain. Improving brain signaling and helping learning and memory.[xvii]
Saffron inhibits the deposition of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) fibrils which has been implicated in Alzheimer’s.[xviii]
Several human studies show Saffron as effective as some popular antidepressants in treating mild to moderate anxiety and depression.[xix]
Some of the symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease originate from under-utilization of dopamine in the substantia nigra area of the brain. Studies show Saffron helps protect the
substantia nigra dopamine neurons associated with Parkinson’s.[xx]
Newly published studies show Saffron helps protect your eyes from ultraviolet blue light radiation (UV-B). And flicker sensitivity from glaring monitors and headlights.[xxi]
Saffron improves the oxygen and nutrient supply required for healthy eyes. By boosting blood flow in the retina and choroid of your eyes.[xxii]
How does Saffron feel?
Many neurohackers report supplementing with Saffron has helped them stop eating junk food, avoid nighttime snacking, and they’re no longer obsessed with thinking about
food all the time.
Saffron has been proven to help with Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD). Vision may be sharper. And you can see a line or two further down the Snellen chart at
your next eye appointment.
Glare from headlights during nighttime driving and flicker from monitors is no longer a problem.
You may experience an improvement in mood when supplementing with Saffron. No longer over-reacting, and work-related stress now feels like you are again in control.
Many neurohackers report an increase in energy and better libido with Saffron.
Feeling tired and emotional is a thing of the past. You’re back to your bright, positive, happy self!
The Research
Clinical research into the efficacy of Saffron is encouraging. But trial lengths have typically been limited to 4 – 6 weeks. And sample sizes are relatively small (30 – 40
people).
And keep in mind of the potential for bias because most clinical trials with humans have been conducted in Iran. Which produces nearly 90% of saffron for the world
market. But these are still high-quality studies.
Saffron as good as Prozac
A double-blind, randomized trial with 40 adult outpatients suffering from major depression was conducted at the University of Tehran. The study compared Saffron petals
with fluoxetine (Prozac®) for the treatment of depression.
Patients were given 15 mg of Saffron petals in the morning and evening, or 10 mg fluoxetine morning and evening for 8 weeks.
The study concluded that Saffron petals were as effective as fluoxetine in the treatment of mild to moderate depression. The remission rate was 25% in both groups with no
significant differences in side effects.[xxiii]
Saffron for Alzheimer’s Disease
There is increasing evidence to suggest that Saffron could be used in the management of Alzheimer’s Disease.
In one Iranian study, 54 adults aged 55 year or older with Alzheimer’s participated in a 22-week, double-blind trial. Patients were randomly assigned 30 mg per day of
Saffron (15 mg twice per day) or 10 mg per day of donepezil (Aricept®) (5 mg twice per day).
The study found that Saffron was as effective as the drug donepezil in the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer’s after 22 weeks.[xxiv]
Other research shows that Saffron may inhibit the aggregation of amyloid-β in the human brain and may therefore be useful in Alzheimer’s.[xxv]
46 patients with Alzheimer’s volunteered for a 16-week, double-blind trial. Patients were randomly assigned 15 mg of Saffron twice per day or a placebo for the 16-week
study.
After 16 weeks, Saffron produced a significantly better outcome on cognitive function than placebo.
The study concluded, “This double-blind, placebo-controlled study suggests that at least in the short-term, Saffron is both safe and effective in mild to moderate
Alzheimer’s.”[xxvi]
Saffron for anxiety & depression
60 adult patients with anxiety and depression were given a 50 mg saffron capsule or placebo capsule twice daily for 12 weeks.
Depression and anxiety questionnaires were used at the beginning, 6 and 12 weeks during the trial. The patients who used the saffron supplements had a significant
reduction in anxiety and depression symptoms.
The study concluded “Saffron appears to have a significant impact in the treatment of anxiety and depression disorder. Side effects were rare.”[xxvii]
Dosage Notes
Recommended dose of Saffron is 25 – 30 mg twice per day for mild to moderate depression.
Clinical studies have evaluated doses ranging from 20 – 400 mg per day of Saffron.
Dosages up to 1.5 g per day of Saffron are thought to be safe.[xxviii] With toxic effects reported for 5 g doses.
As with many nootropics, more is NOT better when using Saffron. Some research shows that dosages above 1.5 g of Saffron can be extremely toxic.
Side Effects
Genuine Saffron is non-toxic and well-tolerated by most people when used at the recommended dosage.
Some reported side effects of Saffron include headaches, nausea, dizziness, vomiting, and mania (esp. if you are bipolar). Saffron can aggravate asthma symptoms.
5 g of Saffron are associated with toxic effects. And very high doses of Saffron (10 – 20 g) can be deadly.
No drug interactions have been reported. But interactions with anti-aggregating drugs are theoretically possible.
Do NOT use Saffron if you have a bleeding disorder.
Available Forms
Saffron as a nootropic is typically sold in capsules.
Most individual Saffron supplements on the market are standardized (for 0.3% safranal) usually with 88.5 mg ‘Saffron extract’.
For nootropic use, look for supplements guaranteed to contain a patented version of Saffron extract. Otherwise, you’ll not likely experience the cognitive benefits of this
nootropic for reasons I’ll go into in a minute.
Affron®: Manufactured by PharmActive Biotech Products in Madrid, Spain and not easily found in Saffron products sold in the USA. But here’s one by BCN Health: Saffron
Ultra
Satiereal®: Made by PLT Health Solutions in Morristown, NJ and included in select Saffron products like this one by Life Extension: Optimized Saffron
Safranal®: Manufactured by Sigma-Aldrich and included in some Saffron supplements like this one by 1 Body: Saffron 8825
Saffron is also included in much smaller amounts in some vison/eye formulas. While extremely effective for vision health, it’s not enough for much cognitive benefit.
For example, Performance Lab Vision contains 1 mg of Saffron extract. Which I’ve found very effective for reducing glare from computer screens and headlights during
nighttime driving. And reducing eye fatigue from monitor flicker. But the dosage in this supplement is too low for any real cognitive benefit.
Keep in mind that Saffron is the most valuable medicinal food plant on the planet. Which makes it a primary target by unscrupulous marketers for adulteration.
Common adulterants include mixing Saffron with things like beet, pomegranate fibers, and red-dyed silk fibers to decrease the cost of Saffron.
Sometimes the flowers of other plants, including safflower, marigold, arnica and tinted grasses are fraudulently mixed with genuine Saffron stigmas.
The common mislabeling of turmeric (curcuma longa) as “Indian saffron”, “American saffron”, or “Mexican saffron” can easily be mistaken as genuine Saffron.
When Saffron is used for therapeutic purposes such as a nootropic supplement, adulteration will make it completely useless or even harmful.[xxix]
Before you buy your Saffron supplement make sure you check that it’s a reputable supplement manufacturer who tests all their raw ingredients and encapsulated product.
This is a classic case of discounted or cheap Saffron is not a bargain. But something else entirely. Buyer beware!
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Saffron 25 – 30 mg twice a day
I recommend using Saffron as a nootropic supplement.
Your body does not make Saffron on its own. So to get its benefits you must take it as a supplement.
Saffron is especially helpful for suffering from anxiety and depression. Studies show Saffron to be as effective as some popular antidepressants but without the side effects.
If you are currently using antidepressants, Saffron may help alleviate the sexual dysfunction caused by these drugs.
Saffron seems to be an effective way to control appetite. No snacking between meals and you’re no longer obsessed about food.
Saffron has the added benefit of more energy and stamina to help you through your day.
You can safely take up to 200 mg of Saffron daily if needed. But dosed 100 mg at a time. Be familiar with the associated side effects of higher doses of Saffron.
For nootropic use, choose a patented form of Saffron supplement such as the ones I’ve described above under “Available Forms”.
Saffron is also a very effective vision supplement. Driving at night is easier on your eyes. And the flicker caused by screens and monitors won’t leave you with eye fatigue
later in the day.
For a great vision supplement, I highly recommend Performance Lab Vision.
For nootropic benefit look for genuine, verified pure Saffron or Saffron extract (standardized to 0.3 or 0.1% safranal).
SAM-e
BY David Tomen Leave a Comment
SAM-e has been shown to relieve depression, anxiety, brain fog, and pain including arthritic and fibromyalgia pain, improve memory, mood and sociability, and support liver health
SAM-e (S-Adenosyl Methionine, Ademethionine, Adomet) is the naturally-occurring amino acid methionine bound to an ATP molecule. And is found in nearly every cell
in your body.
SAM-e helps produce and breakdown the neurotransmitters acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine and melatonin in your brain. SAM-e maintains cell
membranes and plays a role in a healthy immune system.
Studies show that SAM-e is very effective in treating depression without the side effects of prescription antidepressants. And while pharmaceutical antidepressants can take
from 6 to 8 weeks to begin working, SAM-e can work much faster.
The latest research shows that SAM-e can be anti-anxiety, reduces pain including in fibromyalgia, and can improve learning, memory and mood.
SAM-e helps:
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Neuroplasticity. SAM-e is involved in the formation of myelin that surrounds and protects axons. And SAM-e can improve brain-cell membrane fluidity. Enhancing the function of
neuroreceptors.
Neurotransmitters. SAM-e is involved in the synthesis of acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine. Helping to normalize mood, moderate behavior, and elevate emotions.
Neuroprotectant. SAM-e helps produce the powerful antioxidant glutathione through a process called transsulfuration. SAM-e helps stabilize cell membranes and promotes the secretion of
bile. And through a process called aminopropylation, SAM-e is converted into the antioxidant methylthioadenosine, which has anti-inflammatory and analgesic (pain-relieving) properties.
Table of Contents
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Overview
How does SAM-e Work in the Brain?
How things go bad
SAM-e to the rescue
How does SAM-e feel?
The Research
o
o
o
SAM-e Lifts Mood
SAM-e to Treat Adult ADHD
SAM-e Treats Depression
Dosage Notes
Side Effects
Available Forms
Nootropics Expert Recommendation
Overview
SAM-e (S-Adenosyl Methionine) is a naturally occurring coenzyme that plays many critical roles in your body.
SAM-e (S-Adenosyl Methionine)
SAM-e is made from methionine and ATP (