Institute of Applied Technology
Computer Courseware
CustomGuide, Inc. is independent from Certiport, Inc. and not affiliated with Certiport in any manner. This publication may be
used in assisting students to prepare for an INTERNET & COMPUTING CORE CERTIFICATION™ Exam. Neither Certiport,
Inc., its agents, nor CustomGuide, Inc. warrant that use of this material will ensure success in connection with any exam.
© 2005 by CustomGuide, Inc. 1502 Nicollet Avenue South, Suite 1; Minneapolis, MN 55403
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any means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical, manual, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of
CustomGuide, Inc.
We make a sincere effort to ensure the accuracy of the material described herein; however, CustomGuide makes no warranty,
expressed or implied, with respect to the quality, correctness, reliability, accuracy, or freedom from error of this document or the
products it describes. Data used in examples and sample data files are intended to be fictional. Any resemblance to real
persons or companies is entirely coincidental.
The names of software products referred to in this manual are claimed as trademarks of their respective companies.
CustomGuide is a registered trademark of CustomGuide, Inc.
Table of Contents
Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 7
Chapter One: Computer Hardware ............................................................................ 11
Lesson 1-1: Introduction to Computers ...............................................................12
Lesson 1-2: Types of Computers ............................................................................14
Lesson 1-3: Central Processing Unit (CPU).........................................................16
Lesson 1-4: Measuring Memory ..............................................................................18
Lesson 1-5: RAM and ROM........................................................................................20
Lesson 1-6: Sharing Data, Files, Hardware and Software ............................22
Lesson 1-7: The Front of a Computer and Peripheral Devices....................24
Lesson 1-8: The Inside of a Computer .................................................................26
Lesson 1-9: Specialized Input Devices.................................................................28
Lesson 1-10: Specialized Output Devices ...........................................................30
Lesson 1-11: Hard Disk..............................................................................................32
Lesson 1-12: CD-ROM Drive.....................................................................................34
Lesson 1-13: DVD Drive.............................................................................................36
Lesson 1-14: Floppy Disks ........................................................................................38
Lesson 1-15: Zip and Jaz Drives.............................................................................39
Lesson 1-16: Other Storage Devices ....................................................................40
Lesson 1-17: Identifying Ports ................................................................................42
Lesson 1-18: Installing New Hardware ................................................................44
Lesson 1-19: Selecting a Personal Computer ....................................................45
Lesson 1-20: Computer Performance ...................................................................46
Lesson 1-21: Preventing Theft ................................................................................48
Lesson 1-22: Preventing Damage and other Hazards ....................................49
Lesson 1-23: Computer Maintenance ...................................................................50
Lesson 1-24: Identifying and Solving Computer-related Problems...........52
Chapter One Review ....................................................................................................53
Chapter Two: Computer Software ............................................................................. 59
Lesson 2-1: The Interaction of Hardware and Software................................60
Lesson 2-2: Software Development ......................................................................62
Lesson 2-3: Software Upgrades ..............................................................................63
Lesson 2-4: Word Processing ...................................................................................64
Lesson 2-5: Spreadsheets.........................................................................................65
Lesson 2-6: Databases ...............................................................................................66
Lesson 2-7: Presentation Software........................................................................68
Lesson 2-8: Accounting ..............................................................................................69
Lesson 2-9: Web Browsing........................................................................................70
Lesson 2-10: Web Authoring....................................................................................71
4
IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 2-11: Graphic and Multimedia Programs ..............................................72
Lesson 2-12: Utility Programs..................................................................................73
Chapter Two Review .....................................................................................................74
Chapter Three: Using an Operating System..........................................................77
Lesson 3-1: Operating Systems ..............................................................................78
Lesson 3-2: Understanding Graphical User Interfaces ...................................80
Lesson 3-3: Understanding the Windows 2000 Screen..................................82
Lesson 3-4: Understanding the Parts of a Window..........................................84
Lesson 3-5: Maximizing, Minimizing, and Restoring a Window...................86
Lesson 3-6: Closing a Window .................................................................................88
Lesson 3-7: Moving a Window .................................................................................89
Lesson 3-8: Resizing a Window ...............................................................................90
Lesson 3-9: Shutting Down or Restarting the Computer ..............................92
Lesson 3-10: Using the Task Manager to Shut Down a Program ...............94
Lesson 3-11: Starting a Program............................................................................96
Lesson 3-12: Switching Between Open Windows.............................................98
Lesson 3-13: Adding a Shortcut to the Start Menu .......................................100
Lesson 3-14: Moving and Deleting Desktop Icons and Creating Shortcuts
...........................................................................................................................................102
Lesson 3-15: Understanding Drives, Folders, Files and Storage Devices
...........................................................................................................................................104
Lesson 3-16: Using My Computer ........................................................................106
Lesson 3-17: Navigating to a File or Folder ......................................................108
Lesson 3-18: Creating a Folder and Viewing Folder Details .......................110
Lesson 3-19: Common File Types.........................................................................112
Lesson 3-20: Counting Files in a Folder .............................................................114
Lesson 3-21: Changing File Status.......................................................................116
Lesson 3-22: Sorting Files.......................................................................................118
Lesson 3-23: Using File Extensions and Renaming Files and Folders.....120
Lesson 3-24: Selecting Files and Folders...........................................................122
Lesson 3-25: Duplicating and Moving Files and Folders ..............................124
Lesson 3-26: Using the Folders Pane ..................................................................126
Lesson 3-27: Deleting Files and Folders ............................................................128
Lesson 3-28: Restoring a Deleted File and Emptying the Recycle Bin ...130
Lesson 3-29: Finding a File .....................................................................................132
Lesson 3-30: Viewing Recently Used Files ........................................................134
Lesson 3-31: Formatting a Floppy Disk..............................................................136
Lesson 3-32: Common Problems Associated with Files ...............................137
Lesson 3-33: A Look at the Control Panel .........................................................138
Lesson 3-34: Changing the Date and Time ......................................................140
Lesson 3-35: Adding Wallpaper to the Desktop ..............................................142
Lesson 3-36: Changing Screen Colors ................................................................144
Lesson 3-37: Adjusting the Screen Resolution................................................146
Lesson 3-38: Adjusting the Screen Color Depth.............................................148
Lesson 3-39: Using a Screen Saver.....................................................................150
Lesson 3-40: Changing System and Program Sounds..................................152
Lesson 3-41: Adjusting the Mouse .......................................................................154
Lesson 3-42: Changing the Default Printer and Printer Settings .............156
Lesson 3-43: Installing New Software ................................................................158
Lesson 3-44: Removing Software.........................................................................160
Chapter Three Review ...............................................................................................162
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
Introduction
5
Index................................................................................................................................... 175
Institute of Applied Technology
Introduction
Welcome to CustomGuide: Microsoft Word 2003. CustomGuide courseware allows
instructors to create and print manuals that contain the specific lessons that best meet their
students’ needs. In other words, this book was designed and printed just for you.
Unlike most other computer-training courseware, each CustomGuide manual is uniquely
designed to be three books in one:
•
Step-by-step instructions make this manual great for use in an instructor-led class or as a
self-paced tutorial.
•
Detailed descriptions, illustrated diagrams, informative tables, and an index make this
manual suitable as a reference guide when you want to learn more about a topic or
process.
•
The handy Quick Reference box, found on the last page of each lesson, is great for when
you need to know how to do something quickly.
CustomGuide manuals are designed both for users who want to learn the basics of the
software and those who want to learn more advanced features.
Here’s how a CustomGuide manual is organized:
Chapters
Each manual is divided into several chapters. Aren’t sure if you’re ready for a chapter? Look
at the prerequisites that appear at the beginning of each chapter. They will tell you what you
should know before you start the chapter.
Lessons
Each chapter contains several lessons on related topics. Each lesson explains a new skill or
topic and contains a step-by-step exercise to give you hands-on-experience.
Chapter Reviews
A review is included at the end of each chapter to help you absorb and retain all that you have
learned. This review contains a brief recap of everything covered in the chapter’s lessons, a
quiz to assess how much you’ve learned (and which lessons you might want to look over
again), and a homework assignment where you can put your new skills into practice. If you’re
having problems with a homework exercise, you can always refer back to the lessons in the
chapter to get help.
8
IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
How to Use the Lessons
Every topic is presented on two facing pages, so that you can concentrate on the lesson
without having to worry about turning the page. Since this is a hands-on course, each lesson
contains an exercise with step-by-step instructions for you to follow.
To make learning easier, every exercise follows certain conventions:
•
Anything you’re supposed to click, drag, or press appears like this.
•
Anything you’re supposed to type appears like this.
•
This book never assumes you know where (or what) something is. The first time you’re
told to click something, a picture of what you’re supposed to click appears either in the
margin next to the step or in the illustrations at the beginning of the lesson.
Illustrations show what your
screen should look like as you
follow the lesson. They also
describe controls, dialog boxes,
and processes.
24 Microsoft Excel 2000
24 Microsoft Excel 2000
Lesson
Lesson4-2:
4-2:Formatting
FormattingValues
Values
Figure 4-3
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of the
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dialogtabbox.
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Preview of the
selected
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of the
format
selected number
format
Select a number
category
Select a number
category
Select a number
format
Select a number
format
Figure 4-5
TheFigure
Expense Report
4-5
An easy-to-understand
introduction explains the task or
topic covered in the lesson and
what you’ll be doing in the
exercise.
worksheet
values Report
after being
The Expense
formatted.
worksheet values after being
formatted.
Figure 4-3
Figure 4-3
Figure 4-4
Figure 4-4
Tips and traps appear in the
margin.
Icons and pictures appear in the
margin, showing you what to
click or look for.
Clear step-by-step instructions
guide you through the exercise.
Anything you need to click
appears like this.
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
You can also format
values
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You by
canusing
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values by toolbar
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or Formatting
by selectingtoolbar
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Comma Style
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Figure 4-5
In this lesson, you will learn how to apply number formats. Applying number formatting changes
how
are displayed—it
doesn’t
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information
in any
way. Excel
is often
In values
this lesson,
you will learn
how tochange
apply the
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number
formatting
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sign for
to indicate
format for you.
The Formatting toolbar has five buttons (Currency, Percent, Comma, Increase Decimal, and
The Formatting
buttons apply
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you canhas
usefive
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as fastinasthis
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We’ll
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lesson.
We’ll use both methods in this lesson.
1. Select the cell range D5:D17 and click the Comma Style button on
the celltoolbar.
range D5:D17 and click the Comma Style button on
1.theSelect
Formatting
theadds
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toolbar.(the comma) and two decimal places to the selected cell
Excel
a hundreds separator
range.
Excel adds a hundreds separator (the comma) and two decimal places to the selected cell
range.
Introduction
•
When you see a keyboard instruction like “press <Ctrl> + <B>,” you should press and
hold the first key (<Ctrl> in this example) while you press the second key (<B> in this
example). Then, after you’ve pressed both keys, you can release them.
•
There is usually more than one way to do something in Word. The exercise explains the
most common method of doing something, while the alternate methods appear in the
margin. Use whatever approach feels most comfortable for you.
•
Important terms appear in italics the first time they’re presented.
•
Whenever something is especially difficult or can easily go wrong, you’ll see a:
NOTE:
immediately after the step, warning you of pitfalls that you could encounter if you’re not
careful.
•
Our exclusive Quick Reference box appears at the end of every lesson. You can use it to
review the skills you’ve learned in the lesson and as a handy reference—when you need
to know how to do something fast and don’t need to step through the sample exercises.
Formatting a Worksheet
Formatting a Worksheet
9
25
25
2. Click cell A4 and type Annual Sales.
cell A4inand
type Annual
Sales. as currency.
2. Click
The numbers
this column
should be formatted
Anything you need to type
appears like this.
The numbers in this column should be formatted as currency.
3. Press <Enter> to confirm your entry and overwrite the existing
<Enter> to confirm your entry and overwrite the existing
3. Press
information.
information.
4. Select the cell range G5:G17 and click the Currency Style button on
the cell range
G5:G17 and click the Currency Style button on
4. Select
the Formatting
toolbar.
theA Formatting
dollar sign and toolbar.
two decimal places are added to the values in the selected cell range.
A dollar sign and two decimal places are added to the values in the selected cell range.
5. Select the cell range F5:F17 and click the Percent Style button on
the cell range
F5:F17 and click the Percent Style button on
5. Select
the Formatting
toolbar.
theExcel
Formatting
toolbar.
applies percentage style number formatting to the information in the Tax column.
Notice
therepercentage
isn’t a decimal
place—Excel
rounds
decimal places
to the
whole
Excel
applies
style number
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to any
the information
in the
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column.
number.
suitable
here—you want
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show
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thereThat
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a decimal
place—Excel
rounds
any decimal
placesplace
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whole
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the exact
rate.
the exact tax rate.
Currency Style
Currency
Style
button
Otherbutton
Ways to Apply
Currency
Formatting:
Other
Ways to
Apply
Currency
Formatting:
• Type the
dollar sign ($)
you enter
a number.
• Typebefore
the dollar
sign ($)
before you enter a number.
6. With the Tax cell range still selected, click the Increase Decimal
the Tax
cellFormatting
range still toolbar.
selected, click the Increase Decimal
6. With
button
on the
Whenever there is more than
one way to do something, the
most common method is
presented in the exercise and
the alternate methods are
presented in the margin.
button
on the
Formatting
Excel adds
one decimal
place totoolbar.
the information in the tax rate column.
Excel
adds
decimal
placethe
to date
the information
in date
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rate column.
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youone
want
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format in the
column.
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button
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to format
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using
the
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date format
inwill
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a “Format
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button
on the
Formatting
toolbar, so you will have to format the date column using the
Format
Cells
dialog box.
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box. is great for quickly applying the most common formatting options to
The Formatting
but it doesn’t
every
formatting
To see and/or
use every
possible
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open the
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Cellsdialog
from the
fromselecting
the shortcut
menu.Cells from the menu or right-clicking
and selecting
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box Cells
by either
Format→
and selecting Format Cells from the shortcut menu.
7. With the Date cell range still selected, select Format → Cells from
Dateselect
cell range
still from
selected,
select
Format
→ click
Cells OK.
from
7. With
thethe
menu,
4-Mar-97
the Type
list
box and
the menu, select 4-Mar-97 from the Type list box and click OK.
That’s all there is to formatting values–not as difficult as you thought it would be, was it? The
following
table
lists
the five buttons
on the
Formatting
toolbar
you it
can
use tobe,apply
That’s
all there
is to
formatting
values–not
as difficult
as you
thought
would
was number
it? The
formatting
the values
your worksheets.
following
tabletolists
the fiveinbuttons
on the Formatting toolbar you can use to apply number
formatting to the values in your worksheets.
Table 4-2: Number Formatting Buttons on the Formatting Toolbar
Table
4-2:
Number Formatting
on the Formatting Toolbar
Button
Name
Example Buttons
Formatting
Button Name
Example
$1,000.00 Formatting
Adds a dollar sign, comma, and two decimal places.
Currency
$1,000.00 Adds a dollar sign, comma, and two decimal places.
Currency
100%
Displays the value as a percentage with no decimal places.
Percent
100%
Displays the value as a percentage with no decimal places.
Percent
1,000
Separates thousands with a comma.
Comma
1,000
Separates thousands with a comma.
Comma
1000.00
Increases the number of digits after the decimal point by one
Increase Decimal
1000.00
Increases the number of digits after the decimal point by one
Increase Decimal
1000.0
Decreases the number of digits after the decimal point by one
Decrease Decimal
1000.0
Decreases the number of digits after the decimal point by one
Decrease Decimal
Quick Reference
Quick Reference
To Apply Number
To Formatting:
Apply Number
Formatting:
• Select the cell or cell range
youthe
want
and click
• Select
celltoorformat
cell range
appropriate
number
youthe
want
to format and
click
the formatting
appropriatebutton(s)
number on the
Formatting
toolbar.
formatting
button(s)
on the
Formatting
toolbar.
Or...
Or...• Select the cell or cell range you
want
format,
select
• Select
thetocell
or cell
rangeFormat
you
from
the menu,
want→toCells
format,
select
Formatclick
the Number
and click
specify
→ Cells
from thetab,
menu,
number
you want
the the
Number
tab,formatting
and specify
apply.formatting you want
the to
number
Or...
to apply.
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want
format,
right-click
the
• Select
thetocell
or cell
range you
cell range
and select
wantcell
to or
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right-click
the
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menu,
clickfrom
the the
Number
tab,
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andclick
specify
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menu,
the the
Number
tab,
want to apply.
andformatting
specify theyou
number
formatting you want to apply.
Tables provide summaries of the
terms, toolbar buttons, or
shortcuts covered in the lesson.
CustomGuide’s exclusive Quick
Reference is great for when you
need to know how to do
something fast. It also lets you
review what you’ve learned in
the lesson.
Institute of Applied Technology
Chapter One:
Computer Hardware
Chapter Objectives:
•
Learn the basic functions of various parts of a computer
•
Discover the various types of computers and their roles
•
Understand what a CPU does
•
Learn how memory is measured
•
See what’s on the front, back, and inside of a computer
•
Learn about specialized input and output devices
•
Understand the types and purposes of storage media
•
Learn about the various ports on a computer
•
Understand how hardware devices are installed on a
computer
•
Understand what determines a computer’s performance
•
What you can do to prevent theft or damage
•
Routine maintenance that can be performed by the user
Hardware is any physical part of a computer that you can see or touch. A computer’s monitor,
CD-ROM or DVD drive, mouse, keyboard, and printer are all different types of hardware.
This chapter takes a closer look at the physical parts that constitute a computer.
This chapter is broken up into several sections, since there are several different categories of
hardware devices. First we’ll learn the basic functions of various parts of the computer and
examine processing devices, such as computer’s CPU and memory. You’ll finally understand
what those technical sounding words megahertz and gigabyte mean. From there we’ll take a
good hard look at a computer from the front, back, and yes, even inside. Then we’ll move on
to input devices, such as the keyboard and mouse, and output devices, such as the monitor and
printer. The last part of this chapter discusses storage devices, such as hard drives and CDROM drives, and basic information regarding computer performance and routine maintenance
that you can perform to keep your computer running in tip-tip shape.
That’s a lot of material to cover, so let’s get started!
; Prerequisites
• A desire to learn about
computers.
12
IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 1-1: Introduction to
Computers
Figure 1-1
A typical computer setup.
Figure 1-1
Your desk probably contains a jumble of equipment commonly known as a computer. But
what is all that stuff? What does a computer do? Unlike many other tools or appliances that
have limited purposes, a computer can do any number of things:
•
Write letters
•
Browse the Internet
•
Send e-mail messages to people around the world
•
Play games
•
Help you balance your budget
…and that’s just the beginning of what you can do with a computer!
Your computer setup
may differ from the
one shown in Figure
1-1. For example,
you might have a
computer case that
is tall and skinny
(tower case) or a flat
screen monitor.
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
Two basic components make up a computer: hardware and software. You simply can’t have
one without the other. All computer parts that you can physically see or touch are called
hardware. Hardware includes the computer’s monitor, case, keyboard, mouse, and printer.
Computer programs that tell hardware how to operate are called software. We will learn more
about software in the next chapter.
Figure 1-1 shows an example of a typical computer setup and its components, but don’t worry
if your setup is different. More than likely, you have all the parts that you need, and those
parts are properly connected. In any case, Table 1-1: Parts of a Computer provides more
details about each individual component.
IT, short for Information Technology, is the broad subject related to computers and managing
and processing information, especially within large organizations. Many large companies
have departments full of computer experts called IT departments.
Chapter One: Computer Hardware
13
Table 1-1: Parts of a Computer
Component
Description
Case or System
Unit
The main computer box, technically known as the system unit, is the most
important part of a computer. It contains the guts and brains of the computer—
something we’ll talk about later. The system unit contains a lot of holes or ports
where you plug in the rest of the computer system.
Monitor
The monitor resembles a television set, and is where the computer displays
information.
Keyboard
The keyboard is the thing you type on to tell your computer what to do.
Mouse
Like the keyboard, the mouse is another input device that you use to
communicate with your computer.
Speakers
Most computers can make sounds, just like a stereo system. In fact, you can
even listen to audio CD’s on most computers or watch DVDs.
Printer
A printer is where a computer writes down information or output, onto paper, or
a hardcopy.
Quick
Reference
A Typical Computer
Includes the Following:
• System unit
• Monitor
• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Speakers
• Printer
Hardware:
• A computer item you can
physically see or touch.
Software:
• A computer program that
tells computer hardware
how to operate.
Information Technology
(IT):
• Information Technology is
the broad subject related
to computers and
managing and processing
information.
Institute of Applied Technology
14
IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 1-2: Types of
Computers
L IC3
Objective: 1.1.1.1, 1.1.1.2,
1.1.1.3, and 1.1.1.9
Req. File: None
There are several different types of computer systems out there. Here's a very brief description
of the most common ones…
Table 1-1: Types of Computers
Computer
Description
Supercomputer
A supercomputer is the most powerful computer available at a given time.
Capacity: Gargantuan – the largest in the world
Speed: Extremely fast – the fastest supercomputer is the Earth Simulator,
located at the Yokohama Institute for Earth Sciences in Japan.
Cost: Extremely expensive – tens of millions of dollars
Users: Only used by very large organizations that need their immense
calculating power – weather forecasting and climate research are two of the
most common uses of supercomputers
A mainframe is a big, powerful, expensive computer that can support many
users at the same time. Large systems such as these centralize data
processing and storage.
Mainframe
Capacity: Enormous - the capacity of several hundred or even thousands of
PCs
Speed: Very fast - much, much faster than a PC
Cost: Very, very expensive - can usually only be afforded by large
organizations
Users: Only used by large businesses and organizations
Minicomputers are mid-sized, multi-user computers that are smaller and less
powerful than mainframe computers. Minicomputers are commonly used as
servers in a network.
Minicomputer
Capacity: Less than a mainframe computer, but greater than a microcomputer
Speed: Slower than a mainframe computer, faster than a microcomputer
Cost: $18,000 - $500,000
Users: Only organizations that cannot afford or do not need the processing
power of a mainframe system
A network is a group of computers that are connected so that they can share
equipment and information. Most people on a network use workstations, which
are simply PCs that are connected to the network. A server is a central
computer where users on the network can save their files and information.
Networked
Computer
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
Capacity: (Workstation) Same as a PC, only needs a network card
(Server) Greater than a PC, often more than 100 GE
Speed: (Workstation) Same as a PC
(Server) Generally faster than a PC, may use multiple CPUs
Cost: (Workstation) Same as a PC
(Server) More expensive than a PC but not as costly as a mainframe
Users: (Workstation) People in a networked office or organization
(Server) Generally a network administrator or engineer
Chapter One: Computer Hardware
Computer
Microcomputer
15
Description
A microcomputer is a small, single-user computer with a microprocessor as its
CPU. Desktop computers, laptop computers, tablet PCs, and many types of
handheld devices are all types of microcomputers. See Table 1-2: Types of
Microcomputers for more information.
Table 1-2: Types of Microcomputers
Computer
Description
A PC is a personal computer, originally designed by IBM way back in 1981.
Many different companies make PCs, but all of them are IBM-compatible.
What this means, according to Bill Gates, is that they will all run Microsoft
Windows.
PC
Capacity: Average hard disk size is 20 GB to 80 GB
Speed: Fast. Average speed is from 1 GHz to 3 GHz
Cost: Fairly inexpensive - under $1,000 - and getting cheaper every day!
Users: Just about everyone uses a PC! Homes, offices, schools…
Developed by Apple, a Macintosh is a computer, but it is NOT a PC. Macs
have a different operating system and use their own software and hardware.
Mac
Capacity: Average hard disk size is 20 GB to 80 GB
Speed: Fast. Average speed is from 500 MHz to 2 GHz
Cost: Fairly inexpensive, but usually more than an equivalent PC
Users: Just about everyone, especially in the education and design fields
A laptop, or notebook, is a lighter and more portable version of a PC or Mac
that can run on batteries.
Laptop
Handheld/PDA
Capacity: Average hard disk size is 10 GB to 40 GB
Speed: Fast, but slightly less than a PC. Average speed is from 700 MHz to 2
GHz
Cost: Fairly inexpensive, but more than an equivalent PC
Users: People on the move, especially business people and students
A PDA, or Personal Data Assistant, is a handheld computer that is generally
used to keep track of appointments and addresses.
Capacity: Much smaller than a PC - 8 MB to 64 MB of storage space
Speed: Much slower than a PC - 8 MHz to 266 MHz
Cost: Expensive when compared to the capacities of a PC
Users: Business people and others who need to be organized
In addition to computers, there are also many other types of electronic devices that contain a
microprocessor. Interactive books, cellular phones, and even calculators are all examples of
computing devices that have been designed for specific purposes. Various types of noncomputer equipment, such as mechanical devices and industrial equipment, contain
microprocessors and memory as well, allowing them to process information in order to work
more effectively and efficiently.
Quick
Reference
Different Types of
Computers Include:
• Supercomputers
• Mainframes
• Minicomputers
• Networked computers
(Workstations, Servers)
• Microcomputers (PCs,
Macs, Laptops,
Handhelds/PDAs)
Other Types of Devices
that Contain a
Microprocessor Include:
• Interactive books
• Cellular phones
• Calculators
• Mechanical devices
(clocks, etc.)
• Industrial equipment
(engines, etc.)
Institute of Applied Technology
16
IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 1-3: Central
Processing Unit (CPU)
Figure 1-2
The Intel Pentium 4 is the
fastest and most recent
CPU available.
Figure 1-3
Central
Processing
Unit (CPU)
The CPU can get hot!
Most CPUs have a built-in
fan to keep them from
burning out.
Figure 1-2
Figure 1-3
L IC3
Objective: 1.1.1.4, 1.1.1.5,
and 1.1.2.2
Req. File: None
Inside the computer case, hidden amongst all the wiring and gizmos, is a particularly
important part of the computer known as the central processing unit (or CPU, for short). The
CPU is also known as the computer chip (because that’s what it is) or the microprocessor (or
processor, for short).
Some say the CPU is the “brain” of the computer while others describe it as the heart. In any
case, it’s the thing that makes your computer a computer. The CPU does all the work: It
calculates, it processes, and it keeps things running smoothly. You might think of it as a
talented stage manager. When it does its behind-the-scenes job well, you don’t notice it; you
simply enjoy the performance.
A CPU’s speed is
measured in
megahertz (MHz) or
gigahertz (GHz).
Originally, CPUs were given wildly inventive names like 8088. The next few names in the
series—the 286, the 386, and the 486—were actually just shortened names for 80286, 80386,
and 80486. Then, what would have been the 586 was dubbed the Pentium. After that, the
names became rather mysterious: Pentium Pro and Pentium MMX. Finally, the names
returned to a semi-ordered numbering system (albeit a mix of Roman and Arabic numerals):
Pentium II, Pentium III, and Pentium 4. And that’s where we are at the moment. Both the
Pentium III and the Pentium 4 are still quite common.
Intel makes most CPUs. In fact, Intel is the company that came up with the name Pentium.
However, AMD and VIA Technologies are two other well-known CPU manufacturers. Their
CPUs are less expensive and use a different naming system (such as the AMD Athlon and the
AMD Duron). Intel actually makes a less expensive version of the Pentium as well, which it
calls the Celeron. The Celeron does what the Pentium does, but not as quickly.
Speaking of which, speed is what the CPU is all about, and each successive version of the
CPU gets progressively faster. A CPU’s speed is measured in megahertz (MHz) or, for newer
models, in gigahertz (GHz). A megahertz equals millions of cycles per second; a gigahertz
equals billions of cycles per second. Higher numbers equate to higher speeds. You might see
an Intel Pentium 4 at 3.06 GHz, a Pentium III at 1.40 GHz, and a Celeron at 2.20 GHz.
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
Chapter One: Computer Hardware
17
Another common measure of a CPU is how many bits it can handle at a time. A bit is the
tiniest piece of information processed by a computer. Eight bits make up one byte, and one
byte equals one character. Computers used to only be able to handle 8 or 16 bits; now they’re
up to 32 and 64 at a time. Don’t worry if all of this seems a bit confusing—we’ll cover bits
and bytes in greater detail in a later lesson.
Table 1-3: Common CPUs
CPU
Speed
Description
Older
Processors
1 GHz to
3 GHz
Intel Pentium 4 Processor
The Pentium 4 is Intel’s most recent and fastest generation of CPUs,
with processing speeds over 3 GHz.
450 MHz to
1 GHz
Intel Pentium III Processor
Launched in 1999, Pentium III CPUs are still found in some new
computers.
1.06 to
2 GHz
Intel Celeron Processor
Intel’s Celeron CPU is an inexpensive processor designed for people
on a budget. Celeron processors are very similar to Pentium
processors, but they have less built-in memory.
500 MHz to
3 GHz
Intel Xeon Processor
Don’t expect to see any Xeon-based computers at your local computer
store—it’s designed for high-end servers.
850 MHz to
2.2 GHz
AMD Athlon Processor
The Athlon processor is equivalent to Pentium processors—only it’s
less expensive.
1.5 GHz to
1.8 GHz
AMD Sempron Processor
The Sempron CPU is AMD’s answer to Intel’s Celeron processor. It has
less built-in memory and is designed for people on a budget.
Here’s a summary of the other most common—and obsolete—
processors out there:
Processor
Pentium II
Pentium
486
386
286
8088
Release Date
1997
1993
1989
1985
1982
1979
Average Speed
266 MHz
133 MHz
66 MHz
25 MHz
12.5 MHz
8 MHz
Quick
Reference
• The CPU, or Central
Processing Unit, is the
computer’s main chip. It
calculates and processes
information.
CPU Speed is Measured
In:
• Megahertz (MHz)
• Gigahertz (GHz)
CPU Speed is Measured
In:
• Intel Pentium 4
• Intel Pentium III
• Intel Celeron
• AMD Athlon
• AMD Sempron
Institute of Applied Technology
18
IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 1-4: Measuring Memory
Figure 1-4
A hard drive might have
60GB of memory.
Figure 1-5
A recordable CD (CD-R)
can have up to 700MB of
memory.
Figure 1-6
A memory chip might have
512MB of memory.
Figure 1-4
Figure 1-5
Figure 1-7
A zip disk can have
between 100MB and
250MB of memory.
Figure 1-7
L IC3
Objective: 1.1.1.6, 1.1.1.7
Req. File: None
Figure 1-6
Most people know that a computer has memory. But what does that really mean? You often
hear techies toss around numbers like “60GB hard drive.” Okay, that sounds impressive, but
what does it tell you? This lesson breaks memory into measurable units.
The first thing you need to know is that, at its most basic level, a computer only understands
the concept of “on and off.” On is represented by the number one (1); off is represented by the
number zero (0). Everything that a computer does is based on this combination of ones and
zeros, which is known as the binary system. These ones and zeros are digits, known as bits,
which are the smallest memory unit. The term bit is short for binary digit.
The second thing you need to know is that a computer saves information in bytes, not bits. So
what is a byte? The term byte is short for binary digits eight. So one byte is made up of eight
bits. And a byte is the equivalent of a character, which can be a letter, a number, or a symbol.
So let’s say that you’re a self-involved poet whose latest creation is simply titled “I.” That
one-word title would equal one byte.
Everything that a
computer does is
based on a
combination of ones
and zeros, which is
known as the binary
system.
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
Of course, it would be fairly tedious if a computer stored everything in single bytes. The next
largest unit is the kilobyte. A kilobyte (abbreviated K or KB) equals 1,024 bytes or characters.
Now let’s say you’re a short-story writer. The one-page, double-spaced masterpiece you
submit to your editor would be the equivalent of a kilobyte.
After the kilobyte, the next largest unit is the megabyte. A megabyte (abbreviated M or MB)
equals 1,048,576 bytes or characters. If you were a novelist, your latest bestseller would equal
a megabyte.
Chapter One: Computer Hardware
19
The next unit after the megabyte is the gigabyte. A gigabyte (abbreviated G or GB) equals
1,073,741,824 bytes or characters. Let’s pretend you are a researcher. A whole shelf of books
devoted to your favorite subject would be the equivalent of a gigabyte.
Finally, after the gigabyte comes the terabyte. A terabyte (abbreviated T or TB) equals
1,099,511,627,776 bytes or characters. Let’s imagine that you’re an egomaniac who owns an
entire bookstore filled only with books by authors you like. Such a single-minded store would
be the equivalent of a terabyte.
Okay, let’s review. The following table summarizes all the units of memory.
Table 1-4: Bits and Bytes
Unit
Abbreviation Size
Bit
—
Byte
—
Kilobyte
K or KB
Example
—
8 bits
1,024 bytes
—
MB is an
abbreviation for
megabyte. GB is an
abbreviation for
gigabyte.
Equivalent
An atom or speck, the
smallest unit of
memory.
A single letter, a
number, or a symbol.
A one-page, doublespaced letter.
Quick
Reference
Computers Function
based on the Binary
System:
• On is represented by a
one (1).
• Off is represented by a
zero (0).
Megabyte
M or MB
1,048,576 bytes
A best-selling novel.
• Ones and zeros are
digits, known as bits.
Bit:
• Short for binary digit.
Gigabyte
G or GB
1,073,741,824 bytes
An encyclopedia set.
• Smallest memory unit.
• Eight bits equal one byte.
Byte:
Terabyte
T or TB
1,099, 511,627,776
bytes
A bookstore.
• Short for binary digits
eight.
• One byte equals one
character (letter, number,
or symbol).
Kilobyte (K or KB):
• 1,024 bytes
Megabyte (M or MB):
• 1,048,576 bytes
Gigabyte (G or GB):
• 1,073,741,824 bytes
Terabyte (T or TB):
• 1,099, 511,627,776 bytes
Institute of Applied Technology
20
IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 1-5: RAM and ROM
Figure 1-8
RAM, or random-access
memory, works like a
notepad; you can read
from it and write to it.
Figure 1-9
ROM, or read-only
memory, works like a
novel, you can read from it
but not write to it.
Figure 1-8
L IC3
Objective: 1.1.1.6 and
1.1.1.8
Req. File: None
Figure 1-9
So now you know that computer memory is measured in various byte-sized units: kilobytes,
megabytes, gigabytes, petrabytes, and philobytes. Okay, those last two were just made up to
see if you were paying attention.
Next you need to know that computers have two major types of memory: random-access
memory (or RAM) and read-only memory (or ROM). Let’s discuss these two types of memory
in greater detail.
•
When you work with
a file on your
computer, you’re
using RAM.
RAM (random-access memory)
When someone at a computer superstore tells you how much memory a new computer
has, they’re really talking about RAM. RAM is the computer’s main memory, which it
uses to process information. Whenever you work with a file on your computer or open a
program, the data in that file or program is temporarily stored in RAM. RAM is volatile,
however; the data is stored only as long as the computer has power. Once you shut off
your computer, the data is gone. In order to avoid losing important data, you can and
should save your files on a regular basis (this is where storage comes in, but more on that
later). Think of RAM like a notebook: You can read from it and write to it. Technically, it
could be called “read and write memory.” And, as with a notebook, you can overwrite it
many, many times—provided you have an eraser!
•
ROM (read-only memory)
ROM is the computer’s low-level memory, which it uses to perform its most basic
functions. This memory is permanent; the data remains even if you shut off the computer.
This only makes sense because ROM is required to restart your computer. You never hear
people discuss how much ROM you have because the manufacturer usually installs it,
and you never touch it. It does all the behind-the-scenes work and then disappears once
you’re underway, much like a party planner. You can also think of ROM like a novel: You
can read from it, but you can’t write to it (and thus, its name).
Need some examples? Take a look at the following everyday computer operations to see how
RAM and ROM take part in the flow of information:
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
•
Starting or “booting” the computer: Information in ROM provides instructions for the
microprocessor to load the operating system from storage to RAM.
•
Starting a computer application: The microprocessor loads the application from storage to
RAM.
Chapter One: Computer Hardware
•
Creating documents: The file is stored in RAM until it is saved.
•
Closing files and exiting an application: The file and the application are both removed
from RAM.
21
The following table illustrates the main differences between RAM and ROM.
Table 1-5: Comparing RAM and ROM
RAM
ROM
Random-access memory
Read-only memory
Main memory.
Low-level memory.
Necessary to process information (example: work
with a file).
Necessary to perform the most basic functions
(example: start the computer).
Volatile: If not saved, data disappears when you
shut off the computer’s power. It’s temporary.
Nonvolatile: Data remains even when you shut off
the computer’s power. It’s permanent.
Often discussed when buying a computer.
Seldom mentioned when buying a computer.
You can read from and write to it. Comparable to a
notepad.
You can read from it, but you can’t write to it.
Comparable to a novel.
Quick
Reference
Computers have two types
of memory:
• Random-access memory
(RAM).
• Read-only memory
(ROM).
RAM:
• Computer’s main
memory, which is used to
process information
(example: work with a
file).
Or…
• Volatile: Unless saved,
data disappears when
you shut off the computer.
• Comparable to a
notebook; you can read
from it and write to it.
ROM:
• Computer’s low-level
memory, which is used to
perform its most basic
functions (example: start
the computer).
• Nonvolatile: Data remains
even when you shut off
the computer. It’s
permanent.
• You can read from it, but
you can’t write to it.
Comparable to a novel;
you can only read it
Institute of Applied Technology
22
IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 1-6: Sharing Data,
Files, Hardware and Software
Figure 1-10
An example of how data is
shared in a network.
Shared files
Server
L IC3
Objective: 1.1.1.8, 1.1.1.9,
1.1.1.10 and 1.1.1.11
Req. File: None
Workstation
Workstation
Network
Figure 1-10
In Lesson 1-2: Types of Computers, you learned how large systems (such as mainframe
computers or minicomputers) centralize data processing and storage. This lesson will show
you how users interact with these centralized systems.
First of all, computers integrate into larger systems in a variety of different ways, including:
•
Terminals that are connected to minicomputers or mainframe systems—describes the
three types of computer terminals that can be used with mainframe systems.
•
Desktop computers connected to minicomputers or mainframe systems.
•
Desktop computers connected to a network.
•
Desktop computers, laptops, and handheld devices connected to larger systems, such as
networks or the Internet.
Users can access data that is stored on a larger system from their very own computer in a
process called networking.
A network is several computers, printers, and other devices that are connected together with
cables or radio signals. This allows the computers to “talk” with each other and share
information and resources (usually files and printers). Networks vary in size; they can be as
small as two computers connected to each other by a cable, or they can span the entire
globe—the Internet is actually the world’s largest network.
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
Chapter One: Computer Hardware
23
Networks allow users to:
•
Share Information: Networks allow you to share files and programs. Before networks,
people had to save their files on floppy disks to exchange information. This wasted a lot
of time—especially if the computers were located in opposite ends of the building!
•
Share Equipment: Computers connected to a network can share equipment to reduce
costs. For example, rather than buying a printer for each computer, everyone can share
one central network printer.
•
Use Network Software: Software designed for networks lets people send and receive
electronic mail (e-mail) with other users on the network, schedule meetings with other
users on the network, and share databases. Using software stored on a network frees up
resources and storage capacity on the individual PCs that are connected to the network.
In a network, PCs are connected to a larger system called a network server, which is usually a
minicomputer or workstation. A server is a central computer where users on the network can
save their files and information.
Information can be easily transferred in a network by copying data from one PC to a shared
network storage device (such as the server’s hard disk), and then copying the data from the
shared network storage device to the other PC. Data kept on a network server’s hard disk is
accessible to all users connected to the network. Transferring data from PC to PC over a
network eliminates the need to transfer data using floppy disks, CD-Rs or CD-RWs.
Table 1-6: Terminals Connected to Mainframe Systems
Computer Terminal Type
Description
Intelligent Terminal
A stand-alone terminal that has its own processing capability.
Smart Terminal
A stand-alone terminal that has its own processing capability, but
less processing capability than an intelligent terminal.
Dumb Terminal
A stand-alone terminal that has no processing capability of its
own. Dumb terminals rely completely on the mainframe’s
processor.
Quick
Reference
Networks Allow Users to:
• Share information
• Share equipment
• Share software
Types of Terminals
Connected to Mainframe
Systems:
• Intelligent Terminal
• Smart Terminal
• Dumb Terminal
Institute of Applied Technology
24
IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 1-7: The Front of a
Computer and Peripheral
Devices
Figure 1-11
The front of a computer
case.
Scanner
L IC3
Printer
Objective: 1.1.2.1 and
1.1.2.2
Req. File: None
Monitor
Speakers
CD-ROM or
DVD player
System unit
Floppy drive
Keyboard
Mouse
Figure 1-11
The system unit or computer case is that plastic box that sits under your monitor or desk and
is covered with slots, buttons, and lights. Computer cases come in several shapes and sizes.
Older computers often have the horizontal desktop case, which has gradually been replaced
by the vertical tower case. Manufacturers are now phasing out the tallest towers because the
compact size of the smallest tower, known as a mini-tower, is attractive to consumers.
Everything outside of and connected to the system unit is called peripherals. You can add
dozens of peripherals and accessories to make it more useful and fun. Common peripherals
include printers, scanners, external hard drives, CD-ROM drives, and digital cameras. Many
peripherals are considered to be input devices, because they allow you to talk to your
computer by inputting information. Other peripherals are output devices, because they let your
computer talk back to you. One more thing: all peripherals are considered to be part of a
computer’s hardware.
Table 1-7: What’s on the Front or Outside of a Computer Case?
Item
Description
System Unit or
Computer Case
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
A plastic or metal case with slots, buttons, and lights in the front and holes
in the back. This is the most important part of a computer because it
contains the Central Processing Unit (CPU). The system unit directs the
computer, performs calculations, and stores information.
Chapter One: Computer Hardware
Description
Floppy Drive
Reads and writes to 3½-inch floppy disks. A floppy disk can store about
1.5 MB of information—about as much as a novel.
Hard Drive or Hard Disk
(Not shown)
The computer’s main, long-term storing device. Unlike floppy disks and
CD-ROMs, you typically cannot remove a hard disk.
CD-ROM or DVD Drive
CD-ROMs and DVDs for your computer can store lots of information and
look exactly like CDs for your stereo and DVDs for your home DVD
player. In fact, you can listen to audio CDs on a CD-ROM drive and even
watch DVD movies on a DVD drive.
The only real difference between a CD-ROM and a DVD is how much
information they can store. A CD-ROM can store approximately 650MB
(megabytes) of information, while a DVD can store much more—up to
17 GB (gigabytes) or 17,000MB on a double-sided DVD.
Most CD-ROMs and DVD are read-only, meaning you can’t write
information to them. You can buy special CD-ROM and DVD drives that
can write or burn information to special CD-R, CD-RW, DVD-R, and DVDRW discs.
Zip Drive
(Not shown)
A special type of disk drive that can read and write to Zip disks. A Zip disk
is a lot like a floppy disk, although they are faster and can store more
information—from 100 to 250MB (megabytes).
Tape Backup
(Not shown)
A device that you can use to store backups, or copies, of the information
on a computer’s hard drive.
Output Devices
Input Devices
Item
Keyboard
The keyboard is the thing you type on to tell your computer what to do.
Mouse
Like the keyboard, the mouse is another input device that you use to
communicate with your computer.
Scanner
Scanners work like photocopiers, except the image is translated into a
digital image in your computer rather than copied onto paper.
Monitor
The monitor resembles a television set, and is where the computer
displays information.
Speakers
If visible, your computer speakers are similar to those on a stereo system
(or at least a cheap stereo system). They allow your computer to play
sounds.
Printer
A printer is where a computer writes down information or output, onto
paper, or a hardcopy.
25
Quick
Reference
Components Visible from
the Outside of the System
Unit May Include:
• Floppy drive
• CD-ROM or DVD drive
• Zip drive or tape backup
• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Scanner
• Monitor
• Speakers
• Printer
Institute of Applied Technology
26
IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 1-8: The Inside of a
Computer
Power supply
Figure 1-12
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
ROM-BIOS
The side view of the guts
of a tower case.
CD-ROM or
DVD-ROM drive
L IC3
Objective: 1.1.2.2
Req. File: None
Floppy disk
drive
Ports
Hard disk drive
(HDD)
Expansion
cards
Expansion
slots
Motherboard
Figure 1-12
Random-access memory (RAM)
Now that you know what’s on the outside, let’s crack open that mysterious computer case and
look inside. But no tools required—we’ve done all the work for you. Just compare Figure
1-12 with Table 1-8: What’s Inside a Computer Case? to see what’s important.
Everything plugs into
a computer’s
motherboard.
Table 1-8: What’s Inside a Computer Case?
Item
Description
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
Motherboard
The main piece of circuitry in a computer. Everything connects to or is wired
to the motherboard.
Central Processing
Unit (CPU)
The computer’s brain or heart, the CPU, is a computer’s main chip. The CPU,
or microprocessor, is really nothing more than an incredibly fast and powerful
calculator.
System Clock
A system clock is an electronic device that issues a steady, high frequency
signal that synchronizes all the internal components of a computer. As the
computer’s clock speed increases, the number of instructions the CPU can
execute per second also increases.
Hard Drive
The hard drive, or hard disk, is the primary storage area of a computer.
Random Access
Memory (RAM)
A computer’s temporary storage place, where it gets its work done. For
example, when you use a word processor to type a letter, the letter is stored
in the computer’s memory.
Chapter One: Computer Hardware
Item
Description
ROM-BIOS
A computer’s ROM-BIOS (stands for Read Only Memory – Basic
Input/Output System) is a special chip with instructions for the computer to
communicate with other hardware parts.
Expansion Slot
An expansion slot lets you add more features and capabilities to a computer
by plugging in expansion cards.
Expansion Card
A card that allows you to expand your computer’s capabilities, such as a
modem card, a network card, a video card, or a sound card.
27
A video card is an expansion card that plugs into a computer’s motherboard
and is responsible for all the text and images that appear on your computer’s
monitor. Many computers don’t have a video card—all the video capabilities
are instead built into the computer’s motherboard.
PCMCIA Cards
Notebook computers are too small to use expansion cards, so they use
special credit-card sized PCMCIA cards instead. You plug in a PCMCIA card,
or PC Card, into a notebook computer to give it more features and
capabilities. Nobody’s getting tested on this, but PCMCIA stands for Personal
Computer Memory Card International Association.
Quick
Reference
Components Inside the
System Unit May Include:
• Motherboard
• CPU (Central Processing
Unit)
• Hard drive
• System clock
• RAM (Random Access
Memory)
• ROM-BIOS
• Expansion slots and
cards
• PCMCIA cards (laptops
only)
Institute of Applied Technology
28
IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 1-9: Specialized Input
Devices
Figure 1-13
There’s usually not
enough room to use a
mouse on an airplane or
on the beach. It’s for this
reason that most laptops
have built-in touch pads
and AccuPoint® Pointing
Devices.
L IC3
Objective: 1.1.2.3
Req. File: None
Figure 1-13
The keyboard and mouse are the two most common input devices for a computer, but there
are many more. Most respectable laptops have a built-in touch pad or AccuPoint® Pointing
Device or pointing stick that works like a mouse. Other mouse alternatives include track balls
and light pens.
Other common computer input devices include scanners for copying images to a computer,
joysticks for playing games, and microphones for recording sound. You can learn about these
input devices by taking a look at the following table.
Table 1-9: Specialized Input Devices
Input Device
Description
Touch Pad
AccuPoint®
Pointing Device
A touch pad is a small, touch-sensitive pad used as a pointing device on some
portable computers. By moving a finger or other object along the pad, you can
move the pointer on the display screen.
An Accupoint® Pointing Device, or pointing stick, is another mouse substitute
that is found on many laptop computers. An Accupoint® Pointing Device usually
sits in the middle of the keyboard and resembles an eraser at the end of a
pencil.
A track ball is essentially a mouse lying on its back. To move the pointer, you
rotate the ball with your thumb, your fingers, or the palm of your hand.
Track Ball
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
Chapter One: Computer Hardware
Input Device
Light Pen
29
Description
A light pen is an input device that utilizes a light-sensitive detector to select
objects on a display screen. A light pen is similar to a mouse, except that with a
light pen you can move the pointer and select objects on the display screen by
directly pointing to the objects with the pen.
A scanner is a lot like a photocopier. Instead of producing copies, a scanner
converts images into digital information and stores it in a computer.
Scanner
A bar code is a series of vertical bars of varying widths, commonly found on
consumer products and especially used for inventory control. A Bar Code
Reader is a type of laser scanner that reads bar code and therefore identifies
various items for pricing and inventory purposes.
Bar Code Reader
Mostly used for computer games, a joystick is a lever that moves in all
directions and usually controls some type of movement on the computer.
Joystick
If your computer has a sound card (and most computers have one) you can
plug in a microphone to digitally record sounds to your computer.
Microphone
A Web cam is a tiny digital video camera that usually sits on top of a computer’s
monitor. People use Web cams for videoconferencing and to send live images
over the internet.
Web cam
A digital camera lets you take pictures that you can transfer to a computer.
Once you’ve transferred your pictures you can print them, insert them into a
word processing document, or send them in an e-mail message. You can also
edit digital photos.
Digital Camera
Quick
Reference
Specialized Input Devices
Include:
• Touch pads
• AccuPoint® Pointing
Devices
• Track balls
• Light pens
• Scanners
• Bar code readers
• Joysticks
• Microphones
• Digital cameras
• Web cams
Institute of Applied Technology
30
IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 1-10: Specialized
Output Devices
Figure 1-14
A projector can be used
when giving presentations.
L IC3
Objective: 1.1.2.4
Req. File: None
Figure 1-14
The monitor and printer are two of the most common output devices for a computer, but there
are many more. Projectors and Plotters are used for specialized purposes, such as giving
presentations or printing large documents like architectural blueprints.
Specialized computer output devices include control devices/robots, as well as voice
synthesizers and other output devices for the physically challenged. You can learn more about
these specialized output devices by taking a look at the following table.
Table 1-10: Specialized Output Devices
Output Device
Description
If you work in education, you are probably pretty familiar with projectors.
Projectors are used for giving presentations. Projectors can be used to display
pictures or diagrams, and, if you are using an overhead projector, you can even
write or doodle onto the images being displayed.
Projector
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
Chapter One: Computer Hardware
Output Device
31
Description
Don’t expect to find a plotter at your local computer store. Plotters are special,
very expensive printers that are used to create large documents, such as
posters and blueprints.
Plotter
A control device is a device used to control an activity, process, or machine from
a distance. Control devices usually include a tiny microprocessor, which allow
them to function independently.
Control
Device/Robot
Voice synthesizers are just one of the many different types of output devices
that have been developed for the physically challenged. A voice synthesizer
automatically converts text into speech using an integrated text-to-speech
processor.
Voice Synthesizers
Braille translators allow the user to import information from virtually any word
processor and turn it into Braille at the touch of a button. One can also create
documents with the Braille Translator’s built-in word processor, as well as scan
information from the World Wide Web.
Braille Translators
Quick
Reference
Specialized Output
Devices Include:
• Projectors
• Plotters
• Control Devices/Robots
• Voice Synthesizers
• Braille Translators
Institute of Applied Technology
32
IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 1-11: Hard Disk
Figure 1-15
Taxes
Love Letters
Letter to Bill
How information is stored
in a file cabinet.
Investments
Letter to Mary
Figure 1-16
Letters
How information is stored
on a hard disk.
A file cabinet’s information is
organized and grouped into
folders.
L IC3
A folder may contain several
files and even several
subfolders.
Figure 1-15
Objective: 1.1.2.5
Req. File: None
Storage Notes:
Internal Hard Disk
Speed: Very fast. Most hard
disks have an average
access speed of 8 to 15
milliseconds (ms).
Capacity: Enormous. Many
hard disks have more than
200 Gigabytes (GB) of
storage.
Cost: Hard disks are
becoming more and more
inexpensive. Byte for byte
they are the most
inexpensive way to store
data.
A computer stores
information on a hard disk.
Figure 1-16
Information on a hard disk is
organized and grouped into
folders or directories.
A folder may contain several
files and subfolders.
A hard drive or hard disk is a computer’s main storage device. Most hard drives are tucked
away in the system unit of a computer and hidden from view. Although you normally can’t
see a computer’s internal hard drive you can usually hear it whirring inside when you start the
computer or a program. An external hard drive sits outside the computer’s system unit and
plugs into a USB, Firewire, or SCSI port.
Just like storing files in a file cabinet, the hard drive is used to store files on a computer. Most
computers have a single hard drive located inside of the computer case, labeled “C.” When a
computer has more than one hard drive they are labeled “D,” then “E,” and so on. Unlike
RAM, a hard drive retains its information even when you turn the computer off.
So what’s stored on a hard drive? Let’s take a look…
Unlike diskettes and
CD-ROMs, most hard
disks reside inside of
the computer or
system unit and
cannot be easily
removed.
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
•
Operating System Files
A computer’s operating system, like Windows XP, is stored on the hard drive.
•
Program Files
Program files are the programs you work with, like your word processor, your Internet
software, or your games. Programs usually come on floppy disks or CD-ROM’s and must
be installed, or copied, to your hard drive in order to use the program.
•
Data Files
Whenever you create a document or data file on your computer, such as a word
processing document, the computer stores it in its temporary memory (RAM). You must
save your documents to the hard drive or they will be lost when you turn off your
computer.
Chapter One: Computer Hardware
Most hard drives are connected to a computer’s motherboard through something called an
IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) connection. You can also connect CD-ROM and DVD
drives to an IDE connection. A slight problem with IDE is that it only supports a total of four
devices or drives—which isn’t a big deal for most home users, but it is if you’re a business
and need a server with lots of hard drives. So, there’s another way to connect hard drives to a
computer: through a SCSI (pronounced—get this—skuzzy) port. SCSI connections are often
faster than IDE and they can connect up to seven devices instead of four.
OK, so what else do you need to need to know about hard drives?
•
Hard Disk Size (or Capacity)
How much information (how many programs and data) a hard drive can store is measured
in bytes, just like RAM. Hard drive sizes in newer computers range from
20 Megabytes (MB) all the way up to 200 Gigabytes (GB)! How big a hard drive should
you get when you buy a computer? If you’re a home or small business user, try to get at
least 40 Gigabytes. More is better in hard drives, because programs keep getting bigger
and bigger.
•
Average Access Time
A hard drive’s average access time is how fast it can find information. Average access
time is measured in milliseconds (ms), or 1/1000 of a second. The lower the access
speed, the faster the hard drive. Most computers today have an average access time of 8
to 15 minutes.
33
Storage Notes:
External Hard Disk
Speed: Very fast, though
normally slower than internal
hard disks.
Capacity: Enormous – same
as internal hard disks.
Cost: Slightly more
expensive than internal hard
disks.
Quick
Reference
Hard Drive:
• A computer’s main
storage device is
sometimes called the C:
drive.
• Modern hard drives can
store anywhere from
20GB to 250GB of
information.
• Average access time is
how fast a hard drive can
find information.
• Hard drives are
connected to a computer
through either an IDE or
SCSI interface.
Institute of Applied Technology
34
IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 1-12: CD-ROM Drive
Figure 1-17
A CD-ROM drive.
Figure 1-18
A CD-ROM drive can also
play the same, great audio
CDs that a stereo system
does.
Figure 1-19
Figure 1-17
Newer CD-ROM drives
can transfer data faster
than older drives, as this
table shows.
CD-ROM
Speed
Transfer
Rate
8x
10x
12x
16x
24x
32x
40x
48x
60x
1,000 KB/s
1,600 KB/s
1,800 KB/s
2,400 KB/s
3,600 KB/s
4,800 KB/s
6,000 KB/s
7,200 KB/s
9,000 KB/s
Figure 1-19
L IC3
Objective: 1.1.2.5
Req. File: None
Figure 1-18
Storage Notes:
CD-ROM
Speed: Much slower than a
hard disk, but still faster than
a diskette.
Capacity: About
650 Megabytes (MB).
Cost: Very inexpensive.
Another type of drive almost all computers have is a CD-ROM drive (CD-ROM stands for
Compact Disc-Read Only Memory). CD-ROM drives play CD-ROM discs—the same kind of
compact discs you can play in your stereo system. CD-ROMs can store lots of information: a
single CD-ROM can hold more than 600 Megabytes (MB) of data—more than an
encyclopedia set! Unlike a hard drive, most CD-ROMs can only read information—you can’t
save, or record anything on them (that’s what the ROM in CD-ROM stands for: Read Only
Memory!) On the other hand, CD-RW drives can read and write (or burn) to special CD-R and
CD-RW discs (the RW in CD-RW stands for ReWritable.) The CD-ROM drive is usually
labeled “D” on most computers.
The speed of a CD-ROM drive determines how quickly the computer can read information
stored on the CD-ROM. Faster CD-ROM drives produce better sound and video quality. The
original CD-ROM drive was no faster than an audio CD player, so the speed of all subsequent
CD-ROM drives is measured by how many times faster they are than the original. Today’s
CD-ROM drives are up to sixty times (60x) faster than the original.
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
Chapter One: Computer Hardware
35
Here are some things you can do with CD-ROMs:
•
Install Programs
More programs are coming on CD-ROMs because of their large storage capacity. Instead
of installing and copying 20 floppies to your hard drive, you only have to install a single
CD-ROM.
•
Run CD-ROM Programs
CD-ROM-based programs are usually the coolest programs available for your computer.
CD-ROM programs often have rich, exciting multimedia content: high quality sounds,
music, videos, and animations. For example, one of the most popular CD-ROM programs
is a complete, searchable encyclopedia set which contains high quality pictures, sounds,
music, and videos.
•
Play Audio CDs
Most CD-ROM drives are capable of playing audio CDs—the same kind your stereo
uses. Play your favorite tunes on your computer while you work.
Table 1-11: Types of CDs
CD Type Description
CD-ROM
The original, standard CD, CD-ROM stands for Compact Disc, Read-Only Memory. What
this means is that you can only read information from a CD-ROM; you can’t add new
information.
CD-R
If you have a CD-RW drive you can permanently store information on a CD-R (Compact
Disc-Recordable) disc. The information you write or burn to a CD-R is permanent and
can’t be changed or erased.
You can also use CD-R discs to create musical CDs that you can listen to in a stereo
system.
CD-RW
Unlike CD-R discs, a CD-RW (Compact Disc-ReWritable) disc can be written to many
times. You can also modify and erase information on a CD-RW disc—if you have a
CD-RW drive, of course.
Quick
Reference
CD-ROM:
• Stands for Compact DiscRead Only Memory. A
CD-ROM drive lets you
install programs, run
CD-ROM based
programs, and play audio
CDs. A CD-ROM holds
about 650MB of
information.
CD-R:
• Stands for Compact DiscRecordable. Lets you
permanently write or burn
information.
CD-RW:
• Stands for Compact DiscReWritable. Can be
written to and modified
many times.
Institute of Applied Technology
36
IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 1-13: DVD Drive
Figure 1-20
A DVD disc looks almost
identical to a CD-ROM
disc.
Figure 1-21
The DVD logo.
Figure 1-20
Figure 1-22
A single DVD can store as
much information as
several CD-ROMs.
Figure 1-23
Figure 1-21
A DVD drive can also play
the same, great movies
that you can watch on a
DVD player.
Figure 1-22
Next generation DVD drives are quickly replacing CD-ROM drives in newer computers. A
DVD (stands for Digital Versatile Disc) disc looks just like a CD-ROM, but it can store more
than 4 Gigabytes (GB) of information—as much as seven CDs. There are even rumored to be
future DVD discs that can hold up to 17 Gigabytes! Unfortunately there still really isn’t a lot
of software that is available on DVD discs. Most people simply use their DVD drive to watch
DVD movies. The CD-ROM drive is usually labeled D or E on most computers.
L IC3
New rewritable DVD drives, that can record or burn information to special type of DVD discs
have recently become available the market. Unfortunately for the consumer, the greedy DVD
manufacturers couldn’t agree on a universal recordable DVD standard, so there are several
different competing formats out there. Hopefully consumers will eventually make the decision
for the DVD manufacturers, like they did between Betamax and VHS videotapes. Until then
there isn’t really any clear answer regarding which recordable and rewritable DVD format to
go with, although both DVD+RW and DVD-RW discs work in most newer DVD drives and
players. We can tell you that the recordable DVD-RAM format is almost universally not
compatible with most DVD players. Table 1-12: DVD Formats tries to make sense of all the
available formats. For more information on recordable DVD standards, visit
http://www.dvdrhelp.com/dvdplayers.php on the Web.
Objective: 1.1.2.5
Req. File: None
Storage Notes:
DVD
Speed: Faster than a
CD-ROM drive, but not as
fast as a hard disk.
Capacity: Usually about
4 Gigabytes (GB), although
future DVD discs are
rumored to hold up to
17 Gigabytes (GB).
Cost: Slightly more than a
CD-ROM but still very
inexpensive.
Figure 1-23
Table 1-12: DVD Formats
DVD Format
Description
DVD-ROM
The original, standard DVD. ROM stands for Read-Only Memory. This means
you can only read information from a DVD; you can’t add new information.
DVD-R
If you have a DVD-RW drive you can permanently store information on a
DVD-R (DVD-Recordable) disc. The information you write or burn to a DVD-R is
permanent and can’t be changed or erased.
DVD-RW drives can also write to DVD-RW discs
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
Chapter One: Computer Hardware
DVD Format
Description
DVD-RW
If you have a DVD-RW drive you can use DVD-RW (ReWritable) discs, which
can be re-written up to 1,000 times. You can also modify and erase information
on a DVD-RW disc. DVD-RW discs have some compatibility problems with
older DVD Players and DVD ROM drives.
37
DVD-RW drives can also write to DVD-R discs.
DVD+R
If you have a DVD+RW drive you can permanently store information on a
DVD+R (DVD+Recordable) disc. The information you write or burn to a DVD+R
is permanent and can’t be changed or erased.
DVD+RW drives can also write to DVD+RW discs.
DVD+RW
If you have a DVD+RW drive you can use DVD+RW (ReWritable) discs, which
can be re-written to up to 1,000 times. You can also modify and erase
information on a DVD+RW disc. DVD+RW discs have some compatibility
problems with older DVD Players and DVD ROM drives.
DVD+RW drives can also write to DVD+R discs.
DVD-RAM
DVD-RAM is a rewritable DVD format that can be re-written to many times.
DVD-RAM discs are beginning to look like an orphan format, since they won’t
work in most DVD players.
Quick
Reference
DVD:
• Stands for Digital
Versatile Disc. A DVD disc
looks like a CD-ROM, but
can store much more
information.
Recordable and
Rewritable DVDs:
• There are several
competing, noncompatible formats out
there, including DVD-R
/DVD-RW and DVD+R/
DVD+RW.
Institute of Applied Technology
38
IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 1-14: Floppy Disks
Figure 1-24
A relic of the past,
diskettes don’t have the
speed or capacity to be
very useful in the 21st
century.
L IC3
Objective: 1.1.1.8 and
1.1.2.5
Req. File: None
Figure 1-24
Storage Notes:
Diskettes
Speed: Very slow.
Capacity: Very small –
1.44 Megabytes (MB).
Cost: Very cheap.
Quick
Reference
Diskettes:
• Are slow and can only
store 1.44MB. They are
all but obsolete.
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
Most desktop computers still have a diskette (or floppy) drive, although most laptops have
dropped the all-but-obsolete diskette drive. Diskette drives read flat, 3½-inch diskettes.
Diskette drives are as slow as a glacier when compared to hard drives and CD-ROM drives.
Diskettes can only store a scant 1.44 Megabytes (MB) – just a little more than your typical
novel.
So why are these relics from the 1980’s still around? Diskettes can still be useful for
transferring and backing up small documents. The three most common uses include:
•
Transferring data files from one computer to another. To transfer data, simply copy or
save the data to the floppy disk, remove the disk from its drive, insert the floppy disk into
the disk drive of another computer, then load the data into the RAM or copy the data to
the other computer’s hard disk.
•
Backing up, or duplicating, information in case of hard disk or hard disk drive
malfunction and/or crash.
•
Loading new programs onto a system by installing them from floppy disks onto the hard
disk.
Chapter One: Computer Hardware
39
Lesson 1-15: Zip and Jaz
Drives
Figure 1-25
A Zip drive can store
100MB or 250MB on
removable Zip disks.
Figure 1-26
A Jaz drive can store 1GB
or 2GB on a removable
Jaz disk.
Figure 1-26
L IC3
Figure 1-25
Objective: 1.1.2.5
Req. File: None
Removable storage drives have features of both hard drives and diskette drives. Removable
storage drives work like a diskette drive because they read and write information on small,
removable cassettes that are about the size of a diskette disk. They are like hard drives
because each cassette can usually hold more than 100 megabytes (MB) and is much faster
than a diskette disk, but still not quite as fast as a hard drive. Two of the most popular
removable storage drives are the Zip drive and Jaz drive, both made by Iomega.
Zip disks can store 100 to 250 Megabytes (MB) on a removable disk—about 70 to 170 times
as much as an old diskette disk. Zip drives are available in both 100MB and 250MB versions.
You’ll need a 250MB version to read both 100MB and 250MB Zip disks. Zip disks are a great
way to transfer and backup information—but they’re not much of a value when compared to
newer CD-RW and even newer DVD-RW discs.
Jaz disks can store 1 to 2 Gigabytes (GB) on a single removable disk—as much as an older
hard drive! Jaz drives are also fast, though not as fast as a hard disk, so they’re great for
backing up information. Despite their huge storage capacities, Jaz drives really never caught
on.
Storage Notes:
Zip Drive
Speed: Significantly slower
than most hard disks.
Capacity: 100 to
250 Megabytes (MB).
Cost: Expensive when
compared to costs of
equivalent CD-RW discs and
other storage devices.
Storage Notes:
Jaz Drive
Speed: Slower than most
hard disks, but faster than a
Zip disk.
Capacity: 2 Gigabytes (GB).
Cost: Fairly expensive when
compared to costs of
equivalent CD-RW discs and
other storage devices.
Quick
Reference
• Zip and Jaz drives are
removable storage
devices that have
features of both diskettes
and hard disks.
Institute of Applied Technology
40
IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 1-16: Other Storage
Devices
Figure 1-27
Flash cards are most
commonly used as the
‘film’ in digital cameras
and can also be read by
many PDAs and most
computers.
Figure 1-28
A tape backup
automatically makes a
copy, or backup, of all the
files on a computer’s hard
drive.
Figure 1-27
L IC3
Objective: 1.1.2.5
Req. File: None
Figure 1-28
We’ve covered the main storage devices that are out there, but it seems as though one or two
new storage devices are invented and released every year; some catch on, some don’t. Here’s
a run-down on some of the less common storage devices that are out there:
Table 1-13: Other Storage Devices
Device
Description
A tape drive creates copies, or backups, of the files on a computer’s hard drive
onto a tape cartridge. The backed-up files can be restored in case the original
files are lost due to disaster or stupidity.
Tape Drive
LS-120 SuperDrive
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
The LS-120 drive was meant to be an alternative to Zip disks, because it could
store 120 MB of data on a disk; and a replacement for diskette drives, because
it could also read and write to traditional 1.44 MB diskettes. Unfortunately
LS-120 never really caught on with the general public.
Chapter One: Computer Hardware
Device
Flash Cards
41
Description
Flash cards are commonly used as the ‘film’ for digital cameras. Flash cards
can store anywhere from a dozen to several hundred pictures, depending on
how much memory they have. There are three different types of flash cards:
CompactFlash cards, SmartMedia cards, and Memory Sticks. Flash cards can
store anywhere from 4 MB all the way up to 1 GB. Wow!
A USB flash drive is really another type of Flash Card that plugs into a USB
port. USB flash drives range in sizes from 16 MB to 512 MB.
USB Flash Drive
Quick
Reference
Other Storage Devices
Include:
• Tape drives
• LS-120 Super drives
• Flash cards
• USB flash drives
Institute of Applied Technology
42
IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 1-17: Identifying Ports
Figure 1-29
The back of a computer
case.
On/Off switch
Power receptacle
Keyboard port
USB ports
L IC3
Objective: 1.1.2.6
Req. File: None
Mouse port
Ethernet connector
Serial port (COM1)
Parallel port (printer)
Serial port (COM2)
Air vents
Line-out jack (speakers/headphone)
Line-in jack
Microphone jack
Joystick port (MIDI)
Phone jack
Wall jack
Video (monitor)
Expansion spaces
Figure 1-29
When you look at the back of a computer, you may feel a bit overwhelmed by all the slots and
holes. Fortunately, manufacturers have added some fairly standard icons and color coding to
help you identify what should be plugged into your computer and where. Before long, you’ll
recognize those icons and colors, and the configuration won’t seem so mysterious. It’s rather
like hooking up cable and a DVD player to the back of your television—unless you’re one of
those people who just wait for the cable guy to take care of that heinous task. In any case, this
lesson will review each item piece by piece so you won’t get completely lost.
You may feel a bit
overwhelmed the
first time you look at
the back of a
computer.
Before we begin, let’s define a couple of terms. The first thing you’ll notice is that the back of
your computer has lots of holes. Those holes are called (depending on who you ask) jacks,
ports, or connectors. You may notice that some of the connectors have holes, but some have
what look like stickpins (which are aptly named pins). The ones that have holes are called
female connectors; the ones that have pins are called male connectors. Let’s leave it at that.
Now let’s begin. Compare Figure 1-29 to Table 1-14: What’s on the Back of a Computer
Case? The back of your computer may be arranged differently but should include the same
elements.
Table 1-14: What’s on the Back of a Computer Case?
Port
Icon
Description
The keyboard and mouse jacks look identical on most
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
Chapter One: Computer Hardware
Port
Icon
43
Description
PCs, so look for colors and icons to help you with
plugging in these devices.
Some mice and keyboards use USB ports. Older mice
may use a serial port.
Serial (or COM) ports are a very versatile type of port.
Some of the things you can plug into a serial port include
a mouse, modem, scanner, or digital camera. Most
computers have two serial ports: COM1 and COM2.
Serial or COM
You plug your printer into the parallel, or printer, port.
Many newer printers may use a USB port.
Parallel or Printer
Designed to replace older Serial and Parallel ports, the
USB (Universal Serial Bus) can connect computers with a
number of devices, such as printers, keyboards, mice,
scanners, digital cameras, PDAs, and more. Better yet,
the USB port supports plug-and-play, so you can simply
plug in a USB device and start using it.
USB 1 ports can transfer information at a speed up to
12 Mbps (Megabytes per Second). Newer USB 2 ports
can transfer information at a speed up to 480 Mbps. Most
computers come with two USB ports.
USB
You plug your monitor into the video port.
Video or Monitor
Line Out
/
The Line In jack allows you to listen to your computer
using a stereo system.
Line In
Quick
Reference
You can plug a microphone into this jack to record
sounds on your computer.
Microphone
If you have a joystick, musical (MIDI) keyboard, or other
gaming device, this is where you plug it in.
Joystick or Game
Phone or Modem
Network or Ethernet
Plug in your speakers or headphone into the Line Out
jack.
<•••>
Ports on the Back of a
Computer Include:
• Keyboard and Mouse
The phone or modem jack is where you plug your
computer into a phone line.
• Serial or COM
You can connect your computer to a network by plugging
in an Ethernet cable in this port.
• USB
• Parallel or Printer
SCSI
A SCSI port is one of the fastest ways to connect a hard
drive, CD-ROM drive, or other device to a computer.
FireWire
A FireWire (IEEE 1394 or i.LINK) port lets you connect
such devices as hard disks and digital camcorders to a
computer. A FireWire port can transfer information at a
speed up to 400 Mbps (Megabytes per Second).
• Video or monitor
• Line in, line out,
microphone
• Joystick or game
• Phone or modem
• Ethernet or network
• SCSI
• Firewire
Institute of Applied Technology
44
IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 1-18: Installing New
Hardware
Figure 1-30
The Add Hardware
Wizard.
Figure 1-31
The Add Hardware Wizard
searches for new
hardware.
Figure 1-32
Windows displays the
detected hardware.
Figure 1-30
Figure 1-31
L IC3
Objective: 1.1.2.7
Req. File: None
Quick
Reference
To Add New Hardware to
Your Computer:
1. Plug the hardware device
into your computer, via
the appropriate cable (or
other connection device)
connected to the correct
port.
2. Your computer is
configured to detect the
new hardware device,
either by installing the
appropriate drivers or
automatically if the new
hardware is a Plug and
Play device.
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
Figure 1-32
Any time you add a new hardware gadget to your computer, you need to make sure your
computer can talk with and operate it. Microsoft Windows communicates to your computer’s
hardware components using a small piece of software called a driver. A driver is like a
computerized operating manual that tells Windows how to communicate and operate all the
hardware devices in your computer.
Whenever you want to install a new piece of hardware to your computer, such as a network
card or a removable storage device, first you need to hook up the hardware device to your
computer via the appropriate cable (or other connection device) connected to the correct port.
Your computer is configured to know when a new hardware device has been added, either by
installing the appropriate software (drivers) required to run the new hardware, or, if you’re
lucky, the piece of hardware is a Plug and Play device. Plug and Play devices are devices that
Windows can automatically detect and set up to work with your computer, making them a
breeze to install. Most new devices are Plug and Play.
Chapter One: Computer Hardware
45
Lesson 1-19: Selecting a
Personal Computer
Figure 1-33
Selecting a personal
computer can be difficult if
you don’t know what
you’re looking for.
L IC3
Figure 1-33
Are you in the market for a new computer, but just don’t know what to look for? Don’t worry;
you’re not alone. The computer market changes practically every day, and it can get pretty
confusing trying to keep up with the latest products, trends, and consumer deals.
Objective: 1.1.3.1, 1.1.3.3,
and 1.1.3.4
Req. File: None
Before purchasing a personal computer, consider the following points:
•
What are the purposes/tasks for which the computer will be used?
•
Which platform (PC, Macintosh, or UNIX) best supports the types of applications that I
want to run on the computer? If you plan to do a great deal of graphic or Web design
work, a Macintosh computer might be the best choice for you. PCs are more convenient
for general home or office use.
•
Do I need portability? If your job involves off-site research or frequent traveling, a laptop
computer might be the best choice for you. Laptops take up very little space and are just
as powerful as desktop computers. Be aware, however, that laptops are more expensive
than desktop systems and are often easy targets for computer theft.
•
Do I need versatility? A desktop computer offers greater system resources and a larger
screen, which makes it a great choice for various multimedia tasks. Desktops also cost
considerably less than a laptop, and are generally more secure when it comes to computer
theft.
Once you figure out exactly what you’re looking for in a computer, you’ll probably want to
start looking for the best price. The price of a computer is affected by hardware (desktop vs.
laptop, monitor type, processor speed, hard disk size and type, etc.), software (pre-packaged
software that may come with the computer, such as anti-virus software), and integration
(internal modem or network card, online service subscriptions, etc.) factors.
Other factors that go into a decision to purchase a computer include:
•
Warrantees and support agreements can impact the price of a computer but
provide assurance of ongoing support for purchased equipment.
•
Specific hardware and software standards may be enforced by certain
organizations; for example, everyone might have to use the same word processor.
•
The expected useful life of a computer refers to the length of time that the
computer can be expected to be useful. Computer owners can maintain or extend a
computer’s useful life by upgrading or trading in older computers.
Quick
Reference
Before Purchasing a
Personal Computer,
Consider the Following
Points:
• What are the
purposes/tasks for which
the computer will be
used?
• Which platform best
supports the types of
applications that I want to
run on the computer?
• Do I need portability?
• Do I need versatility?
Other Factors to Consider:
• Warrantees and support
agreements
• Specific hardware and
software standards
• The expected useful life
of a computer
Institute of Applied Technology
46
IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 1-20: Computer
Performance
Figure 1-34
There are lots of factors
that determine a
computer’s speed. Most of
them are listed in Table
1-15: Factors that Affect
Computer Performance.
Figure 1-34
L IC3
Another huge factor to consider when searching for the right computer is performance. You
want the best possible performance for the best possible price, right? Well, the price of a
computer is affected by its components. Table 1-15: Factors that Affect Computer
Performance describes the different types of hardware and software that affect the price and
performance of a computer.
Objective: 1.1.3.2 and
1.1.3.4
Req. File: None
Table 1-15: Factors that Affect Computer Performance
Factor
Description
CPU Speed
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
Arguably the single most important factor that determines a computer’s
performance is the speed of its CPU. The speed of the CPU is measured in
megahertz (MHz) and gigahertz (GHz). The faster the CPU, the faster the
computer. The first PC in 1981 ran at 4.77 MHz, while today’s computers can
run at speeds exceeding 3,000 MHz, or 3 GHz.
Amount of RAM
The amount of RAM, or memory, is another very important factor in a
computer’s performance. Generally, the more RAM a computer has the better
its performance. However, you usually won’t see much of an improvement
after 1 GB of RAM.
Type of Video Card
Video cards have their own processor and memory, just like the computer
does. The faster the processor and the more memory a video card has, the
faster it can draw graphics on the screen. Video card performance is especially
important if you’re interested in playing newer, 3D computer games.
Chapter One: Computer Hardware
Factor
47
Description
A hard drive’s average access time is how fast it can find information. Average
access time is measured in milliseconds (ms), or 1/1000 of a second. The
lower the access speed, the faster the hard drive. Most newer computers have
an average access time of 8 to 15 ms.
Hard Drive Speed
Another factor that determines hard drive performance is how fast it spins, in
revolutions per minute (rpms). Faster IDE hard drives may have speeds as
fast as 7,200 rpm, while high-end SCSI hard drives have speeds of 15,000
rpm.
Not only do you need a fast hard drive, you have to make sure that is has
plenty of free storage space. Microsoft Windows uses this hard disk space to
create a cache on the hard drive where it stores temporary information.
Free Hard Disk
Space
Network or Modem
Connection Speed
Hard Disk
Fragmentation
Multitasking
Considerations
Just about every new computer comes with a built-in modem. A modem
translates a computer’s ones and zeros into audio tones, so that it can transmit
information over phone lines to other computers. The network or modem
connection speed affects computer performance by speeding up the transfer
or download of files over a network or the Internet.
Normally a computer stores a file in the same location on a hard drive. Over
time, a hard drive can become fragmented, and instead of storing a file in the
same location it begins storing parts of it all over. When the computer needs to
read a fragmented file, it must read several different parts of the hard drive
instead of just one. Defragmenting a hard drive puts the fragmented files back
together in one place. You should defragment your computer’s hard drive
about once a month.
Microsoft Windows can multitask, or run more than one program or task at a
time—probably no different than your job. And, just like your job, the more
programs or tasks you throw at Windows, the longer it takes to complete each
one, and hence a drop in computer performance.
Quick
Reference
Computer Performance is
Determined By:
• CPU speed.
• Amount of memory or
RAM.
• Network or modem
connection speed.
• The type and speed of the
video card.
• A hard disk’s speed, free
space, and fragmentation.
• How many programs are
running, or multitasking,
at the same time.
Institute of Applied Technology
48
IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 1-21: Preventing Theft
Figure 1-35
Prevent theft of your
sensitive files by
password-protecting them.
L IC3
Objective: 1.1.4.1
Req. File: None
Figure 1-35
Preventing theft
When organizations develop security policies, it’s easy to get so caught up in procedures and
firewalls that they overlook how to protect their physical property. If a hacker can’t get the
information they want electronically, they can do much more damage by acquiring the actual
equipment in which the information is stored.
Quick
Reference
Preventing Theft:
• Always report the theft of
a computer, PDA, or
mobile phone
immediately. It is a good
idea to keep your
computer locked to a
desk or within a locked
room. Security systems,
such as building alarms
and video monitors, are
commonly found in large
companies or
organizations.
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
Theft of a laptop computer, desktop computer, PDA, or mobile phone should always be
reported to your company’s technical support department immediately, and your service
provider should also be contacted in case of a missing phone. Computers with startup
passwords have some protection, but determined attackers can still get through these barriers.
Sensitive files with password protection are another crucial line of defense against theft. The
contact information on a PDA or mobile phone is also valuable, and your professional image
could be damaged if the contact information of business associates or clients is abused.
Another way to protect your computer hardware from theft is by keeping your computer
locked to a desk or within a locked room. If you work for a large company or organization,
most likely your equipment is protected behind security systems such as building alarms and
video monitors.
Chapter One: Computer Hardware
49
Lesson 1-22: Preventing
Damage and other Hazards
Figure 1-36
Exposure to magnetic
fields could cause
electrical surges that can
harm you and your
computer.
Figure 1-37
High heat and humidity
can damage computer
equipment.
Figure 1-37
Figure 1-36
L IC3
Nobody wants to leave their office with electric burns and a broken computer; that’s why
keeping a tidy workspace and office is important.
Several main factors that can cause damage to computer hardware or media include:
•
Heat and humidity: Extreme conditions such as high heat and humidity can damage
computer hardware and media such as floppy or hard disks.
•
Exposure to electric or magnetic fields: Electric or magnetic fields can damage media
such as floppy or hard disks.
•
Dirty or poorly maintained equipment: Poorly maintained equipment can prevent
equipment such as a printer or mouse from operating properly. Damaged or poorly
maintained cables can keep peripherals from communicating with the computer properly.
Exposed and/or jumbled wires and cables around the desk space are accidents waiting to
happen. It’s a good idea to take precautions to prevent tripping or equipment damage from
getting caught in one of these cables or cords by shortening them to the necessary length and
by taping down cables that run along the floor.
The holes and sockets that these many cables connect to should be examined as well. For
example, examine plugs, sockets, and leads for defects and repair any irregularities. And, if
there are a lot of electrical devices plugged into one outlet, have a professional install another
outlet nearby to spread out the power demands evenly. Make sure to leave proper air
circulation around electrical equipment as well, to prevent over-heating.
Objective: 1.1.4.1, 1.1.4.2
and 1.1.4.3
Req. File: None
Quick
Reference
Prevention:
• Prevent damaged
equipment and personal
injury by keeping your
workspace and walking
areas clear, distributing
electrical plug-ins wisely,
and maintaining proper air
circulation around
electrical equipment.
Computers are also vulnerable to power irregularity (spikes) and power outages. “Spikes” in
the power supply can damage your hard drive, and power outages can result in a loss of data
or damage to files that were left open when the power went out. You can prevent powerrelated damage or loss by protecting electric wires so that they are not easily disconnected,
using a surge protector, and/or using an uninterruptible power supply (UPS).
Institute of Applied Technology
50
IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 1-23: Computer
Maintenance
Figure 1-38
Routine hard drive
maintenance keeps
computers happy and
running smoothly.
Figure 1-39
Most hard disk repair tools
can be found in Microsoft
Windows by right-clicking
the hard drive, selecting
Properties from the
shortcut menu, and
clicking the Tools tab.
Figure 1-38
Figure 1-39
L IC3
Objective: 1.1.4.5, 1.1.4.6
and 1.1.4.7
Req. File: None
Cars require maintenance to keep them running at their peak performance. Some car
maintenance tasks are simple and routine, such as changing the oil every 3,000 miles. Others
are more complicated, such as installing a new radio. Computers are no different—they
require routine maintenance to prevent and/or correct problems and to keep them running at
their best performance.
Common problems that can occur if hardware is not properly maintained include a “sticky” or
inoperable mouse, printer paper jams and smearing, and a slowdown in overall performance
due to full or disorganized hard disks.
By now you’re probably wondering, “How does one maintain a computer?” There are quite a
few simple maintenance procedures that can be safely performed by users, including:
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
•
Cleaning the Mouse, Keyboard, and Printer
Routine cleaning of these devices can prevent them from becoming damaged and/or
working improperly.
•
Carefully Clearing Printer Paper Jams
Care must be taken to clear a paper jam without damaging the printer. No matter how
stressed out you may be, try your best to stay calm; most printer problems can be fixed
rather easily.
•
Repairing a Hard Drive
Over time, hard drives can become damaged, effecting their performance. Fortunately
most of the hard drive damage is caused by normal wear and tear and is not serious. You
can diagnose and correct most hard drive problems with a hard drive repair program.
Microsoft Windows comes with a built-in hard drive repair program.
Chapter One: Computer Hardware
•
Defragmenting a Hard Drive
Normally, a computer stores a file in the same location on a hard drive. Over time,
however, a hard drive can become fragmented; instead of storing a file in the same
location, it begins storing parts of it all over. When the computer needs to read a
fragmented file, it must read several different parts of the hard drive instead of just one.
Defragmenting a hard drive puts the fragmented files back together in one place. You
should defragment your computer’s hard drive about once a month.
•
Backing up a Hard Drive
Even though a computer’s hard drive stores information when the computer is turned off,
you should still back up the documents you create to some type of removable storage,
such as a CD-RW or tape backup. This will give you an extra copy of your files in case
your hard drive is damaged.
•
Virus Protection
A computer virus is actually a small computer program written, by a malicious person
with the purpose of vandalizing computers. A virus can erase information on your hard
drive and cause many other unwanted problems. Anti-Virus programs that protect
computers against viruses, such as Norton AntiVirus or McAfee VirusScan, are available
at most computer stores. If you’re even thinking about connecting to the Internet, you
need to have AntiVirus software installed on your computer.
•
Hard Drive Compression
A computer can increase space on a hard drive by using a special program to compress,
or squeeze together, the files stored on a hard drive. Most data compression programs can
effectively double the amount of information that a hard drive can store. Sounds great—
so why don’t many people use disk compression? First, data compression slows down
your hard drive because the computer has to uncompress files before it can read them.
Second, data compression often causes more problems in hard drives. Third, several
programs won’t run on the computer with compressed hard drives. Don’t compress your
hard drive unless you absolutely have to, and even then it might be better to start looking
for a newer, larger hard drive instead of using data compression.
Maintenance procedures that should ONLY be performed by experienced professionals
include:
•
Replacing malfunctioning hardware components
•
Upgrading internal hardware components
•
Working with any electrical components
51
Make sure you install
AntiVirus software on
your computer to
prevent malicious
computer viruses.
Quick
Reference
Maintenance Procedures
Performed by Users
Include:
• Cleaning the mouse,
keyboard, and printer
• Carefully clearing printer
paper jams
• Hard drive repair and
defragmentation
• Backing up a hard drive
• Installing virus protection
software
• Compressing the hard
drive
Maintenance Procedures
Performed by Users
Include:
• Replacing malfunctioning
hardware components
• Upgrading internal
hardware components
• Working with any
electrical components
Institute of Applied Technology
52
IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 1-24: Identifying and
Solving Computer-related
Problems
Figure 1-40
Computer-related
problems can pop up (or
out!) at any time.
?!
L IC3
Objective: 1.1.4.4 and
1.1.4.8
Req. File: None
Figure 1-40
Common problems associated with computer hardware components include:
Quick
Reference
Common Problems
Associated with Computer
Hardware Components
Include:
• Failed or “crashed” hard
drive or floppy diskette
drive
• Components not plugged
in or powered up
• Hardware not connected
or configured properly
• Malfunctioning monitor
• Inoperable hardware
devices
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
•
Failed or “crashed” hard drive or floppy diskette drive
•
Components not plugged in or powered up
•
Hardware not connected or configured properly
•
Malfunctioning monitor (not displaying or displaying incorrectly)
•
Inoperable hardware devices (such as newly installed software not working or a printer
not printing properly)
Following a defined, step-by-step procedure is the best way to solve these and many other
computer-related problems. If you find yourself in a pickle, first attempt basic solutions; such
as restarting your computer and/or checking to make sure all components are plugged in and
powered up. If that doesn’t work, call up the manufacturer of the hardware or ask a computersavvy friend to help you out. If you are having problems at work, contact your network
administrator or tech support team. Once you find out what went wrong, you can avoid
similar problems in the future.
Chapter One: Computer Hardware
53
Chapter One Review
Lesson Summary
Introduction to Computers
•
Be able to identify the main parts of a typical computer setup.
•
Understand the difference between hardware and software.
Types of Computers
•
Different types of computers include supercomputers, mainframes, minicomputers, networked
computers, and microcomputers.
•
Different types of microcomputers include PCs, Macs, servers, laptops, and PDAs.
•
Other types of devices that contain a microprocessor include interactive books, cell phones,
calculators, mechanical devices, and industrial equipment.
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
•
The CPU, or Central Processing Unit, is the computer’s main chip. It calculates and processes
information.
•
CPU speed is measured in megahertz (MHz) and gigahertz (GHz).
•
Common CPUs include: Intel Pentium III, Intel Pentium 4, Intel Celeron, AMD Athlon, AMD Duron.
Measuring Memory
•
Computers use the binary system, where on is represented by a one (1) and off is represented by a
zero (0).
•
A Bit is the smallest memory unit. Bit stands for binary digit.
•
Eight bits make one Byte. A byte equals one character (letter, number, or symbol).
•
1,024 bytes make one Kilobyte (K or KB) which is equivalent to a one-page, double-spaced letter.
•
1,048,576 bytes make one Megabyte (M or MB) which is equivalent to a novel.
•
1,073,741,824 bytes make one Gigabyte (G or GB) which is equivalent to an encyclopedia set.
•
1,099, 511,627,776 bytes make one Terabyte (T or TB) which is equivalent to a small bookstore.
RAM and ROM
•
RAM: Stands for Random Access Memory. This is the computer’s main memory, which is used to
process information. You can read from and write to RAM. RAM is volatile, and any data
disappears when you shut off the computer.
•
ROM: Stands for Read Only Memory. This is the computer’s low-level memory, which is used to
perform its most basic functions. You can read from ROM but you can’t write to it.
Institute of Applied Technology
54
IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Sharing Data, Files, Hardware and Software
•
Networks allow users to share information, share equipment, and share software.
•
Types of terminals connected to mainframe systems are intelligent, smart, and dumb terminals.
The Front of a Computer and Peripheral Devices
•
Components visible from the outside of the system unit may include the floppy drive, CD-ROM or
DVD drive, Zip drive or tape backup, keyboard, mouse, scanner, monitor, speakers, and printer.
The Inside of a Computer
•
Components inside the system unit may include the motherboard, CPU (Central Processing Unit),
hard drive, system clock, RAM (Random Access Memory), ROM-BIOS, expansion slots and cards,
and PCMCIA cards in laptops.
Specialized Input Devices
•
Specialized input devices include touch pads, AccuPoint® pointing devices, track balls, light pens,
scanners, joysticks, and microphones.
Specialized Output Devices
•
Specialized output devices include projectors, plotters, control devices/robots, voice synthesizers,
and Braille translators.
Hard Disk
•
A hard drive is a computer’s main storage device, usually labeled C.
•
Modern hard drives can store anywhere from 20GB to 250GB of information.
•
Average access time is how fast a hard drive can find information.
•
Hard drives are connected to a computer through either an IDE or SCSI interface.
CD-ROM Drive
•
CD-ROM: Stands for Compact Disc-Read Only Memory. A CD-ROM drive lets you install
programs, run CD-ROM based programs, and play audio CDs. A CD-ROM holds about 650MB of
information.
•
CD-R: Stands for Compact Disc-Recordable. Lets you permanently write or burn information.
•
CD-RW: Stands for Compact Disc-ReWritable. Can be written to and modified many times.
DVD Drive
•
DVD: Stands for Digital Versatile Disc. A DVD disc looks like a CD-ROM, but can store much more
information.
•
Recordable and ReWritable DVDs: There are several competing, non-compatible formats out
there, including DVD-R /DVD-RW and DVD+R/ DVD+RW.
Floppy Disks
•
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
Diskettes are slow and can only store 1.44MB. They are all but obsolete.
Chapter One: Computer Hardware
55
Zip and Jaz Drives
•
Zip and Jaz drives are removable storage devices that have features of both diskette and hard
disks.
Other Storage Devices
•
Other storage devices include tape drives, LS-120 Super drives, flash cards, and USB flash drives.
Identifying Ports
•
Ports on the back of a computer include: keyboard, mouse, serial or COM, printer or parallel, USB,
video or monitor, line in, line out, microphone, joystick or game, phone or modem, Ethernet or
network, SCSI, and/or Firewire.
Installing New Hardware
•
To add new hardware to your computer, first you need to plug the hardware device into your
computer via the appropriate cable (or other connection device) connected to the correct port.
•
Your computer is configured to detect any new hardware devices, either by installing the
appropriate drivers or automatically if the new hardware is a Plug and Play device.
•
A Plug and Play device is a device that Windows can automatically detect and set up to work with
your computer.
Selecting a Personal Computer
•
Before purchasing a personal computer, consider the following points: What are the purposes or
tasks for which the computer will be used? Which platform best supports the types of applications
that I want to run on the computer? Do I need portability? Do I need versatility?
•
Other factors to consider when selecting a personal computer include warrantees and support
agreements, specific hardware and software standards, and the expected useful life of a computer.
Computer Performance
•
Computer performance is determined by CPU speed, amount of memory or RAM, the type and
speed of the video card, the hard disk speed, free space, fragmentation, and the number of
programs running at the same time.
Preventing Theft
•
Preventing Theft: Always report the theft of a computer, PDA, or mobile phone immediately. It is a
good idea to keep your computer locked to a desk or within a locked room. Security systems, such
as building alarms and video monitors, are commonly found in large companies or organizations.
Preventing Damage and Other Hazards
•
Prevent damaged equipment and personal injury by keeping your workspace and walking areas
clear, distributing electrical plug-ins wisely, and maintaining proper air circulation around electrical
equipment.
Computer Maintenance
•
Maintenance Procedures Performed by Users Include: Cleaning the mouse, keyboard, and
printer; carefully clearing out paper jams; hard drive repair and defragmentation; backing up a hard
drive; installing virus protection software; and compressing the hard drive.
Institute of Applied Technology
56
IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
•
Maintenance Procedures ONLY Performed by Experienced Professionals Include: Replacing
malfunctioning hardware components, upgrading internal hardware components, and working with
any electrical components.
Identifying and Solving Computer-related Problems
•
Common Problems Associated with Computer Hardware Components Include: Failed or
“crashed” hard drive or floppy diskette drive, components not plugged in or powered up, hardware
not connected or configured properly, malfunctioning monitor, and inoperable hardware devices.
Quiz
1. Minicomputers are larger than mainframe computers. (True or False?)
2. The following are all examples of Microcomputers, except:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Mouse
Laptop
Mac
PDA
3. What is the ‘brain’ or main chip of a computer called?
A.
B.
C.
D.
The RAM
The ROM-BIOS
The motherboard
The CPU
4. The speed of a CPU is measured in what?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Bits per second (Bps)
Horsepower
Megahertz (MHz) and gigahertz (GHz)
Lux
5. How much information can be stored in a kilobyte?
A.
B.
C.
D.
As much as a bookstore.
As much as a novel.
As much as an encyclopedia set.
As much as a one-page letter.
6. What does RAM stand for?
A.
B.
C.
D.
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
Read All Material
Random Access Memory
Running Around the Mountain
Rapid Action Memory
Chapter One: Computer Hardware
57
7. You can read and write to a computer’s ROM. (True or False?)
8. A Dumb Terminal is a stand-alone terminal that has no processing
capability of its own. (True or False?)
9. What is a System Clock?
A.
B.
C.
D.
The main piece of circuitry in a computer.
An electronic device that synchronizes all the internal components of a computer.
The primary storage area of a computer.
An internal clock that allows the computer to display the current time.
10. Generally speaking, which of the following storage devices can hold the
most information?
A.
B.
C.
D.
A hard disk
A Zip disk
A CD-ROM
A DVD
11. Which of the following is NOT a type of computer port?
A.
B.
C.
D.
USB
Parallel or printer
Firewall
Network or Ethernet
12. A Plug and Play device is a device that Windows can automatically detect
and set up to work with your computer. (True or False?)
13. Which of the following does NOT affect a computer’ s performance?
A.
B.
C.
D.
The amount of memory or RAM.
The speed of the CPU.
The type and speed of the video or graphics card.
The number of keys on the keyboard.
14. Which of the following can cause damage to computer hardware or media?
(Select all that apply.)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Heat and Humidity
Exposure to electric or magnetic fields
Using an uninterruptible power supply (UPS)
Dirty or poorly maintained equipment
15. You should upgrade internal hardware components. (True or False?)
Quiz Answers
1. False. Mainframe computers are much more powerful than minicomputers.
2. A. A mouse is not a type of microcomputer.
3. D. The CPU, or Central Processing Unit, is commonly referred to as the “brain” of the
computer.
Institute of Applied Technology
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IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
4. C. The speed of the CPU, or Central Processing Unit, is measured in megahertz (MHz)
and gigahertz (GHz).
5. D. A kilobyte holds 1,024 characters; about as much information as a single page letter.
6. B. RAM stands for Random Access Memory.
7. False. A computer can read from ROM but not write to it.
8. True. Dumb terminals rely completely on the mainframe’s processor.
9. B. The System Clock is an electronic device that issues a steady, high frequency signal
that synchronizes all the internal components of a computer.
10. A. A hard disk will generally have more storage capacity than a Zip disk, CD-ROM, or
even DVD.
11. C. A FireWire is a type of port; a Firewall is a type of security device.
12. True. Plug and Play devices are extremely easy to install.
13. D. The number of keys on the keyboard does not affect a computer’s performance.
14. A, B, and D. Using an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) can actually prevent damage.
15. True. There are certain maintenance procedures that should ONLY be performed by
experienced professionals, and upgrading internal hardware components is one of them.
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
Chapter Two:
Computer
Software
Chapter Objectives:
•
Learn how hardware and software interact
•
Learn about different kinds of software
•
Learn about word processors, spreadsheets, databases and
more
•
Identify the types and purposes of different utility programs
This chapter is all about software. Software is a computer program that tells computer
hardware how to operate. Software is even more diverse than hardware—there are thousands
and thousands of software programs out there. Software ranges from the Windows operating
system that manages your computer, to the word processor you use to print letters, to the Web
browser you use to peruse the Internet.
This chapter will give you an incredibly broad overview of the various types of software out
there. We’ll learn about how hardware and software interact, and we’ll also take a look at the
steps involved in developing software. Next we’ll take a quick tour of the most popular types
of software applications, from word processors to graphic and multimedia programs. Finally,
we’ll take a look at the different types and purposes of various utility programs.
; Prerequisites
• A desire to learn about
computers.
60
IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 2-1: The Interaction of
Hardware and Software
Figure 2-1
Microsoft Excel is an
example of a software
application program.
Figure 2-2
How hardware and
software interact.
L IC3
Figure 2-1
Objective: 1.2.1.1
Req. File: None
Input
You communicate with the
computer via an input device;
such as a mouse, a keyboard,
or a joystick.
Process/Storage
The computer processes data,
makes calculations, directs
the work of the hardware, and
stores your files.
Output
The computer communicates
its results to you via an output
device such as a monitor, a
printer, or speakers.
Figure 2-2
The two basic components that make up a computer are hardware and software, and you
simply can’t have one without the other. You already know that hardware includes the
computer’s monitor, case, keyboard, mouse, and printer. This chapter will focus entirely on
software.
Software refers to the various computer programs that tell hardware how to operate. An
application program is a software program that helps you accomplish a certain task, such as
writing a letter, browsing the Internet, or playing a game. Examples include word-processing
programs, spreadsheet programs, database programs, and games. You may have used
applications such as Microsoft Excel or Corel WordPerfect in the past, and if so, you know
just how easy they are to use. All you have to do is tell the software what you’re trying to do,
and then the software instructs the hardware.
Hardware and software interact in many different ways, including:
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
Chapter Two: Computer Software
•
Input
Input is the process of entering information into a computer. Data is inputted into a
computer via an input (hardware) device, such as a keyboard, mouse, scanner, etc.
Different devices enter different types of information; for example, a keyboard is used to
enter text and numbers while a mouse is used for selecting items on the screen.
The user interacts with software by giving commands, such as typing commands with a
keyboard and selecting menu options with the mouse.
•
Process/Storage
A computer processes data by applying rules, or algorithms, to the data. The Central
Processing Unit (CPU) does all the processing, such as applying addition rules when
giving a sum function in a spreadsheet.
The storage function is handled by any number of drives (hard, floppy, Zip, tape-backup,
CD/DVD-ROM) or disks (compact discs or floppy diskettes).
•
Output
Output is the result of data processing, and refers to how the computer presents
information to the user. Examples of computer output include text appearing on the
screen in a word processor, calculated numbers appearing in a spreadsheet, and hard copy
being produced by a printer.
An output is any device that lets the computer talk to you, such as a monitor, printer, or
speakers.
61
Got it? Great! Continue on to the next lesson to learn how software is developed.
Quick
Reference
Examples of How
Hardware and Software
Interact Include:
1. Input
2. Processing/Storage
3. Output
Institute of Applied Technology
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IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 2-2: Software
Development
Figure 2-3
Programming/
Product Development
The steps involved in the
software development
process.
Debugging
L IC3
Objective: 1.2.1.2
Req. File: None
Beta review
Testing
Figure 2-3
Computer programs and systems don’t appear out of thin air; there are a series of procedures
that are normally followed. The development process consists of writing code, called
programming, and then product testing and review. The following table identifies simple
terms and concepts related to the software development process.
Quick
Reference
Table 2-1: Common Stages in Software Development
Stage
Description
Steps in the Software
Development Process:
1. Programming/Product
Development
2. Debugging
3. Beta Review
4. Testing
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
Programming/
Product Development
Write the programs necessary for the system using a high-level
programming language, or code. Purchase any hardware required by the
system.
Debugging
Find and correct any errors, or bugs, in code. A fundamental step in the
quality control process.
Beta Review
The product is reviewed by external reviewers, such as customers. Another
fundamental step in the quality control process.
Testing
The software is subjected to a series of systematic tests. Another
fundamental step in the quality control process.
Chapter Two: Computer Software
63
Lesson 2-3: Software
Upgrades
Figure 2-4
Not again! Software
manufacturers release
new versions of their
software regularly to add
features and fix bugs
Figure 2-4
L IC3
Software manufacturers often update their software through a process called upgrading. There
are many different reasons why software is upgraded, including:
•
To add new features
•
To fix problems or “bugs”
• To ensure compatibility with other products
Software upgrades can be installed via floppy disks or CDs, downloaded from the Internet, or
by taking advantage of automatic upgrade processes and procedures. Each software release is
given a new name or number, such as Windows 95 or Windows 98, to help distinguish the
software from older versions.
You can keep yourself informed of the latest software upgrades and availability by reading
industry news articles or frequently visiting a manufacturer’s Web site. Take a look at the
following table to familiarize yourself with several common advantages and disadvantages of
software upgrades.
Table 2-2: Benefits and Drawbacks of Upgrades
Benefits
Drawbacks
Access to new functionality and features
Incompatibility with older hardware and software
Fewer bugs
Conflicts with existing programs
Ability to use new hardware and software
Risks associated with being an “early adopter” of new
technology
Objective: 1.2.1.3
Req. File: None
Quick
Reference
Reasons for Software
Upgrades Include:
• To add new features.
Or…
• To fix problems or “bugs.”
• To ensure compatibility
with other products, such
as new hardware,
software, or operating
systems.
Institute of Applied Technology
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IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 2-4: Word Processing
Figure 2-5
A word processor lets you
write letters, resumes, and
much, much more.
L IC3
Objective: 1.2.2.1 and
1.2.2.8
Req. File: None
Figure 2-5
Perhaps the most widely used and recognized computer application, word processing software
lets you create letters, reports, and many other documents on a computer.
•
Create Letters and Documents
Whether it’s a 500-page steamy romance novel or a quick thank-you note to your
neighbor, a word processor makes writing things easier. Best of all, a word processor lets
you change, or edit, the text in a document before it appears on paper. You can easily add,
delete, or rearrange the text in a word processing document. Most word processors also
allow you to check your documents for spelling and grammar errors.
•
Format Text
Most word processors can make the text in your documents look pretty—even if you’re a
terrible writer. For example, you can use various fonts, or typefaces, create bulleted or
numbered lists, and change the alignment of text on the page.
•
Quick
Reference
Create Tables
Tables are great: they are ranked right up there with the spell checker as one of the neatest
word processing features. A table neatly arranges text and data in a grid, organized by
columns and rows.
•
• A word processor is a
program that lets you
create letters and
documents.
Add Images
Most word processors let you insert pictures and images to create all kinds of neat
documents: newsletters, greeting cards, pamphlets, and more.
•
Perform Mail Merges
Mail merge letters are used to send the same or similar documents to many different
people at once. Since they contain the recipient’s name, address, and other information,
mail merge letters feel more personal—just like a typical sweepstake letter: If you have
the winning number, Bob Boyarksi, You are the winner of $10 Million Dollars!
Microsoft Word is the
world’s most popular
word processing
software program.
Although a word processor can be used to create tables, so can spreadsheets and databases. It
is important to note that although different software programs can be used to perform the
same task, one program might be more appropriate for a certain task than another. For
example, if you were creating a table for your grocery list, a word processor would be more
appropriate than a spreadsheet. If you were attempting something more complicated, however,
such as organizing your financial records, a spreadsheet would be more appropriate than a
word processor. Move on to the next lesson to learn more about spreadsheets.
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
Chapter Two: Computer Software
65
Lesson 2-5: Spreadsheets
Figure 2-6
A spreadsheet program is
useful for calculating and
presenting information—
even if it’s not what you
want to see…
L IC3
Objective: 1.2.2.2
Req. File: None
Figure 2-6
Spreadsheet programs are super-powered calculators. Have you ever found yourself using a
calculator to add together more than 5 or 6 numbers? If so, you probably could be using a
spreadsheet program to make working with numbers faster, easier, and more accurate. You
can also analyze data and make it into charts with a spreadsheet.
•
Perform Calculations
A spreadsheet can add various cells, perform powerful formulas, and calculate and
analyze information. The entire spreadsheet is updated and recalculated every time you
change a value. That way you can change one number to see how it affects everything
else.
•
Manage and Organize Information
Spreadsheets neatly arrange values in a grid, organized by columns and rows. You can
use a spreadsheet to present information in a professional and easy-to-read format. You
can also use a spreadsheet to store large collections of data, such as mailing and product
lists.
•
Format and Present Information
You can enhance the appearance of all those numbers by using various fonts, or
typefaces, borders, shading, and more.
•
Create Charts
Like the saying “a picture is worth a thousand words,” charts are often better at
presenting information than hard-to-read numbers in a spreadsheet. A chart illustrates
data, relationships, or trends graphically.
Microsoft Excel is the
world’s most popular
spreadsheet software
program.
Quick
Reference
• A spreadsheet software
program organizes,
calculates, and presents
numbers.
Institute of Applied Technology
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IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 2-6: Databases
Figure 2-7
Field Names
A database stores and
manages information
related to a particular
subject or purpose.
Field
A name that
identifies the
information in a
field.
A specific type of
information, such
as the last names
of your
employees.
L IC3
Record
Objective: 1.2.2.4
Req. File: None
Figure 2-6
A collection of
information about
one person or
thing, such as the
name and address
of one employee.
In its simplest form, a database is a collection of information that is organized into a list.
Whenever you make a list of information, such as names, addresses, products, or invoices,
you are, in fact, creating a database. Technically speaking, you don’t even have to use a
database program to create a database.
A database program, however, is much more powerful than a simple list you keep on paper. A
database program lets you:
Microsoft Access is
the world’s most
popular database
software program.
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
•
Store Information
A database stores lists of information that are related to a particular subject or purpose. A
database stores personal information, such as a list of aunt Mildred’s home recipes, or
business information, such as a list of hundreds of thousands of customers. A database
also makes it easy to add, update, organize, and delete information.
•
Find Information
You can easily and instantly locate information stored in a database. For example, you
can find all the customers with the last name “Johnson” or all the customers who live in
the 55417 Zip code and are older than 65.
•
Analyze and Print Information
You can perform calculations on information in a database. For example, you could
calculate what percentage of your total sales comes from the state of Texas. You can also
present information in a professional-looking printed report.
•
Manage Information
Databases make it easy to work with and manage huge amounts of information. For
example, with a few keystrokes you can change the area code for hundreds of customers
in the (612) area code to a new (817) area code.
•
Share Information
Most database programs allow more than one user to view and work with the same
information at once. Such databases are called multi-user databases.
Chapter Two: Computer Software
67
Databases usually consist of several parts. The table on this page identifies the main
components of a database.
Table 2-3: Database Objects
Object
Description
Tables
Tables store a database’s data in rows (records) and columns (fields). For
example, one table could store a list of customers and their addresses while
another table could store the customers’ orders. A database must always
contain at least one table where it can store information—all the other database
objects are optional.
Queries
Queries ask a question about data stored in a table. For example, a query might
ask Access to display only customers who are from Texas.
Forms
Forms are custom screens that provide an easy way to enter and view data in a
table or query.
Reports
Codes
Reports present data from a table or query in a printed format.
Programming codes help you perform routine tasks by automating them into a
single command.
Quick
Reference
• A database program
stores, manages, and
organizes lists of
information.
Institute of Applied Technology
68
IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 2-7: Presentation
Software
Figure 2-8
Even if your presentation
stinks, a presentation
program can at least make
it look pretty.
L IC3
Objective: 1.2.2.3
Req. File: None
Figure 2-8
Microsoft PowerPoint
is the world’s most
popular presentation
software program.
A presentation program turns your ideas into professional, convincing presentations, or slide
shows. If you’ve ever used an overhead projector, flip chart, or even a black board, you’ll love
presentation software. A presentation program lets you create slides that include text,
graphics, charts, and even digital movies. Once you have created a presentation, you can
display it as an electronic slide show on any computer.
•
Create Professional Presentations
There really wasn’t much to the movie Star Wars I: Attack of the Clones, but it sure
looked impressive. Presentation software can do the same thing for presentations, making
even the dullest speech look more professional.
•
Add Drawings, Charts, and Illustrations
Presentations with pictures, graphics, and visuals are much more compelling and
effective at conveying messages than ones that contain only boring text. A presentation
software application like Microsoft PowerPoint makes it easy to add pictures and
drawings to your slides, making them look as though you hired a professional graphic
design company to create them.
•
Outline What You Want to Say
If you think way back to your high school speech class, you might remember that you
learned to organize a presentation by writing down its major points in an outline (if only
some public speakers could remember this). Most presentation software has built-in
outlining tools to help you organize your presentation. Just remember to stick to that
outline during your presentation!
Quick
Reference
• A presentation software
program is used to create
professional, convincing
presentations, or slide
shows.
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
Chapter Two: Computer Software
69
Lesson 2-8: Accounting
Figure 2-9
Accounting software, like
Intuit’s Quicken or
QuickBooks (shown
below) can help you pay
bills, balance your bank
account, and even
perform payroll.
L IC3
Objective: 1.2.2.7
Req. File: None
Figure 2-9
Personal finance and accounting software keep track of your personal or business finances. A
personal finance program can show you what your current checking, savings, or credit card
balances are, where you’re spending your money, and will even help you reconcile your
account when you get a bank statement. Business accounting programs go a step further—
they will create invoices, keep track of your receivables and payables, and even do payroll.
Once you use a personal financing program for your home finances or an accounting program
for your business, you’ll never know how you ever got along without one.
•
Balance Your Checkbook and Manage Finances
Accounting software automatically keeps a running balance of your bank accounts—if
you remember to enter your checks and deposits. If you don’t, many account programs
can download your banking statements.
•
Write Checks and Pay Bills
You can purchase special checks that you print out on your computer’s printer to save
time and present a more professional image.
•
Create Invoices
If you run a business, an account program can print invoices and keep track of who owes
you money.
•
Perform Payroll
Many accounting programs have a payroll module, which deducts, and tracks Social
Security, Medicare, and state and federal employee taxes.
•
Bank Online
Online banking lets you view your current checking and savings balances, pay bills, and
even accept online credit card payments.
QuickBooks is a very
popular accounting
software program for
small businesses.
Quick
Reference
• Accounting software
helps manage personal
and/or business finances
and balance accounts.
Institute of Applied Technology
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IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 2-9: Web Browsing
Figure 2-10
A Web browser lets you
view Web pages on the
Internet.
L IC3
Objective: 1.2.2.7
Req. File: None
Figure 2-10
Web addresses and pages are everywhere—on television advertisements, in magazine and
newspaper articles, and even on business cards. Together, these Web pages make up what is
know as the World Wide Web (WWW) or Web for short. To view a Web page you’ll need a
piece of software called a Web browser. Luckily you won’t need to buy a Web browser, since
it comes standard on most computers. In fact, Microsoft has spent a considerable amount of
money and time in court determining that Windows is actually a Web browser.
Quick
Reference
• A Web browser allows
users to view Web pages
on the Internet.
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
•
Browse and View Web Pages
Web pages are written in a simple language called HTML, which stands for Hypertext
Markup Language. A Web browser converts the HTML in a Web page into a readable
format and displays that information on your computer screen.
•
Find Information
You can use a search engine to find just about anything on the World Wide Web. A search
engine catalogs the billions of Web pages on the Internet so that you can find information
on the topics that interest you. Google and Yahoo are two of the most popular search
engines out there.
•
Download Files
The Internet is filled with files and programs that you can download, or save to your
computer. You can download images and pictures, programs, even MP3 files that you can
listen to.
•
Shop
You can spend lots of money on the World Wide Web. Anything that you can buy in a
store you can probably buy on the Internet. People use the Internet to shop for books,
computers, clothes, and even cars.
Chapter Two: Computer Software
71
Lesson 2-10: Web Authoring
Figure 2-11
Web Authoring software
can help you create
spectacular Web pages,
like the newsletter shown
here.
L IC3
Objective: 1.2.2.7
Req. File: None
Figure 2-11
A few years ago, only the brainy computer types knew how to write their own Web pages.
Today Web authoring programs make it easy for even a novice to get their own Web site up
on the Internet for the whole world to see.
•
Create Web Pages
All those pretty Web pages you visit on the Internet are written in a simple language
called HTML (stands for HyperText Markup Language). It’s actually possible to create a
Web page by writing it directly in HTML using a simple text editor or word processor,
but most people use Web Authoring software because it’s so powerful and easy to use.
•
Insert Images
Web Authoring software makes it easy to add pictures and graphics to a Web page,
whether it’s a professional logo for a corporate Web site or a fake photograph for an
online dating service.
•
Add Hyperlinks
You can easily add hyperlinks to a Web page that point to other sites of interest on the
Internet.
•
Publish Your Web Pages to the Internet
A Web site isn’t any good if people can’t see it. Most Web Authoring programs have tools
to help you upload, or save your Web pages on to the Internet.
Macromedia
Dreamweaver is a
very popular Web
authoring software
program.
Quick
Reference
• A Web Authoring
program lets users create
Web pages in HTML that
they can then publish to
the Internet.
Institute of Applied Technology
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IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 2-11: Graphic and
Multimedia Programs
Figure 2-12
Create pictures and maps
with the Paint program.
Fill tool
Use this tool to
fill shapes with
a certain color
Paint Tools
To see what a tool
does, point to it for
a second. The
name of the tool will
appear after a
second.
Curve tool
Use this tool
to draw curves
L IC3
Line tool
Use this tool to
draw lines
Colors
Select an outline
color by clicking the
color with the left
mouse button.
Select a fill color by
clicking a color with
the right mouse
button.
Objective: 1.2.2.5
Req. File: None
Figure 2-12
Microsoft Publisher is
a very popular
desktop publishing
software program.
Quick
Reference
• A graphic and
multimedia program can
be used to promote
creativity, create
professionally designed
materials, and produce
media such as audio and
video.
Graphic and multimedia programs come in all different shapes and sizes. Whether it’s the
simple Microsoft Paint, the all-inclusive Microsoft Publisher, or the specialized Adobe
Encore, beginners and professionals alike will have no problem finding a program that will
best suit their creative needs. Graphic and multimedia programs can be used to promote
creativity and to create professionally designed materials, as well as produce media such as
audio and video.
Table 2-4: Common Graphic, Audio, Movie and Animation File
Formats
Format
Media
Description
Type
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
BMP
Graphic
Also known as a bitmap, this is a generic graphics format used by
Paintbrush and many other graphics programs.
GIF
Graphic
Picture file format commonly used on the Internet.
JPG
Graphic
Digital photographs are usually saved as JPEG files. Because of their
small size, JPEG files are also commonly used on the Internet.
WAV
Audio
An uncompressed audio file format developed for Windows.
MP3
Audio
A compressed audio file format that can be easily downloaded from the
Internet.
MOV
Video
A movie clip file in Apple QuickTime format.
QuickTime
Animation
A QuickTime file can contain up to 32 tracks of audio, video, or MIDI files.
Chapter Two: Computer Software
73
Lesson 2-12: Utility Programs
Figure 2-13
When a hard drive
becomes full, use a
compression program to
create more space.
Figure 2-14
Figure 2-13
Make sure you install AntiVirus software on your
computer to prevent
malicious computer
viruses.
Figure 2-14
L IC3
Just like cars require maintenance to keep them running properly, computers require various
maintenance tasks as well, and these tasks can be taken care of by a utility program.
•
•
•
•
File Compression: File compression is a way of reducing the size of one or more files
so that they don’t take up a lot of space on the hard drive and can travel faster over a
network. File compression is accomplished with software that uses mathematical
equations (algorithms) to condense repeated data into smaller codes. Zip files are the
most common forms of this, which uses the WinZip program. Microsoft Windows XP
features built-in Zip compression.
Hard Drive Compression: A computer can increase the space available on a hard
drive by using a special program to compress, or squeeze together, the files stored on a
hard drive. Most disk compression programs can effectively double the amount of
information a hard drive can store. However, hard drive compression should not be
performed unless it is absolutely necessary.
Virus Detection: A computer virus is actually a small computer program written by a
malicious person with the purpose of vandalizing computers by erasing information on
their hard drive and causing other problems. Anti-Virus programs that protect computers
against viruses, like Norton AntiVirus or McAfee VirusScan, are available at most
computer stores. If you’re even thinking about connecting to the Internet, you need to
have AntiVirus software installed on your computer.
Hard Drive Defragmentation: Normally a computer stores a file in the same location
on a hard drive. Over time, however, a hard drive can become fragmented, and instead of
storing a file in the same location, it begins storing parts of it all over. When the computer
needs to read a fragmented file, it must read several different parts of the hard drive
instead of just one. Defragmenting a hard drive puts the fragmented files back together in
one place. You should defragment your computer’s hard drive about once a month.
Windows comes with a built-in disk defragmenter, but there are many other programs out
there.
Objective: 1.2.2.6
Req. File: None
Quick
Reference
File Compression:
• Reduces the size of one
or more files.
Hard Drive Compression:
• Increases the space on a
hard drive by
compressing, or
squeezing together, files.
Virus Detection:
• Virus detection software
should be installed on
every computer in order
to protect it from
malicious computer
viruses.
Hard Drive
Defragmentation:
• Over time, small errors
and fragmentation can
degrade the performance
of a hard drive. These
problems can be
corrected with
defragmentation software
Institute of Applied Technology
74
IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Chapter Two Review
Lesson Summary
The Interaction of Hardware and Software
•
Examples of how hardware and software interact include input, processing/storage, and output.
Software Development
•
Steps in the Software Development Process:
1. Programming/Product Development
2. Debugging
3. Beta Review
4. Testing
Software Upgrades
•
Software is updated periodically in order to add new features, fix problems or “bugs”, and ensure
compatibility with other products such as new hardware, software, or operating systems.
Word Processing
•
A word processor is a program that lets you create letters and documents.
Spreadsheets
•
A spreadsheet software program organizes, calculates, and presents numbers.
Databases
•
A database program stores, manages, and organizes lists of information.
Presentation Software
•
A presentation software program is used to create professional, convincing presentations, or slide
shows.
Accounting
•
Accounting software helps manage personal and/or business finances and balance accounts.
Web Browsing
•
A Web browser allows users to view Web pages on the Internet.
Web Authoring
•
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
A Web Authoring program lets users create Web pages in HTML that they can then publish to the
Internet.
Chapter Two: Computer Software
75
Graphic and Multimedia Programs
•
A graphic and multimedia program can be used to promote creativity, create professionally
designed materials, and produce media such as audio and video.
Utility Programs
•
File compression reduces the size of one or more files.
•
Hard drive compression increases the space on a hard drive by compressing, or squeezing
together, its contents.
•
Virus detection software should be installed on every computer in order to protect it from
malicious computer viruses.
•
Over time, small errors and fragmentation can degrade the performance of a hard drive. These
problems can be corrected with defragmentation software.
Quiz
1. Software tells hardware how to operate. (True or False?)
2. Data can be inputted into a computer via: (Select all that apply.)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Keyboard
Scanner
Plotter
Microphone
3. Which of the following is NOT a step in the software development process?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Debugging
PETA Review
Programming
Testing
4. Software manufacturers release product upgrades in order to: (Select all
that apply.)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Fix problems or “bugs”
Comply with government standards
Add new features
Ensure compatibility with other products
5. A word processor is the only program that allows you to create tables.
(True or False?)
6. Which of the following programs would be best suited for helping you
calculate a monthly budget?
A.
B.
C.
D.
A word processor
A spreadsheet
A database
A graphic and multimedia program
Institute of Applied Technology
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IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
7. Which of the following programs would be best suited for storing a list of
customers and their orders?
A.
B.
C.
D.
A word processor
A spreadsheet
A database
Web authoring
8. A Web browser allows users to: (Select all that apply.)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Add hyperlinks
Download files
Shop
Find information
9. A JPEG file is a generic graphics format used by Paintbrush and many
other graphics programs. (True or False?)
10. Which of the following is NOT a type of utility program?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Virus detection
Hard drive compression
Hard drive defragmentation
QuickTime
Quiz Answers
1. True. Software refers to the various computer programs that tell hardware how to operate.
2. A, B, and D. A plotter is a type of printer, which is an example of an output device.
3. B. Beta Review is a step in the software development process, but PETA Review is not.
PETA has to do with the treatment of animals—not software development!
4. A, C and D. There are no government standards that stipulate the release of product
upgrades.
5. False. Word processors, databases, and spreadsheets can all be used to create tables.
6. B. A spreadsheet would be the program best suited to help you balance your budget.
7. C. A database would be best suited for storing a list of customers and their orders.
8. B, C, and D. A Web Authoring program allows users to add hyperlinks.
9. False. JPEG files are very small and are commonly used on the Internet. Bitmap (BMP)
files are used by Paintbrush and many other graphics programs.
10. D. QuickTime is a graphic and multimedia program.
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
Chapter Three:
Using an
Operating System
Chapter Objectives:
•
Identify different operating systems
•
Learn about graphical user interfaces (GUIs)
•
Understand the Windows 2000 Screen
•
Identify different elements of the Windows desktop
•
Manipulate windows
•
Learn how to shut down and restart the computer
•
Learn how to use the Windows Start menu and taskbar
•
Learn how to manage files and folders using Windows
Explorer
•
Using the Control Panel and changing its settings
•
Display and update a list of installed printers
•
Installing and removing software
This chapter includes the knowledge and skills required to perform the most frequently used
functions of an operating system. Lessons include the ability to install and run software,
control the workspace (desktop), perform file management, and change system settings
(display, date and time, etc.). The operating system that we will be using is Microsoft
Windows, the most popular PC operating system.
; Prerequisites
• A computer with
Windows 2000
installed.
78
IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 3-1: Operating Systems
Figure 3-1
MS-DOS is a text-based
operating system from the
Stone Age.
Figure 3-2
Introducing…the Start
menu! Microsoft Windows
95 was a very popular
operating system that
featured long file names,
better performance, and
an easy-to-use interface.
Figure 3-1
Figure 3-2
An operating system is a software program that loads automatically and controls just about
everything on your computer. Here’s what an operating system does:
L IC3
Objective: 1.3.1.1, 1.3.1.2,
and 1.3.1.4
Req. File: None
C:\>
A command prompt
is where you type
commands in MSDOS.
•
Controls Your Computer’s Hardware
Windows controls the different devices of your computer system. It’s what makes your
printer print, what makes graphics and text appear on your monitor, and what makes your
mouse point and click.
•
Runs Your Computer’s Programs
An operating system is what runs all your programs. Without an operating system, your
word processor, Web browser (Internet), and games wouldn’t work. An operating system
lets your programs talk to your hardware, so, for example, your word processor can print
things to the printer.
•
Organizes Files
An operating system stores information in files and folders on your computer’s local disk,
just like you store files and folders in a filing cabinet.
An operating system is like an orchestra conductor who makes sure all the parts of your
computer—your hardware and programs—work together. Operating systems have been
around for a long time—here’s a brief history of the various operating systems out there:
Table 3-1: Types of Operating Systems
Operating System
Released Description
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
MS-DOS
1980
MS-DOS stands for Microsoft Disk Operating System.
MS-DOS was one of the earliest PC operating systems
that displayed boring lines of text on the screen instead
of icons and pictures. You performed tasks in MS-DOS
by typing text commands. MS-DOS file names could
only be eight characters long.
Windows 3.1
1992
Windows 3.1 was the first successful operating system
for the PC that featured a GUI (Graphical User
Interface) that used easy to use pictures instead of hardto-remember MS-DOS commands. Technically
speaking, Windows 3.1 was not a true operating system,
since it still required MS-DOS to operate.
Chapter Three: Using an Operating System
Operating System
Released
Description
Windows 95
1995
The incredibly successful successor to Windows 3.1,
Windows 95 was a true operating system (no more
MS-DOS). It featured long file names, better
performance, and a greatly improved interface.
Windows 98
1998
Very similar with Windows 95, Windows 98 included
several new and improved features. More importantly,
Windows 98 came with support for many of the new
hardware devices out there.
Windows ME
2000
Windows ME was the successor to Windows 98. ME
stands for Millennium Edition or Mistake Eternal,
depending on who you talk to. Windows ME was very
similar to Windows 95 and 98 but it included new
multimedia features, new utilities, and lots of new bugs.
Windows NT
1993
Windows NT (stands for New Technology) was a
powerful 32-bit operating system that was faster, more
secure, and much more stable than Windows 95 or 98.
Windows NT was designed for use in large companies
where stability and security were especially important.
Windows 2000
2000
Windows 2000 was the successor to Windows NT.
Windows 2000 includes the best features of Windows
98 (easy Plug and Play hardware installation) and
Windows NT (security and stability). Windows 2000 is
still widely used in many businesses.
Windows XP Home
2001
Windows XP (stands for eXPerience) Home is designed
for home and consumer computing and is the successor
to Windows ME. Windows XP has the same technology
found in Windows NT and 2000, so it’s much more
stable than earlier versions of Windows.
Windows XP Professional
2001
Windows XP Professional is the business edition of
Windows and is the successor to Windows NT and
Windows 2000.
Windows CE / Pocket PC
Varies
Windows CE (stands for Consumer Electronics) is the
operating system made by Microsoft used to power
handheld computers or PDAs (Personal Data
Assistants).
Palm OS®
Varies
The Palm OS is another operating system that can be
found on handheld computers or PDAs.
UNIX
Varies
UNIX is an older, very powerful operating system that
can run on a computer, mainframe, or network. UNIX
features great performance, security, and reliability.
Linux
Varies
Linux is a newer UNIX-base operating system that is
available for FREE on the Internet. Linux is becoming a
popular alternative to Microsoft Windows.
Mac OS X
2001
Mac OS X is the latest operating system for Macintosh
computers.
79
Quick
Reference
An Operating System:
• Loads automatically and
controls just about
everything on your
computer.
Institute of Applied Technology
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IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 3-2: Understanding
Graphical User Interfaces
Figure 3-3
The procedure for deleting
a file in a text-based
operating system.
Microsoft(R) MS-DOS
(C)Copyright Microsoft Corp
C:\>DEL LETTER.DOC
Figure 3-4
The procedure for deleting
a file in a GUI-based
operating system.
Figure 3-3
L IC3
Objective: 1.3.1.3 and
1.3.1.4
Req. File: None
Figure 3-4
Operating systems were originally character based, and therefore the information displayed on
a computer screen was strictly text. The only way users could interact with these archaic
systems was by typing commands via a keyboard—which took a very long time!
Graphical user
interfaces (GUIs)
allow computer users
to point and click.
Finally, computers started using graphical images, or icons, to represent a program or file on
the screen. Along with the introduction of icons came the development of graphical user
interfaces (GUIs), which have become standard on practically all operating systems in recent
years. GUIs allow computer users to point at pictures and icons and then click the icon to
manipulate that program or file, thus the phrase point-and-click. Obviously, the mouse is a
manifestation of this point-and-click mentality because the mouse controls the onscreen
cursor.
Figure 3-3 and Figure 3-4 make a good illustration of how much easier a GUI makes it to do
things, like delete a file. The following table describes some of the most common icons you’ll
see in the Windows 2000 GUI.
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
Chapter Three: Using an Operating System
81
Table 3-2: Things You’ll See in the Windows 2000 GUI
Object
Object
The Recycle Bin stores your deleted files.
You use the arrow or pointer to
point and click at things.
Click the Start button to access
the programs on a computer.
Click the Close button to close the
current window or program.
Double-click My Computer to
access the drives and files on a
computer.
Click the Minimize button to temporarily
hide a window or program.
Double-click the Hard Drive to
access the hard drive’s folders and
files.
Click the Maximize button to expand a
window or program to fill the entire screen.
Double-click the CD-ROM Drive to
play or run the contents of the CDROM.
A thumbnail displays a tiny preview of a
digital picture or photograph.
Folders hold files and subfolders,
just like a filing cabinet.
It is important to be able to identify several common problems associated with operating
systems, including:
•
Incompatibility between an application program, file, or media type and the operating
system: Application software and files must be compatible with the operating system
being used.
•
Corruption of fundamental files used by the operating system: Corrupt fundamental files
and other problems sometimes require that an operating system be reinstalled or upgraded
in order to solve problems such as instability.
•
Denied access to a PC: Some operating systems require a specific logon procedure, and
failing to provide the proper logon can lead to an inability to access the system.
Quick
Reference
• Graphical User
Interface, or GUI, makes
computers easier to
operate by using pictures
and icons to represent
files and programs.
Institute of Applied Technology
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IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 3-3: Understanding
the Windows 2000 Screen
Figure 3-5
The major parts of the
Windows 2000 screen.
More items may appear
on your computer,
depending on how it is set
up.
My Documents
Folder
My Computer
Application (Word)
My Network
Places
File (Word)
Desktop
Recycle Bin
L IC3
Internet Explorer
Objective: 1.3.2.1
Req. File: None
Application
(Outlook)
Start button
Taskbar
Figure 3-5
Quick Launch
Toolbar
System Tray Area
You might find the Windows screen a bit confusing and overwhelming the first time you see
it. Nothing on the screen appears familiar to you—where do you even start? This lesson will
help you become familiar with the main Windows screen, known as the desktop. There isn’t a
step-by-step exercise anywhere in this lesson—all you have to do is look at Figure 3-5 and
then refer to Table 3-3: Major Parts of the Windows 2000 Screen to see what everything
you’re looking at means. And, most of all, relax! This lesson is only meant to help you get
acquainted with Windows—you don’t have to memorize anything.
Table 3-3: Major Parts of the Windows 2000 Screen
Item
Description
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
Desktop
The large, background area of the Windows screen. You can customize the desktop
by adding shortcuts to your favorite programs, documents, and printers. You can also
change the look of the desktop to fit your mood and personality.
My
Documents
My Documents is a special folder that provides a convenient place to store files and
documents you create on your computer.
My Computer
My Computer lets you see the drives and folders on your computer. Double-click the
My Computer icon on the desktop to browse through your files and folders.
Chapter Three: Using an Operating System
Item
Description
My Network
Places
If you’re on a network, the My Network Places icon will appear on your desktop. You
can double-click the My Network Places icon to browse through the computers in
your workgroup and the computers on the network. If you’re connected to the
Internet, the My Network Places icon will appear on your desktop since the Internet
is a network too.
Recycle Bin
The Recycle Bin stores all the files you delete from your computer. You can use the
Recycle Bin to retrieve files you deleted by accident, or empty the Recycle Bin to
create more disk space.
Taskbar
The Taskbar usually appears at the bottom of your screen, and contains the famous
Start button, which you use to start your programs. Whenever you open a program,
document, or window, an icon for that program appears on the taskbar. This lets you
see which programs are currently running so you can switch between them.
Start Button
The Start button lets you quickly open your programs and documents. You can also
use the Start button to find files and change the settings for Windows.
Quick Launch
Toolbar
New in Windows 2000, the Quick Launch Toolbar gives you quick access to your
most frequently used applications. Internet Explorer, Outlook Express, the Windows
desktop, and several Web sites, called channels, are already included on the Quick
Launch Toolbar by default.
File
If you save a file on the desktop, an icon will appear with the file name and file type,
and the program in which the file was created.
Folder
Save a folder on the desktop to organize files or icons that may be saved on the
desktop.
Application
An application is a software program that runs on your computer. Usually application
shortcuts are saved on your desktop so you can open them without wading through a
bunch of menus.
83
Don’t worry if you find some of these things confusing at first—they will make more sense in
the upcoming lessons, after you’ve had a chance to use them.
Institute of Applied Technology
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IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 3-4: Understanding
the Parts of a Window
Figure 3-6
The parts of a typical
Window.
Minimize
button
Title bar
Maximize
button
Close button
Menu bar
Toolbars
L IC3
Objective: 1.3.2.2
Req. File: None
Main Window
or Document
Area
Scroll bar
Status bar
Figure 3-6
Located in every window are several little buttons, menus, and controls that you use to control
the program and window. Once you find your way around a window for one program, you’ll
be familiar with the windows for most programs since this window/menu/button concept
appears in just about every Windows program.
No exercises or homework for you in this lesson, it’s just here to help you become familiar
with the parts of a window. All you have to do is look at Figure 3-6 and then refer to Table
3-4: Parts of a Window to see a description of everything.
You’ll get a chance to use some of these buttons and menus later on.
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
Chapter Three: Using an Operating System
85
Table 3-4: Parts of a Window
Part
Description
Title bar
Displays the name of the program or window.
Minimize button
Hides a window from your screen, but keeps it running in your computer’s
memory, ready for quick use. You can minimize a program you’re not using so
that it is still running but out of sight.
Maximize/Restore
button
Depending on the size of the window, this button toggles between Maximize
and Restore. Here’s what each one does:
Maximize: Enlarges the window so that it fills the entire screen. This
lets you see more of the contents of the window. The Maximize button
only appears when the window isn’t maximized, or doesn’t fill up the entire
screen.
Restore: When a window is maximized, or fills up the entire screen,
clicking the Restore button returns the window to its previous size.
Close button
Closes the window or program when you’ve finished working with it, removing it
from the screen and the computer’s memory.
Menu
Controls what the program does. The items listed on the menu change from
program to program, but the menu’s location doesn’t—it’s always perched near
the top of a window, right below the Title bar.
Toolbar
Some (but not all) windows and programs have one or more toolbars, which
contain buttons you point to and click to perform frequently used commands.
Main Window or
Document Area
This is where all the action takes place. If you were using a word processor, this
is where your letter would appear; if were browsing the Internet, this is where
the Web pages would appear.
Scroll bar
Sometimes a window is not large enough to display all the information at once.
When this happens, you use the scroll bar to move or scroll through the
information in the window.
Status bar
Displays information such as instructions, messages about the state of the
computer, or your location in the window.
Got everything down? Don’t worry if you don’t; this lesson is just a quick guided tour of a
typical window. The rest of the lessons in this chapter focus on how to use a window’s
controls, buttons, and menus.
Institute of Applied Technology
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IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 3-5: Maximizing,
Minimizing, and Restoring a
Window
Figure 3-7
Minimize
button
The Minimize, Maximize,
and Restore buttons
appear in the upper righthand corner of most
programs.
Figure 3-8
Maximize button (or
Restore button if the
window is already
maximized)
Figure 3-7
A window in a restored
state only fills up part of
the screen.
Figure 3-8
Figure 3-9
A window in a maximized
state fills up the entire
screen.
Figure 3-10
A window in a minimized
state appears only as an
icon on the taskbar.
Figure 3-9
L IC3
Objective: 1.3.2.2
Req. File: None
Maximize
button
One of the benefits of Windows 2000 is that it enables you to open and work with several
programs at the same time. To make working with several programs at once easier, you can
change the size of the windows. You can maximize or expand a window so it takes up the
entire screen, minimize or collapse a window so that it only appears as a button in the
Windows taskbar, or size a window somewhere in between. This lesson explains how to
change the size of a window by maximizing, minimizing, and restoring.
First let’s look at how to maximize or expand a window. Some programs, such as word
processors and Web browsers, are easier to work with and see if they fill the entire screen. To
enlarge a window to fill your computer screen, you click the Maximize button.
1.
Restore button
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
Figure 3-10
Click the WordPad window’s Maximize button—the middle button on
WordPad’s Title bar.
The WordPad program maximizes, filling the entire screen. You can change a
maximized window back to its original size by clicking the Restore button. The
Restore button appears in place of the Maximize button whenever a window is already
in a maximized state.
Chapter Three: Using an Operating System
2.
3.
4.
Click the WordPad window’s Restore button to restore the WordPad
window back to its previous size.
The window returns to its previous size.
Just like you can keep several papers on top of your desk, Windows can run more than
one program at a time. For example, you can work on a letter with your word
processing program while your Web browser is open and downloading a file from the
Internet. There is a potential pitfall with running several programs simultaneously—
there isn’t enough room for them all to fit on your computer screen!
Luckily, you can tuck programs away, keeping them running and ready for use but
away from view by minimizing them.
Click the WordPad window’s Minimize button to minimize the WordPad
program.
The WordPad program shrinks to an icon located in the Windows taskbar. WordPad is
still open and running—it’s just hidden from view, tucked away and ready for future
use. It’s important to note that minimized programs can still run in the background,
meaning if a program’s doing something, such as downloading a file from the Internet,
it will keep doing it even when the program is minimized.
It’s easy to redisplay a minimized program or window when you’re ready to use it
again. Here’s how:
Find and click the WordPad icon in the Windows taskbar.
The WordPad program springs back to life and appears on the screen.
87
Other Ways to Maximize
and Restore a Window:
• Double-click the Title
bar of the window to
toggle between
maximized and restored
states.
Minimize
button
WordPad icon
It’s important that you get all this maximize/minimize/restore stuff down, because it will help
you run more than one program at a time and be more productive with your computer.
Quick
Reference
To Maximize a Window:
• Click the window’s
Maximize button.
Or…
• Double-click the window’s
title bar.
To Restore a Maximized
Window:
• Click the
window’s Restore
button.
Or…
• Double-click the window’s
title bar.
To Minimize a Window:
• Click the window’s
Minimize button.
To Restore a Minimized
Window:
• Click the window’s icon
on the taskbar.
Institute of Applied Technology
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IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 3-6: Closing a Window
Figure 3-11
Click the
Close button
of the window you want to
close.
Figure 3-12
The window disappears
from your screen.
L IC3
Objective: 1.3.2.2
Req. File: None
Close button
Other Ways to Close a
Window:
• Select File → Exit or
Close from the menu.
• Right-click the program
icon on the task bar and
select Close
• Press <Alt> + <F4>.
Quick
Reference
To Close a Window:
Figure 3-11
Figure 3-12
Close button
The icon for the window
disappears from the taskbar.
When you’re finished working with a window or program, you can close it to remove it from
the screen and computer’s memory. You can close any window or program by clicking its
Close button—the little button that appears in the upper-right corner of the window.
1.
2.
Click the WordPad window’s Close button.
The WordPad program closes. Notice the WordPad icon no longer appears in the
Windows taskbar at the bottom of the screen. That’s all there is to closing a window or
program.
Here’s a tip: If a program has more than one window open, you can close all its open
windows by holding down the <Shift> key when you click the close button for any
window.
Since you’re going to be working with the WordPad program in the next few lessons,
you will need to open it again.
Click the Start button.
The Windows 2000 Start menu appears.
Select Programs → Accessories → WordPad from the Start menu.
The WordPad program reappears.
• Click the window’s Close
button.
Or…
3.
• Right-click the program’s
icon on the task bar and
select Close.
Or…
If a program happens to be minimized, you need to restore it by clicking its icon on the
taskbar before you can see and click the window’s close button.
• Press <Alt> + <F4>.
To Close All Open
Windows:
• Hold down the <Shift>
key while you click the
Close button of any
window.
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
Chapter Three: Using an Operating System
89
Lesson 3-7: Moving a Window
Move a window by
dragging it by its title
bar to a new location
on the screen.
Figure 3-13
Moving a window to a new
location on the screen
L IC3
Objective: 1.3.2.2
Req. File: None
Figure 3-13
Sometimes when you have several programs or windows open, you will find that one window
covers the other windows or other items on your screen. When this happens, you can simply
move a window to a new location on the screen—just like you would move a report or folder
to a different location on your desk. Here’s how to move a window:
1.
2.
3.
Position the mouse pointer over the title bar of the WordPad program.
Remember that the title bar is at the very top of a window or program and displays the
name of the program or window.
Click the title bar and move the mouse while still holding down the
mouse button.
Yep, it’s that click and drag stuff you learned earlier. An outline of the window follows
your mouse as you drag the window, as shown in Figure 3-13, showing you where you
are moving it.
Release the mouse button to drop the window in a new location.
Title bar
Quick
Reference
To Move a Window
• Click and drag the
window by its title bar.
Release the mouse
button to drop the
window in the desired
location on the screen.
Institute of Applied Technology
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IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 3-8: Resizing a
Window
Figure 3-14
v
Dragging a window’s edge
changes the width of the
window.
Figure 3-15
Dragging a window’s
corner changes the height
and width of the window.
1. Point at the edge of
the window until the
pointer changes to
a
2. Click and hold the
mouse button and
drag the edge of
the window
3. Release the mouse
button when the
window is the size
you want
Figure 3-14
L IC3
Objective: 1.3.2.2
Req. File: None
1. Point at the corner
of the window until
the pointer changes
to a
2. Click and hold the
mouse button and
drag the corner of
the window
3. Release the mouse
button when the
window is the size
you want
Figure 3-15
If you’ve been following the lessons in this chapter carefully, you should already know how
to change the size of a window or program by minimizing, maximizing, and restoring it. This
lesson explains how you can fine-tune the size of a window to meet your own specific needs.
1.
The mouse
pointer
changes
shapes over
the border of a
window
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
2.
Make sure the WordPad program appears as a window and doesn’t fill the
entire screen.
A window must not be maximized (fills up the entire screen) or minimized (appears
only as a button on the Taskbar) if you want to manually size it.
Position the mouse pointer over the right edge of the WordPad window
until it changes to a
.
The two arrows point in the directions that you can drag the window's border, in this
case, left or right. Had you positioned the pointer over the top or bottom of the
window, the pointer would have changed to a , indicating that you could drag the top
or bottom of the window up or down.
Chapter Three: Using an Operating System
3.
4.
91
NOTE: Windows is very picky about where you place the pointer, and sometimes it
can be tricky finding the exact spot where the pointer changes. It’s there—just
move the pointer slowly over the border until you find it.
Click and hold down the left mouse button and drag the mouse to the
right one-inch to move the window border.
Notice the window’s border follows as you drag the mouse. When the window is the
size you want, you can release the mouse button.
Release the mouse button.
The window is displayed in the new size.
You’ve learned how to resize a window by adjusting the right edge of a window, but you can
also change a window’s size by dragging its left, top, and bottom edges. You can also resize a
window by dragging its corners just like you drag its edges, as shown in Figure 3-15.
Quick
Reference
To Change a Window’s
Size:
1. Point at the window’s
edge until the pointer
changes to a doublearrow (like
).
Or…
Point at the window’s
corner until the pointer
changes to a double
arrow (like ).
2. Click and hold down the
mouse button and drag
the edge or corner until
the window is the size you
want.
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IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 3-9: Shutting Down or
Restarting the Computer
Figure 3-16
The Shut Down Windows
dialog box.
Click the arrow and
select Shut down…
L IC3
Objective: 1.3.2.3
Req. File: None
…and click OK to shut
down your computer.
Figure 3-16
At the end of the day, when you’ve finished using your computer, you need to shut down
Windows before you turn your computer off. Shutting down gives Windows a chance to tidy
up after itself, saving information in the computer’s memory to the hard disk, cleaning up
temporary files, and verifying that you’ve saved any changes you made to any files you were
working on.
Should I turn my computer off at all? One of the great computer debates is whether or not you
should turn your computer off at all. Some people turn off their computer whenever they’ve
finished working on it, just like a television set. Others don’t turn their computers off—ever.
People who turn their computers off at night say that keeping the computer on 24 hours a day,
7 days a week wears out the computer’s mechanical components and wastes electricity. Other
people say that leaving your computer on keeps temperature fluctuations down, which is
better for the computer’s delicate internal components. Plus, most new computers enter a
standby or hibernation mode after a period of time, so they don’t really consume that much
power. Which method is best? That’s a decision you’ll have to make on your own.
If Windows 2000 is working really slowly, or is causing problems, you can reset the program
by restarting your computer. This option is also found in the shut down dialog box. This
lesson will show you how to shut down your computer, and how to restart your computer.
Start button
1.
2.
3.
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
Save all of your work and exit all of the programs.
Saving any files you’ve been working on is the most important step of all when you
shut down your computer. You should also consider backing up vital information if you
have a tape backup, Zip drive, or other backup device. You can also save important
files to a floppy disk.
Click the Start button.
The Start menu appears.
Select the Shut Down option from the Start menu.
The Shut Down Windows dialog box appears, as shown in Figure 3-16.
Chapter Three: Using an Operating System
4.
5.
6.
7.
93
NOTE: Remember, using the correct procedure to shut down or restart your computer
is very important. If you don’t do these procedures properly, you might lose a
lot of important information.
Click the Shut Down list arrow in the Shut Down Windows dialog box.
Notice that there are a few options available in this list. Table 3-5: Options in the Shut
Down List explains them.
Select Shut Down.
If you clicked OK, Windows would begin closing out the operating program and other
programs that might be open.
Instead, try restarting the computer. This allows you to get the feel of shutting down the
computer without having to start it again manually.
Click the Shut Down list arrow and select Restart from the list.
The computer’s hard drive hums as Windows cleans up and shuts itself down.
NOTE: Leaving nothing to chance, Windows checks to make sure you’ve saved
everything you’ve been working on, such as letters you’ve created in your
word processing program. If Windows notices that you haven’t saved a file, it
asks if you want to save the changes you’ve made to the file before it
completes the shut down procedure.
After a few moments, the computer begins to start itself up again.
Log on to Windows once again.
Go on to the next lesson.
Table 3-5: Options in the Shut Down List
Shut Down Option
Description
Quick
Reference
Stand by
Use Stand by if you have a laptop and are going to leave your computer
briefly, but want to conserve as much energy as possible while you are
away. After you return your computer to its original running state, you will
be able to pick up exactly where you left off. (Make sure you save
everything you were working on first!)
Shut down
Use this option if you want to turn your computer off. It saves your
Windows settings and any information stored in memory to the hard
disk.
Restart
Restart saves Windows settings, writes information stored in your
computer’s memory to the hard disk, and restarts your computer. Use
this option to reset your computer if Windows or your Windows-based
programs start acting flaky. You often have to restart your computer after
installing new software.
Log Off As…
This option appears only if your computer is connected to a network.
This option closes all your programs and disconnects your computer
from the network, preparing your computer to be used by someone else.
To Shut Down Windows:
1. Save and close the files
you’ve been working on
and exit all of the
programs.
2. Click the Start button
and select Shut Down.
3. Click the Shut Down list
arrow and select Shut
Down.
4. Click OK.
To Restart Windows:
1. Save any files you’ve
been working on and exit
all of the programs.
2. Click the Start button
and select Shut Down.
3. Click the Shut Down list
arrow and select Restart.
4. Click OK.
Institute of Applied Technology
94
IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 3-10: Using the Task
Manager to Shut Down a
Program
Close button
Figure 3-17
The Windows Task
Manager.
A list of all the programs that are
open and their status is listed.
L IC3
Objective: 1.3.2.3
Req. File: None
Figure 3-17
Sometimes you will find that programs lock up and freeze while you’re using them. When
this happens, you can’t exit the program as you normally would, but you can close it without
affecting other open programs by using the Task Manager. The Task Manager keeps track of
all of the programs running on your computer, and has information on your computer’s
performance. This is a very useful feature that, hopefully, you won’t have to use very often.
Other Ways to Open the
Task Manager:
• Right-click the taskbar
and select Task
Manager from the
shortcut menu.
1.
2.
3.
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
Press <Ctrl> + <Alt> + <Delete>.
The Windows Security dialog box appears.
Click the Task Manager button in the dialog box.
If you have any programs open, they appear in the dialog box, as shown in Figure 3-17.
If a program is functioning properly, the status will be “Running.” If the program is
frozen, the status will be “Not Responding.”
You won’t have to use this function until a program stops working properly, so here’s
what to do if one of your programs freezes.
Select the program with the status Not Responding. Click the End Task
button.
Windows closes down the program, and the program disappears from the Task
Manager list.
In addition to closing programs, there are two other things you can do with in the Task
Manager:
•
Switch to: Select the program you want to switch to and click this button.
•
New Task: Click this button to start another program.
Chapter Three: Using an Operating System
4.
95
Click the
Close button to close the Task Manager.
Most of the time, you will use the Applications tab of the Task Manager, but here is
some helpful information on the other two tabs in the dialog box:
•
Processes: Displays information on the hardware, such as the CPU, memory
usage, and other behind the scenes information.
•
Performances: Includes graphs for CPU usage, and totals for handles, threads
and other processes.
That’s about all there is to know about the Task Manager. Don’t forget to use this great
resource when you’re in a jam.
Quick
Reference
To Close a Program Using
the Task Manager:
1. Press <Ctrl> + <Alt> +
<Delete>.
Or…
Right-click the task bar
and select Task Manager
from the shortcut menu.
2. In the Application tab,
select the program that is
not responding.
3. Click the End Task
button.
Institute of Applied Technology
96
IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 3-11: Starting a
Program
Figure 3-18
Click on the Start button to
open the Start menu, and
then point to Programs to
open the Programs menu.
Figure 3-19
Click Accessories to open
the Accessories menu,
and then click WordPad to
open the WordPad
program.
Figure 3-20
The WordPad program.
Figure 3-18
Figure 3-19
L IC3
Objective: 1.3.2.4
Req. File: None
Figure 3-20
Start button
To do just about anything with your computer, you need to run a program. A program is a
complex set of instructions that tells your computer how to do something. Your word
processor is a program and so is the Solitaire game that comes with Windows. The easiest
way to start a program is by clicking the Windows Start button and then selecting the program
from the Programs menu. This lesson explains one of the most basic operations you can do
with Windows: starting a program.
1.
Programs
menu
Accessories
menu
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
Any programs that are
currently running appear as
icons on the taskbar
2.
Click the Start button.
Remember that the Start button resides in the bottom-left corner of the computer
screen. The Start menu pops up.
Point to the word Programs.
A menu listing the different program categories pops out to the side of the Start menu,
as shown in Figure 3-18.
Chapter Three: Using an Operating System
3.
4.
Point to the word Accessories.
Another menu, the Accessories menu, shoots out from the Programs menu, as shown in
Figure 3-19. The program you want to load, called “WordPad,” is located here, in the
Accessories menu. Can you find it?
Click the word WordPad.
The WordPad program appears onto the screen in its own window, as shown in Figure
3-20. WordPad is a simple word processing program that is included with Microsoft
Windows.
NOTE: The Programs menu is merely a list of the programs that should be available
on your computer. Normally when you install a program onto your computer,
it adds itself to the Start menu. Occasionally, old MS-DOS programs or
programs that are poorly written may not put themselves on the Start menu
when you install them, and you will have to find and add the program to the
Program menu yourself. You’ll learn how to manually add programs to the
Start menu in an upcoming lesson.
97
WordPad
program
Almost all programs
run in their own
separate window on
the screen.
Great! You’ve just started your first program. Turn the page and we’ll examine the parts of the
WordPad window.
Quick
Reference
To Start a Program:
1. Click the Start button.
2. Point to the Programs
option.
3. Click the menu and any
submenus where the
program you want to run
is located.
4. Click the name of the
program you want to run.
Institute of Applied Technology
98
IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 3-12: Switching
Between Open Windows
Figure 3-21
You can only work in one
window at a time. Notice
that WordPad appears in
front of the other window
and has a blue title bar.
Click any part of a window to switch to
that window.
Figure 3-22
Click any part of the
Calculator window or its
button on the taskbar so
that it appears in front of
all the other windows.
Figure 3-23
Figure 3-21
The taskbar displays icons for each
open window. Click an icon to switch
to its window.
Pressing <Alt> + <Tab>
lists all the programs that
are currently running.
Calculator
Figure 3-23
L IC3
Objective: 1.3.2.4
Req. File: None
The active window’s icon is
pressed down on the taskbar.
Figure 3-22
You can have several programs or windows open and running simultaneously, but you can
only work in one window at a time. The window you’re working with is called the active
window and always appears on top of any other windows that you have open. If you think
about it, you do the same thing when you work at your desk. When you want to work on a
piece of paper, you place it on top of everything else on your desk.
This lesson explains how to switch between the programs you’re running. There are actually
several ways to switch between windows, and we’ll cover all of them in this lesson. First, you
need to make sure you have several programs running…
1.
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
Make sure the WordPad program is still open.
The WordPad program should still be up and running from the previous lesson. If it
isn’t, open it by clicking the Start button and selecting Programs → Accessories →
WordPad. Notice an icon for the WordPad program appears on the taskbar. Next, you
need to open another program that comes with Windows 2000—the calculator.
Chapter Three: Using an Operating System
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Start the calculator by clicking the Start button and selecting Programs
→ Accessories → Calculator from the menu.
The calculator program appears in front of the WordPad program. An icon for
Calculator program also appears in the taskbar, next to the WordPad icon. Notice the
Calculator icon is pressed down, indicating it is the active window, or is the window
that appears in front of the others. You can make WordPad the active window by
clicking its icon on the taskbar.
Click the WordPad button on the taskbar.
The WordPad program appears in front, and its icon on the taskbar depresses,
indicating it is now the active window. You can also switch to a window by clicking
any part of the window that you can see.
Click any portion of the Calculator window to make it active.
If you can’t see the Calculator window at all, it’s because the Calculator window is
completely covered by the WordPad window, in which case you will have to click the
Calculator icon on the taskbar instead.
Yet another method of switching between windows is a famous keystroke combination
in Windows: <Alt> + <Tab>.
Press and hold down the<Alt> key. While holding down the <Alt> key,
press and release the <Tab> key.
The task window appears, as shown in Figure 3-23. The task window lists all the
windows and programs that are currently running. Move on to the next step to see how
you can retrieve a program or window from the task list.
Still holding down the <Alt> key, press and release the <Tab> key until
the WordPad program is selected, then release the <Alt> key.
When you release the <Alt> key, the selected window or program is activated and
displayed in front of any other windows.
NOTE: <Alt> + <Tab> is especially useful when you use programs that fill the entire
computer screen, such as MS-DOS programs and some games. When you
can’t see the taskbar or any part of another window, <Alt> + <Tab> is the
only way you can switch between programs.
NOTE: When you’re working with multiple programs, be careful you don’t
accidentally run a second copy of the same program. This wastes memory and
makes things confusing. For example, if you’ve been using the Calculator
program and want to bring it back up, make sure you check the taskbar to see
if it’s already running. If it is (a Calculator icon appears on the taskbar) use
any of the methods you’ve learned in this lesson to switch to it. If a program
is already running and you load it again from the Start menu, a second copy of
the program opens and two icons for the programs will appear on the taskbar.
Think you have a handle on switching between programs and windows? Good, because when
you work with Windows, you’ll find yourself switching between programs and windows
throughout the day.
99
WordPad
button on the
taskbar
Quick
Reference
To Switch between Open
Programs:
• Click the program’s icon
on the taskbar.
Or…
• Click any part of the
window you want to
appear on front.
Or…
• Press and hold down the
<Alt> key and press the
<Tab> to display the task
list. Press the <Tab> key
until the program you
want is selected, then
release the <Alt> key.
Institute of Applied Technology
100 IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 3-13: Adding a
Shortcut to the Start Menu
Figure 3-24
Add a program to
the Start menu
The Start Menu Programs
tab of the Taskbar
Properties dialog box.
Remove a
program from
the Start menu
Figure 3-25
Use Windows
Explorer to add,
remove, and
organize
programs on the
Figure 3-25
Start menu
The Browse window.
Figure 3-26
Select a Program folder to
place the program in.
Figure 3-24
Figure 3-27
Click Browse…
Rearranges the
Programs menu so
it is displayed in the
default order
…and select the
program file you
want to add to the
Start menu
The Remove
Shortcuts/Folders dialog
box.
L IC3
Objective: 1.3.2.4
Req. File: None
Figure 3-26
Figure 3-27
Normally, when you install a Windows-based program, it automatically adds its own menu
and icon to the Program menu. You can also manually add your favorite programs and files to
the Program menu, making them easy to find and open.
Other Way to Add
Programs to the Start
Menu:
• Locate the program file
in My Computer or
Windows Explorer and
drag the program down
to the Start button. The
only problem with this
method is that is places
the program at the very
top level of the Start
Menu (although you can
move it to a folder
later).
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
1.
2.
3.
Click the Start button and select Settings → Taskbar and Start Menu.
The Taskbar and Start Menu Properties dialog box appears.
Click the Advanced tab.
The Advanced tab appears in front of the dialog box, as shown in Figure 3-24. The
Customize Start menu section is what’s important here—it allows you to add and
remove programs to and from the Start menu.
Click Add.
The Create Shortcut dialog box appears, asking you to specify the name and location of
the file you want to add to the Start menu. If you know the specific name and location
of the program or file you want to add, you can type its name and location directly in
the Command line text box, for example C:\WINNT\NOTEPAD.EXE. Most of the
time you won’t know the name and location of the file and will have to browse through
the contents of your computer in order to find it.
Chapter Three: Using an Operating System
4.
Click the Browse button.
A Browse window appears, as shown in Figure 3-25.
5. Browse to the WINNT folder in your hard disk and double-click the
Notepad program file.
Windows enter the name and location, C:\WINNT\NOTEPAD.EXE.
6. Click Next.
The Select Program Folder window appears, as shown in Figure 3-26. Here, you must
double-click the menu where you want the program to appear.
7. Double-click the Accessories menu folder.
Yet another dialog box appears. Here, you can type a name you want to see on the
menu since the program names aren’t always very intuitive. For example, instead of
“Notepad” you could type “Notes.” For now, however, we’ll just use the program
name.
8. Click Finish and then OK.
If you’ve selected an MS-DOS program, Windows will prompt you to choose an icon
for the program. Windows adds the Notepad program to the accessories menu and
closes the dialog box. Check to make sure it’s there.
9. Click the Start button, and select Programs → Accessories from the
menu.
Yep, there’s the Notepad program.
10. Click anywhere in the desktop area to close the Start menu.
Removing an item from the Program menu is even easier than adding one, as you will
see in the next few steps:
11. Right-click an empty area of the taskbar and select Properties from the
taskbar shortcut menu, and if necessary click the Advanced tab.
The Advanced tab appears in front of the Taskbar Properties dialog box.
12. Click Remove.
The Remove Shortcuts/Folders dialog box appears, as shown in Figure 3-27. Here you
must locate the program you want to remove from the Start menu.
13. Click the expand button beside the Accessories folder to expand it.
The Accessories folder expands and displays its contents.
14. Find and select the Notepad program under the Accessories folder, then
click the Remove button
The Notepad program is removed form the Start menu.
15. Click Close and then click OK.
Deleting a program from the Start menu doesn’t remove the program from your computer—
only its shortcut on the Start menu. A shortcut is a quick way to start a program or open a file
or folder without having to go to its actual location. Shortcuts are especially useful for
programs, files, and folders you use frequently. All of the Programs in the Start Menu are
actually shortcuts that point to the program files, located elsewhere on your computer. We’ll
learn how to create shortcuts on the Windows desktop in the next lesson. You can tell the
difference between a shortcut and original file because the shortcut displays an arrow ( ).
101
Most of the programs
on your computer
are located in their
own subfolder in the
Program Files
folder in the C:
drive.
Quick
Reference
To Add a Program to the
Start Menu:
1. Click the Start button
and select Settings →
Taskbar and Start
Menu…
2. Click the Advanced tab
and click Add.
3. Click the Browse button,
open the program’s folder
and double-click the
program name.
4. Click the Next button,
open the program’s folder,
and double-click the
program name.
To Remove a Program
from the Start Menu:
1. Click the Start button
and select Settings →
Taskbar and Start
Menu…
2. Click the Advanced tab
and click Remove.
3. Open the program’s
folder, select the program,
and click Remove.
4. Click Close and then click
OK.
Institute of Applied Technology
102 IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 3-14: Moving and
Deleting Desktop Icons and
Creating Shortcuts
Figure 3-28
Hold down the left mouse
button while you drag the
mouse across your desk.
Clicking and dragging with
the mouse.
Figure 3-29
Dragging the My
Computer icon on the
desktop.
Figure 3-30
The moved My Computer
icon.
Drag
Place the pointer over an object and press and hold down the left mouse button. While you are still
holding the button, move the mouse to the where you want to place the object and then release the
mouse button.
Figure 3-28
L IC3
Objective: 1.3.2.5
Req. File: None
Figure 3-29
1. A shadow of the icon follows the mouse
cursor as it is being dragged.
Figure 3-30
2. The icon is moved from its original location
to a new place on the desktop.
We just learned how to add a shortcut to the Start menu, but how about adding a shortcut to
the Windows desktop? This lesson will show you how create, delete, move, and rename
desktop folders and icons. You can create folders on your desktop to organize important
information, or create shortcuts that will instantly take you to your most frequently used
programs.
First, let’s talk about how to move items around on your computer screen by clicking and
dragging them with the mouse. To click and drag something:
1) Move the mouse pointer over the object you want to move, then click and hold down the
mouse button.
2) While you are still holding down the mouse button, move the mouse until the pointer is
over the place you want to put the object.
3) Release the mouse button.
Let’s try dragging a desktop icon to another location on the desktop.
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
Chapter Three: Using an Operating System
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Click the My Computer icon and hold down the left mouse button.
Depending on the layout of your screen, the My Computer icon should be located on
the left side.
While holding down the left mouse button, drag the mouse down and to
the right.
A shadow of the My Computer icon follows your mouse pointer, indicating where the
icon will be located as shown in Figure 3-29.
Release the left mouse button.
The icon is moved to a new location on the desktop, as shown in Figure 3-30.
One of the advantages of keeping things like folders on the desktop is that they are
easily accessible.
Double-click the My Documents icon on the desktop.
A window opens on the desktop, showing all the files that are located in the My
Documents folder.
NOTE: You can open any object on the desktop by double-clicking it.
If there is a program or folder that you often use, you may want to create a shortcut
icon on the desktop. Try creating a shortcut to a Windows accessory.
Click the Start button and select Programs → Accessories from the
menu.
You might use the Address Book often, so add a shortcut to it on the desktop.
Press and hold down the <Ctrl> + <Shift> keys. Click and drag the
Address Book option onto the desktop.
An icon with a little arrow on it appears on the desktop.
NOTE: If you decide you don’t really need a shortcut and want to delete it, don’t
worry. When you delete a shortcut you only delete the icon, not the object to
which it points. To delete a desktop icon or shortcut, simply right-click it and
select Delete from the shortcut menu.
103
To copy an icon,
press and hold down
the <Ctrl> key while
clicking and dragging
the icon.
Other Ways to Create a
Shortcut:
• Right-click the object
(file, folder, application)
that you want to create
a shortcut of and select
Create Shortcut. Then
drag the shortcut icon
onto the desktop.
Quick
Reference
To Select and Move
Desktop Icons:
1. Point to the object you
want to click and drag and
click and hold down the
mouse button.
2. While you’re holding
down the mouse button,
drag the object to the
desired location on the
screen.
3. Release the mouse
button.
To Open an Item from the
Desktop:
•
item.
Double-click the
To Create a Shortcut Icon:
1. Select the object.
2. Press and hold down the
<Ctrl> + <Shift> keys.
3. Click and drag the object
onto the desktop.
Or…
1. Select the object.
2. Right-click the object and
l t C t Sh t t
Institute of Applied Technology
104 IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 3-15: Understanding Drives,
Folders, Files and Storage Devices
Figure 3-31
Taxes
How information is stored
in a file cabinet.
Love Letters
Letter to Bill
Investments
Figure 3-32
Letter to Mary
Letters
How information is stored
on a disk. The hierarchical
structure of drives, folders,
and files
Figure 3-31
Figure 3-33
A file cabinet’s information is
organized and grouped into
folders.
The hierarchical structure
of drives, folders, and files
L IC3
A computer stores
information on disks.
Objective: 1.3.2.5 and
1.3.2.6
Req. File: None
Figure 3-32
The operating system
organizes files and
folders in a
hierarchical system of
drives, folders, and
files. For example, the
WordPad.EXE file
is located in:
Information on a disk is organized and
grouped into folders or directories.
A folder may contain several
files and subfolders.
In the C: drive…
In the Program Files folder…
In the Accessories folder…
So its path name
(location) would be:
C:\Program
Files\Accessories\
WordPad.EXE
The WordPad.EXE file
Figure 3-33
In order to understand file management, you need to understand how your computer stores
information. For example, filing cabinets store information in files, which are organized and
grouped in folders, which are kept in big drawers. Likewise, computers store information in
files, which are organized and grouped in folders, and stored not in big drawers, but on disks.
See the diagrams above for a clear illustration. There are a few types of devices computers use
to store information:
Table 3-6: Common Storage Devices
Type
Size
Description
1.44 MB
Diskette
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
Diskettes are the square plastic things that look like coffee
coasters. Floppy drives can’t hold a lot of information, but they’re
ideal for moving small files between computers.
Chapter Three: Using an Operating System
Type
Size
Description
Hard Disk
Over
200 Gigabytes
(GB)
Hard disks hide permanently inside your computer. Your
computer’s hard disk is its main filing cabinet—where it stores
almost all of its programs and files.
650 Megabytes
(MB)
Compact discs, or CD-ROMs, look like the audio discs you play in
your stereo. CD-ROMs are inexpensive and they can store a lot of
information, which is why they’re used to install software for store
games and programs with a lot of multimedia. Unlike floppy or
hard disks, most CD-ROMs can only read information—you can’t
save anything on them.
Variable,
depending on
size of host
Network drives appear to be similar to hard disks when you see
them in My Computer. But really, network drives are just folders
saved on a computer within the network. Therefore, their size
depends on the capacity of the host computer.
100 to
250 Megabytes
(MB)
Removable storage drives have features of both hard disks and
floppy disks. They are like a floppy drive because they read and
write information on small, removable cassettes that are about the
size of a floppy disk. They are like hard drives because each
cassette can usually hold more than 100 MB and is almost as fast
as a hard drive. Two of the most popular removable storage drives
are the Zip drive and Jaz drive, both made by Iomega.
CD-ROM
Network
Drive
Removable
Drive
105
Most computers come with a diskette drive, a hard drive, and a CD-ROM drive. Your
computer labels these drives with letters, as shown in .
Just like liquids are measured in quarts and gallons, computers save their information in units
called bytes. Unlike gallons, computers use the metric system, so 1,000 bytes make up a
kilobyte and 1,000,000 bytes make up a megabyte.
Table 3-7: How Memory is Measured
Term
Description
Size
Byte
A byte can store a single character,
such as the letter j or numeral 8.
A single character.
Kilobyte
(K or KB)
A kilobyte (K) is about 1,000 bytes
(1,024 to be exact). A kilobyte is
equivalent to a page of double-spaced
typing.
1,024 bytes
Megabyte
(MB or MEG)
A megabyte (MB) is about one million
bytes—about as much text as an
average-length novel.
1,048,576 bytes
Gigabyte
(GB or GIG)
A gigabyte (GB) is over one billion
bytes, and holds more information
than several dozen encyclopedias!
1,073,741,824 bytes
Institute of Applied Technology
106 IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 3-16: Using My
Computer
Figure 3-34
My Computer displays the
drives, folders
(directories), and files that
are in your computer.
Figure 3-35
The Local Disk (C:)
Properties dialog box.
Figure 3-36
The My Computer toolbar.
Figure 3-35
L IC3
Objective: 1.3.2.6
Req. File: None
Double-click My
Computer…
to view the contents of
your computer.
Figure 3-34
Moves back
or up to the
previous
folder or level
Moves back
or up to the
previous
folder or level
Displays the
folders in a
separate pane
(i.e. Windows
Explorer)
Moves the
selected file(s)
or folder(s)
Copies the
selected file(s) Undo your
or folder(s)
last action
Program Files
Stuff
Root Folder
(Hard Disk)
WINNT
A root folder, or
directory, is the first
folder from which all
the other folders
branch. When you
double-click the C:
Hard Drive icon, the
window shows the
contents of the root
folder of the C drive.
Moves forward
to the last
subfolder or
level
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
Displays a
history of files
you have
opened
recently
Deletes the
selected
file(s) or
folder(s)
Change how
the contents
are of the
folder are
displayed
Figure 3-36
When you want to see what’s in a file cabinet, you simply pull open one of its drawers. You
can view the information stored on your computer’s drives in much the same way—by
opening the drive you want to access. This lesson will show you how to look at the drives,
folders, and files in your computer.
1.
My Computer
Search for files
and folders on
your computer
or on the
network
Double-click the My Computer icon to open it.
The My Computer window appears, as shown in Figure 3-34. My Computer lists all
your drives and several special folders (Printers, Control Panel, Dial-up Networking,
and Scheduled Tasks) that contain other information. Since your computer may have
different drives, the contents of your computer may differ from those shown in Figure
3-34. Want to see what’s inside something? All you have to do is double-click the
drive, folder, or file you want to open.
Chapter Three: Using an Operating System
2.
3.
4.
One more note of interest: Notice My Computer appears in its own window, with its
own little buttons, scroll bars, and menus? The My Computer window works just like
the other windows you’ve been working with. You can move it, resize it, and minimize
it. You can even open more than one copy of My Computer at a time.
Double-click the (C:) Local Disk icon.
The contents of the (C:) drive appear in the window. What do all those symbols in the
window mean? Each item you see has an icon, or symbol, to help you identify what
type of item it is. Double-click an icon to open it.
To move back to the previous folder or level, click the Up button on the toolbar.
Click the Up button on the toolbar to move back to the My Computer
level.
NOTE: If the toolbar is not visible, select View → Toolbars → Standard Buttons from
the menu.
You move up one level, from the C: drive back to My Computer. Now that you know
the procedure for displaying the contents of a drive, move on to the next step lesson to
open a folder.
Close the My Computer window.
107
Local Disk (C:)
Up button
3½ Floppy (A:)
Getting the hang of opening and exploring your computer? Good, because we’ll be doing a lot
more snooping inside the contents of your computer throughout the rest of this chapter.
Quick
Reference
To View the Contents of
Your Computer:
• Double-click the My
Computer icon on the
Windows Desktop.
To Navigate to a Folder or
File:
• Follow the above step to
open My Computer and
then double-click the drive
or folder to navigate
through the levels of your
computer.
Institute of Applied Technology
108 IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 3-17: Navigating to a
File or Folder
Figure 3-37
Double-click a folder to
open it and view its
contents.
Figure 3-38
The file and folders
appear in the window.
L IC3
Figure 3-37
Objective: 1.3.2.6
Req. File: None
The Address bar displays the
name of the current drive and
folder
Figure 3-38
Your computer stores related files together in folders, just like you do with your file cabinet.
In the previous lesson, you learned how to use My Computer to view the contents of your
computer, and how to open a disk drive and display its contents. In this lesson, we’ll go a little
bit further and show you how to open a folder.
Windows 2000 gives you your very own folder named “My Documents” as a convenient
location to store all your files. Here’s how to open the My Documents folder (and any other
folder).
1.
My Documents
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
Double-click the My Documents folder on the Windows desktop.
The contents of the My Documents—several files and subfolders—appear in the
window. The My Documents folder contains several folders, or subfolders. If you think
about it, you probably do the same thing—keep several subfolders inside a larger
folder—in your own file cabinet.
Chapter Three: Using an Operating System
2.
3.
4.
109
Double-click the My Pictures folder.
NOTE: This is where the comparison we’ve been using between a file cabinet and a
computer begins to break down a bit. When you file things in your file
cabinet, you probably never have more than two, possibly three nested folders
(i.e. a folder inside another folder). Your computer’s folders, on the other
hand, can contain as many subfolders as you want, nested as deep as you
want, so you can have a folder inside a folder inside a folder—ad infinitum.
The contents of the My Pictures folder appear in the window. Notice the Address bar
displays the current folder you are in: My Pictures.
You can open any of the files within this folder by double-clicking.
Instead of clicking the Up button several times to jump back through several levels of
folders you can click the Address bar to quickly jump to the root directory of any of
drive on your computer.
Click the Address Bar list arrow.
A list your computer’s drives and the folder you are currently in appears. You can click
any folder or drive to go to that folder or drive.
Select the (C:) Local Disk from the list.
You return to the root directory of the C: drive. The Address bar is a fast way to select a
drive; especially if you are in a folder that is nested several levels deep.
You can think of the Address Bar as your compass because even when you’re exploring
unfamiliar folders nested deep in the far recesses of your computer, it always tells you where
you are. If you get really lost, you can always click the Address Bar and jump back to the
familiar C: drive.
All this moving around your computer, opening disk drives and folders is a little boring, but
it’s something you have to get used to if you want to have any degree of proficiency with
Windows. Going back to our trusty file cabinet metaphor, imagine what would happen if you
didn’t know how to open the drawers and folders in your file cabinet. How would you find
your tax returns if you were audited or be able to find your insurance policy number if you
were in a car accident? Opening disk drives and folders and being able to navigate through the
contents of your computer are among of the most important Windows skills you can learn.
My Pictures
Address Bar
Quick
Reference
To Open a Folder
• Double-click the folder.
To Move Back or Up to the
Previous Level or Folder
• Click the Up button on
the toolbar.
Or…
• Click the Back button on
the toolbar.
Or…
• Click the Address Bar on
the toolbar and select the
appropriate drive or
folder.
Institute of Applied Technology
110 IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 3-18: Creating a Folder and
Viewing Folder Details
Figure 3-39
To create a new folder,
right-click any empty area
of the window to open a
shortcut menu, select New
→ Folder from the
shortcut menu.
Figure 3-40
A newly created folder.
Figure 3-41
The Temp Folder
Properties dialog box.
Figure 3-39
Figure 3-41
Figure 3-42
A file’s path name, or
location, is determined by
first by the drive, then by
the folder(s), then by the
file name.
The
WordPad.EXE file is located in:
In the C: drive…
In the Program Files folder…
In the Accessories folder…
The WordPad.EXE file
L IC3
Objective: 1.3.2.5 and
1.3.2.6
Req. File: None
So its path name (location) would be:
C:\Program Files\Accessories\WordPad.EXE
Figure 3-42
Figure 3-40
Windows 2000 comes with the My Documents folder which you can use to save your files in,
but sooner or later you’ll want to expand your horizons and create your own folders inside the
My Documents folder or on the network to help you better organize your files. This lesson
will show you how to create a new folder to hold and organize your files.
1.
2.
Other Ways to Create a
Folder:
• Select File → New →
Folder from the menu.
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
3.
Double-click My Computer on the desktop.
The My Computer window appears after you double-click the My Computer icon.
Double-click the Local Disk (C:) icon.
The contents of the (C:) hard drive appear.
Right-click an empty area of the (C:) drive window.
A shortcut menu appears.
Chapter Three: Using an Operating System
4.
5.
Select New → Folder from the shortcut menu, as shown in Figure 3-39.
A new folder appears with a temporary name “New Folder” as shown in Figure 3-40.
Now all you have to do is move on to the next step and give the new folder a name.
Type Temp Folder as the name for the new folder, and then press
<Enter>.
Your new Temp Folder is located in the root directory, or first folder, of the C: drive.
You can create a folder inside any existing folder the same way—by opening the folder
and then repeating Steps 3-5. You can create as many folders as you like to develop a
your own filing system to help organize your files and folders. Open the Temp Folder
to display its contents.
NOTE: A file name can contain up to 255 characters, including spaces. File names
cannot contain the following characters: \ / : * ? " < > |
6. Double-click the Temp Folder to open it.
The contents of the Temp Folder appear in the window. That’s right, there’s nothing
there. The Temp Folder is an empty folder, since you just created it.
You can stack folders within folders to further organize your files. Create another
subfolder.
7. Select File → New → Folder from the menu.
A new folder appears in the window.
8. Type Junk Folder and press <Enter>.
Now the Temp folder you created has its own subfolder, “Junk Folder.”
9. Click the Up button.
You are back in the Local Disk directory.
You can choose how you want to view the items in folders. For example, instead of just
viewing a bunch of icons, you can use a view that shows more information about the
items.
10. Click the Views button on the toolbar.
A list of options drops down:
•
Large Icons: Displays the items with large icons.
•
Small Icons: Displays the items with small icons.
•
List: Lists the items in columns with small icons.
•
Details: Lists the items with information about file size and type, and when it
was last modified.
•
Thumbnails: This is especially effective in folders containing graphics; a
preview of the file or the folder’s contents is shown.
11. Select Details from the list.
The window view changes and information is shown about all the items in the
directory.
You can also view the details about a specific file or folder.
12. Right-click the Temp Folder and select Properties from the shortcut
menu.
A dialog box appears, showing the properties of the folder, such as the folder’s name,
location on the computer, and size.
The location of a folder or file is also called the path, kind of like a street address. A
path contains the drive letter, followed by a colon, followed by any folders (which must
be separated by backslashes \), and then finally comes the name of the file. For
example C:\Program Files\Accessories\WordPad.EXE (see Figure 3-42 for an
illustration).
111
Up button
Quick
Reference
To Create a New Folder:
1. Open the disk or folder
where you want to place
the new folder.
2. Right-click any empty
area in the window and
select New → Folder
from the shortcut menu.
Or…
Select File → New →
Folder from the menu.
3. Type a name for the
folder and press <Enter>.
To View Folder Details:
• Click the Views button
on the toolbar and select
the view you want to use.
(Select Details to view
information about each
item in the folder).
Or…
• Right-click the folder and
select Properties from
the shortcut menu.
Institute of Applied Technology
112 IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 3-19: Common File
Types
Figure 3-43
Letter to Sue.TXT
Files display different
types of icons to help you
identify what type of file
they are.
File Name
Can be up to 255
characters (although
older MS-DOS programs
will only see the first 8
characters, such as
Letter~1.txt).
Figure 3-44
Every file has a threeletter extension, which is
normally hidden from view,
so Windows knows what
type of file it is.
Figure 3-44
Figure 3-43
In this lesson, we’ll take a closer look at files. When you’re viewing the contents of your
computer, you’ve probably already noticed that everything has its own picture or icon to
represent what it is. Except for a few exceptions, folder icons always look like little manila
folders ( ). Files, on the other hand, come in a variety of types and icons.
L IC3
Objective: 1.3.2.6
Req. File: None
To View File Extensions:
• Select Tools → Folder
Options from the
menu. Click the View
tab. Make sure the Hide
file extensions for
known file types
option is unchecked
and click OK.
File Extension
Usually hidden from
view, these three
characters tell
Windows what type
of file it is and what
type of icon to assign
to it.
There are two parts to every file: the file name, which you’ve already seen and are familiar
with, and the file extension, a three letter extension that tells Windows what type of file it is
(see Figure 3-44). Since Windows assigns pictures or icons to the types of files it recognizes,
it normally hides these file extensions from view. Whenever you open a file by doubleclicking it, Windows automatically opens the file in the program it knows created the file. For
example, Microsoft Word always adds the file extension .DOC to its files, so when you
double-click a .DOC file, Windows knows it has to open the file in Microsoft Word.
Table 3-8: Common File Types
File
Description
Unknown File Type
Word Document (.doc)
This is a document created in Microsoft Word, a word processing
program. Word documents normally have a .DOC extension.
Excel Workbook (.xls)
This is a spreadsheet created with the program Microsoft Excel. Excel
spreadsheets normally have a .XLS extension.
Access Database (.mdb)
This is a database created with Microsoft Access. Access databases
normally have a .MDB extension.
PowerPoint Presentation
(.ppt)
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
Windows doesn’t know what type of file this is, so you can’t readily
open it by double-clicking it. That doesn’t mean the file isn’t important –
it’s probably a very important file for Windows or a program. Leave
these files alone unless you absolutely know what they are for.
This is a presentation created with Microsoft PowerPoint. PowerPoint
presentations normally have a .PPT extension.
Chapter Three: Using an Operating System
File
Image Files
(.jpg and .gif)
Text File
Description
There are many different image file types, but JPEGs and GIFs are two
of the most popular. JPEG (.jpg) images use millions of colors, such as
photographs. GIF (.gif) images use 256 colors, such as logos.
Text or ASCII files are simple files that only contain text – no formatting,
graphics, or any fancy stuff. Text files usually have a .TXT extension.
Audio Files
Audio files are stored in a number of different formats, such as the
.WAV or .MP3 file.
Video Files
Video files are also stored in a number of different formats, such as
.WMV, .MPG, and .AVI.
Compressed Files (.zip)
113
Compressed files or folders take up less space on a hard disk, and are
easier to transfer over a network. These files are usually compressed
by a third party, such as WINZIP.
Temporary Files
These files are created by Windows or other programs and are deleted
when no longer used.
Shortcut File
Shortcut files point to files and folders elsewhere on your computer so
that you can quickly open that file, folder, or program without having to
go to its actual location.
Setup Program File (.exe)
Setup files are special executable (.EXE) program files, except instead
of running a program when opened, they install software programs
onto your computer.
Institute of Applied Technology
114 IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 3-20: Counting Files in
a Folder
Figure 3-45
The four
selected files
are all Text
Document
files.
The Practice Properties
dialog box.
Figure 3-46
The Properties dialog box
for selected files.
The folder
contains 11
files, and 1
folder.
Figure 3-47
Using the window to count
selected files.
Figure 3-46
Figure 3-45
L IC3
Objective: 1.3.2.6
Req. File: Practice folder
The window and
status bar display
the number of
selected files, their
file size, and file
names.
Figure 3-47
Since a folder is meant to organize your files and documents, it might be useful to be able to
see how many files are in a folder with the click of a few buttons. Though you may not need
to use this feature very often, here’s how to do it if the situation arises:
1.
Open My Computer. Right-click your Practice folder and select
Properties from the shortcut menu.
Other Ways to Count
Selected Files:
• Refer to the left column
of the My Computer
window to count
selected files and their
file names.
• Refer to the status bar
to count selected files.
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
2.
If you don’t know where your Practice folder is located, ask your instructor for help.
The Practice Properties dialog box appears.
Notice the Contains section of the dialog box, as shown in Figure 3-45.
The dialog box indicates that the Practice folder contains eleven files and one folder.
This number is somewhat deceptive, however. The number of files in the folder,
eleven, includes the number of files in the subfolder, two. So, when you open the
Practice folder you will see nine files and one folder, which contains two files.
Chapter Three: Using an Operating System
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Click Cancel to close the dialog box.
For more selective counting, it is possible to count the number of files in a selected
group.
Double-click the Practice folder to open it. Select the first file in the
folder, press and hold down the <Shift> key, and select the last file in
the folder. Release the <Shift> key.
Now count the number of files that are selected.
Right-click the selected files and select Properties from the shortcut
menu.
Notice the top of the dialog box counts the items selected: 9 files, 0 folders.
What if you wanted to count a number of files of the same type? Here’s how…
Click the Views button on the toolbar and select Details from the list.
Click the Type column heading.
The files are sorted by file type in the window. To count the number of files of a
specific type, you must first select them. Try counting all the text files in the folder.
Select the first text document, press and hold down the <Shift> key,
and select the last text document. Release the <Shift> key.
The computer will be able to tell how many files are selected, and since they are all the
same file type, it can tell you what type of file they are.
Right-click the selected files and select Properties from the shortcut
menu.
The Properties dialog box appears, as shown in Figure 3-46. Notice that the dialog box
counts four selected files, but it is also able to identify the file type. The Type section
of the dialog box says, “All of type Text Document.”
Click Cancel to close the dialog box.
Now you know the foolproof way to count files in a folder.
115
Other Ways to Select
Multiple Files:
• Press and hold down
the <Ctrl> key to select
non-adjacent files.
Quick
Reference
To Count Files in a Folder
(including files in
subfolders):
1. Right-click the folder and
select Properties from
the shortcut menu.
2. Find the number of files
(including files in
subfolders) and the
number of subfolders in
the Contains section of
the Properties dialog box.
To Count Files of the
Same File Type:
1. Select the files of the
same file type you want to
count.
2. Right-click the selected
files and select
Properties from the
shortcut menu.
3. Find the number of files
selected at the top of the
Properties dialog box and
the type of selected files
in the Type section of the
Properties dialog box.
Institute of Applied Technology
116 IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 3-21: Changing File Status
Figure 3-48
The Letter Properties
dialog box.
L IC3
Objective: 1.3.2.6
Req. File: Letter.rtf
Check the Read-only
checkbox to change
the status of the file.
Figure 3-48
The default attribute of a file is that when it is opened, the user can read and change it or even
delete it, meaning it has read-write status. But sometimes you may want to make the file even
more secure. If you want people to be able to read the file but not change or delete it, you can
change the status to read-only.
This lesson will show you how to change the status of files in the Properties dialog box.
1.
2.
Navigate to your Practice folder.
If you don’t know where your Practice folder is located, ask your instructor for help.
Right-click the Letter.rtf file. Select Properties. Make sure the General
tab is selected.
A dialog box appears, displaying the properties of the file. The Attributes section
appears at the bottom of the General tab. This is one place you can change the file’s
status.
Notice there are two options in the Status section of the dialog box:
•
•
3.
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
Read-only: Specifies whether this file or folder is read-only, which means that
it cannot be changed or accidentally deleted.
If multiple files are selected, a check mark means that all the files are read-only.
A filled box means that some files are read-only and some aren't.
Hidden: Specifies whether the file or folder is hidden, which means that you
cannot see or use it unless you know its name.
If multiple files are selected, a check mark means that all the files are hidden. A
filled box means that some files are hidden and some aren't.
Check the Read-only check box in the Attributes section of the General
tab. Click OK.
The Letter.rtf file now has read-only status, which means when the file is opened it can
be read, but not changed or edited.
Changing a file from read-only back to read-write status is easy.
Chapter Three: Using an Operating System
4.
117
Right-click the Letter.rtf file. Select Properties. Uncheck the Read-only
check box and click OK.
The file will now allow users to read and write or edit the file.
NOTE: Changing the file status is not as secure as protecting a file with a password. A
password-protected file is much more protected than a read-only file.
Quick
Reference
To Change File Status:
1. Right-click the file.
2. Select Properties from
the shortcut menu.
3. Check the status you
want: Read-only or
Hidden.
4. Click OK.
Institute of Applied Technology
118 IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 3-22: Sorting Files
Figure 3-49
A bullet (•) appears next
to the current view. Here
the window is displayed in
Large Icons view.
Figure 3-50
The window displayed in
Details view.
Figure 3-49
Figure 3-50
While in Details view, click the
column heading you want to use to
sort the items. Click the column
heading again to sort the items in
reverse order.
L IC3
Objective: 1.3.2.6
Req. File: Practice folder
When you work with files and folders on your computer, you may find that you need to
change how you view information on the screen. This lesson will show you how to change the
appearance of items using one of four view modes: Large Icons, Small Icons, List, or Details.
Experiment to find the view that works best for you. You’ll also learn how to sort files and
folders: by name, date (when they were created), size, and type.
1.
2.
3.
Other Ways to Change
Views:
• Select a view from the
View button list arrow
on the toolbar.
4.
5.
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
Navigate to and open your Practice folder.
Windows normally displays items as large icons by default, as shown in Figure 3-49.
Verify that you are viewing your computer’s contents as large icons by
selecting View → Large Icons from the window.
You can display more items in a window at a time by using List view. Try switching to
List view now.
Select View → List from the menu.
The items are displayed as small icons in a list.
Details view displays information about each item, including the name, size, type of
item, and when it was created or last modified.
Select View → Details from the menu.
You can sort items in a variety of ways: alphabetically by name, by size, or even by the
date they were last modified or saved. If you’re in Details view all you have to do is
click the heading for the column you want to use to sort the items.
Click the Name heading to sort the items by name.
The list is sorted alphabetically by name. Clicking the heading again sorts the items in
reverse order (Z-A).
You can have Windows arrange and organize items so they appear in neat columns and
rows, instead of a cluttered mess.
Chapter Three: Using an Operating System
6.
7.
119
Select View → Arrange Icons → Auto Arrange from the menu.
A check mark (9) appears by Auto Arrange when this feature is on. Now, whenever
you change the size of a window, or add, move, or delete a file, Windows will
automatically rearrange the items.
Select View → Arrange Icons → by Name from the menu.
The list is sorted alphabetically by name.
Table 3-9: Different Methods of Viewing Items
View
Description
Large Icons
Files and folders are displayed as large icons.
This is a good view for when you’re learning how
to use Windows or have trouble clicking a file
with the mouse.
Files and folders are displayed as small icons.
Small Icons
List
Details
Thumbnails
Quick
Reference
Files and folders are displayed as small icons in
a list. This is a great default view, because it
allows you to see as many files as possible.
Displays information about every file and folder,
such as its name, size, type, and when it was
last modified is displayed. You can change the
order the list is sorted by clicking the column
headings.
New in Windows 2000, Thumbnails view is very
useful if you are working with pictures and
graphics because it previews every graphic file
instead of only displaying an unhelpful file name.
To Change How Items are
Displayed:
• Select View from the
menu and select from one
of the four view modes
(Large Icons, Small Icons,
List, or Details).
Or…
• Select a view from the
View button list arrow on
the toolbar.
To Change How Items are
Sorted:
1. Follow the above step to
display the window in
Details View.
2. Click the column
heading you want to use
to sort the window. Click
the column heading again
to sort in reverse order.
To Automatically Arrange
Icons:
• Select View → Arrange
Icons → Auto Arrange
from the menu.
Institute of Applied Technology
120 IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 3-23: Using File
Extensions and Renaming
Files and Folders
Figure 3-51
Right-click a file or folder
to display a list of things
you can do to it.
Figure 3-52
A renamed folder.
Figure 3-53
The file extensions help
the computer identify the
file.
Figure 3-51
L IC3
Objective: 1.3.2.5, 1.3.2.6
and 1.3.2.7
Req. File: Open Me.txt
Figure 3-52
Letter to Sue.TXT
File Name
Can be up to 255
characters (although
older MS-DOS programs
will only see the first 8
characters, such as
Letter~1.txt).
Figure 3-53
File Extension
Usually hidden from
view, these three
characters tell
Windows what type
of file it is and what
type of icon to assign
to it.
A file extension is the three-letter tag that follows the name of a file, as shown in Figure 3-51.
As you know, file extensions help the computer identify and categorize file types. For
example, a .DOC file is a word processing file and a .JPG file is a type of image. When you’re
renaming files, you should be careful not to change the file extension so you can revisit the
file in the future. But unless you have customized Windows to show file extensions, you
won’t have to worry about them when you rename a file or folder.
To View File Extensions:
• Select Tools → Folder
Options from the
menu. Click the View
tab. Make sure the Hide
file extensions for
known file types
option is unchecked
and click OK.
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
In this lesson, you will learn how to rename files and folders that don’t display file extensions,
as well as how to rename an existing folder.
1.
2.
Open My Computer.
The My Computer window appears after you double-click the My Computer icon.
Double-click the (C:) Local Disk icon.
The contents of the (C:) Local Disk appear.
Chapter Three: Using an Operating System
3.
4.
5.
Right-click an empty area of the (C:) drive window.
A shortcut menu appears.
Select New → Folder from the shortcut menu.
A new folder appears with a temporary name “New Folder” as shown in Figure 3-52.
Move on to the next step and give the new folder a name.
Type Rename Me as the name for the new folder, and then press
<Enter>.
Your new Rename Me folder is located in the root directory, or first folder, of the
C: drive. You can create a folder inside any existing folder the same way—by opening
the folder and then repeating Steps 3-5. You can create as many folders as you like to
develop your own filing system to help organize your files and folders.
NOTE: A file name can contain up to 255 characters, including spaces. File names
cannot contain the following characters: \ / : * ? " < > |
NOTE: Make sure to be careful when renaming files. Make sure to make it unique
from other file names that might be similar. Also, if there is a chance you may
forget the file’s new name, write it down so that you will be able to find it
again.
121
Other Ways to Create a
Folder:
• Select File → New →
Folder from the menu.
Up button
Other Ways to Rename a
Folder:
• Select the folder and
select File → Rename
from the menu.
6.
Double-click the Rename Me folder to open it.
The Rename Me folder is empty since you just created it.
7. Click the Up button to move back to the root directory.
You can easily change the name of a folder. Here’s how:
8. Right-click the Rename Me folder icon.
A shortcut menu appears, with a list of things you can do to the selected folder.
9. Select Rename from the shortcut menu, type Junk and press <Enter>.
The “Rename Me” folder is renamed “Junk.”
Now use the same process to rename a file.
10. Navigate to your Practice folder.
If you don’t know where your Practice folder is located, ask your instructor for
instructions.
11. Right-click the Open Me file.
A shortcut menu appears, with a list of things you can do to the selected file.
12. Select Rename from the shortcut menu, type Poems as the new name for
the file, and then press <Enter>.
The Open Me file name is renamed to Poems.
That’s all there is to renaming files and folders.
Open Me
Quick
Reference
• File Extensions help the
computer identify files.
They are not shown by
default.
To Rename a File:
• Right-click the file, select
Rename from the
shortcut menu, type a
name for the folder and
press <Enter>.
Or…
• Click the file to select it,
select File → Rename
from the menu, type a
name for the folder and
press <Enter>.
Institute of Applied Technology
122 IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 3-24: Selecting Files
and Folders
Figure 3-54
To select several files that
are next to each other,
hold down the mouse
button and drag a
rectangle around the files
you want to select.
Figure 3-55
When you want to select a
group of consecutive files,
select the first file you
want to select, hold down
the <Shift> key and click
the last file.
Figure 3-54
Move the pointer to
an empty area in
the window.
Hold down the mouse button and drag
a rectangle around the files you want to
select.
Figure 3-56
Use the <Ctrl> key when
you want to select several
random files.
L IC3
Objective: 1.3.2.6
Req. File: Grocery List.txt
Click the first
file you want to
select, press
and hold down
the <Shift> key
and click the
last file you
want to select.
Figure 3-55
Press and hold
down the
<Ctrl> key
while you click
each file you
want to select.
Figure 3-56
By now, you know that you must select a file or folder before you can do something to it, such
as move or delete it. In this lesson, you will learn how to select more than one file and/or
folder at a time, so you can move, copy, or delete a group of files at the same time.
1.
2.
3.
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
Navigate to your Practice folder.
If you don’t know where your Practice folder is located, ask your instructor for help.
First, let’s review how to select a single file.
Click the Grocery List file to select it.
The Grocery List file is highlighted, indicating that it is selected. Once selected, you
could delete, move, or copy the file. To deselect a file, just click in any empty area on
the window.
Click any empty area of the window to deselect the Grocery List file.
The Grocery List file is no longer selected.
Chapter Three: Using an Operating System
4.
5.
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7.
8.
123
You can select more than one file or folder at a time, so you can delete, move, or copy
a whole bunch of files at once. Like so many Windows functions, there are several
ways to select multiple files. If the files you want to select are next to each other, you
can move mouse pointer to empty area on the screen, hold down the mouse button and
drag a rectangle around the files you want to select, as shown in Figure 3-54.
Move the pointer to any empty area in the folder window, click and hold
down the mouse button and drag a rectangle around several files, as
shown in Figure 3-54.
The only problem with this method is that it only works when you want to select files
that are next to each other.
Click any empty area of the screen to deselect the files.
Another method of selecting adjacent files and folders is to click the first file you want
to select, hold down the <Shift> key as you click the last file of the group of files you
want to select.
Click the Grocery List file to select it (the first file in the group), press
and hold the <Shift> key as you click the Zip Me file (the last file in the
group).
You’ve selected the Grocery List file, the Zip Me file, and all the files that are in
between them.
Click any empty area of the screen to deselect the files.
To select random, or non-adjacent, files and folders, hold down the <Ctrl> key, and
then click each item you want to select.
Click the Grocery List file to select it, press and hold down the <Ctrl>
key, click the Resume file and the Zip Me folder, then release the <Ctrl>
key.
Remember, you can move, copy, or delete any selected files all at once. Holding down
the <Ctrl> key also lets you click and deselect any selected files.
To select all the files and folders in the window, select Edit → Select All from the
menu.
9. Select Edit → Select All from the menu.
All the files in the window are selected.
10. Close the window to end this lesson.
Quick
Reference
To Select Multiple Files:
• If the files are next to
each other, you can click
and drag a rectangle
around the files you want
to select.
Or…
• If the files are next to
each other, you can click
the first file you want to
select, press and hold
down the <Shift> key and
click the last file you want
to select.
• If the files aren’t next to
each other, you can select
random files by holding
the <Ctrl> key and
clicking the files you want
to select.
Institute of Applied Technology
124 IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 3-25: Duplicating and
Moving Files and Folders
Figure 3-57
To move a folder, drag it to
a new location on your
computer, in this case to
the Temp Folder.
Figure 3-58
The Browse For Folder
dialog box lets you specify
where you want to move
or copy a file or folder.
Figure 3-58
Figure 3-57
L IC3
Objective: 1.3.2.6
Req. File: Temp Folder
created in Lesson 3-18:
Creating a Folder and
Viewing Folder Details
To copy a folder, hold
down the <Ctrl> key
as you drag the
folder to the new
location.
You probably don’t reorganize the folders in your file cabinet very often—and you probably
won’t need to move or copy the folders on your computer very often either. When you find
you do need to move or copy a folder however, you can do so by using one of two simple
methods:
•
Dragging-and-dropping.
•
Using the Move To and Copy To buttons (known as the Copy and Paste method in
previous versions of Windows).
You’ll learn how to use both methods in this lesson.
1.
2.
Move To button
Other Ways to Move a
File or Folder:
• “Cut” the file or folder by
selecting Edit → Cut
from the menu or
pressing <Ctrl> + <X>,
moving to the desired
location and then
“paste” the file or folder
by selecting Edit →
Cut from the menu or
pressing <Ctrl> + <X>.
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
3.
4.
Create a new folder called My Stuff in your C: drive.
Drag the My Stuff folder to the Temp Folder, as shown in Figure 3-57.
Already forgot how to click and drag? If so, here it is one more time: position the
mouse over the My Stuff folder, click and hold down the left mouse button as you
move the pointer to the Temp Folder, then release the mouse button. The My Stuff
folder is moved inside the Temp Folder. Let’s make sure we really moved the My Stuff
folder.
Double-click the Temp Folder to open it.
Yep, there’s the My Stuff folder. You’re probably already beginning to suspect that
there are several methods for doing exactly the same thing in Windows. Here’s another
popular method for moving folders you might want to know—using Windows’ new
Move To button.
Click the My Stuff folder to select it.
Once you have selected the folder you want to move, you can use the Move To button
to move it to another location.
Chapter Three: Using an Operating System
5.
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125
Click the Move To button on the toolbar.
The Browse for Folder dialog box appears, as shown in Figure 3-58. This is where you
tell Windows where you want to move the selected folder. The Browse for Folder
dialog box displays the drives and folders on your computer in a hierarchical view. A
plus symbol or a minus symbol beside a folder means a folder contains several
subfolders. Normally, these subfolders are hidden. You can display the hidden folders
within a folder by clicking the plus sign beside the folder.
Click the Plus Symbol to the left of the My Computer icon.
My Computer expands and displays its contents. The Local Disk (C:) is where you
want to move the My Stuff folder.
Click the Local Disk (C:) icon and click OK.
The My Stuff folder is moved from the Temp Folder back to the root directory of the C:
drive.
NOTE: Make sure to remember where you moved the file—lost files can be rather
difficult to try and find again.
8.
Click the Up button on the toolbar to move back to the root directory.
If you can move a folder you can copy a folder—because all you need to do to copy a
folder is hold down the <Ctrl> key while you drag the folder to where you want it
copied.
9. Hold down the <Ctrl> key while you drag the My Stuff folder to the
Temp Folder.
Although you can’t see it, the My Stuff folder has been copied to the Temp Folder.
Let’s make sure.
10. Double-click the Temp Folder to open it.
The contents of the Temp Folder appear in the window. Sure enough, the My Stuff
folder has been copied. Although we won’t step through it, you can also copy a folder
using the Copy To button. Just select the folder, click the Copy To button, specify
where you want to copy the folder and click OK.
11. Click the Up button to move back to the root directory.
We’ve worked on copying and moving folders to locations on the same drive, but you can
also copy a folder to a different drive by simply dragging to the drive icon where you want it
copied. If you can’t see the drive or folder where you want to move or copy something to, you
can do a couple of things: you can use the Cut, Copy, Paste method, or you can open a second
My Computer window and drag the folder from one window to the other.
Quick
Reference
To Move a Folder:
• Drag the folder to the
desired location (you
might have to open
another My Computer
window).
Or…
1. Click the folder to select it
and click the Move To
button on the toolbar.
2. Select the folder or disk
where you want to move
the folder and click OK.
To Copy a Folder:
• Hold down the <Ctrl> key
while you drag the folder
to the desired location
(you might have to open
another My Computer
window).
Or…
1. Click the folder to select it
and click the Copy To
button on the toolbar.
2. Select the folder or disk
where you want to move
the folder and click OK.
Institute of Applied Technology
126 IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 3-26: Using the
Folders Pane
Figure 3-59
You can move and copy
files using click and drag
in Windows Explorer.
L IC3
Objective: 1.3.2.6
Req. File: Open Me.txt and
Zip Me folder
Figure 3-59
In this lesson, you’ll learn how to perform basic file management in the Folders pane.
Although the Folders pane looks a little different from the rest of the My Computer screen, all
the file management procedures you already know work exactly the same.
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© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
Open My Computer. Click the Folders button on the window toolbar to
open the Folders pane.
Basically, the Folders pane is another way to navigate through your computer.
Navigate to and click your Practice folder in the left Folders pane.
The contents of the Practice folder appear in the right pane of My Computer.
Click the plus symbol beside the Practice folder in the left Folders
pane to display the subfolders.
The Practice folder expands and displays all the subfolders inside it, and the plus
symbol changes to a minus symbol. Since you can see all the files in the right pane,
it’s much easier to move and copy files between folders.
Hold down the <Ctrl> key while you click and drag the Open Me file in
the right pane to the Zip Me folder in the left Folders pane, as shown in
Figure 3-59.
It doesn’t matter if you click and drag a copy of the Open Me file to the Zip Me folder
in the left pane or the right pane—they’re the same folder.
Move on to the next step and create a new folder while the Folders pane is displayed.
Create a new folder named 2003 in the Practice folder.
Need a refresher on how to create a folder? First you need to click the Practice folder
in the left folder pane to select it and display its contents in the right pane. Next, rightclick any empty area in the right pane of the window, select New → Folder from the
shortcut menu, type 2003, and press <Enter>.
Chapter Three: Using an Operating System
6.
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9.
Move the 2003 folder to the Zip Me folder by dragging the 2003 folder
from the right pane to the Zip Me folder in the left pane.
Verify that the 2003 folder was moved inside the Zip Me folder.
Click the plus symbol beside the Zip Me folder to display its
subfolders.
The Zip Me folder expands and displays the 2003 folder inside it. Try deleting a folder
using Windows Explorer—you already know the technique.
Click the 2003 folder to select it, press the <Delete> key, and then click
Yes to confirm the deletion.
It doesn’t matter if you use the left or right pane to select a folder—they’re the same
folder, and you can rename, copy, move, and delete folders in either pane of the
window.
Close the window to end this lesson.
As you can see, the Folders pane can be very useful.
127
Quick
Reference
To Open a File or Folder:
• Double-click the file or
folder.
To Move a File or Folder:
• Drag the file or folder to
the desired location in
either pane of the window.
To Copy a File or Folder:
• Hold down the <Ctrl> key
while you drag the file or
folder to the desired
location in either pane of
the window.
To Create a New Folder:
1. Click the disk or folder
where you want to put the
new folder.
2. Right-click any empty
area in the window and
select New → Folder
from the shortcut menu.
3. Type a name for the
folder and press <Enter>.
To Delete a File or Folder:
• Select the file or folder
and press the <Delete>
key. Click Yes to confirm
the deletion.
To Rename a File or
Folder:
• Right-click the file or
folder, select Rename
from the shortcut menu,
type the new name and
press <Enter>.
Institute of Applied Technology
128 IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 3-27: Deleting Files
and Folders
Figure 3-60
A dialog box appears to
confirm a deletion.
L IC3
Objective: 1.3.2.6 and
1.3.2.7
Req. File: Text file.txt and
Temp folder
Figure 3-60
You can delete a file or folder once you are done with it, but be cautious. Before you delete a
folder, make sure it doesn’t contain any important files. If you don’t know what the contents
of a folder are, you shouldn’t delete it. Deleting a file isn’t quite as dangerous as deleting a
folder, but you should always consider whether or not you might need it again in the future.
Don’t delete a file unless you’re absolutely sure you will never need it again. And NEVER
delete a file if you don’t know what it is.
1.
2.
3.
4.
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
Navigate to your Practice folder.
If you don’t know where your practice files are located, ask your instructor for help.
Click the Text File to select it, and then press the <Delete> key.
A dialog box may appear, asking you to confirm the file deletion.
Click Yes to delete the selected file.
The Text File is deleted and disappears from the window.
Deleting a folder is just as simple.
Go to the C: drive. Click the Temp Folder in the C: drive to select it, and
then press the <Delete> key.
A dialog box may appear, asking you to confirm the folder.
Chapter Three: Using an Operating System
5.
129
Click Yes to delete the selected folder and all its contents.
The Temp Folder and all its contents are deleted and disappear from the window.
Windows places any deleted files or folders in the Recycle Bin in case you change your
mind later on and decide you want to restore the file or folder. We’ll discuss the
Recycle Bin in the next lesson.
Quick
Reference
To Delete a File:
• Select the file and press
the <Delete> key. Click
Yes to confirm the folder
deletion.
Or…
• Click the Delete button
on the toolbar.
Or…
• Right-click the file and
select Delete from the
shortcut menu.
To Delete a Folder:
• Select the folder and
press the <Delete> key.
Click Yes to confirm the
folder deletion.
Or…
• Click the Delete button
on the toolbar.
Or…
• Right-click the folder and
select Delete from the
shortcut menu.
Institute of Applied Technology
130 IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 3-28: Restoring a
Deleted File and Emptying the
Recycle Bin
Figure 3-61
To restore a deleted file
from the Recycle Bin,
right-click the file and
select Restore from the
shortcut menu.
Figure 3-62
You can empty the
Recycle Bin by
right-clicking it and
selecting Empty Recycle
Bin from the shortcut
menu.
Empty the Recycle Bin
Restore all files in the Recycle Bin
Figure 3-61
L IC3
Objective: 1.3.2.6
Req. File: None
Figure 3-62
Just like a wastebasket, the Recycle Bin stores all of the files and folders you have deleted. If
you change your mind and decide you need a deleted file it’s easy to find and retrieve it. This
lesson will show you how to open the Recycle Bin and see what’s inside, restore a previously
deleted file, and empty the Recycle Bin to free up some space on your hard disk.
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
Chapter Three: Using an Operating System
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6.
Double-click the Recycle Bin to open it.
You may need to move or minimize the My Computer window if the Recycle Bin isn’t
visible. The Recycle Bin opens and displays all the files you have recently deleted. If
you accidentally delete a file or folder, you can retrieve it from the Recycle Bin.
New in Windows 2000 are the Empty Recycle Bin and Restore All Files button, which
make it easy to empty the Recycle Bin and restore any deleted files.
Find and right-click the Text File (deleted in the previous lesson) and
select Restore from the shortcut menu, as shown in Figure 3-61.
Restoring a file pulls it out of the Recycle Bin and puts it back in its original location,
the Practice folder.
Close the Recycle Bin window.
Now, make sure the Text File is in its original location.
Verify that the Text File has been retrieved to the Practice folder.
There is a theoretical limit to how many deleted files and folders the Recycle bin can
hold. The maximum size of the Recycle bin is normally set 10 percent of the hard
drive. So for example, if you have a 10GB hard drive, the maximum amount of files
the recycle bin could hold would be 1GB. When the Recycle Bin reaches its limit,
Windows automatically starts deleting files from the Recycle bin, starting with the
oldest file.
You can adjust the properties for the Recycle Bin, so for example, you could adjust its
maximum size from 10 percent of the hard drive to 5 percent, by right-clicking the
Recycle Bin and selecting Properties from the shortcut menu.
Usually it’s best to let Windows automatically handle the Recycle Bin, but you can also
manually empty the Recycle Bin if you find you need more free space on your
computer.
Right-click the Recycle Bin and select Empty Recycle Bin from the
menu.
A dialog box may appear and ask you to confirm your deletion.
Click Yes if asked to confirm the deletion.
All the files and folders are permanently deleted from your computer. Notice the
Recycle Bin icon no longer displays any trash, indicating it is empty.
NOTE: Be careful when emptying the Recycle Bin. Since Windows automatically
erases the oldest files from the Recycle Bin, you really shouldn’t have to
manually empty the Recycle Bin much at all. A lot of users empty the Recycle
Bin just about every time they delete something—and then later kick
themselves because they realize they needed the file they just permanently
erased.
One final word about the Recycle Bin—any files you delete from a floppy disk are not placed
in the Recycle Bin. So be extra careful when you’re deleting files from a floppy disk, because
the Recycle Bin won’t be able to restore them.
131
Recycle Bin
contains
deleted files
Recycle Bin
does not
contain deleted
files
Quick
Reference
To Restore a Deleted File:
1. Double-click the Recycle
Bin to open it.
2. Find and right-click the
deleted file and select
Restore from the shortcut
menu.
To Empty the Recycle Bin:
• Right-click the Recycle
Bin and select Empty
Recycle Bin from the
shortcut menu.
Institute of Applied Technology
132 IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 3-29: Finding a File
Figure 3-63
The Search Results
window.
Type the name of the file
you want to look for
The results of
your search
appear here
Search for text in the file.
This type of search can
be slow.
L IC3
Objective: 1.3.2.6
Req. File: Soap
Bubbles.bmp
Specify the drive or folder
you want to look in
Start the search
Search Options lets
you search for files by
date, type, and size
Figure 3-63
It’s just as easy to misplace and lose a file in your computer as it is to misplace your car
keys—maybe easier! Luckily, Windows comes with a great feature called Find, which can
track down your lost files. Find can search for files even when you can’t remember the exact
file name or location.
You can search for a file by:
•
The file name or any part of the file name
•
The date the file was created or modified
•
The type of file, such as a Microsoft Word document or graphic file
•
The text it contains
•
The size of the file
You can set one or several of these criterions to search for a file. For example, you might look
for a Microsoft Word document that you created last month with the word “May” somewhere
in the name.
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3.
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
Click the Start button and select Search → For Files or Folders.
The Find dialog box appears, as shown in Figure 3-63.
Type Bubbles in the Search for files or folders named box, make sure
the (C:) hard disk appears in the Look in box, and then click the Search
Now button.
Windows searches through the C: hard disk, and displays the names and locations of all
the files its finds that have the word Bubbles in their names. You can open any of these
files by double-clicking them.
Double-click the Soap Bubbles file located in the Windows folder.
The Soap Bubbles file, a bitmap picture of several bubbles, opens in the Paint program.
Chapter Three: Using an Operating System
4.
5.
6.
7.
Close the Paint program and delete the Bubbles text in the Search for
files or folders named box.
If you only know part of the file name, just enter the part of the file name that you
know. For example, searching for the word “Bubble” will find every file or folder with
a name containing the word “Bubble” such as Bubble.BMP, Bubble boat.DOC, etc.
If you remember the date when you created a file, but not its name, you can also search
for a file by date. Instead of entering the name of the file in the Named box, click the
Date tab and tell Windows to search for all files within a certain number of days or
between certain dates. Let’s take a look at the Date tab so you’re more familiar with it.
Click the Search Options link.
The Search Options dialog box appears.
You can click the Date check box to select files that were either created, modified, or
last accessed, and then specify the number of days or a date range when the files were
either created, modified, or last accessed.
By clicking the Type check box, you can search for specific types of files, for example
WordPad documents.
You can also search by files based on size by checking the Size check box and entering
the size range in the Size boxes.
Another way you can search for files is by using the Containing text box and entering
the text they contain. For example, if the only thing that you remembered about a file
was that it was about how to Install a spark plug you could search for files containing
the text “Install”.
Click the Containing text box, type Install and then click the Search
Now button.
Windows searches through the C: hard disk and displays the names and locations of all
the files it finds that contain the word “install.” A lot of files should appear in the
search results area of the Find window.
NOTE: File searches based on the text they contain are much slower than searches
based on other criteria. Also, if you’re searching for a file that contains a
phrase, make sure you enter the exact sequence of the phrase. For example, if
you’re looking for a file that contains the phrase ACME Widget Company and
you tell Windows to search for a file containing the text ACME Company,
Windows won’t find the file because you didn’t include the word Widget.
You can cancel a search in progress, especially if you’re getting too few or too many
results, by clicking the Stop Search button at any time.
Click the Stop Search button to cancel the search, and then close the
Search window.
133
Search Options lets
you search for files
by date, type, and
size.
Quick
Reference
To Find a File:
1. Click the Start button
and select Search → For
Files or Folders from the
Start menu.
2. Enter part of the file name
in the Search for files or
folders named box.
You can also search for
files using other criteria—
using the Containing text
box or by clicking the
Search Options link.
3. Click Search Now to start
searching for the file(s).
Institute of Applied Technology
134 IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 3-30: Viewing
Recently Used Files
Figure 3-64
The My Documents menu
keeps a listing of the files
you most recently used.
Figure 3-65
Clear the My Documents
list in the Advanced tab of
the Taskbar and Start
Menu Properties dialog
box.
L IC3
Figure 3-64
Figure 3-65
Objective: 1.3.2.6
Req. File: Grocery List.txt
Windows remembers the files that you used most recently so you can quickly retrieve them
without having to dig through several browse windows. This lesson shows you how you can
use the Documents option in the Start menu to open a recently used file.
First, we need to open a file and close it so it appears in the recent documents list.
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© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
Navigate to your Practice folder and open the Grocery List file. Close
the file once you have opened it.
You could retrieve the Grocery List by opening Notepad and selecting File → Open
from the menu. You could retrieve the Grocery List by opening My Computer or
Windows Explorer, opening the C: drive, and double-clicking the file. Or you could
just select the Grocery List from the Documents menu, as we’ll see in the next step.
Click the Start button and select Documents.
The Documents menu appears, listing your recently used files, as shown in Figure
3-64. Can you find your Grocery List?
Select the Grocery List from the Documents menu.
The Grocery List opens in Notepad, where you can review and make changes to the
file.
Close the Notepad program.
Although there’s really no need to, you can remove the list of documents from the
Documents menu.
Click the Start button and select Settings → Taskbar and Start Menu
and click the Advanced tab.
The Advanced tab appears in front of the Taskbar and Start Menu Properties dialog
box, as shown in Figure 3-65.
Chapter Three: Using an Operating System
6.
7.
8.
135
Click the Clear button to remove the contents of the Documents menu.
Initially, it appears as though nothing has happened, but Windows has removed the list
of files from the Documents menu.
Click OK to close the Taskbar Properties dialog box.
Verify that the Documents menu has been reset and is empty.
Click the Start button and select Documents.
The Documents list is empty. As you create and open files, they will appear in the
Documents list.
Quick
Reference
To Open a Recent File:
• Click the Start button →
Documents and select
the file you want to open.
To Clear the List of
Recently Used Files:
1. Click the Start button
and select Settings →
Taskbar and Start Menu
and click the Advanced
tab.
2. Click Clear to clear the
list and click OK.
Institute of Applied Technology
136 IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 3-31: Formatting a
Floppy Disk
Figure 3-66
The Format dialog box.
L IC3
Objective: 1.3.2.6
Req. File: None
Figure 3-66
Before you can use a floppy disk, you must format it so that you can save information on it.
You can also format a disk to erase any files that are saved on it and prepare it for new files.
You can save yourself a lot of time by buying pre-formatted disks—just make sure they are
formatted in IBM format!
Unless you have an extra floppy handy, you don’t have to walk through this lesson’s step-bystep exercise, but when you need to format a floppy, here’s how to do it:
1.
Shortcut menu
2.
Quick
Reference
To Format a Floppy Disk:
1. Insert the floppy you want
to format into the floppy
drive.
2. Open My Computer or
Windows Explorer, rightclick the floppy drive and
select Format from the
shortcut menu.
3. Select the formatting
options and click Start.
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
3.
4.
5.
Insert the floppy disk you want to format into the floppy drive.
NOTE: Formatting a floppy disk completely erases any information stored on it, so
make sure the disk you want to format doesn’t contain any information you
may need.
Double-click the My Computer icon to open it.
The My Computer window appears.
Right-click the drive containing the floppy disk you want to format
(usually A:), and select Format from the shortcut menu.
The Format dialog box appears. There are several options you can specify when
formatting a floppy disk—see Figure 3-66 to see what they are.
Click Start.
The floppy drive whirrs as it formats the floppy disk. Formatting a floppy disk usually
takes about a minute. When the format is complete, the Format Results dialog box
appears with information about the formatted disk.
NOTE: Don’t use a floppy disk that has bytes in bad sectors—throw it away. A floppy
disk with bad sectors is not reliable and should not be entrusted with your
valuable data.
Click Close to close the Results dialog box and click Close again to
close the Format dialog box.
Chapter Three: Using an Operating System
137
Lesson 3-32: Common Problems
Associated with Files
Figure 3-67
Once you have created
backup files, make sure
they are stored in a safe
place.
Figure 3-68
Misplaced files can be
extremely hard to find!
Figure 3-67
Figure 3-68
A novelist has been laboring over an epic-length masterpiece for eight years. There are a few
printed manuscripts, but the most complete and updated work is saved in one place: on a
computer hard drive. Unfortunately, the novelist never backed up the work on another
computer or external storage device like a floppy or zip disk. Then, on one tragic night, an
electrical fire engulfed the computer and all manuscripts, eight years of work erased in a few
hours.
This is a tragic tale that could easily have been prevented with a simple backup copy of the
novel. No matter how much you trust your computer or the safety of its location, you should
always save a backup of your information. In many organizations, the computer support
department backs up the information on a centralized network system. Smaller organizations
or individuals may depend on responsible individuals finding their own backup methods, such
as floppy or zip disks.
But no matter how many backup files you save, you should always keep a backup in a
different location than your computer. For example, let’s say that you store your backups at
your desk. If the entire building burns down, it will destroy both the computer and the backup
files. You could also choose to store your files in a fireproof safe. Some Web sites even offer
storage space on their servers, so that even if your entire town is wiped out by a hurricane in
Virginia, your work is safely stored on a server in Minnesota.
Other common problems associated with working with files include:
•
Files that cannot be found: Make sure to name and store files systematically so that you
do not misplace something important.
•
Hard drive becoming too full: If your computer starts acting sluggish or working
improperly, your hard drive may be too full. A utility program, such as hard drive
compression, can usually take care of this for you, but you may end up having to replace
your hard drive altogether.
•
Denied file access: Some files are protected by passwords or other security systems. If
you do not provide the proper username or password, you may be prevented access to
protected files.
L IC3
Objective: 1.3.2.7 and
1.3.2.8
Req. File: None
Quick
Reference
• Backing up information on
a regular basis is a very
important file
management task.
Common Problems
Associated with Files
Include:
• Files that cannot be found
• Hard drive becoming too
full
• Denied file access
Institute of Applied Technology
138 IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 3-33: A Look at the
Control Panel
Figure 3-69
Open the Control Panel by
clicking the Start button
and selecting Settings →
Control Panel.
Figure 3-70
The Control Panel.
L IC3
Figure 3-69
Objective: 1.3.3.1, 1.3.3.2,
and 1.3.3.5
Req. File: None
Figure 3-70
The Control Panel is the place to go when you want to change the various settings of your
computer and Windows. You’ll be seeing a lot of the Control Panel in the upcoming lessons,
so this lesson will just be a quick introduction. No exercises here—just a guided tour of the
Control Panel to help you become familiar with it.
1.
Control Panel
Other Ways to Open the
Control Panel:
• Open My Computer
and double-click the
Control Panel folder.
2.
3.
Open the Control Panel by clicking the Start button and selecting
Settings → Control Panel.
The Control Panel appears, as shown in Figure 3-70. Your Control Panel may look
slightly different, depending on your computer setup.
Look at the various icons in the Control Panel and refer to Table 3-10:
What’s in the Control Panel to see what they do.
If you’re curious, you can even go ahead and double-click any of the icons in the
Control Panel to display the dialog box that lives behind each one—just don’t touch
anything on those dialog boxes for now!
NOTE: Some systems (such as centrally managed computer networks) have system
administrators that perform all system settings-related tasks. If you are denied
access to a system setting, this is most likely the case.
When you’re finished, close the Control Panel.
Ready to start customizing your computer? Then move on to the next lesson and let’s start!
Table 3-10: What’s in the Control Panel
Item
Description
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
Accessibility
Options
Allows you to change the settings for the mouse, keyboard, sound, and display
to make the computer easier to use for those who are physically challenged.
Add New Hardware
Starts a Wizard that walks you through the installation of new hardware to your
system, such as a network card or CD-ROM player.
Chapter Three: Using an Operating System
139
Item
Description
Add/Remove
Programs
Installs or removes programs and additional Windows components on your
computer.
Date/Time
Changes the date, time, and time zone information on your computer.
Display
Changes how your things are displayed your screen. You can adjust the
resolutions, how many colors to use, the color scheme, and a lot more.
Fonts
Displays all the fonts that are installed on your computer and allows you to
install or remove fonts.
Game Controllers
This is where you can adjust your computer’s joystick (if you have one).
Internet Options
Changes your Internet settings.
Keyboard
Adjusts the rate at which the cursor blinks, the rate characters are repeated
when you hold down a key, and country and language settings for the keyboard.
Modems
Lets you see what modems are installed in your computer and what COM port
they use, and adjust their properties, such as how they dial numbers.
Mouse
Adjusts your mouse settings, such as if the buttons are configured for a
left-handed or right-handed user, the double-click speed, and the speed of the
mouse pointer.
Multimedia
Changes settings for your computer’s multimedia devices, such as the sound
card’s volume and recording levels and the size of the window in which digital
video plays on your computer.
Network
If you’re connected to a network, this allows you (or preferably your network
administrator) to configure your network settings, such as the what type of
network hardware, software, and protocols you’re using.
Power
Management
Changes your computer’s power management settings, which reduces how
much power your computer system uses—especially important for laptop users.
Printers
Displays all the printers that are currently installed for use on your computer,
enables you to add and remove printers and change each printer’s default
settings.
Quick
Reference
Regional Settings
Changes how numbers, currencies, dates and times are displayed throughout
Windows.
To Open the Control
Panel:
Sounds
Changes system and program sounds.
System
Provides advanced information about your computer system and allows you to
change its settings. You shouldn’t touch this one unless you really know what
you’re doing.
• Click the Start button
and select Programs →
Settings → Control
Panel.
Or…
• Open My Computer and
double-click the Control
Panel folder.
Institute of Applied Technology
140 IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 3-34: Changing the
Date and Time
Figure 3-71
Select the month
Change the year by clicking
the up or down arrows
The Date & Time tab of
the Date/Time Properties
dialog box.
Figure 3-72
Using the time and dates
control in the Date/Time
Properties dialog box.
Figure 3-73
The Time Zone tab of the
Date/Time Properties
dialog box.
Figure 3-71
The current day is highlighted. To
change the day, click the correct day
1. Click the number you
want to adjust (hour,
minute, or second)
L IC3
Objective: 1.3.3.3 and
1.3.3.5
Req. File: None
2. Click the up or down
arrow to increase or
decrease the selected
hour, minute, or second
Figure 3-73
Figure 3-72
Your computer has its own built-in clock that has many purposes, including determining when
you created or modified a file. For this reason, you should make sure the date and time are set
correctly in computer. This lesson will show you how to set the date and time for your
computer if you find it needs adjusting.
The far right area of the taskbar normally displays the time your computer thinks it is. To
display the date, you merely need to move the pointer over the clock and wait a few seconds.
1.
Display the
Current Date
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
2.
Move the pointer over the clock on the taskbar and wait a few seconds.
A small box that displays the date appears.
To change the date or time, double-click the clock on the taskbar.
Double-click the clock on the far right edge of the taskbar.
The Date/Time Properties dialog box appears, as shown in Figure 3-71. To change the
time setting, click on the area of the clock you want to adjust and then adjust the
settings using the up or down arrows.
Chapter Three: Using an Operating System
141
NOTE: It is very important that you understand the purpose and consequences of a
system setting change before actually changing the setting. For example,
changing the date and time incorrectly can cause files to be stored with
incorrect date/time stamps. Avoid this, and many, inconveniences by
exercising extreme care when changing system settings.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Click the hour part of the time and click the clock’s up-arrow to advance
the time one hour, as shown in Figure 3-72.
You could adjust the minutes the same way—by clicking the minute part of the time
and then clicking the up or down arrows. You can also manually type the numbers in
using the keyboard.
You can change the date in the right area of the dialog box. Change the month and year
by clicking their corresponding text boxes, located above the calendar.
Click the Month list arrow and select January from the list, then click
the Year text box and click the up arrow to advance the year several
years.
The calendar actually displays the days in the selected month. The current day is
highlighted. To change the day, just click the day you want.
Click on day 1 in the calendar, to change the date to January 1.
If you use a laptop, you may need to adjust which time zone you’re in. You can do this
using the Time Zone tab of the Date/Time Properties dialog box.
Click the Time Zone tab.
The Time Zone tab appears in the front of the dialog box, as shown in Figure 3-73. You
can click the Time Zone list arrow to select your current time zone from a list of all
available time zones. Also note the Automatically adjust clock for daylight savings
changes box. When this box is checked, Windows will automatically adjust your
computer’s clock when daylight saving time changes, meaning one less clock you have
to change.
Click Cancel to close the Date/Time Properties dialog box without
applying the date and time changes you’ve made.
The built-in clock in your computer should keep track of the date and time even when you
turn your computer off. If your computer doesn’t keep the proper time and date, it means there
is probably something wrong with your computer’s built-in clock.
Quick
Reference
To Display the Current
Date:
• Point at the clock on the
taskbar for several
seconds.
To Change the Date and/or
Time:
1. Double-click the clock on
the taskbar.
2. Adjust the date and time
using the calendar and
clock controls, as shown
in Figure 3-72 and click
OK.
To Change Time Zones:
1. Double-click the clock on
the taskbar.
2. Click the Time Zone tab
and select the time zone
from the list box and click
OK.
Institute of Applied Technology
142 IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 3-35: Adding
Wallpaper to the Desktop
Figure 3-74
The Background tab of the
Display Properties dialog
box.
Preview of how the selected wallpaper
will look on the desktop
Figure 3-75
Windows with the Carved
Stone wallpaper.
Select from several preset images to
use as wallpaper…
Or click here to use your own picture or
graphic as wallpaper
Specify how the graphic should be
displayed (centered, tiled, or stretched)
L IC3
Objective: 1.3.3.3 and
1.3.3.5
Req. File: None
Figure 3-74
Figure 3-75
Most of us don’t work in a sterile work environment—we decorate our desktops with pictures,
plants, and Dilbert calendars. Similarly, Windows lets you give your computer personality to
reflect your own personal tastes. In this lesson, you will learn how to start personalizing
Windows by adding wallpaper to the Windows desktop. Wallpaper in Windows is a graphical
picture you can stick to the desktop—the blank, background area of the Windows screen.
1.
Desktop
shortcut menu
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
2.
Right-click a blank area on the desktop, and select Properties from the
shortcut menu.
The Display Properties dialog box appears.
Click the Background tab.
The Background tab appears in front of the Display Properties dialog box, as shown in
Figure 3-74. This is where you can select a file to use as wallpaper.
Chapter Three: Using an Operating System
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
143
In the Wallpaper section, select the Coffee Bean file from the list.
A preview appears of what your desktop will look like with the selected wallpaper.
Notice the Display combo box—you can display your wallpaper using one of three
different methods:
•
Center: Centers the image in the middle of your desktop. Use this setting if you
have a large picture you want to display, such as a scanned picture.
•
Tile: Makes a repeated pattern from the image. Use this setting for small to
medium sized pictures and for all the default files listed in the Wallpaper box.
• Stretch: Stretches the image so that it fills the entire screen.
Click the Display list arrow and select Tile.
You’re ready to add your wallpaper.
Click Apply.
The Coffee Bean design appears in a tiled pattern on your screen. If you want to use a
picture that isn’t listed in the Wallpaper section, such as a scanned picture of your
family, you can click the Browse button.
Click the Browse button.
A Browse dialog box appears, asking you to specify the name and location of the file
you want to use as your wallpaper.
Close the Browse dialog box.
To remove wallpaper from your screen, just repeat steps 1 and 2, and select (None)
from the Wallpaper section.
NOTE: Remembering the system setting changes that you’ve made can make it much
easier to modify or remove them. If you are unsure about a system setting
change, make sure to keep track of your actions so you don’t get stuck with an
unintended setting.
In the Wallpaper section, select (None) from the list, and then click OK.
The Display Properties dialog box closes, and the wallpaper is removed from the
screen.
Here’s one more wallpaper tip: if you’re surfing the Web with Microsoft’s Internet Explorer
(the Web browser that comes with Windows 2000) and happen to see a graphic or picture you
like, you can use it as your wallpaper. Just right-click the graphic and select the Set as
Wallpaper option from the shortcut menu to save the image from the Internet and display it as
wallpaper.
Quick
Reference
To Add or Change
Wallpaper:
1. Right-click a blank area
on the desktop and select
Properties from the
shortcut menu.
2. Make sure the
Background tab is
selected, then select the
wallpaper you want to use
from the preset list or click
Browse and specify the
name and location of your
own picture or graphic
you want to use as
wallpaper.
3. Select how you want the
wallpaper to be displayed
(centered, tiled, or
stretched) from the
Display list (optional).
4. Click OK.
Institute of Applied Technology
144 IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 3-36: Changing Screen
Colors
Figure 3-76
The Appearance tab of the
Display Properties dialog
box.
Figure 3-77
The Desert color scheme.
Figure 3-77
1. To change the color of a specific item, click
the item in the preview area (which also
displays how your screen will look)…
…or select it from the Item list.
L IC3
Objective: 1.3.3.3
Req. File: None
2. Once you have selected an item, change it’s
color by selecting a color from the color
palette
Figure 3-76
Select a color scheme here
Another way to personalize Windows is to change the screen colors. Windows screen colors
include all the basic parts of a window: the title bar, the menu, any scroll bars, etc. Windows
comes with an assortment of color schemes you can use, and if you don’t like any of the color
schemes, you can create your own.
1.
2.
3.
4.
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
Right-click a blank area on the desktop, and select Properties from the
shortcut menu.
The Display Properties dialog box appears.
Click the Appearance tab.
The Appearance tab appears in front of the Display Properties dialog box, as shown in
Figure 3-76. This is where you can change the colors of the various window elements,
or you can use a color scheme to change the appearance of many screen elements all at
once.
Click the Scheme list arrow and select the Desert scheme from the list.
The preview area of the dialog box displays how your screen will look with the
selected color scheme. You can also change the colors for the various elements of a
window. First, you need to select the item or element.
Click the Title bar of the Active Window in the preview area of the
dialog box.
The words “Active Title Bar” should appear in the in Item combo box. You can also
select an item by selecting it from the Item combo box—but it’s more intuitive to click
the item from the preview area. Next, you can change the color and the font (if it’s
used) of the selected item.
Chapter Three: Using an Operating System
5.
6.
7.
Click the Color list arrow.
A color palette appears below the Color box. Select the color you want use for the
selected item.
Select the Red color from the color palette.
The preview area of the dialog box displays the active title bar in red. To make and
confirm your changes, you would normally click Apply or OK. However, since you
don’t want to keep these changes for now you can click Cancel instead.
Click the Cancel button to close the Display Properties dialog box
without saving any of your screen color changes.
145
Color Palette
You can always return to the original Windows color scheme by opening the Display
Properties dialog box, clicking the Appearance tab, and selecting the Windows Standard
scheme from the scheme list.
Quick
Reference
To Change Windows Color
Scheme:
1. Right-click a blank area
on the desktop and select
Properties from the
shortcut menu.
2. Click the Appearance
tab.
3. Select a color scheme
from the Scheme list and
click OK.
To Change the Color of a
Specific Windows Item:
1. Repeat Steps 1 and 2 of
the previous instructions.
2. Select the item from the
Item list or by clicking it
in the Preview area.
3. Select a color from the
color palette and click
OK.
Institute of Applied Technology
146 IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 3-37: Adjusting the
Screen Resolution
Figure 3-78
Lower resolution (640 by
480) displays larger
images on the screen;
higher resolutions (800 by
600) displays smaller
images but lets you see
more information at once.
Figure 3-79
The Settings tab of the
Display Properties dialog
box.
640 by 480 pixels
Figure 3-78
800 by 600 pixels
Figure 3-80
The Display Properties
warning dialog box.
Figure 3-80
Figure 3-81
Click Yes to keep the new
resolution, click No to
switch back to the original
resolution setting.
Drag the slider
to select the
display
resolution
Figure 3-81
Figure 3-79
L IC3
Objective: 1.3.3.3
Req. File: None
Screen Resolution has to do with how much information can fit on the computer screen.
Obviously, you can’t adjust how large or small your computer’s monitor is (without buying a
new one that is), but you can make all the images on your screen larger or smaller so you can
see more information at once.
1.
2.
3.
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
Right-click a blank area on the desktop and select Properties from the
shortcut menu.
The Display Properties dialog box appears.
Click the Settings tab.
The Settings tab appears in front of the Display Properties dialog box, as shown in
Figure 3-79. The Screen area is where you can change the resolution setting. Look at
the numbers of pixels that are displayed—that is the current display resolution.
Slide the bar in the Screen area all the way to the left.
The number of pixels should change to 640 by 480. If your slider is already set at 640
by 480, move the slider one notch to the right, to 800 by 600.
Chapter Three: Using an Operating System
4.
5.
6.
147
Click Apply.
A dialog box, similar to the one shown in Figure 3-80 appears.
Click OK to confirm the change in resolution.
If you’re unlucky and have an older computer, Windows may have to restart the
computer to resize the screen. If you’re lucky, Windows will resize the screen without
restarting your computer. Windows asks you if you like the new resolution setting, as
shown in Figure 3-81. If you do like it, click the Yes button, if you don’t, click the No
button. If you don’t do anything, Windows assumes you don’t like the new resolution
setting, or your monitor can’t display the new resolution, and switches back to the
original resolution.
Click No to return to the original resolution setting.
For a more complete description of the various resolution settings you can use, see Table
3-11: Common Screen Resolutions. The highest resolution you can display depends on how
much memory is installed on your video card. Most video cards have enough memory to
display at least 800 by 600 resolution.
Higher Resolutions Require More Speed and Video Memory
Table 3-11: Common Screen Resolutions
Resolution
Description
No longer supported in most computers, 640 by 480 used to be the lowest
resolution setting. Larger and cheaper monitors have made 640 by 480
resolution effectively obsolete.
640 by 480
800 by 600
This has been the standard resolution setting for most computers, and is the
lowest setting on newer monitors. This is a good in-between resolution,
allowing you to display quite a bit of information on the screen without having
to use a magnifying glass to read it. Use this setting if you have a 15-inch or
17-inch monitor.
1024 by 768
The new standard, 1024 by 768 puts a lot of information on your screen, but
the images can start getting small and difficult to read at this point (unless you
have a large monitor). Use this setting if you have a 17-inch or larger monitor
or when you want to see a lot of information at the same time, for example if
you’re working on a large spreadsheet, graphic files, or multiple windows.
Depending on how expensive the graphics card in your computer is, there may
be several higher modes of resolution which continue to display more and
more information and smaller and smaller images.
Higher
resolutions
Quick
Reference
To Change the Screen
Resolution:
1. Right-click a blank area
on the desktop and select
Properties from the
shortcut menu.
2. Click the Settings tab.
3. Slide the Screen Area
slider to the right or left to
select the resolution you
want to use.
4. Click OK.
Institute of Applied Technology
148 IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 3-38: Adjusting the
Screen Color Depth
Figure 3-82
You can change the
number of colors
displayed on your screen,
resulting in more realistic
images.
Figure 3-83
The Settings tab of the
Display Properties dialog
box.
16 Colors
L IC3
Figure 3-83
Objective: 1.3.3.3
Req. File: None
Change the color
depth here
High Color (16 bit)
Figure 3-82
Another change you can make to your display settings is the number of colors that are
displayed on the screen at once, or the color depth. Why would you want to change the
number of colors displayed on your screen? Perhaps you want to use higher color depth
settings to make videos and photographs more realistic. Or some finicky games also require
you to use a specific color depth.
1.
2.
3.
Right-click a blank area on the desktop, and select Properties from the
shortcut menu.
The Display Properties dialog box appears.
Click the Settings tab.
The Settings tab appears in front of the Display Properties dialog box, as shown in
Figure 3-83. The Colors combo box is where you can select the color depth you want
to use. The Colors combo box displays the current color depth setting.
Click the Colors list arrow and select 16 Colors.
If your Color box is already set to display 16 Colors or if there isn’t a 16 Color option,
then select 256 Colors.
NOTE: If 16 Colors is the only option that appears in the Colors combo box it means
your video card is not properly installed. You’ll need to reinstall the video
drivers (software) that came along with your computer or video card.
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
Chapter Three: Using an Operating System
4.
5.
6.
149
Click Apply.
A dialog box appears, asking you confirm the changes you’ve made to the display
settings.
Click OK to confirm the display setting changes.
Windows may have to restart the computer to change the display setting. A dialog box
will appear, asking you if you like the new display settings. Here again, click Yes if you
want to keep the new settings and No if you want to switch back to the original color
depth. If you don’t do anything, Windows assumes you don’t like the new resolution
setting, or your monitor can’t display the new resolution, and switches back to the
original display settings.
Click No to return to the color depth setting.
For a more complete description of the various color depth settings you can use, see the table
below. The maximum color depth, or simultaneous number of colors you can display at once,
depends on how much memory is installed on your video card. Most video cards have enough
memory to display at least High Color (16-bit) resolution.
More Colors Require More Speed and Video Memory
Table 3-12: Common Color Depths
Color Depth
Description
256 Colors
16-bit
No longer supported on many computers, 256 colors was the standard color
depth years ago. Most computers and video cards these days are fast enough to
run with more colors without taking a performance hit, making this color depth
almost obsolete.
16-bit color displays roughly 65,000 colors at once. This is the point where
pictures become photo-realistic. This is a good color depth setting because it can
display photo-realistic images without slowing your computer down. You have to
really squint to see much difference between 16-bit color and higher levels of
color depth.
24-bit color displays 16.7 million colors at once. Depending on how expensive
the graphics card in your computer is, there may be several higher modes of
color depth, which continue to display more and more colors on the screen.
24-bit
32-bit color displays 16.7 million colors at once. 32-bit color is faster and more
efficient than 24-bit color.
32-bit
Quick
Reference
To Change the Screen
Resolution:
1. Right-click a blank area
on the desktop and select
Properties from the
shortcut menu.
2. Click the Settings tab.
3. Click the Colors list and
select the Color Depth
setting you want to use.
4. Click OK.
Institute of Applied Technology
150 IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 3-39: Using a Screen
Saver
Figure 3-84
The Settings tab of the
Display Properties dialog
box.
Displays how the screen saver will look
Specify how much time must elapse before
Windows displays the selected screen saver.
L IC3
Objective: 1.3.3.3
Req. File: None
Assign a password to your screen saver to
protect your computer from unauthorized use.
Windows will not clear a screen saver until this
password is typed correctly. To assign a
password, add a check here and click the
change button.
Figure 3-84
Select a specific screen saver here
Change the energy saving features of your
monitor
A screen saver is a moving image that appears on the computer screen when you haven’t used
your computer for a while. Screen savers were originally used to protect screens from screen
burn, which could occur when an static image was left on the screen for hours and hours. You
may have seen examples of screen burn on older cash machines. You don’t have to worry
about screen burn with today’s monitors, but many people still like to use screen savers for
entertainment and to personalize their computers.
This lesson will show you how make a screen saver appear if your computer hasn’t been
touched for a while. You will also learn how to conserve power by having the monitor switch
to a low-power standby mode or even turn itself off if the computer has been idle.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Screen Saver
settings
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
Right-click a blank area on the desktop, and select Properties from the
shortcut menu.
The Display Properties dialog box appears.
Click the Screen Saver tab.
The Screen Saver tab appears in front of the Display Properties dialog box, as shown in
Figure 3-83.
Click the Screen Saver list arrow.
A list of the available screen savers appears.
Select the Starfield Simulation screen saver from the list.
A preview of the Flying Windows screen saver appears in the preview area of the
dialog box. You can also preview the screen saver in full screen mode by clicking the
Preview button. You can change the settings for the selected screen saver by clicking
the Settings button.
Chapter Three: Using an Operating System
151
5.
Click the Settings button.
A dialog box appears with settings for the selected screen saver. The options listed in
this dialog box will differ depending on the screen saver. There may be options for how
many and what type of objects should appear on the screen, how fast the objects should
move, or if you want to hear sounds when the screen saver is active—it depends on
which screen saver is selected.
6. Click Cancel to close the Options for Flying Windows dialog box.
You can assign a password to your screen saver to protect your computer from
unauthorized use by clicking the Password protected check box. Windows will not
clear a screen saver until this password is typed correctly.
You can easily change the amount of time it takes before Windows displays the
selected screen saver.
7. Click the Wait box and type 15.
You can also click the Wait box up arrow until the number 15 appears. Now the screen
saver will appear when you don’t use your computer for 15 minutes.
Instead of using a screen saver, if you have an Energy Star compliant monitor you can
conserve power by switching the monitor to a low-power standby mode or even have
the monitor turn itself off if the computer hasn’t been used for a while. Most monitors
made in the last five years are Energy Star compliant.
8. Click the Power button in the Energy saving features of monitor section.
The Power Management dialog box appears.
9. Click the Turn off monitor list arrow and select After 30 minutes.
This setting will cause your monitor to turn itself off when the computer hasn’t been
used for 30 minutes. To turn the monitor back on, simply press a key on the keyboard
or move the mouse—you don’t need to push the monitor’s on/off switch.
10. Click OK.
EnergyStar
compliant logo
Quick
Reference
To Set Up a Screen Saver:
1. Right-click a blank area
on the desktop and select
Properties from the
shortcut menu.
2. Click the Screen Saver
tab.
3. Click the Screen Saver
list and select a screen
saver.
4. (Optional) Specify how
much time must elapse
before Windows displays
the selected screen saver
in the Wait box and click
the Password Protected
check box and click
Change to assign a
password to the screen
saver.
5. Click OK.
To Adjust the EnergySaving Features of your
Monitor:
1. Follow the preceding
Steps 1 and 2.
2. Click the Settings button
in the Energy Saving
Features section and
adjust the interval after
which the monitor shuts
off.
Institute of Applied Technology
152 IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 3-40: Changing
System and Program Sounds
Figure 3-85
Displays the events
to which you can
assign sounds
The Sounds Properties
dialog box.
Figure 3-86
Click
to hear the
selected sound.
The Browse for Sound file
dialog box.
Click to use your
own sound file
Select a preset
sound from the
selected sound
scheme
L IC3
Objective: 1.3.3.3
Req. File: None
Figure 3-85
Figure 3-86
Select the sound
scheme you want to
use
Computers still have a long way to go before they can talk to you, but they can give you
simple audio feedback, as long as your computer has a sound card and speakers. This lesson
shows you how to assign sounds to events performed on your computer. An event is an action
performed by you or a program. For example, when you press an incorrect key, the computer
sometimes utters a simple beep. If you have a sound card, you can choose to play a sound
other than a boring beep whenever you press an incorrect key. Other events you can assign
sounds to include when you start or quit Windows.
1.
2.
Sounds and
Multimedia
3.
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
Open the Control Panel by clicking the Start button and selecting
Settings → Control Panel from the menu.
The Control Panel opens.
Double-click the Sounds and Multimedia icon.
The Sounds Properties dialog box appears, as shown in Figure 3-85. The Sounds
Properties dialog box displays the events to which you can assign sounds and the
available sounds that you can associate with the events. There are also a number of
sound schemes available that you can use to change the sounds assigned to many
different system events all at once.
Select the Exit Windows in the Events list.
You can listen to the sound that is currently assigned to any event by selecting the
event and then clicking the triangular play button in the Preview area of the dialog box.
The sound assigned to the Exit Windows event (if one is assigned) appears in the Name
box.
Chapter Three: Using an Operating System
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Click the Play button in the Preview area of the dialog box to listen to
the sound assigned to the Exit Windows event.
If you don’t hear a sound, either the Exit Windows event doesn’t have a sound assigned
to it (you can check this by looking at the Name box) or else your computer doesn’t
have a soundcard and/or speakers, the volume is turned off, or the soundcard drivers
are not installed correctly.
To assign a different event to the selected sound, click the Browse button to select the
sound.
Click the Browse button.
A Browse window appears, as shown in Figure 3-86. Select the location and file for the
sound you want to hear every time the selected event occurs.
Double-click the Microsoft Sound.
The Microsoft Sound is now assigned to the Exit Windows event. You can listen to The
Microsoft Sound by clicking the triangular play button in the Preview area of the
dialog box.
Click the Play button in the Preview area of the dialog box to listen to
The Microsoft Sound.
You can quickly assign sounds to many system events at the same time by using a
sound scheme. A scheme is a set of events and the sounds associated with them. Table
3-13: Common Sound Schemes lists the sound schemes that ship with Windows.
Click the Schemes list arrow and select the Utopia sound scheme.
Windows may ask you if you want to save your current sound scheme—you can
answer No to this. Now Windows will use the Utopia sound scheme for any system
events.
NOTE: Windows 2000 may not have installed all the sound schemes during
installation. To make sure all the sound schemes are installed, open the
Control Panel, double-click the Add/Remove Programs icon, click the
Windows Setup tab, select the Multimedia option and click Details, and make
sure the Multimedia sound schemes options is checked in.
Click Cancel to close the Sounds Properties dialog box without saving
your changes.
Table 3-13: Common Sound Schemes
Scheme
Description
Jungle
Sounds you might hear in the jungle: lions roaring and bird chirping
Utopia
A no-nonsense scheme: clicking, whooshing, and sliding sounds
Windows Default
Window’s standard beep sounds (boring!)
Musica
Sounds you might hear in an orchestra: drums, clarinets, trumpets
Robotz
Industrial, mechanical sounds you might hear in some futuristic factory
153
Quick
Reference
To Use a Sound Scheme:
1. Click the Start button
and click Settings →
Control Panel.
2. Double-click the Sounds
icon.
3. Select a scheme from the
Schemes list.
4. Click OK.
To Assign a Sound to a
Specific Windows Event:
1. Follow the above Steps 1
and 2.
2. Select the event from the
Event list.
3. Click the Browse button
and specify and the
location and name of the
sound file you want to
assign to the event. Click
the Play button to listen to
the selected sound.
4. Click OK.
Institute of Applied Technology
154 IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 3-41: Adjusting the
Mouse
Figure 3-87
The Buttons tab of the
Mouse Properties dialog
box.
Specify if you are right-handed or left-handed to switch the
functions of the left and right mouse buttons
Figure 3-88
The Motion tab of the
Mouse Properties dialog
box.
Specify weather you want to open items by clicking them
once (like the Web) or twice (the traditional method)
Drag the slider to change the double-click speed
Double-click this area to test the double-click speed
L IC3
Objective: 1.3.3.3
Req. File: None
Figure 3-87
Drag the slider to change the pointer
speed
Adjust how much your pointer moves
when you move your mouse faster
Specifies whether the mouse pointer
snaps to the default button (such as OK
or Apply) in dialog boxes
Figure 3-88
A common complaint many users have about Windows is they don’t like how the mouse
works. The mouse either is too slow or too fast, does not respond very well to your doubleclicks, or worst of all if you’re left-handed, its buttons are in the wrong places!
This lesson shows you how to adjust the mouse settings to make it easier for you to work
with.
1.
2.
Mouse icon
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
Open the Control Panel by clicking the Start button and selecting
Settings → Control Panel from the menu.
The Control Panel opens.
Double-click the Mouse icon to change the mouse settings.
The Buttons tab of the Mouse Properties dialog box appears, as shown in Figure 3-87.
Chapter Three: Using an Operating System
3.
4.
5.
6.
Many people complain that the double-click speed setting for Windows is too fast. To
adjust the amount of time between clicks, drag the Double-click speed slider to the
right or left. You can test the double-click speed by double-clicking the jack-in-the-box
in the Test area box.
Slide the Double-click slider to Slow, and then double-click the jack-inthe-box in the Test area.
Jack jumps out of his box when you complete a successful double-click.
Slide the Double-click slider to Fast, and then double-click the jack-inthe-box in the Test area.
You probably won’t be able to double-click fast enough to make Jack go in or out of
his box with the double-click setting this fast.
You will have to experiment with the Double-click slider, adjusting it to find a
double-click speed that suits your own personal preferences. Most people find that the
double-click speed works best somewhere in the middle or somewhat to the left of the
Double-click speed bar.
Click the Motion tab.
The Motion tab of the Mouse Properties dialog box appears, as shown in Figure 3-88.
Here you can also adjust how fast the mouse pointer moves across your screen when
you move the mouse by dragging the Pointer speed slider to the right or left.
Now that you understand how to adjust the mouse to your liking, you can close the
Mouse Properties dialog box to end the lesson.
Click Cancel to close the Mouse Properties dialog box without saving
your changes.
155
Double-click
Test Area
Quick
Reference
To Open the Mouse
Properties Dialog Box:
• Click the Start button,
select Settings →
Control Panel and
double-click the Mouse
icon.
To the Left and Right
Mouse Buttons:
• Open the Mouse
Properties dialog box,
click the select either the
Right-handed or Lefthanded option and click
OK.
To Change the
Double-Click Speed:
• Open the Mouse
Properties dialog box,
drag the Pointer Speed
slider to a new position,
and click OK.
To Change the Pointer
Speed:
• Open the Mouse
Properties dialog box,
click the Motion tab, drag
the Pointer Speed slider
to a new position, and
click OK.
Institute of Applied Technology
156 IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 3-42: Changing the
Default Printer and Printer
Settings
Figure 3-89
Right-click any printer in
the Printers folder to
change its settings.
Figure 3-90
The Printer Properties
dialog box will be different
for every printer,
depending on the printer’s
features.
Figure 3-89
Clicking a tab lets
you view and
change those
settings for your
printer
L IC3
Objective: 1.3.3.4
Req. File: None
Set Printing Preferences
Figure 3-90
Default Printer
Sometimes, you may want a little more from the relationship between your computer and your
printer. Perhaps you have more than one printer connected to your computer and want to
change the default printer. Maybe you want to take advantage of some of your printer’s more
advanced features, or maybe you are having trouble printing and want to look at your printer’s
settings to find out what’s wrong.
This lesson will show you how to change which printer your computer uses as the default
printer (where your computer prints everything unless you choose a different printer from the
printer list) and how to view and change the default settings for your printer.
1.
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
Click the Start button and select Settings → Printers from the menu.
The Printers window appears.
Chapter Three: Using an Operating System
2.
3.
4.
Right-click the printer you want to set as your new default printer and
select Set as Default Printer from the shortcut menu.
The default printer displays a black checkmark. Any documents you print will now
be sent to the new default printer.
You can also view the properties for all of your printers in the Printers folder. Here’s
how:
Right-click the printer whose properties you want to view and select
Properties from the shortcut menu.
The Properties dialog box for your particular printer appears, as shown in Figure 3-90.
Keep in mind that every printer is different, so the Properties dialog box for your
particular printer may look a lot different from the one shown. All Printer Properties
dialog boxes let you change the default options for your particular printer—what port it
uses, its print quality, etc.
Click Cancel to close the Properties dialog box, then close the Printers
folder.
157
Printers folder
Other Ways to Open the
Printers Folder:
• Open My Computer and
double-click the
Printers folder.
Quick
Reference
To Change the Default
Printer:
1. Open the Printers folder
by clicking the Start
button and selecting
Settings → Printers.
2. Right-click the desired
printer and select Set as
Default from the shortcut
menu.
To View/Change a
Printer’s Properties:
• Open the Printers folder,
right-click the appropriate
printer, and select
Properties from the
shortcut menu.
Institute of Applied Technology
158 IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 3-43: Installing New
Software
Figure 3-91
The Add/Remove
Programs Properties
dialog box.
Figure 3-92
The installation program
for every software
program is different-—but
most of them work the
same way.
Figure 3-91
L IC3
Objective: 1.3.3.6 and
1.3.3.7
Req. File: None
Figure 3-92
Most programs come with specific instructions that explain their own installation better than
this lesson ever could. Still, if you’ve misplaced the instructions or never had them to begin
with, for example if you’ve downloaded a program off the Internet, this lesson will help you
install most programs.
1.
Add/Remove
Programs
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
Find the Program’s disk (or disks) and insert it (or the first disk) into the
disk drive.
If your software comes on more than one disk, dig through the box until you find a disk
labeled Disk 1, Installation, or Setup.
Actually, if you’re installing a newer program from a CD-ROM you might not have to
do much more—a lot of CD-ROM’s will automatically start the installation program
when the CD is inserted. You can move on to Step 8 if this is the case.
Finally if you’re installing a program from a file located on your hard drive or a
network drive skip to Step 6.
Chapter Three: Using an Operating System
2.
3.
Click the Start button and select Settings → Control Panel from the
menu.
The Control Panel appears.
Double-click the Add/Remove Programs icon.
The Add/Remove Programs Properties dialog box appears, as shown in Figure 3-91.
159
Add New
Programs
NOTE: Some systems (such as centrally managed computer networks) have system
administrators that perform all software-related tasks. If you are denied access
to add/remove a program, this is most likely the case.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Click the Add New Programs button, click the CD or Floppy button,
and click Next.
Windows searches your floppy drive and CD-ROM for the program you want to install.
Most programs come with a special program called SETUP or INSTALL, which
installs the main program onto your computer.
If you’re installing a program from a CD-ROM or floppy disk, you’ll probably only
have to follow the first four steps—and you can skip ahead to Step 8. If Windows can’t
find the installation program move on to Step 5.
Click Cancel to close the Install window and close the Control Panel.
If you’re installing a finicky program, a program that you’ve downloaded from the
Internet, or a program located on a network, you’re probably going to have to install
the program yourself.
Open My Computer.
You have to open the disk drive or folder where the setup program is located. For
example, double-click the CD-ROM icon if you’re installing from a CD-ROM. If
you’re installing a file you’ve downloaded from the Internet, find and open the folder
where you saved the file.
Find and double-click any files called Setup or similarly named files.
Follow the onscreen instructions to install the program.
Every program is different, and so is its installation program. Most installation programs have
more in common with each other than they have differences. Most use a step-by-step Wizard
to guide you through the installation process, most let you specify where you want to install
the program (although they have their own default folder in mind), and most let you specify
which program components you want to install.
Most installation programs create their own folder and icons in the Start menu, which can be
both a blessing and a curse—a blessing because you don’t have to manually add an icon to the
Programs menu, a curse because if you’ve installed a lot of software onto your computer, your
Programs menu will be cluttered with dozens of folders and programs. You can always
reorganize the Programs menu and reduce the amount of folders and clutter—something you
learned back in a previous lesson.
Most programs have
a special installation
program used to
install them onto
your computer.
These programs are
usually named
Setup, Install, or
something similar.
Quick
Reference
To Install Software:
1. Find the Program’s disk
(or disks) and insert it (or
the first disk) into the disk
drive.
2. Click the Start button
and select Settings →
Control Panel.
3. Double-click the
Add/Remove Programs
icon.
4. Click the Install button
and then click Next.
If this doesn’t work, click
Cancel, close the Control
Panel, open My Computer
find the disk drive or
folder where the program
you want to install is
located, and find doubleclick the installation
program (usually called
SETUP).
5. Follow the on-screen
instructions to install the
program.
Institute of Applied Technology
160 IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Lesson 3-44: Removing
Software
Figure 3-93
The Add/Remove
Programs Properties lists
all the Windows programs
that are installed on your
computer.
Figure 3-94
The Confirm File Deletion
dialog box.
Select the
program that
you want to
delete or
add/remove
components
from…
All the programs
that are installed on
your computer
appear here
…and click its
Change/Remove
button
L IC3
Objective: 1.3.3.6 and
1.3.3.7
Req. File: None
Figure 3-93
Figure 3-94
You’ve finally finished that adventure game you’ve spent 100 hours on, and since you no
longer need the game, you decide to reclaim the 200 megabytes it occupies on your hard
drive. So how do you remove, or erase, a program that you no longer need from Windows?
You’ll learn how in this lesson.
Before Windows 95, removing programs from the computer was a very messy process—so
messy in fact, that most people never removed programs they no longer needed. The unused
programs just sat there, taking up valuable space on the hard drive. Times have changed, and
removing most programs is a breeze with Windows 2000. The following steps should remove
all but the most belligerent, obsolete programs from your computer.
1.
2.
Add/Remove
Programs
Click the Start button and select Settings → Control Panel from the
menu.
The Control Panel window appears.
Double-click the Add/Remove Programs icon.
The Add/Remove Programs Properties dialog box appears, as shown in Figure 3-93.
Hopefully, most of the programs installed on your computer should appear somewhere
on this list, in alphabetically order.
NOTE: Some systems (such as centrally managed computer networks) have system
administrators that perform all software-related tasks. If you are denied access
to add/remove a program, this is most likely the case.
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
Chapter Three: Using an Operating System
3.
4.
161
Find and select the program you want to remove from your computer,
and click its Change/Remove… button.
Be absolutely sure you want to remove the program, as it will be completely erased
from your hard disk. If you created any files or documents with the program you want
to remove, it’s probably a good idea to back them up, although removing a program
usually doesn’t affect any files it created.
Finish removing the selected program by following the onscreen
instructions.
Since every program is different, the steps for removing the programs may differ
slightly as well. They usually involve nothing more than confirming that you want to
really want to delete the program and possibly having to select which components of a
program you want to delete. You may also have to restart your computer.
After following the prompts and instructions, the selected program is deleted from your
computer. Of course, you can always reinstall the program, should you ever decide you
need it again.
What if the program I want to remove doesn’t appear in the list? Sorry, but then there is no
easy way to remove the program. It was probably written for an older version of Windows or
even MS-DOS and cannot be automatically removed by Windows. There are still several
things you can try to remove the program:
First, check the menu group where the program is located in the Start menu. Usually there are
several additional programs or icons. If one of the options says something like “Uninstall
Brand X Software” you’re in luck—you can click that option and remove the program.
Second, you can purchase and install an Uninstall program to remove the obtrusive program.
Uninstall programs are great for removing older Windows programs, and they’re usually safe
to use too. The only disadvantage is that you have to buy them. How many older Windows
programs do you need to remove from your computer? If it is only one or two, then the
prospect of paying $30 to $50 for an Uninstall program isn’t very appealing.
Third, you can try erasing the program the old-fashioned way—by opening My Computer or
Windows Explorer and finding and deleting the folder where the program is located. Be very
careful and make sure you know what you’re doing when you remove or erase the program
yourself—you don’t want to inadvertently delete something that shouldn’t be deleted!
Quick
Reference
To Remove a Program:
1. Click the Start button
and select Settings →
Control Panel.
2. Double-click the
Add/Remove Programs
icon.
3. Find and select the
program you want to
remove from your
computer, and then click
its Change/Remove…
button.
4. Finish removing the
selected program by
following the on-screen
instructions.
Institute of Applied Technology
162 IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Chapter Three Review
Lesson Summary
Operating Systems
•
An operating system loads automatically and controls just about everything on your computer.
Understanding Graphical User Interfaces
•
A Graphical User Interface, or GUI, makes computers easier to operate by using pictures and
icons to represent files and programs.
Understanding the Windows 2000 Screen
•
Be able to identify the main components of the Windows screen.
Understanding the Parts of a Window
•
Be able to identify a window’s title bar, menu, minimize, maximize, and close buttons.
Maximizing, Minimizing, and Restoring a Window
•
To Maximize a Window: Click the window’s
title bar.
•
To Restore a Maximized Window: Click the window’s
window’s title bar.
•
To Minimize a Window: Click the window’s
•
To Restore a Minimized Window: Click the window’s icon on the taskbar.
Maximize button, or double-click the window’s
Restore button, or double-click the
Minimize button.
Closing a Window
•
To Close a Window: Click the window’s
Close button, or right-click the program’s icon on the
task bar and select Close, or press <Alt> + <F4>.
•
To Close All Open Windows: Hold down the <Shift> key while you click the
any window.
Close button of
Moving a Window
•
Click and drag the window by its title bar. Release the mouse button to drop the window in the
desired location on the screen.
Resizing a Window
•
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
Point at the window’s edge until the pointer changes to a double-arrow (like
), or point at the
window’s corner until the pointer changes to a double arrow (like ). Then click and hold down the
mouse button and drag the edge or corner until the window is the size you want.
Chapter Three: Using an Operating System
163
Shutting Down or Restarting the Computer
•
To Shut Down Windows: Save and close files you’ve been working on and exit all of the
programs. Click the Start button and select Shut Down. Click the Shut Down list arrow, select
Shut Down from the list, and click OK.
•
To Restart Windows: Save any files you’ve been working on and exit all your programs. Click the
Start button and select Shut Down. Click the Shut Down list arrow and select Restart from the
list, and click OK.
Using the Task Manager to Shut Down a Program
•
Press <Ctrl> + <Alt> + <Delete> to open the Task Manager. Or, right-click the taskbar and select
Task Manager from the shortcut menu. In the Application tab, select the program that is not
responding and click the End Task button.
Starting a Program
•
Click the Start button and point to the Programs option. Click the menu and any submenus where
the program you want to run is located. When you have found the program, click it.
Switching Between Open Windows
•
Click the program’s icon on the taskbar, or click any part of the window you want to appear on front,
or press and hold down the <Alt> key and press the <Tab> to display the task list. Press the
<Tab> key until the program you want is selected, then release the <Alt> key.
Adding a Shortcut to the Start Menu
•
To Add a Program to the Start Menu: Right-click a blank area of the task bar and select
Properties from the shortcut menu. Click the Start Menu Programs tab and click Add. Click the
Browse button, open the program’s folder, and double-click the program name. Click Next button,
open the program’s folder and double-click the program name.
•
To Remove a Program from the Start Menu: Right-click a blank area of the task bar and select
Properties from the shortcut menu. Click the Start Menu Programs tab and click Remove. Open
the program’s folder, select the program, and click Remove. Click Close and then click OK.
•
The items in the Programs menu are only shortcuts that point to the actual program files, which are
located elsewhere on your computer. Deleting a shortcut from the Programs menu doesn’t delete
the actual program.
Moving and Deleting Desktop Icons and Creating Shortcuts
•
To Create Desktop Icons:
•
To Move Desktop Icons: Click the object you want to move and hold down the mouse button.
While you’re holding down the mouse button, drag the object to the desired location on the screen
and then release the mouse button.
•
To Delete an Item from the Desktop: Right-click the item and select Delete from the shortcut
menu.
•
To Rename a Desktop Icon: Right-click the icon and select Rename from the shortcut menu.
Understanding Drives, Folders, Files and Storage Devices
•
Be able to identify the common storage devices used to store files, and understand the hierarchical
system of drives, folders, and files on your computer.
Institute of Applied Technology
164 IC3 Module 1 – Computing Fundamentals
Using My Computer
•
To View the Contents of Your Computer: Double-click the My Computer icon on the Windows
Desktop.
•
To Navigate to a Folder or File: Follow the above step to open My Computer and then doubleclick the drive or folder to navigate through the levels of your computer.
Navigating to a File or Folder
•
To Open a Folder: Double-click the folder.
•
To Move Back or Up to the Previous Level or Folder: Click the Up button on the toolbar. Or,
click the Back button on the toolbar. Or, click the Address Bar on the toolbar and select the
appropriate drive or folder.
Creating a Folder and Viewing Folder Details
•
To Create a New Folder: Open the disk or folder where you want to place the new folder. Rightclick any empty area in the window and select New → Folder from the shortcut menu, or select
File → New → Folder from the menu. Type a name for the folder and press <Enter>.
•
To View Folder Details: Click the Views button on the toolbar and select the view you want to
use. (Select Details to view information about each item in the folder). Or, right-click the folder and
select Properties from the shortcut menu.
Common File Types
•
Be able to identify common file types.
Counting Files in a Folder
•
To Count Files in a Folder (including files in subfolders): Right-click the folder and select
Properties from the shortcut menu. Find the number of files (including files in subfolders) and the
number of subfolders in the Contains section of the Properties dialog box.
•
To Count Files of the Same File Type: Select the files of the same file type you want to count.
Right-click the selected files and select Properties from the shortcut menu. Find the number of
files selected at the top of the Properties dialog box and the type of selected files in the Type
section of the Properties dialog box.
Changing File Status
•
Right-click the file. Select Properties from the shortcut menu and check the status you want:
Read-only or Hidden. Click OK.
Sorting Files
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
•
To Change How Items are Displayed: Select View from the menu and select from one of the four
view modes (Large Icons, Small Icons, List, or Details), or select a view from the View button list
arrow on the toolbar.
•
To Change How Items are Sorted: Follow the above step to display the window in Details View.
Click the column heading you want to use to sort the window. Click the column heading again to
sort in reverse order.
•
To Automatically Arrange Icons: Select View → Arrange Icons → Auto Arrange from the
menu.
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Using File Extensions and Renaming Files and Folders
•
File Extensions help the computer identify files. They are not shown by default.
•
To Rename a File: Right-click the file, select Rename from the shortcut menu, type a name for the
folder and press <Enter>. Or, click the file to select it, select File → Rename from the menu, type
a name for the folder and press <Enter>.
Selecting Files and Folders
•
If the files are next to each other you can click and drag a rectangle around the files you want to
select. Or, if the files are next to each other you can click the first file you want to select, press and
hold down the <Shift> key and click the last file you want to select. If the files aren’t next to each
other you can select random files by holding the <Ctrl> key and clicking the files you want to
select.
Duplicating and Moving Files and Folders
•
To Move a Folder: Drag the folder to the desired location (you might have to open another My
Computer window). Or, click the folder to select it and click the
Move To button on the toolbar.
Select the folder or disk where you want to move the folder and click OK.
•
To Copy a Folder: Hold down the <Ctrl> key while you drag the folder to the desired location (you
might have to open another My Computer window). Or, click the folder to select it, click the
Copy To button on the toolbar, and select the folder or disk where you want to move the folder.
Click OK.
Using the Folders Pane
•
To Open a File or Folder: Double-click the file or folder.
•
To Move a File or Folder: Drag the file or folder to the desired location in either pane of the
window.
•
To Copy a File or Folder: Hold down the <Ctrl> key while you drag the file or folder to the desired
location in either pane of the window.
•
To Create a New Folder: Click the disk or folder where you want to put the new folder. Right-click
any empty area in the window and select New → Folder from the shortcut menu. Type a name for
the folder and press <Enter>.
•
To Delete a File or Folder: Select the file or folder and press the <Delete> key. Click Yes to
confirm the deletion.
•
To Rename a File or Folder: Right-click the file or folder, select Rename from the shortcut menu,
type the new name, and press <Enter>.
Deleting Files and Folders
•
To Delete a File: Select the file and press the <Delete> key. Click Yes to confirm the folder
deletion. Or, click the Delete button on the toolbar. Or, right-click the file and select Delete from
the shortcut menu.
•
To Delete a Folder: Select the folder and press the <Delete> key. Click Yes to confirm the folder
deletion. Or, click the Delete button on the toolbar. Or, right-click the folder and select Delete from
the shortcut menu.
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Restoring a Deleted File and Emptying the Recycle Bin
•
To Restore a Deleted File: Double-click the Recycle Bin to open it, then find and right-click the
deleted file and select Restore from the shortcut menu.
•
To Empty the Recycle Bin: Right-click the Recycle Bin and select Empty Recycle Bin from the
shortcut menu.
Finding a File
•
Click the Start button and select Search → For Files or Folders from the Start menu. Enter part
of the file name in the Search for files or folders named box.
You can also search for files using other criteria using the Containing text box or by clicking the
Search Options link. Click Search Now to start searching for the file(s).
Viewing Recently Used Files
•
To Open a Recent File: Click the Start button → Documents and select the file you want to
open.
•
To Clear the List of Recently Used Files: Click the Start button and select Settings → Taskbar
and Start Menu and click the Advanced tab. Click Clear to clear the list and click OK.
Formatting a Floppy Disk
•
Formatting a floppy disk erases any previous files stored on it and prepares the disk so that you
can save information on it.
•
To Format a Floppy Disk: Insert the floppy you want to format into the floppy drive, open My
Computer or Windows Explorer, right-click the floppy drive and select Format from the shortcut
menu. Select the formatting options you want to use and click Start.
Common Problems Associated with Files
•
Understand why it is important to backup your files to a storage device, at a different location,
and/or in a weatherproof or fire resistant container.
•
Common problems associated with files include lost files, the hard drive becoming too full, and
denied file access.
A Look at the Control Panel
•
The Control Panel is where you can change the various settings of your computer and Windows.
•
Open Control Panel by clicking the Start button and selecting Programs → Settings → Control
Panel, or by opening My Computer and double-clicking the Control Panel folder.
Changing the Date and Time
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
•
Point at the clock on the taskbar for several seconds to display the current date.
•
To Change the Date and/or Time: Double-click the clock on the taskbar, adjust the date and time
using the calendar and clock controls, and click OK.
•
To Change Time Zones: Double-click the clock on the taskbar, click the Time Zone tab, select
the time zone from the list box, and click OK.
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Adding Wallpaper to the Desktop
•
To Add or Change Wallpaper: Right-click a blank area on the desktop and select Properties from
the shortcut menu. Make sure the Background tab is selected, and then select the wallpaper you
want to use from the preset list or click Browse and specify the name and location of your own
picture or graphic you want to use as wallpaper. Select how you want the wallpaper to be displayed
(centered, tiled, or stretched) from the Display list and click OK.
Changing Screen Colors
•
To Change Windows Color Scheme: Right-click a blank area on the desktop and select
Properties from the shortcut menu, click the Appearance tab, select a color scheme from the
Scheme list and click OK.
•
You can change the color of a specific Windows object (such as the Title bar) by opening the
Appearance tab of the Display Properties dialog box, clicking the object in the Preview area or
select it from the Item list, specifying its color from the color palette, and clicking OK.
Adjusting the Screen Resolution
•
Screen Resolution has to do with how much information can fit on the screen. Higher screen
resolutions can display more information on the screen at once but at the price of making
everything appear smaller.
•
To Change the Screen Resolution: Right-click a blank area on the desktop and select Properties
from the shortcut menu, and click the Settings tab. Slide the Screen Area slider to the right or left
to select the resolution you want to use, and click OK.
Adjusting the Screen Color Depth
•
Color depth has to do with how many colors are displayed on the screen at the same time.
•
To Change the Screen Resolution: Right-click a blank area on the desktop and select Properties
from the shortcut menu, click the Settings tab, click the Colors list and select the Color Depth
setting you want to use, and click OK.
Using a Screen Saver
•
To Set Up a Screen Saver: Right-click a blank area on the desktop and select Properties from the
shortcut menu, click the Screen Saver tab, click the Screen Saver list and select a screen saver,
and click OK.
•
You can password protect your screen saver by clicking the Password Protected check box and
clicking Change to assign a password to the screen saver.
•
You can adjust the energy-saving features of your monitor by opening the Screen Saver tab of the
Display Properties dialog box, clicking the Settings button in the Energy Saving Features section,
and adjusting the interval after which the monitor shuts off.
Changing System and Program Sounds
•
To Use a Sound Scheme: Click the Start button and click Settings → Control Panel, doubleclick the Sounds icon, select a scheme from the Schemes list, and click OK.
•
To Assign a Sound to a Specific Windows Event: Click the Start button, select Settings →
Control Panel and double-click the Sounds icon. Select the event for which you want to assign a
sound, then click the Browse button and specify and the location and name of the sound file you
want to assign to the event. Click the Play button to listen to the selected sound, and click OK.
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Adjusting the Mouse
•
Open the Mouse Properties dialog box by clicking the Start button, selecting Settings → Control
Panel from the menu, and double-clicking the Mouse icon.
•
To Switch the Left and Right Mouse Buttons: Open the Mouse Properties dialog box, select
either the Right-handed or Left-handed option, and click OK.
•
To Change the Double-Click Speed: Open the Mouse Properties dialog box, drag the Pointer
Speed slider to a new position, and click OK.
•
To Change the Pointer Speed: Open the Mouse Properties dialog box, click the Motion tab, drag
the Pointer Speed slider to a new position, and click OK.
•
To Add Pointer Trails: Open the Mouse Properties dialog box, click the Motion tab, click the
Show pointer trails box, and click OK.
Adding a Printer
•
To Add a Printer: Open the Printers folder by clicking the Start button and selecting Settings →
Control Panel, then double-click the Printers folder. Double-click the Add Printer icon and click
Next. Specify how the printer is connected (local or network) and click Next. Select the printer’s
manufacturer and model. If your printer doesn’t appear in the list, insert the disk that came with
the printer and click the Have Disk button. Click Next. Select a port to use with the printer (usually
LPT1:) and click Next. (Optional) Specify whether or not you want to use the printer as the default
printer and assign a name to the printer if you want. Click Next. Specify if you want a test page to
be printed and click Finish.
•
To Delete a Printer:
Installing New Software
•
Find the Program’s disk (or disks) and insert it (or the first disk) into the disk drive. Click the Start
button and select Settings → Control Panel. Double-click the Add/Remove Programs icon.
Click the Install button and then click Next. If this doesn’t work, click Cancel, close the Control
Panel, open My Computer to find the disk drive or folder where the program you want to install is
located, and double-click the installation program (usually called SETUP). Follow the on-screen
instructions to install the program.
Removing Software
•
Click the Start button and select Settings → Control Panel. Double-click the Add/Remove
Programs icon. Find and select the program you want to remove from your computer, and then
click its Change/Remove button. Finish removing the selected program by following the onscreen instructions.
Quiz
1. An operating system is built-in to a computer’s ROM-BIOS. (True or False?)
2. Which of the following is a text-based operating system?
A.
B.
C.
D.
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
Windows 95.
Windows 2000.
Windows CE.
MS-DOS.
Chapter Three: Using an Operating System
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3. A Graphical User Interface, or GUI, has become standard on most operating
systems. (True or False?)
4. The little bar that lists a program’s name and is found at the top of a
window is called the:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Windows bar.
Program bar.
Title bar.
Very top of the window bar.
5. You can open or restore a minimized window by clicking its icon on the
taskbar (True or False?)
6. You can move a window to a different position on your computer screen by
dragging it by its:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Title bar.
Status bar.
Move handle.
Tail.
7. Why would you use the Task Manager?
A.
B.
C.
D.
To provide feedback on your boss’s performance.
To close locked up or frozen programs.
To make a to-do list.
To manage large-scale projects.
8. Which of the following statements is NOT true? (Select all that apply.)
A.
B.
C.
D.
You can’t add or remove programs from the Start menu.
Most programs add themselves to the Start menu’s Programs menu.
Deleting a program from the Start menu deletes the program from your hard disk.
You can open recently used documents by clicking the Start button, selecting
Documents, and selecting the file you want to open.
9. Computers store information on which types of disks. (Select all that
apply).
A.
B.
C.
D.
Floppy disks.
Hard disks.
Compact discs (CD-ROMs).
Removable disks.
10. Drives are named with one letter. Most computers have a floppy disk called
(A:) and a hard disk called C: (True or False?)
11. The purpose of your computer’s folders is to: (Select all that apply).
A.
B.
C.
D.
Lose your important files.
Store related files and programs in the same place.
Make it difficult to delete things unless you really know what you’re doing.
Organize related files and information on your computer.
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12. .TXT, .DOC, and .BMP — these are all examples of:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Three meaningless letters with a period in front of them.
File extensions.
Types of advanced degrees in computers.
How confusing computers are.
13. Which program(s) can you use to view and manage the contents of your
computer? (Select all that apply).
A.
B.
C.
D.
Netscape Navigator.
My Computer.
System Sleuth.
Windows Explorer.
14. You open a file or folder by double-clicking it. (True or False?)
15. Do this to display the contents of a certain drive or folder:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Right-click the drive or folder.
Click the drive or folder while holding down the <Alt> key.
Double-click the drive or folder.
Triple-click the drive or folder.
16. To view an object’s properties, right-click the object and select and select
Properties from the shortcut menu. (True or False?)
17. When you’re browsing the contents of your computer, do this to move back
or up to the previous level or folder. (Select all that apply.)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Click the Up button on the toolbar.
Click the Back button on the toolbar.
Press <Ctrl> + <Z>.
Click the Address Bar on the toolbar and select the appropriate drive or folder.
18. Which of the follow statements is NOT true?
A. You can move a file or folder to a new location by clicking and dragging it.
B. You can rename a file or folder by right-clicking it, selecting Rename from the
shortcut menu, typing the new name and pressing <Enter>.
C. A plus symbol next to a folder in Windows Explorer indicates the folder is locked
and cannot be modified or deleted.
D. Holding down the <Ctrl> key while you’re clicking and dragging something copies it
instead of moving it.
19. Delete a file or folder by clicking it, pressing the <Delete> key, and
confirming the deletion. (True or False?)
20. Do this to select multiple files and folders: (Select all that apply).
A. Click and drag a rectangle around any adjacent files you want to select.
B. Select File → Select Multiple Files from the menu, and then click the files you want
to select.
C. Click the first file you want to select, press and hold down the <Shift> key and click
the last file you want to select.
D. Hold down the <Ctrl> key and click the files you want to select.
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21. Which of the following statements is NOT true? (Select all that apply).
A. You can find a file on your computer by clicking the Start button, selecting Find →
Files and Folders, enter what you want to search for and click Find Now.
B. Open Windows Explorer by clicking the Start button and selecting Programs →
Windows Explorer.
C. To save a file in a location other than the program’s default folder you have to save
the file, then use My Computer or Windows Explorer to move the file to the desired
location.
D. You can display the contents of a drive or folder using Large Icons, Small Icons,
List, or Details View.
22. The three-letter extension of a file is normally displayed in Windows 2000.
(True or False?)
23. Your computer’s date and time function needs to be updated frequently.
(True or False?)
24. Which of the following are ways to personalize your computer? (Select all
that apply).
A.
B.
C.
D.
Choose a screen saver.
Sign your name on your monitor with a Sharpie.
Change Windows’ color scheme.
Add wallpaper to the desktop.
25. What happens when you change color depth?
A.
B.
C.
D.
The brightness of your screen changes.
You change the number of colors displayed on your screen.
The size of the objects on the screen change.
The shade of colors changes.
26. Used only for advanced networking settings, the Control Panel should
never be touched by ordinary users (True or False?)
27. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A. You can change the color of individual Windows objects, such as the title bar and
scroll bars.
B. You can change the colors for all Windows objects at once using a color scheme.
C. Double-click the clock on the taskbar to adjust the time and date your computer
thinks it is.
D. You can only use preset patterns as your desktop wallpaper.
28. 640 x 480, 800 x 600, 1024 x 768 are all examples of:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Color depths.
Dimensions for the three largest patios in the world.
Screen resolutions.
Multiplication problems that you would need to use a calculator to solve.
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29. You can change the mouse’s double-click speed by clicking the Mouse icon
in the Control Panel (True or False?)
30. What does the little check mark next to a printer indicate in the Printer
Folder?
A.
B.
C.
D.
The printer power is on.
The printer needs a maintenance check.
The printer is broken.
It is the default printer.
31. Your computer comes with all the programs you need already installed.
(True or False?)
Homework
1. Start the WordPad program by clicking the Windows Start button, pointing to
Programs → Accessories and clicking Microsoft WordPad.
2. Use Help to find out how to resize the window.
3. Click the Save button on the Standard toolbar to save your document and exit
WordPad.
4. Right-click the desktop and change the wallpaper.
5. Create a shortcut for the WordPad program by holding down the <Ctrl> and <Shift>
keys and dragging the WordPad icon onto the desktop.
6. Double-click the WordPad icon to open the program.
7. Click the WordPad window’s Maximize button.
8. Click the WordPad window’s Restore button.
9. Move the WordPad window to the left-hand side of your computer screen.
10. Open the Calculator by clicking the Window’s Start button and selecting Progams →
Accessories → Calculator from the menu.
11. Click the WordPad icon on the taskbar.
12. Close both the Calculator and the WordPad program by clicking each window’s
Close button.
13. Open My Computer.
14. View the contents of your C: hard disk.
15. Create a new folder in the root directory of your C: hard disk.
16. Rename the new folder “Project Files.”
17. Insert a floppy disk in the (A:) drive and copy the Project Files folder there.
18. Delete the Project Files folder from the C: drive.
19. Open the Recycle Bin and find the deleted Project Files folder. Would you know how
to retrieve it?
20. Open Windows Explorer and view the contents of the (A:) drive.
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21. Use the Windows Explorer View menu to display the contents of the (A:) drive in
List view.
22. While you're still in List view, sort the files in alphabetical order.
23. Use the Start menu's Find feature to find all the files named "readme.txt" on your C:
drive. Open one of these files by double-clicking it.
24. Go to the Printers folder and set the default printer for your computer.
Quiz Answers
1. False. An operating system is software that the computer loads when it first starts up.
2. D. MS-DOS is a text-based operating system.
3. True. Almost all operating systems these days use a graphical user interface.
4. C. The little bar along the window’s top that lists the program name is the Title bar.
5. True. Clicking the icon of a minimized program on the taskbar restores the window.
6. A. Move a window by dragging its Title bar.
7. B. The Task Manager is the best solution for locked up or frozen programs.
8. A and C. You can easily add and remove programs from the Start menu—and deleting
programs from the Start menu leaves the original program intact.
9. A, B, C, and D. Computers can store their information on any of these disk types.
10. True. Drives are named using one letter. In general, computers have a floppy disk called
(A:) and a hard disk called C:
11. B and D. Your computer’s folders store related files and programs in the same location
and organize related files and information on your computer.
12. B. File extensions, which are used to identify the file type.
13. B and D. My Computer and Windows Explorer both display the contents of your
computer and allow you to manage your computer’s files and folders.
14. True. Double-clicking a file or folder opens it.
15. C. Double-click a folder to open it and display its contents.
16. True. Right-clicking an object and selecting Properties from the shortcut menu displays
the properties of the object.
17. A, B, and D. Any of these will bring you back to the previous level or folder.
18. C. A plus symbol next to a folder in Windows Explorer means the folder contains
subfolders.
19. True. You can use the <Delete> key to delete files and folders from your computer.
20. A, C, and D. You can use any of these methods to select multiple files and folders.
21. C. You can easily save a file in a different location by opening the drive and/or folder
where you want to save the file and clicking Save.
22. False. File extensions are normally hidden in Windows 2000.
23. False. It’s not a good idea to update your computer’s date and time on your own.
24. A, C and D. Choosing a screen saver, adding wallpaper to the desktop, and changing the
Windows color scheme are all ways to personalize your computer.
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25. B. Screen depth changes the number of colors displayed on your screen.
26. False. The Control Panel is where you go to make changes to Windows and your
computer. While there are a few technical areas in the Control Panel, most of it is
straightforward and easy to understand.
27. D. You can use your own pictures and graphics as wallpaper in addition to Windows
preset wallpaper settings.
28. C. These are all examples of screen resolutions.
29. True. The double-click speed is probably one of the first things you should adjust if
you’re having trouble double-clicking with the mouse.
30. D. A checkmark next to a printer in the Printer Folder indicates it is the default printer.
31. False. Your computer comes with basic applications, but you will need to purchase and
install more programs on your computer.
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
Index
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Index
1
16-bit color ..........................................149
2
24-bit color ..........................................149
286 processor.........................................17
3
32-bit color ..........................................149
386 processor.........................................17
4
486 processor.........................................17
8
8088 processor.......................................17
A
Access, Microsoft ..................................66
accounting software...............................69
AccuPoint pointing device.....................28
adding
hardware ............................................44
programs to Start menu....................100
software ...........................................158
wallpaper .........................................142
Alt + Tab key combination ....................98
Athlon processor....................................16
average access time, hard drive .............33
B
back up
hard drive...........................................50
tape drive ...........................................41
backup files
understanding ..................................137
bit...........................................................19
BMP graphics file format ......................72
browsing
contents of your computer ....... 106, 108
byte ................................................ 19, 105
C
C drive ................................................. 105
case, computer .......................................24
CD-R .....................................................35
CD-ROM....................................... 35, 105
CD-ROM drive................................ 25, 34
CD-RW..................................................35
Celeron processor ..................................16
Central Processing Unit...............See CPU
client/server network .............................23
Close button...........................................88
closing a window...................................88
color depth, changing .......................... 148
color scheme........................................ 144
COM port ..............................................42
compression...........................................50
computer
back of ...............................................42
inside of .............................................26
laptop.................................................15
networked ..........................................14
overview ............................................60
PDA...................................................15
ports...................................................42
server .................................................14
computer case ........................................24
computer, viewing contents of............. 106
Control Panel....................................... 138
Mouse icon ...................................... 154
copying
folders.............................................. 124
cpu .........................................................46
CPU ................................................. 16, 26
cutting
folders.............................................. 124
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D
database................................................. 66
date
finding file by.................................. 132
sort files by.......................................118
sorting files by .................................118
Date/Time Properties dialog box ........ 140
date/time, adjusting ............................. 140
default printer...................................... 156
deleting
files ................................................. 128
folders ......................................124, 128
Recyle Bin....................................... 130
delsecting files .................................... 122
desktop
wallpaper, adding to........................ 142
Details view .........................................118
diplay
screen resolution, changing............. 146
display
color depth, changing...................... 148
screen colors ................................... 144
screen saver, adding ........................ 150
wallpaper, adding ............................ 142
documents list in Start menu............... 134
dragging and dropping ........................ 102
resizing a window ............................. 90
window to new position .................... 89
drives
types of............................................ 105
Duron processor.................................... 16
DVD drive .......................................25, 36
DVD+R................................................. 37
DVD+RW ............................................. 37
DVD-R.................................................. 36
DVD-RAM ........................................... 37
DVD-ROM ........................................... 36
DVD-RW .............................................. 37
E
emptying Recycle Bin......................... 130
End Task button .................................... 94
EnergyStar compliant monitor ............ 151
Ethernet port ......................................... 43
Excel, Microsoft.................................... 65
Exiting Windows 2000.......................... 92
expansion card ...................................... 26
expansion slot ....................................... 26
Explorer
dragging and dropping in ................ 126
F
file extensions ......................................112
file management.................................. 104
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
files
changing status.................................116
counting ...........................................114
deleting ............................................128
displaying details .............................118
extensions ........................................112
finding..............................................132
recently opened................................134
selecting multiple.............................122
sorting ..............................................118
types of ............................................112
finding
files ..................................................132
Firewire port ..........................................43
flash cards ..............................................41
floppy disk
displaying properties of ...................106
formatting ........................................136
viewing contents of..........................106
floppy disk ...........................................104
floppy disks
description of .....................................38
floppy drive......................................25, 38
folder path............................................112
folders
copying ............................................124
creating ....................................110, 120
deleting ....................................124, 128
moving .............................................124
opening ............................................108
Program Files folder ........................101
renaming ..................................110, 120
root folder ........................................109
selecting multiple.............................122
Folders button ......................................126
Folders pane
using.................................................126
Format command .................................136
fragmentation.........................................50
G
game port ...............................................43
gb ...........................................................19
GHz........................................................16
GIF graphics file format ........................72
gigabyte .................................................19
gigabyte (GB or GIG) ..........................105
gigahertz ................................................16
graphical user interface..........................80
graphics card..........................................46
GUI ........................................................80
H
hard disk ..............................................105
Index
viewing contents of..........................106
hard drive...............................................25
back up...............................................50
compression.......................................50
external ..............................................32
fragmentation...............................47, 50
free space ...........................................47
internal...............................................32
maintenance.......................................50
repair..................................................50
speed ..................................................47
hardware ................................................12
installing ............................................44
hub, network ..........................................23
I
IDE ........................................................32
information technology (IT) ..................12
input.......................................................60
input device
AccuPoint pointing device.................28
joystick ..............................................28
light pen .............................................28
microphone ........................................28
scanner...............................................28
touch pad ...........................................28
trackball .............................................28
input devices
keyboard ............................................25
mouse.................................................25
scanner...............................................25
installing
hardware ............................................44
software ...........................................158
Iomega ...................................................39
IT 12
J
Jaz drive.................................................39
joystick ..................................................28
joystick port ...........................................43
JPG graphics file format ........................72
K
kb ...........................................................19
keyboard ................................................25
keyboard port.........................................42
kilobyte ..........................................19, 105
kilobyte (K or KB)...............................105
L
laptop .....................................................15
177
Large Icons view ................................. 118
light pen.................................................28
line in jack .............................................43
Linux .....................................................78
List view.............................................. 118
LPT port ................................................42
LS-120 SuperDrive................................41
M
Mac OS X..............................................78
Maximize button....................................86
maximizing a window ...........................84
mb..........................................................19
megabyte ...............................................19
megabyte (MB).................................... 105
megahertz ..............................................16
memory............................................ 26, 46
byte .................................................. 105
compared to ROM .............................20
gigabyte ........................................... 105
kilobyte............................................ 105
measurements .................................. 105
measuring ..........................................18
megabyte ......................................... 105
MHz.......................................................16
microphone............................................28
microphone jack ....................................43
mimimizing a window...........................84
Minimize button ....................................87
modem................................................. 139
modem port............................................43
monitor ..................................................25
monitor port...........................................43
motherboard...........................................26
mouse ....................................................25
double-click speed, change.............. 154
dragging and dropping..................... 102
pointer.................................See pointers
settings, change ............................... 154
mouse port .............................................42
Move To button ................................... 124
moving
folders.............................................. 124
window ..............................................89
MS-DOS................................................78
multitasking ...........................................47
My Computer ...................................... 106
My Computer ........................................83
My Documents ......................................83
My Network Places ...............................83
N
network port ..........................................43
Institute of Applied Technology
178 IC3
networks................................................ 23
client/server network......................... 23
components ....................................... 23
peer-to-peer network ......................... 23
workgroup......................................... 23
notebook ............................................... 15
O
opening
folders ............................................. 108
My Computer.................................. 106
operating system ................................... 78
output .................................................... 60
output devices
monitor.............................................. 25
printer................................................ 25
speakers............................................. 25
P
Palm OS ................................................ 78
PalmPilot............................................... 15
palmtop ................................................. 15
parallel port ........................................... 42
parts of a computer ............................... 12
parts of a window.................................. 85
pasting
folders ............................................. 124
path ......................................................112
PCMCIA cards...................................... 26
PDA ...................................................... 15
peer-to-peer network............................. 23
Pentium processor................................. 16
peripheral devices ................................. 24
CD-ROM drive ................................. 25
DVD drive......................................... 25
floppy drive....................................... 24
hard drive .......................................... 25
Zip drive............................................ 25
pictures
using as wallpaper........................... 142
Pocket PC.............................................. 15
pointers
trails, display................................... 155
pointesr
speed, change .................................. 155
ports ...................................................... 42
COM ................................................. 42
Ethernet............................................. 43
Firewire............................................. 43
game.................................................. 42
IEEE 1394......................................... 43
joystick.............................................. 42
keyboard ........................................... 42
line in ................................................ 42
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
line out ...............................................42
LPT ....................................................42
microphone ........................................42
modem................................................43
monitor...............................................42
mouse.................................................42
network ..............................................43
parallel ...............................................42
phone .................................................43
printer.................................................42
SCSI ...................................................43
serial...................................................42
USB ...................................................42
PowerPoint, Microsoft...........................68
presentation software .............................68
printer.....................................................25
printer port .............................................42
printers
default, changing..............................156
processor
286 .....................................................17
386 .....................................................17
486 .....................................................17
Athlon ................................................16
Celeron...............................................16
Duron .................................................16
Pentium..............................................16
Program Files folder ............................101
programs
adding to Start menu ........................100
closing................................................88
installing ..........................................158
maximizing ........................................86
minimizing.........................................86
removing..........................................160
removing from Start menu ...............100
restoring .............................................86
starting ...............................................96
switching between .............................98
Q
QuickBooks ...........................................69
Quicken..................................................69
R
RAM ................................................26, 46
compared to ROM .............................20
measuring...........................................18
Recycle Bin............................................83
emptying ..........................................130
retrieving deleted files from.............130
removable drive ...................................105
removing software ...............................160
renaming
Index
folders ...................................... 110, 120
repair
hard drive...........................................50
resizing a window..................................90
resolution, changing.............................146
Restart option.........................................93
Restore button........................................87
restoring a window ................................84
ROM......................................................20
ROM-BIOS............................................26
root folder ............................................109
S
safety precautions ..................................49
scanner.............................................25, 28
screen
color depth, changing ......................148
colors, changing...............................144
resolution, changing.........................146
wallpaper, adding.............................142
screen saver .........................................150
scroll bars...............................................84
SCSI.......................................................32
SCSI port ...............................................43
searching
for files.............................................132
selecting
multiple files and folders .................122
serial port ...............................................42
Setup programs ....................................159
shortcuts
in Programs menu............................101
Shut Down options ................................93
Shutting down Windows 2000...............92
Small Icons view ................................. 118
software .................................................12
accounting..........................................69
database .............................................66
installing ..........................................158
presentation........................................68
removing..........................................160
spreadsheet ........................................65
Web Authoring...................................71
Web browser ......................................70
word processing.................................64
sound
assigning to system events...............152
chaging system sounds ....................152
sound card ports.....................................43
speakers .................................................25
spreadsheet ............................................65
Stand by option......................................93
Start button ............................................83
179
Start command.......................................96
Start menu
adding menus to............................... 100
adding programs to .......................... 100
Documents list................................. 134
removing programs from................. 100
starting
programs............................................96
Status bar ...............................................84
storage device
CD-ROM drive..................................34
DVD drive .........................................36
flash card ...........................................41
floppy drive .......................................38
hard drive...........................................32
Jaz drive.............................................39
LS-120 SuperDrive............................41
tape drive ...........................................41
USB flash drive .................................41
Zip drive ............................................39
storage devices
types of ............................................ 105
SuperDrive.............................................41
switching between program...................98
system unit.............................................24
T
tape backup............................................25
Task Manager ........................................94
Task Manager button .............................94
Task window..........................................98
taskbar
clock ................................................ 140
switching between programs .............98
taskbar ...................................................83
telephone port ........................................43
terabyte ..................................................19
thumbnail...............................................81
time zone, changing............................. 140
title bar...................................................84
touch pad ...............................................28
track ball................................................28
turning off
monitor, automatically..................... 151
turning off computer..............................92
types of computers.................................60
U
USB flash drive .....................................41
USB port................................................42
V
video card ..............................................46
Institute of Applied Technology
180 IC3
Video port ............................................. 42
virus, computer ..................................... 50
W
wallpaper............................................. 142
Web Authoring software ....................... 71
window
closing..........................................84, 88
maximizing ....................................... 86
maximizing button ............................ 84
minimizing ...................................84, 86
moving .............................................. 89
© 2005 CustomGuide, Inc.
resizing...............................................90
restoring .......................................84, 86
switching between .............................98
Windows 2000
exiting ................................................92
Windows, operating system ...................78
word processing .....................................64
Word, Microsoft.....................................64
Z
Zip drive ..........................................25, 39