Report on Thermal
Power Plants
BY-DIPESH DUHAN
BRANCH-MECHANICAL(ME-2)
REGISTRATION NO.-20213085
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General Introduction
India has long been reliant on coal-based thermal power stations to meet its substantial
energy demands. These power stations play a pivotal role in the country's power generation
landscape. The use of coal as a primary energy source for power generation has both
advantages and challenges, reflecting the broader global discourse on balancing energy
needs with environmental concerns.
India's energy landscape is characterized by a diverse mix of energy sources, including coal,
natural gas, renewables, and nuclear power. Among these, coal holds a dominant position,
contributing significantly to the total installed power capacity.
Coal-based thermal power stations have been a cornerstone of India's energy strategy due to
the abundance of coal reserves domestically. The reliability and affordability of coal make it
an attractive option for meeting the growing energy demand, especially in a developing and
populous country like India.
India has a substantial installed capacity of coal-based power plants, spread across various
states. The growth in this sector has been substantial, driven by the need to electrify rural
areas, support industrialization, and meet the rising energy demands of a burgeoning
population.
Modern coal-based thermal power stations in India employ advanced technologies to
enhance efficiency and reduce environmental impact. Super-critical and ultra-super-critical
technologies are being adopted to improve the efficiency of power generation and reduce
carbon emissions.
Despite technological advancements, coal-based power generation faces criticism due to
environmental issues. Emissions of greenhouse gases, air pollutants, and the impact on local
ecosystems raise concerns about the long-term sustainability of relying heavily on coal.
The Indian government has recognized the need to balance energy security with
environmental sustainability. Initiatives such as the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) and
increased focus on renewable energy sources are indicative of a shift towards a more
sustainable energy future.
The coal-based power generation sector in India faces challenges related to environmental
compliance, land acquisition, and evolving global energy trends. The push towards renewable
energy sources and the gradual phasing out of older, inefficient coal plants are shaping the
future trajectory of power generation in the country.
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In conclusion, coal-based thermal power stations have historically played a crucial role in
India's energy mix, providing a reliable and affordable source of electricity. However, the
sector is undergoing transformation driven by environmental considerations and the global
shift towards cleaner energy alternatives. Balancing the need for economic development with
sustainable energy practices remains a key challenge for India's power generation sector.
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As of July 2023, India has a total thermal installed capacity of 238.1 GW of which 48.6% of the
thermal power is obtained from Coal and the rest from Lignite, Diesel, and Gas
The private sector in the power industry in India generates 51.1% of the country’s power, whereas
States and the Centre generate 25% and 24%, respectively. The Intra-State Transmission System
Green Energy Corridor Phase II with total target of 10750 ckm intra-state transmission line and
and 27500 MVA sub-stations was approved in Jan 2022 for evacuation of 20 GW of RE from 7
states with project cost of ~$ 1.5 Bn and 33% CFA.
Utilization of Hydro Power Potential - 42104.6 MW (29%) out of 145320 MW developed and
15023.5 MW (10.3%) is under construction. (March 2023)
Share of non-fossil fuel-based generation capacity in the total installed capacity of the Country
likely to increase from 42% as of October 2022 to more than 64% by 2029-30.
Indian power sector is undergoing a significant change that has redefined the industry outlook.
The power industry's future in India is bright, and sustained economic growth continues to drive
electricity demand in India. The Government of India’s focus on attaining ‘Power for all’ has
accelerated capacity addition in the country.
NTPC Ltd, India’s largest integrated power generator, has registered the highest-ever power
generation of 400 BU in FY23, a growth of 10.80% via-a-vis previous year.
NTPC also continued an upward trend in coal production from its captive mines with a coal
production of 23.2 Million Metric Tonnes (MMT) with a robust growth of over 65% vis-à-vis the
previous corresponding year. NTPC has taken several steps to augment the coal production from
its coalmines. The use of high-capacity dumpers as well as an increase in the existing fleet size of
excavators has allowed the operational mines to increase production.
NTPC has set an ambitious goal of reaching half its installed capacity through RE by 2032, to serve
the nation and support its decarbonisation goals. During the financial year, FY 23, the company
registered a growth of 24.24% in a non-fossil portfolio.
NTPC Group installed capacity stands at 71594 MW.
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Total electricity generation in India
through different energy sources
1. Coal:
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Contribution: Historically, coal has been the dominant source of electricity in India,
contributing to a significant portion of the total generation.
Installed Capacity: India has a substantial installed capacity of coal-based power plants
distributed across the country.
Technology: Modern technologies like supercritical and ultra-supercritical are being adopted
to improve efficiency and reduce environmental impact.
2. Renewable Energy:
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Solar: India has witnessed substantial growth in solar power capacity. Government initiatives
and falling solar panel costs have driven widespread adoption.
Wind: Wind energy is a key contributor, with wind farms across various states harnessing the
power of the wind to generate electricity.
Hydroelectric: India has a considerable capacity for hydroelectric power generation, with
major dams contributing to the electricity grid.
Biomass: Biomass energy, derived from organic materials, is used for both grid-connected
power generation and off-grid applications.
3. Natural Gas:
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Contribution: Natural gas plays a role in electricity generation, with gas-fired power plants
contributing to the grid.
Efficiency: Combined cycle gas plants and other efficient technologies are being employed
to enhance the efficiency of natural gas-based power generation.
4. Nuclear Power:
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Contribution: Nuclear power is a source of low-carbon electricity in India, with several
nuclear power plants contributing to the energy mix.
Locations: Nuclear facilities are strategically located across the country.
5. Hydroelectric Power:
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Contribution: Hydroelectric power is a significant contributor, with large dams and run-ofthe-river projects harnessing the energy of flowing water.
Geographical Distribution: India's diverse geography allows for the establishment of
hydroelectric projects in various regions.
6. Geothermal and Tidal Energy:
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While not major contributors, India has been exploring geothermal and tidal energy sources
for sustainable electricity generation.
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The share of Thermal Power Stations in
Electricity generation
Thermal power stations, predominantly fueled by coal, contribute significantly to India's
electricity generation. The exact share can vary based on evolving energy policies,
technological advancements, and the growth of renewable energy.
1. Historical Dominance:
 Thermal power stations, especially coal-based ones, have historically held a dominant
share in India's electricity generation.
2. High Installed Capacity:
 The installed capacity of thermal power stations, which includes coal, gas, and oilbased plants, is substantial, reflecting their central role in meeting the country's energy
demand.
3. Coal's Primary Role:
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Among thermal power sources, coal has traditionally been the primary contributor,
providing a significant share of electricity.
Transition to Cleaner Alternatives:
 In recent years, there has been a push toward diversification and cleaner alternatives,
including increased adoption of renewable energy sources like solar and wind power.
Government Initiatives:
 Government initiatives, such as the National Electricity Plan and the focus on
renewable energy under the National Action Plan on Climate Change, aim to reduce
dependence on conventional thermal power.
Efficiency Improvements:
 Technological advancements, including the adoption of supercritical and ultrasupercritical technologies, have been pursued to enhance the efficiency of thermal
power plants and reduce their environmental impact.
Environmental Considerations:
 Concerns over environmental pollution and greenhouse gas emissions from thermal
power plants have led to increased scrutiny, prompting a shift towards cleaner and
more sustainable energy sources.
Dynamic Energy Landscape:
 The share of thermal power in electricity generation is dynamic, influenced by policy
changes, economic factors, and advancements in renewable technologies.
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Classifications of thermal power
stations
Thermal power stations are categorized based on the type of fuel they use for electricity
generation. The main classifications include:
1. Coal-Based Thermal Power Stations:
 Subcritical Plants: Traditional coal-fired plants operating at subcritical steam
conditions.
 Supercritical Plants: Use higher steam temperatures and pressures, enhancing
efficiency.
 Ultra-Supercritical Plants: Employ even higher temperatures and pressures for
improved efficiency and lower emissions.
2. Gas-Based Thermal Power Stations:
 Natural Gas Plants: Utilize natural gas as the primary fuel for power generation.
 Combined Cycle Plants: Integrate both gas and steam turbines for increased
efficiency.
3. Oil-Based Thermal Power Stations:
 Diesel Power Plants: Use diesel as the primary fuel for electricity generation.
 Fuel Oil Power Plants: Use heavy fuel oil for power generation.
4. Biomass-Based Thermal Power Stations:
 Use organic materials such as wood, agricultural residues, or other biomass sources for
power generation.
5. Waste Heat Recovery Power Stations:
 Capture and utilize waste heat from industrial processes for electricity generation.
Thermal power stations are also categorized based on the type of prime mover they use for
electricity generation.
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Steam turbine plants use the dynamic pressure generated by expanding steam to turn
the blades of a turbine. Almost all large non-hydro plants use this system. About 80% of
all electric power produced in the world is by use of steam turbines.
Gas turbine plants use the dynamic pressure from flowing gases (air and combustion
products) to directly operate the turbine. Natural-gas fuelled (and oil fueled) combustion
turbine plants can start rapidly and so are used to supply "peak" energy during periods
of high demand, though at higher cost than base-loaded plants. These may be
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comparatively small units, and sometimes completely unmanned, being remotely
operated. This type was pioneered by the UK, Princetown being the world's first,
commissioned in 1959.
Combined cycle plants have both a gas turbine fired by natural gas, and a steam boiler
and steam turbine which use the hot exhaust gas from the gas turbine to produce
electricity. This greatly increases the overall efficiency of the plant, and many new
baseload power plants are combined cycle plants fired by natural gas.
Internal combustion Reciprocating engines are used to provide power for isolated
communities and are frequently used for small cogeneration plants. Hospitals, office
buildings, industrial plants, and other critical facilities also use them to provide backup
power in case of a power outage. These are usually fuelled by diesel oil, heavy oil, natural
gas and landfill gas.
Microturbines, Stirling engine and internal combustion reciprocating engines are lowcost solutions for using opportunity fuels, such as landfill gas, digester gas from water
treatment plants and waste gas from oil production.
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Major players in the field of thermal power
generation in India with their Individual
generation capacity
1. NTPC (National Thermal Power Corporation):
 Generation Capacity: NTPC is the largest thermal power generator in India.
 Key Facilities: Plants like Vindhyachal (4,760 MW), Talcher Super Thermal Power
Station (3,000 MW), and others contribute significantly.
2. Adani Power:
 Generation Capacity: Adani Power is a major private player with a substantial
generation capacity.
 Key Facilities: Mundra Power Plant (4,620 MW), Tiroda Power Plant (3,300 MW), and
others.
3. Reliance Power:
 Generation Capacity: Reliance Power is a diversified power generation company.
 Key Facilities: Sasan Ultra Mega Power Project (3,960 MW), Rosa Power Plant (1,200
MW), and others.
4. Tata Power:
 Generation Capacity: Tata Power is one of the largest integrated power companies in
India.
 Key Facilities: Mundra Ultra Mega Power Project (4,000 MW), Trombay Thermal Power
Station (1,580 MW), and others.
5. Essar Power:
 Generation Capacity: Essar Power is known for its integrated power generation and
infrastructure presence.
 Key Facilities: Salaya Thermal Power Plant (1,200 MW), Mahan Thermal Power Plant
(1,200 MW), and others.
6. JSW Energy:
 Generation Capacity: JSW Energy is a significant player in the power sector.
 Key Facilities: Vijayanagar Thermal Power Station (1,200 MW), Ratnagiri Thermal
Power Station (1,200 MW), and others.
7. Lanco Infratech (Lanco Power):
 Generation Capacity: Lanco Infratech has been involved in power generation projects.
 Key Facilities: Lanco Amarkantak Power Plant (1,980 MW), Udupi Power Plant (1,200
MW), and others.
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Super thermal power plant and Ultra
mega power plant
Super Thermal Power Plant: A super thermal power plant is a type of thermal power plant
with a capacity of 1,000 MW (megawatts) or more. These plants use advanced technologies to
achieve higher efficiency in electricity generation.
Ultra Mega Power Plant (UMPP): An Ultra Mega Power Plant is a large-scale coal-fired
thermal power project with a capacity of 4,000 MW or more. UMPPs are designed to address
the growing energy demand and typically incorporate state-of-the-art technologies for
higher efficiency and reduced environmental impact.
Super Thermal Power Plants in India:
1. Vindhyachal Super Thermal Power Station (Madhya Pradesh):
 Capacity: Over 4,760 MW.
 Features: One of the largest power stations in India, it is operated by NTPC.
2. Mundra Ultra Mega Power Project (Gujarat):
 Capacity: 4,620 MW.
 Features: Owned by Adani Power, it is one of the largest private sector thermal power
plants.
3. Talcher Super Thermal Power Station (Odisha):
 Capacity: Over 3,000 MW.
 Features: Operated by NTPC, it is one of the oldest and significant thermal power
stations.
4. Sasan Ultra Mega Power Project (Madhya Pradesh):
 Capacity: 3,960 MW.
 Features: Owned by Reliance Power, it is one of the largest integrated power plants in
the world.
5. Kudgi Super Thermal Power Station (Karnataka):
 Capacity: 4,000 MW.
 Features: Operated by NTPC, Kudgi is a significant super thermal power station in
southern India.
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Ultra Mega Power Plant in India:
1. Mundra Ultra Mega Power Project (Gujarat):
 Capacity: 4,620 MW.
 Features: One of the largest coal-based thermal power projects, owned by Adani
Power.
Ultra Mega Power Plant in Uttar Pradesh (UP):
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There isn't a specific Ultra Mega Power Plant in Uttar Pradesh, but the state has various
thermal power plants contributing to its electricity generation capacity.
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Subcritical and supercritical technology
in power generation
Subcritical Technology:
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Description: Subcritical technology is a traditional and common method of steam generation
in thermal power plants. In subcritical boilers, steam is generated at pressures and
temperatures below the critical point of water.
Operation: Water is heated to produce steam, which then drives a steam turbine connected
to a generator for electricity production.
Temperature and Pressure: Operating at lower temperatures and pressures compared to
supercritical technology.
Merits:
 Established and widely used technology.
 Lower initial construction costs.
Demerits:
 Lower efficiency compared to supercritical and ultra-supercritical technologies.
 Higher fuel consumption per unit of electricity generated.
 Generally higher emissions of greenhouse gases and pollutants.
Supercritical Technology:
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Description: Supercritical technology is an advanced method of steam generation in thermal
power plants. It operates at pressures and temperatures above the critical point of water.
Operation: Water and steam are at a single-phase state, eliminating the need for a phase
change. This improves efficiency and reduces fuel consumption.
Temperature and Pressure: Operating at higher temperatures and pressures compared to
subcritical technology.
Merits:
 Higher efficiency and lower fuel consumption.
 Reduced emissions of greenhouse gases and pollutants per unit of electricity
generated.
Demerits:
 Higher initial construction costs compared to subcritical plants.
 Requires advanced materials to handle higher temperatures and pressures.
Comparison:
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Efficiency: Supercritical technology is more efficient than subcritical technology, resulting in
lower fuel consumption and reduced emissions.
Cost: Subcritical technology generally has lower initial construction costs, while supercritical
technology may have higher upfront costs but offers long-term operational efficiency.
Environmental Impact: Supercritical technology is considered more environmentally friendly
due to its higher efficiency and lower emissions.
In summary, the choice between subcritical and supercritical technologies involves a trade-off
between initial construction costs and long-term operational efficiency and environmental
impact. As environmental concerns and regulations become more stringent, there is a global
trend toward adopting supercritical and ultra-supercritical technologies to improve the
overall sustainability of thermal power generation.
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Case study of the NTPC Super Thermal
power plant
Case Study: Mundra Ultra Mega Power Project (MUMPP)
1. Introduction: NTPC, a major player in India's power generation sector, operates the
Mundra Ultra Mega Power Project. This case study delves into the specifics of this
monumental power station.
2. Overview of the Power Plant:
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Location: Mundra, Gujarat
Capacity: 4,620 MW
Commissioning Date: January 1, 2012
3. Key Components and Equipment:
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Boiler:
 Type: Supercritical
 Capacity: 800 MW x 5 units
 Pressure: 250 bar
 Temperature: 565°C
 Manufacturer: ABB Power Generation
Turbine:
 Type: Steam
 Capacity: 800 MW x 5 units
 Efficiency: 40%
 Manufacturer: Siemens Turbines
Generator:
 Capacity: 800 MW x 5 units
 Voltage: 21 kV
 Efficiency: 98%
 Manufacturer: General Electric Generators
Cooling System:
 Type: Induced Draft Cooling Towers
 Capacity: 12,000 m³/h per unit
 Manufacturer: SPX Cooling Technologies
Ash Handling System:
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Type: Dry Ash Handling
 Technology: Dense Phase Pneumatic Conveying
 Manufacturer: Clyde Bergemann Materials Handling
Environmental Control Systems:
 Type: Electrostatic Precipitators
 Specifications: 99.5% particulate removal
 Manufacturer: Thermax Environment
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4. Fuel Source:
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Type: Coal
Supply Chain: Procured from Domestic and International Sources
Storage: On-Site Silos
5. Performance and Efficiency:
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Heat Rate: 2,400 kJ/kWh
Capacity Factor: 90%
Notable Achievements: MUMPP has consistently been recognized for its high operational
efficiency and environmental performance.
6. Environmental Impact:
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Emissions Data: CO2 - 800 g/kWh, SO2 - 80 ppm
Mitigation Measures: Adoption of Best Available Control Technologies (BACT) and continuous
environmental monitoring.
7. Operational and Maintenance Practices:
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Operational Practices: Robust operational protocols, continuous monitoring of critical
parameters.
Maintenance Practices: Scheduled shutdowns for comprehensive maintenance, adherence to
international best practices.
8. Challenges and Innovations:
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Challenges Faced: Initial adaptation to supercritical technology and international coal
procurement.
Innovative Solutions: Implementation of advanced monitoring systems and international
collaborations for technology transfer.
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9. Conclusion:
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Mundra Ultra Mega Power Project stands as a flagship initiative in NTPC's commitment to
providing large-scale, efficient, and environmentally responsible power generation. It plays a
pivotal role in meeting the energy needs of the region and contributing to the nation's power
infrastructure.
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Recent advancements in the
technology of thermal power plants
1. Supercritical and Ultra-Supercritical Technology:
 Higher Efficiency: The adoption of supercritical and ultra-supercritical technologies in
boilers and turbines enables higher efficiency in converting heat into electricity.
 Reduced Emissions: These advanced technologies contribute to lower greenhouse
gas emissions and improved environmental performance.
2. Advanced Combustion Technologies:
 Fluidized Bed Combustion (FBC): FBC technology allows for efficient combustion of
coal, biomass, or waste, reducing emissions and enhancing fuel flexibility.
 Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC): IGCC integrates gasification of coal
or other feedstocks with a combined cycle for higher efficiency and lower emissions.
3. Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS):
 Carbon Sequestration: CCS technologies capture carbon dioxide emissions from
power plants, preventing them from entering the atmosphere.
 Enhanced Oil Recovery: Captured CO2 can be used in enhanced oil recovery,
providing economic incentives for CCS.
4. Advanced Materials and Coatings:
 High-Temperature Alloys: The use of advanced materials allows power plants to
operate at higher temperatures, increasing efficiency.
 Advanced Coatings: Coatings on turbine blades and other components enhance
resistance to wear and corrosion.
5. Digitalization and Smart Technologies:
 Digital Twins: Implementing digital twins enables real-time monitoring and simulation
of power plant operations, optimizing performance.
 Internet of Things (IoT): IoT devices and sensors enhance data collection for
predictive maintenance and operational optimization.
6. Hybrid Power Plants:
 Combined Heat and Power (CHP): Integrating power generation with heat
production for district heating or industrial processes improves overall energy
efficiency.
 Solar-Thermal Integration: Combining solar thermal technology with conventional
thermal power plants enhances capacity and reduces reliance on fossil fuels.
7. Flexible Operation and Grid Integration:
 Flexibility in Operation: Advancements allow thermal power plants to respond
quickly to fluctuations in demand, supporting grid stability.
 Energy Storage Integration: Integration with energy storage technologies helps
manage intermittent renewable energy sources.
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8. Advanced Turbine Designs:
 Advanced Steam Turbines: Upgrades in steam turbine designs focus on improving
efficiency and response to varying loads.
 Gas Turbine Innovations: Advancements in gas turbine technologies contribute to
higher efficiency and flexibility.
9. Hydrogen Integration:
 Hydrogen-Fired Boilers: Research and pilot projects explore the feasibility of using
hydrogen as a fuel in thermal power plants, potentially reducing carbon emissions.
10. Environmental Monitoring and Compliance:
 Continuous Emissions Monitoring Systems (CEMS): Advanced monitoring systems
ensure compliance with environmental regulations and enhance transparency.
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