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Ras Al Khaimah (Arabic: ‫)ةم َي ْخلٱ ْسأر‬, often referred to its initials RAK and historically known as Julfar,
is the largest city and capital of the Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah in the United Arab Emirates (UAE).
The city had a population of 191,753 in 2022, and is the sixth-most populous city in UAE after Dubai,
Abu Dhabi, Sharjah, Al Ain and Ajman. The city is divided by a creek into two parts: old town in the
west and Al Nakheel in the east.[3]
The northern area of the city today known as Ras Al Khaimah was previously the location of the
important Islamic era settlement and port of Julfar.[6] Ras Al Khaimah has been the site of
continuous human habitation for 7,000 years, one of the few places in the country and the world
where this is the case.[7]
Archaeological evidence has demonstrated that the settlement known as Julfar shifted location over
time as harbour channels silted up. Excavations of a sizable tell, which revealed remnants of a
Sassanid era fortification, indicate that early Julfar was located in the north of the present city of Ras
Al Khaimah, not far from other sites of historical and archaeological interest such as the Pre-Islamic
fort, 'Sheba's Palace' (Shimal Fort).
One of Ras Al Khaimah's most celebrated sons, Ibn Majid, was a hugely influential seaman, navigator
and cartographer,[8][9] and there is evidence in his writing that the town he came from was at that
time known as Ras Al Khaimah,[4] that town having eclipsed Julfar as the principal port and
settlement of the Shimal coast.
In the early 18th century, the Qawasim (singular Al Qasimi) established themselves in Ras Al
Khaimah and Sharjah on the Arabian Peninsula, growing to become a significant maritime force with
holdings on both the Persian and Arabian coasts that frequently came into conflict with British
flagged shipping.[10]
In the aftermath of a series of attacks against shipping sailing under Omani flags and following 1809
monsoon season, the British mounted the Persian Gulf campaign of 1809 against Ras Al Khaimah, in
which the Al Qasimi fleet was largely destroyed. The British operation continued to Lingeh on the
Persian coast which was, like the Greater and Lesser Tunbs islands, administered by the Al
Qasimi.[10][11]
By the morning of 14 November, the military expedition was over and the British forces returned to
their ships, having suffered light casualties of five killed and 34 wounded. Arab losses are unknown,
but were probably significant, while the damage done to the Al Qasimi fleets was severe: a
significant portion of their vessels had been destroyed.[12]
Following the 1809 campaign, an 1815 arrangement was made between the British and the Al
Qasimi.[13] However, by 1819 it was clear the arrangement had broken down and so in November
of that year, the British embarked on a second expedition against the Al Qasimi at Ras Al Khaimah,
led by Major-General William Keir Grant.[14]
The force gathered off the coast of Ras Al Khaimah on 25 and 26 November and, on 2 and 3
December, troops were landed south of the town and set up batteries of guns and mortars and, on 5
December, the town was bombarded from both land and sea for a period of four days, until, on 9
December, the fortress and town of Ras Al Khaimah were stormed and found to be practically
deserted. On the fall of Ras Al Khaimah, three cruisers were sent to blockade Rams to the North and
this, too was found to be deserted and its inhabitants retired to the 'impregnable' hill-top fort of
Dhayah.[15]
The British landed a force at Rams on 18 December, which fought its way inland through date
plantations to Dhayah Fort on the 19th. There, 398 men and another 400 women and children held
out, without sanitation, water or effective cover from the sun, for three days under heavy fire from
mortars and 12-pound cannon.[16]
The hilltop fort of Dhayah
The two 24-pound cannon from HMS Liverpool which had been used to bombard Ras Al Khaimah
from the landward side were once again pressed into use and dragged across the plain from Rams, a
journey of some four miles. Each of the guns weighed over 2 tonnes. After enduring two hours of
sustained fire from the big guns, which breached the fort's walls, the last of the Al Qasimi
surrendered at 10.30 on the morning of 22 December.[16]
In January 1820, the British imposed the General Maritime Treaty of 1820 signed by Sheikh Sultan
Bin Saqr Al Qasimi of Sharjah who was reinstated by the British in Ras Al Khaimah after the
deposition of Hassan bin Rahma Al Qasimi.[17] The treaty stipulated the end of piracy and slavery,
and laid the foundation for the British protectorate over the Trucial States that lasted until
December 1971.
A British protectorate from this point forward, as one of the Trucial States, in 1869, Ras Al Khaimah
became fully independent from neighbouring Sharjah. From September 1900 to 7 July 1921, it was
re-incorporated into Sharjah; the last governor became its next independent ruler.[18]
The last of the Trucial States to join the newly independent United Arab Emirates, on 10 February
1972, Ras Al Khaimah, under the leadership of Sheikh Saqr bin Mohammad Al Qasimi, joined the
United Arab Emirates following the Iranian seizure of Abu Musa and the Greater and Lesser Tunbs.[