History and Development of Industrial Engineering (IE) ● Industrial Revolution (1760 - 1840) - it is the change from an agrarian economy to an industry - the transition from creating goods by hand to using machinery ● Adam Smith (1776) - Coined the idea of division of labor - Assessed the production process and allocated tasks to individuals to enhance productivity. Each worker becomes specialized in one particular production area, thereby increasing overall production efficiency. ● James Watt (1864) - Scottish inventor and Mechanical Engineer - Steam engine leverages productivity /Enhanced the design of the steam engine, making it more efficient and effective - Invented different types of steam engines that helped start the Industrial Revolution - The Father of the Industrial Revolution ● Frederick W. Taylor (1859 - 1915) - The Father of Industrial Engineering and Scientific Management - Published “The Principles of Scientific Management” - Initiated investigations of better work methods and developed an integrated theory of management principles - Believed that it was the role and responsibility of manufacturing plant managers to determine the best way for the worker to do a job, and to provide the proper tools and training ● Henry L. Gantt (1861 - 1919) - Work in the area of motivation field, development of tasks, and bonus plans, founder of Gantt charts, recognition of CSR ● Frank and Lilian Gilbreth (1868 - 1924 & 1878 - 1972) - Pioneer of time and motion study, broke down works into fundamental elements called Therblig 8 kinds of elemental motions that make up a set of fundamental motions required for a worker to perform a manual operation or task 1. Transport empty unloaded: receiving an object with an empty hand. (Now called “Reach”) 2. Grasp (G): grasping an object with the active hand. 3. Transport loaded (TL): moving an object using a hand motion. 4. Hold (H): holding an object. 5. Release load (RL): releasing control of an object. 6. Preposition (PP): positioning and/or orienting an object for the next operation and relative to an approximation location. 7. Position (P): positioning and/or orienting an object in the defined location. 8. Use (U): manipulating a tool in the intended way during the course working. 9. Assemble (A): joining two parts together. 10. Disassemble (DA): separating multiple components that were joined. 11. Search (Sh): attempting to find an object using the eyes and hands. 12. Select (St): choosing among several objects in a group. 13. Plan (Pn): deciding on a course of action. 14. Inspect (I): determining the quality or the characteristics of an object using the eyes and/or other senses. 15. Unavoidable delay (UD): waiting due to factors beyond the worker’s control and included in the work cycle. 16. Avoidable delay (AD): waiting within the worker’s control which causes idleness that is not included in the regular work cycle. 17. Rest (R): resting to overcome fatigue, consisting of a pause in the motions of the hands and/or body during the work cycles or between them. 18. Find (F): A momentary mental reaction at the end of the Search cycle. Seldom used. ● Harrington Emerson (1953 - 1931) - Proposed efficiency bonus plan and the twelve principles of efficiency 12 Principles of Efficiency; 1. Clearly defined ideals. - Every organization must have defined ideals that align its employees and guide their behavior 2. Common sense - talks of a higher level of understanding of persons in higher levels of management to promote efficiency 3. Competent counsel - Efficiency improvement is a specialized knowledge area, and companies have to appoint specialists to develop the efficiency function in the organization and take their help in announcing programs and practices. 4. Discipline - The organization has to make plans and run its operations according to the plan 5. The fair deal - In the organization, everybody must perceive fairness in dealings 6. Reliable, immediate, and adequate records - Reliable records are required for good plans including good efficiency plans 7. Despatching - What is to be done at each machine needs to be determined by the planning department and is to be communicated to the workman 8. Standards and schedules - There needs to be a schedule planned for each machine and operator in the organization based on customer deliveries promised and the associated criteria. Standard times for doing various operations are to be developed to help in developing schedules 9. Standardized conditions - In the organization, all facilities and environmental conditions have to be planned to meet specified objectives. A planned facility is termed a standard facility 10. Standardized operations - The movements of machine components, the motions of operators, and the transport and handling of materials are to be planned to meet specified objectives 11. Written standard-practice instructions - Standardized conditions and standardized operations are communicated to concerned persons in the organization through standard practice instructions. The efficiency expected will come about only when all activities are performed as per standard practice instructions. 12. Efficiency-reward - Efficiency improvement has to result in benefit to all involved to sustain it. Employees have to receive efficiency rewards as the efficiency in an organization goes and the financial benefits are realized https://nraoiekc.blogspot.com/2012/02/harrington-emerson-pioneer-industrial.html ● LHC Tippett (1902 - 1985) - Developed the concept of work sampling and settling performance standards for long-cycle, heterogeneous jobs involving teamwork ❖ FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION - Through the introduction of mechanical production facilities with the help of water and steam power ❖ SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION - Through the introduction of division of labor and mass production with the help of electrical energy ❖ THIRD INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION - Through the use of electronic and IT systems that further automate production ❖ FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION - Through the use of cyber-physical system CHALLENGES FOR INDUSTRIES ● Customer demand will constantly be rising ● Product variance will become aggressively larger ● Product life cycle will be shorter ● Lead time must be shorter ● Delivery must be faster ● To produce quickly, flexibly, cost efficiently ● Production must be conducted economically
