MSA 1/13 Deltoid/Triceps Review Questions
1. Anterior: toward the front, or ventral, surface
2. Posterior: toward the back, or dorsal surface
3. Superior: toward the head
4. Inferior: away from the head
5. Sagittal Plane: a plane dividing the body into left and right portions
6. Frontal Plane: a vertical plane perpendicular to the sagittal plane, dividing the body into
anterior and posterior portions, also called the coronal plane
7. Transverse Plane: a plane that divides the body into top and bottom (or proximal and distal)
portions
8. Proximal: nearer to the center or midline of the body
9. Distal: farther from the center or median line of the body
10. Isometric: increase in tension without change in muscle length
11. Isotonic: increase in tension with change in muscle length (in the direction of shortening);
concentric contraction
12. Concentric Contraction: a shortening of the muscle during a contraction; a type of isotonic
exercise
13. Eccentric Contraction: an overall lengthening of the muscle while it is contracting or resisting
a workload
14. Deltoid
O: Lateral ⅓ of the clavicle, acromion, and spine of the scapula
I: Deltoid tuberosity
A: All Fibers - abduction of the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint; Anterior Fibers - flexion,
medially (internal) rotation, horizontal adduction of the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint; Posterior
Fibers - extension, lateral (external) rotation, horizontal abduction of the glenohumeral
(shoulder) joint
15. Triceps Brachii
O: Long Head - infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula; Lateral Head - posterior surface of
the proximal ½ of the humerus; Medial Head - posterior surface of the distal ½ of the humerus
I: Olecranon process of the ulna
A: All Heads - extension of the humeroulnar (elbow) joint; Long Head - extension and
adduction of the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint
16. The head of the humerus, rests in the glenoid cavity (fossa) to form the glenohumeral (g/h)
joint
17. The clavicle forms two joints - medially the sternoclavicular (s/c) joint and laterally the
acromioclavicular (a/c) joint
18. The three bones associated with the shoulder are the scapula, clavicle, and the humerus
19. The humeroulnar joint is the articulation between the trochlea on the medial aspect of the
distal end of the humerus and the trochlear notch on the proximal ulna.
20. The humeroradial joint is the articulation of the capitulum on the lateral aspect of the distal
end of the humerus with the head of the radius.
MSA 2/14 Biceps Brachii, Coracobrachialis, Brachialis, Brachioradialis Review Questions
1. Due to their design cartilaginous and fibrous joints have little to no movement capability
2. There are six types of synovial joints
3. Ball and socket, Ellipsoid, Hinge, Saddle, Gliding, and Pivot are the different types of synovial
joints
4. Synovial joints contain a lubricating substance and are lined with a membrane or capsule
5. Biceps Brachii
O: Short Head - coracoid process of the scapula; Long Head - supraglenoid tubercle of
the scapula
I: Tuberosity of the radius and bicipital aponeurosis
A: Flexion of the humeroulnar (elbow) joint, supination of the radioulnar (forearm) joints
flexion of the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint; Long Head - may assist with abduction of the
glenohumeral (shoulder) joint; Short Head - may assist with adduction of the glenohumeral
(shoulder) joint
6. Coracobrachialis
O: Coracoid process of the scapula
I: Medial surface of the mid-humeral shaft
A: Flexion and adduction of the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint
7. Brachialis
O: Distal ½ of the anterior shaft of the humerus
I: Tuberosity and coronoid process of the ulna
A: Flexion of the humeroulnar (elbow) joint
8. Brachioradialis
O: Proximal ⅔’s of the lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus
I: Styloid process of the radius
A: Flexion of the humeroulnar (elbow) joint, pronates and supinates the humeroradial
(forearm) joints while these movements are resisted
9. The superior notch of the scapula serves as a passage for the suprascapular nerve and is
converted into a foramen (an opening or passageway) by the transverse scapular ligament
10. The glenohumeral joint is a synovial ball-and-socket joint
11. The tendon of the long head of biceps brachii is very thin and situated in the intertubercular
groove of the humerus
12. The distal biceps brachii tendon expands medially to form the bicipital aponeurosis
13. The continuation of the brachial plexus runs the length of the medial humerus between the
anterior (biceps, brachialis) and posterior (triceps) muscles. It’s contents include the median,
ulnar, and medial antibrachial cutaneous nerves, brachial artery, basilic and brachial veins
14. The brachioradialis separates the medial flexors of the forearm and wrist from the lateral
extensors of the forearm and wrist
15. The median nerve and brachial artery lie medial to the biceps brachii tendon making this a
cautionary site while palpating the brachialis muscle
16. Brachialis lies deep to the biceps brachii
MSA 3/15 Flexors, Extensors, Pronator Teres, and Supinator Review Questions
1. Extensors of the Wrist and Fingers
O: Common Origin - common extensor tendon from the lateral epicondyle of the
humerus; Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus (ECRL) - distal ⅓ of the lateral supracondylar ridge of
the humerus
I: Various locations along the bases of the metacarpals (carpi’s) and bases of the middle
and distal phalanges of fingers 2-5 (digitorum)
A: ECRL and ECRB - Extension and abduction/radial deviation of the radiocarpal (wrist)
joints, assists to flex the humeroulnar (elbow) joint; ECU - extension and adduction/ulnar
deviation of the radiocarpal (wrist) joints; EDL - extension of the 2nd - 5th metacarpophalangeal
and interphalangeal (fingers) joints, assists to extend the radiocarpal (wrist)
2. Flexors of the Wrist and Fingers
O: Flexor Carpi Radialis (FCR), Palmaris Longus (PL), Flexor Carpi Ulnaris (FCU)
(humeral head), Flexor Digitorum Superficialis (FDS) - common flexor tendon from the medial
epicondyle of the humerus; FCU - posterior surface of the proximal ⅔’s of the ulna (ulnar head);
FDS - ulnar collateral ligament, coronoid process of the ulna, interosseous membrane &
proximal shaft of the radius; Flexor Digitorum Profundus (FDP) - anterior and medial surfaces of
proximal ¾’s of ulna
I: (FCR) - bases of 2nd & 3rd metacarpals; (PL) flexor retinaculum & palmar
aponeurosis; (FCU) - pisiform, hook of the hamate and base of the 5th metacarpal; (FDS) sides of the middle phalanges of the 2nd - 5th fingers; (FDP) - bases of distal phalanges, palmar
surface of 2nd - 5th fingers
A: (FCR) - flexion and abduction/radial deviation of the radiocarpal (wrist) joint, may
assist to flex the humeroulnar (elbow) joint; (PL) - tense the palmar fascia, flexion of the
radiocarpal (wrist) joint, may assist with flexion of the humeroulnar (elbow) joint; (FCU) - flexion
and adduction/ulnar deviation of the radiocarpal (wrist), assist with flexion of the humeroulnar
(elbow) joint; (FDS) & (FDP) - flexion of the 2nd - 5th metacarpophalangeal and proximal
interphalangeal (fingers) joints, flexion of the radiocarpal (wrist) joint
3. Pronator Teres
O: Common flexor tendon from the medial epicondyle of the humerus
I: Middle of the lateral surface of the radius
A: Pronation of the radioulnar (forearm) joints, assists with flexion of the humeroulnar
(elbow) joint
4. Supinator
O: Lateral epicondyle of the humerus, radial collateral ligament, annular ligament, and
supinator crest of the ulna
I: Anterior, lateral surface of the proximal ⅓ of the radial shaft
A: Supination of the radioulnar (forearm) joints
5. There are 8 carpal bones in each wrist: pisiform, triquetrum, lunate, scaphoid, capitate,
trapezoid, and trapezium
6. There are 5 metacarpal bones in each hand
7. There are 14 phalanges in each hand (2 in the thumb, 3 in each of the 2nd-5th fingers), and
each phalange has a base (proximal) and head (distal)
8. Each metacarpal has a base (proximal), shaft, and head (distal)
9. Carpometacarpal joints are where the carpals articulate with the base of each metacarpal
10. Metacarpophalangeal joints are where the head of each metacarpal articulates with the
base of each phalange
11. Proximal interphalangeal joints are the articulation of the heads of the proximal phalanges
and the base of the middle phalanges
12. Distal interphalangeal joints are the articulation of the heads of the middle phalanges and
the base of the distal phalanges
13. The head of the radius is proximal (elbow), whereas the head of the ulna is distal (wrist)
14. Anatomical position of the forearm and wrist is positioned with the palmar surface of the
hand supinated facing forward
15. Supination (bowl of soup) and pronation (huddle position) of the forearm are antagonistic to
one another
16. The Olecranon process of the ulna forms the sharp protrusion in the center of the posterior
elbow
17. The proximal row of carpals includes the scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform
18. The distal row of the carpals includes the trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate
19. The pisiform rests on the palmar side of the triquetrum
20. The thenar eminence is composed of three muscles that control movements of the thumb:
abductor pollicis brevis (APB), flexor pollicis brevis (FPB), and opponens pollicis.
21. The carpal tunnel is deep to the flexor retinaculum and serves as a passageway for the
median nerve and the tendons of the flexor pollicis longus, (FDS), and (FDP) muscles.
22. The three bony landmarks of the palmar aspect of the carpals are the scaphoid tubercle,
trapezium tubercle, and the hook of hamate
MSA 4/16 Trapezius, Rhomboids, and Levator Scapula Review Questions
1. Trapezius
O: External occipital protuberance, medial portion of the superior nuchal line of the
occiput, ligamentum nuchae, and spinous process of C7 - T12
I: Lateral ⅓ of the clavicle, acromion, and spine of the scapula
A: Upper Fibers - Bilaterally: extension of the head and neck, Unilaterally: lateral flexion
of the head and neck to the same side, rotation of the head and neck to the opposite side,
elevation of the scapulothoracic (scapula) joint, upward rotation of the scapulothoracic (scapula)
joint; Middle Fibers - adduction/retraction and stabilization of the scapulothoracic (scapula) joint;
Lower Fibers - depression and upward rotation of the scapulothoracic (scapula) joint
2. Rhomboid Major & Minor
O: Major - Spinous processes of T2 - T5; Minor - Spinous processes of C7 - T1
I: Major - Medial border of the scapula between the spine of the scapula and inferior
angle; Minor - Upper portion of the medial border of the scapula, across from the spine of the
scapula
A: Adduction/retraction, elevation, and downward rotation of the scapulothoracic
(scapula) joint
3. Levator Scapula
O: Transverse processes of the 1st - 4th cervical vertebrae
I: Medial border of the scapula, between the superior angle and superior portion of the
spine of the scapula
A: Unilaterally - Elevation and downward rotation of the scapulothoracic (scapula) joint,
lateral flexion and rotation of the head and neck to the same side; Bilaterally - Extension of the
head and neck
4. The trapezius can be broken up into three segments of fibers: upper (posterior neck and top
of shoulder), middle (medially from the spine of the scapula to the spinous processes), and
lower (spine of the scapula to T12)
5. The scapulothoracic joint describes the free-floating scapula and the articulation of actions
including: elevation, depression, abduction/protraction, adduction/retraction, upward, and
downward rotation
6. The bony landmarks of the scapula include: Anteriorly - acromion, coracoid process, superior
notch, superior angle, medial border, subscapular fossa, inferior angle, lateral border,
infraglenoid tubercle, glenoid cavity/fossa, supraglenoid fossa
7. The bony landmarks of the scapula include: Posteriorly - superior angle, supraspinous fossa,
superior notch, spine of the scapula, acromion, acromial angle, infraglenoid tubercle, lateral
border, inferior angle, infraspinous fossa, medial border
8. The trapezius is the most superficial muscle of the upper - mid back and shouler
9. Rhomboids and levator scapula lie immediately deep to the trapezius
MSA 5/17 Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor, Subscapularis Review Questions
1. Supraspinatus
O: Supraspinous fossa of the scapula
I: Greater tubercle of the humerus
A: Abduction of the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint, stabilize the head of the humerus in
the glenoid cavity (fossa)
2. Infraspinatus
O: Infraspinous fossa of the scapula
I: Greater tubercle of the humerus
A: Lateral/external rotation and adduction of the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint, stabilize
the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity (fossa)
3. Teres Minor
O: Upper ⅔’s of the lateral border of the scapula
I: Greater tubercle of the humerus
A: Lateral/external rotation and adduction of the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint, stabilize
the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity (fossa)
4. Subscapularis
O: Subscapular fossa of the scapula
I: Lesser tubercle of the humerus
A: Medial rotation of the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint, stabilize the head of the humerus
in the glenoid cavity (fossa)
5. The subscapularis is the only rotator cuff muscle originating on the anterior scapula
6. The supraspinatus tendon passes deep to the acromioclavicular joint
7. Every muscle of the rotator cuff work synergistically to stabilize the head of the humerus in
the glenoid cavity
MSA 6/18 Latissimus Dorsi, Teres Major, Serratus Anterior Review Questions
1. Latissimus Dorsi
O: Inferior angle of scapula, spinous processes of last 6 thoracic vertebrae, last 3 or 4
ribs, thoracolumbar fascia, and posterior iliac crest
I: Intertubercular groove of the humerus
A: Extension, adduction, medial rotation of the glenohumeral joint (shoulder)
2. Teres Major
O: Inferior angle and lower ⅓ of lateral border of the scapula
I: Crest of the lesser tubercle of the humerus
A: Extension, adduction, medial rotation of the glenohumeral joint (shoulder)
3. Serratus Anterior
O: External surfaces of the upper 8 or 9 ribs
I: Anterior surface of medial border of the scapula
A: Origin Fixed - Abduction, upward rotation, depression of the scapulothoracic joint
(scapula), stabilize (hold) the medial border of the scapula against the ribcage; Scapula Fixed May act to elevate the thorax during forced inhalation
5. Serratus Anterior interdigitates anteriorly with the external oblique
6. The combination of weakness in the Serratus Anterior and lower fibers of the Trapezius
muscle, in conjunction with overactive/hypertonic upper fibers of the trapezius, are the most
commonly affected muscles that lead to scapular dyskinesis
7. The insertions for Latissimus Dorsi and Teres Major lie deep to Biceps Brachii and
coracobrachialis.
8. The continuation of the brachial plexus passes superficially to Latissimus Dorsi and Teres
Major
MSA 8/20 Pectoralis Major, Minor, and Scalenes Review Questions
1. Pectoralis Major
O:Medial ½ of clavicle, sternum, and cartilage of 1st - 6th ribs
I: Crest of greater tubercle of humerus
A: All Fibers - Adduction and medial (internal) rotation of glenohumeral joint (shoulder),
assist to elevate the thorax during forced inhalations (w/arm/shoulder fixed); Upper Fibers Flexion and horizontal adduction of the glenohumeral joint (shoulder); Lower Fibers - Extension
of the glenohumeral joint (shoulder)
2. Pectoralis Minor
O: 3rd, 4th, and 5th ribs
I: Medial surface of coracoid process of the scapula
A: Depression, abduction, downward rotation of the scapulothoracic joint (scapula);
Scapula Fixed - Assist to elevate the thorax during forced exhalation
3. Scalenes
O: Anterior - T-Processes of 3rd - 6th cervical vertebrae (anterior tubercles); Middle T-Processes of 2nd - 7th cervical vertebrae (posterior tubercles); Posterior - T-Processes of 6th
and 7th cervical vertebrae (posterior tubercles)
I: Anterior - 1st rib; Middle - 1st rib, Posterior - 2nd Rib
A: Unilaterally - Fixed ribs - Ipsilateral lateral flexion of the head and neck (all scalenes),
contralateral cervical rotation (all scalenes); Bilaterally - Elevation of the ribs during inhalation
(all scalenes), Flexion of the head and neck (anterior only)
4. Pectoralis major only performs extension of the glenohumeral joint to the neutral position
5. Pectoralis major plays a large role in both rounded shoulder and computer posture by
medially rotating and adducting the glenohumeral joints.
6. The three potential entrapment sites for the brachial plexus are:
● Between the anterior and middle scalene as the plexus exits the spine (scalenus anticus
syndrome)
● Between the clavicle and first rib (true thoracic outlet syndrome)
● Deep to the pectoralis minor muscle (pectoralis minor syndrome)
7. The subclavius artery continues distally into the axilla becoming the brachial artery
8. The subclavian vein continues distally into the axilla becoming the basilic vein
9. The major branches of the brachial plexus continue distally into the axilla becoming the
median, ulnar, and medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve
10. The borders of the anterior neck triangle are formed by the trachea, anterior margin of the
sternocleidomastoid muscle, and the inferior border of the mandible
11. The borders of the posterior neck triangle are formed by the posterior margin of the
sternocleidomastoid muscle, anterior margin of the trapezius muscle, and the superior border of
the clavicle
12. The parietal bones are fused via the sagittal suture
13. The left, right parietal bones are fused to the occiput bone via the lambdoid suture
14. The left and right parietal bones are fused to the frontal bone via the coronal suture
15. The bony landmarks on the occiput are the external occipital protuberance, superior and
inferior nuchal lines
16. The bony landmarks of the temporal bone are the mastoid process and the styloid process
MSA 9/21 Suboccipitals, Sternocleidomastoid, Splenius Capitis/Cervicis Review Questions
1. Suboccipitals
O: Rectus Capitis Posterior Major - Spinous process of axis (C-2), Rectus Capitis
Posterior Minor - Tubercle of the posterior arch of the atlas (C-1), Oblique Capitis Superior Transverse process of the atlas (C-1), Oblique Capitis Inferior - Spinous process of the axis
(C-2)
I: RCPM - Inferior nuchal line of the occiput, RCPm - Tubercle of the posterior arch of the
atlas (C-1), OCS - Between the nuchal lines of the occiput, OCI - Transverse process of the
atlas (C-1)
A: RCPM/RCPm/OCS - Rock and tilt the head into extension, RCPM/OCS - Rotate the
head ipsilaterally, OCS - Laterally flex the head ipsilaterally, OCI Rotate the head ipsilaterally
2. Sternocleidomastoid
O: Sternal head - Top of the manubrium; Clavicular head - Medial ⅓ of the clavicle
I: Mastoid process of temporal bone and the lateral portion of superior nuchal line of the
occiput
A: Unilaterally - Lateral flexion of the head ipsilaterally, rotation of the head and neck
contralaterally; Bilaterally - Flex the neck, assist in elevation of the rib cage during inhalation
3. Splenius Group
O: Capitis - Inferior ½ of ligamentum nuchae and spinous process of C7 - T4; Cervicis Spinous process of T3 - T6
I: Capitis - Mastoid process and lateral portion of the superior nuchal line; Cervicis Transverse processes of C1 - C3
A: Unilaterally - Ipsilateral rotation and lateral flexion of the head and neck; Bilaterally Extension of the head and neck
4. The foramen magnum, a landmark of the occiput, serves as the passageway for the spinal
cord as it exits the skull
5. Sternocleidomastoid and splenius capitis share insertions at the mastoid process and lateral
portion of the superior nuchal line. Sternocleidomastoid is the most superficial of the two
6. While palpating and treating the SCM and splenius capitis a practitioner should be mindful to
not compress into the styloid process
7. The sternum has three sections, from superior to inferior - the manubrium, the body of the
sternum, and the xiphoid process
8. The manubriosternal junction, also known as the sternal angle, is the site where the
manubrium articulates with the body of the sternum
9. The costal cartilages articulate medially with the sternum
10. While palpating the SCM muscle, a practitioner should be mindful not to compress into the
carotid, which runs deep to the SCM
11. The Atlas (C1) is unique due to its lack of a spinous process, a significantly larger vertebral
foramen, narrower lamina, and the articular facet for the odontoid process (dens)
12. The Axis (C2) is unique due to the presence of the odontoid process (dens) and its shorter,
more bulky spinous process
13. The transverse foramen of each cervical vertebrae are occupied by the vertebral artery, vein
and a plexus of sympathetic nerves
14. Although the suboccipitals do not contribute to eye movement, they will contract as a
response due to a neurological link in kinetic movement patterns we develop as we grow and
learn to move.
MSA 10/22 temporalis masseter pterygoids longus colli cap
I did not see any questions for these?