2.5 Double Integrals In this module, we discuss methods of evaluating integrals of functions of two variables over a suitable region in โ2 . Integrals of a function of two variables over a region in โ2 are called double integrals. Let ๐ ๐ฅ, ๐ฆ be a continuous function in a simply connected, closed and bounded region ๐ in a two dimensional space โ2 , bounded by a simple closed curve. ๐ ๐ถ ๐๐ R ๐๐ โ๐จ๐ โ๐๐ ๐๐−๐ โ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐ ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐−๐ ๐๐ Region ๐ for double integral ๐๐ ๐ Subdivide the region ๐ by drawing lines ๐ฅ = ๐ฅ๐ , ๐ฆ = ๐ฆ๐ , ๐ = 1, 2, … , ๐, parallel to the coordinate axes. Number the rectangles which are inside ๐ from 1 to ๐ . In each such rectangle, take an arbitrary point, say ๐๐ , ๐๐ in the ๐๐ก๐ rectangle and form the sum ๐ฝ๐ = ๐๐ =0 ๐ ๐๐ , ๐๐ โ๐ด๐ , where โ๐ด๐ = โ๐ฅ๐ โ๐ฆ๐ is the area of the ๐th rectangle ๐๐ = โ๐ฅ๐ 2 + โ๐ฆ๐ 2 is the length of the diagonal of this rectangle. The maximum length of the diagonal, that is max ๐๐ of the subdivisions is also called the norm of the subdivision. For different values of ๐, say ๐1 , ๐2 , … , ๐๐ , …, we obtain a sequence of sums ๐ฝ๐ 1 , ๐ฝ๐ 2 , … , ๐ฝ๐ ๐ , …. Let ๐ → ∞, such that the length of the largest diagonal ๐๐ → 0. If lim ๐ฝ๐ ๐ →∞ exists, independent of the choice of the subdivision and the point ๐๐ , ๐๐ , then we say that ๐(๐ฅ, ๐ฆ) is integrable over ๐ . This limit is called the double integral of ๐(๐ฅ, ๐ฆ) over ๐ and is denoted by ๐ฝ = ๏ฒ๏ฒ f ( x, y)dxdy. R Let ๐(๐ฅ, ๐ฆ) be a continuous function in โ2 defined on a closed rectangle ๐ = {(๐ฅ, ๐ฆ)|๐ ≤ ๐ฅ ≤ ๐ and ๐ ≤ ๐ฆ ≤ ๐}. For any d fixed ๐ฅ ∈ [๐, ๐] consider the integral ๏ฒ f (x, y)dy . c The value of this integral depends on ๐ฅ and we get a new function of ๐ฅ. This can be integrated with respect to ๐ฅ and we get ๏ฉd ๏น ๏ช f ( x, y )dy ๏บdx . This is called an iterated integral. ๏ช ๏บ a ๏ซ c ๏ป b ๏ฒ๏ฒ ๏ฉb ๏น ๏ช f ( x, y )dx ๏บdy . ๏ช ๏บ c ๏ซ a ๏ป d Similarly we can define another integral ๏ฒ๏ฒ For continuous functions ๐(๐ฅ, ๐ฆ) we have ๏ฒ๏ฒ R d ๏ฉd ๏น ๏ฉb ๏น f ( x, y )dxdy ๏ฝ ๏ช f ( x, y )dy ๏บ dx ๏ฝ ๏ช f ( x, y )dx ๏บ dy ๏ช ๏บ ๏ช ๏บ a ๏ซ c c ๏ซ a ๏ป ๏ป b ๏ฒ๏ฒ ๏ฒ๏ฒ two continuous functions on [๐, ๐] then ๏ฒ๏ฒ s ๏ฉ๏ฆ2 ( x ) ๏น f ( x, y )dxdy ๏ฝ ๏ช f ( x, y )dy ๏บ dx . ๏ช ๏บ ๏บ๏ป a ๏ช ๏ซ ๏ฆ1 ( x ) b ๏ฒ๏ฒ ๐ ๐ฆ = ๐2 (๐ฅ) ๐ ๐ฆ = ๐1 (๐ฅ) ๐ ๐ ๐ ๐ The iterated integral in the right hand side is also written in the form ๏ฆ2 ( x ) b ๏ฒ ๏ฒ dx a Similarly if ๏ฒ๏ฒ S f ( x, y )dy ๏ฆ1 ( x ) ๐ = {(๐ฅ, ๐ฆ)|๐ ≤ ๐ฆ ≤ ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐1 ๐ฆ ≤ ๐ฅ ≤ ๐2 ๐ฆ } then ๏ฉ๏ฆ2 ( x ) ๏น f ( x, y )dxdy ๏ฝ ๏ช f ( x, y )dx ๏บ dy ๏ช ๏บ ๏ช ๏ฆ1 ( x ) c ๏ซ ๏ป๏บ d ๏ฒ๏ฒ If ๐ cannot be written in neither of the above two forms we divide ๐ into finite number of subregions such that each of the sub regions can be represented in one of the above forms and we get the double integral over ๐ by adding the integrals over these sub regions. Hence to evaluate ๏ฒ๏ฒ f ( x, y )dxdy we first convert it to an iterated integral of s the two forms given above. Note 1: ๏ฒ๏ฒ dxdy represents the area of the region ๐. s Note 2: In an iterated integral the limits in the first integral are constants and if the limits in the second integral are functions of ๐ฅ then we must first integrate with respect to ๐ฆ and the integrand will become a function of ๐ฅ alone. This is integrated with respect to ๐ฅ. If the limits of the second integral are functions of ๐ฆ then we must first integrate with respect to ๐ฅ and the integrand will become a function of ๐ฆ alone. This is integrated with respect to ๐ฆ. Properties of double integrals 1. If ๐(๐ฅ, ๐ฆ) and ๐(๐ฅ, ๐ฆ) integrable functions, then ๏ฒ๏ฒ ๏ f ( x, y) ๏ฑ g ( x, y)๏dxdy ๏ฝ ๏ฒ๏ฒ f ( x, y)dxdy ๏ฑ ๏ฒ๏ฒ g ( x, y)dxdy. R R R 2. ๏ฒ๏ฒ kf ( x, y)dxdy ๏ฝ k ๏ฒ๏ฒ f ( x, y)dxdy , where ๐ is any real constant. R R 3. When ๐(๐ฅ, ๐ฆ) is integrable, and integrable, then ๐(๐ฅ, ๐ฆ) is also ๏ฒ๏ฒ f ( x, y)dxdy ≤ ๏ฒ๏ฒ ๐(๐ฅ, ๐ฆ) ๐๐ฅ๐๐ฆ. R R 4. ๏ฒ๏ฒ f ( x, y)dxdy ๏ฝ f (๏ธ ,๏จ )A , where ๐ด is the area of the region ๐ R and (๐, ๐) is any arbitrary point in ๐ . This result is called the mean value theorem of the double integrals. If ๐ ≤ ๐(๐ฅ, ๐ฆ) ≤ ๐ for all (๐ฅ, ๐ฆ) in ๐ , then ๐๐ด ≤ ๏ฒ๏ฒ f ( x, y)dxdy ๏ฃ MA. R 5. If 0 < ๐(๐ฅ, ๐ฆ) ≤ ๐(๐ฅ, ๐ฆ) for all (๐ฅ, ๐ฆ) in ๐ , then ๏ฒ๏ฒ f ( x, y)dxdy ๏ฃ ๏ฒ๏ฒ g ( x, y)dxdy. R R 6. If ๐(๐ฅ, ๐ฆ) ≥ 0 for all (๐ฅ, ๐ฆ) in ๐ , then ๏ฒ๏ฒ f ( x, y)dxdy ๏ณ 0. R Application of double integrals Double integrals have large number of applications. We state some of them. 1. If ๐ ๐ฅ, ๐ฆ = 1, then ๏ฒ๏ฒ dxdy gives the area ๐ด of the region R ๐ . For example, if ๐ is the rectangle bounded by the lines ๐ฅ = ๐, ๐ฅ = ๐, ๐ฆ = ๐ ๐ ๐ ๐ ๐๐ฅ ๐ and ๐๐ฆ = ๐ − ๐ ๐ฆ = ๐, ๐ ๐๐ฆ = ๐ ๐ then ๐ด = ๐ ๐ ๐๐ฅ๐๐ฆ = ๐ ๐−๐ ๐−๐ gives the area of the rectangle. 2. If ๐ง = ๐(๐ฅ, ๐ฆ) is a surface, then ๏ฒ๏ฒ zdxdy or ๏ฒ๏ฒ f ( x, y)dxdy R R gives the volume of the region beneath the surface ๐ง = ๐(๐ฅ, ๐ฆ) and above the ๐ฅ − ๐ฆ plane. For example: if ๐ง = ๐ 2 − ๐ฅ 2 − ๐ฆ 2 and ๐ : ๐ฅ 2 + ๐ฆ 2 ≤ ๐ 2 , then ๐ = ๏ฒ๏ฒ a ๏ญ x ๏ญ y dxdy 2 2 2 R gives the volume of the hemisphere ๐ฅ 2 + ๐ฆ 2 + ๐ง 2 = ๐ 2 ≥ 0. 3. Let ๐ ๐ฅ, ๐ฆ = ๐(๐ฅ, ๐ฆ) be a density function (mass per unit area) of a distribution of mass in the ๐ฅ − ๐ฆ plane. Then ๐ = ๏ฒ๏ฒ f ( x, y)dxdy R give the total mass of ๐ . 4. Let ๐ ๐ฅ, ๐ฆ = ๐(๐ฅ, ๐ฆ) be a density function. Then ๐ฅ= 1 1 xf ( x, y)dxdy, ๐ฆ = ๏ฒ๏ฒ yf ( x, y)dxdy ๐ ๏ฒ๏ฒ ๐ R R give the coordinates of the centre of gravity ๐ฅ , ๐ฆ of the mass ๐ in ๐ . 5. Let ๐ ๐ฅ, ๐ฆ = ๐(๐ฅ, ๐ฆ) be a density function. Then ๐ผ๐ฅ = ๏ฒ๏ฒ y f ( x, y)dxdy and ๐ผ๐ฆ = ๏ฒ๏ฒ x f ( x, y)dxdy 2 2 R R give the moments of inertia of the mass in ๐ about the ๐-axis and the ๐-axis respectively, whereas ๐ผ0 = ๐ผ๐ฅ + ๐ผ๐ฆ is called the moment of inertia of the mass in ๐ about the origin. Similarly, ๏จ ๏ฉ ๐ผ๐ฆ = ๏ฒ๏ฒ x ๏ญa f ( x, y)dxdy and ๐ผ๐ฅ = ๏ฒ๏ฒ 2 R ๏จ y ๏ญb ๏ฉ f ( x, y)dxdy 2 R give the moment of inertia of the mass in ๐ about the lines ๐ฅ = ๐ and ๐ฆ = ๐ respectively. 6. 1 ๐ด ๏ฒ๏ฒ f ( x, y)dxdy gives the average value of ๐(๐ฅ, ๐ฆ) over ๐ , R where ๐ด is the area of the region ๐ . Change of order of Integration In the evaluation of double integrals the computational work can often be reduced by interchanging the order of integration. While using this method, one has to bear in mind that the change of order of integration generally changes the limits of integration; the new limits are to be determined by examining the geometrical region on which the integration is being carried out. a 2 xa Example: Evaluate ๏ฒ ๏ฒ x dydx, a ๏พ 0, by changing the order of 2 0 0 integration. In the given integral, ๐ฅ increases from 0 to ๐, for each ๐ฅ, ๐ฆ increases from 0 to 2 ๐ฅ๐. Hence the lower value of ๐ฆ lies on the ๐-axis and the upper value on the upper part of the parabola ๐ฆ 2 = 4๐๐ฅ. Therefore the region ๐ of integration is bounded by the ๐-axis, the line and the arc of the parabola ๐ฆ 2 = 4๐๐ฅ in the first quadrant. This region is shown in figure. ๐ ๐ฆ 2 = 4๐๐ฅ (๐, 2๐) ๐ ๐ ๐ ๐ฅ=๐ ๐ (a, 0) ๐ We observe that, in ๐ , ๐ฆ increases from 0 from 2๐, and, for each ๐ฆ, ๐ฅ varies from a point ๐ on the parabola ๐ฆ 2 = 4๐๐ฅ to a point ๐ on the line ๐ฅ = ๐; that is ๐ฅ increases from ๐ฆ 2 4๐ to ๐. Hence 3 ๏ฌ ๏ผ 2 ๏ฌ a ๏ผ 2a ๏ฆ ๏ถ y ๏ฏ๏ฏ 1 ๏ฏ๏ฏ 3 2 2 ๏ฏ ๏ฏ dydx ๏ฝ dx dy ๏ฝ ๏ญ ๏ฒ0 ๏ฒ0 x ๏ฒy๏ฝ0 ๏ญ ๏ฒ2 x ๏ฝ ๏ฒ0 3 ๏ญa ๏ง ๏ท ๏ฝ dy ๏ฏ x๏ฝ y 4a ๏ฏ ๏ฏ ๏ฎ ๏พ ๏จ 4a ๏ธ ๏ฏ๏พ๏ฏ ๏ฎ๏ฏ a 2 xa 2a 1 = [๐ 3 − 3 4 = ๐4 . 7 ๐ฆ 7 2๐ 1 ]0 = {๐ 3 2๐ 3 64๐ 7 3 1 − 1 (2๐)7 64๐ 3 7 } Problem 1: Evaluate the following repeated integrals: 4 4๏ญ x 1 0 ๏ฒ ๏ฒ xydydx i. 5 y 2 ๏ฒ ๏ฒ x( x ๏ซ y )dxxy 2 ii. 2 0 0 Solution: By using the meaning of repeated integrals, we find: 4๏ญ x ๏ฌ ๏ผ ๏ฏ ๏ฏ xydy xydydx ๏ญ ๏ฝ dx = ๏ฒx๏ฝ1 ๏ฏ y๏ฒ๏ฝ0 ๏ฒ1 ๏ฒ0 ๏ฏ ๏ฎ ๏พ 4 i. 4๏ญ x 4 ๏ฌ ๏ฉ 2 ๏น 4๏ญ x ๏ผ ๏ฏ y ๏ฏ = ๏ฒ x ๏ญ ๏ช๏ช 2 ๏บ๏บ ๏ฝdx, x ๏ฝ1 ๏ฏ ๏ฏ ๏ฎ ๏ซ ๏ป y ๏ฝ0 ๏พ 4 on evaluating the inner integral with ๐ฅ held fixed. 4 = ๏ฒx 1 1 2 (4 − x) dx = = 16 − 64 6 − 1− 1 = 6 32 6 5 27 6 6 − = 9 = . 2 ๏ฌy ๏ผ 2 2 3 ๏ฏ ๏ฏ 2 ๏ซ x dx x ( ๏ซ ) dxxy y ๏ญ ๏ฝ dy y = x x ๏ฒ ๏ฒ ๏ฒ0 ๏ฒ0 y ๏ฝ0 ๏ฏ x ๏ฝ0 ๏ฏ ๏ฎ ๏พ 5 ii. 4 x3 2 x − 6 1 y 2 2 5 5 ๏ฝ ๏ฒ y๏ฝ 0 ๐ฅ4 4 + ๐ฆ2 ๐ฅ2 2 ๐ฆ2 ๐ฅ=0 ๏ฉ ๏จ ๐๐ฆ, on evaluating the inner integral with ๐ฆ held fixed 5 ๏ฝ ๏ฒ y๏ฝ 0 ๐ฆ2 4 4 ๐ฆ2 2 +๐ฆ 2 2 ๐๐ฆ = 1 ๐ฆ9 4 . 9 1 ๐ฆ7 + . 2 5 7 0 = 5 7 25 4 9 + 2 7 . Problem 2: If ℜ is the triangular region with vertices 0, 0 , 2, 0 , 2, 3 , evaluate ๏ฒ๏ฒ x y dxdy. 2 2 ๏ Solution: ๐ ๐ต(2, 3) ๐ ๐ ๐ ๐ด(2, 0) ๐ The region where in the integration is to be carried out is shown in figure. We note that, in this region, ๐ฅ increases from 0 to 2 and for each ๐ฅ, ๐ฆ increases from a point ๐ on the ๐-axis to a point ๐ on the line ๐๐ต. For the point ๐, We have ๐ฆ = 0. The equation of ๐๐ต is ๐ฆ = 3 2 ๐ฅ. Therefore, for the point ๐, we have ๐ฆ = 3 2 ๐ฅ. Thus, for each ๐ฅ, ๐ฆ increases from 0 to 3 2 ๐ฅ. Hence ๏จ 3 2๏ฉ x ๏ผ ๏ฌ 3 ๏ผ ๏ฏ 2๏ฉ y ๏น 2 2 2 2 ๏ฏ ๏ฏ ๏ฏ ๏ฏ๏ฏ dxdy ๏ฝ dy dx ๏ฝ ๏ฒ๏ฒ๏ x y ๏ฒx๏ฝ0 ๏ญ๏ฏ y๏ฒ๏ฝ0 x y ๏ฝ๏ฏ ๏ฒ0 ๏ญ x ๏ช ๏บ ๏ฝdx ๏ฏ ๏ฎ ๏พ 3 ๏ป 0 ๏ฏ๏ฏ ๏ซ ๏ฏ ๏ฎ ๏พ 2 2 = ๏ฒ 0 ๏ฌ๏จ 3 2 ๏ฉ x 1 27 x2 . x3 3 8 2 dx = 9 x6 8 2 6 0 = 3 16 . 26 = 12. Problem 3: Evaluate ๏ฒ๏ฒ ydxdy, where ℜ is the region ๏ bounded by the parabolas ๐ฆ 2 = 4๐๐ฅ and ๐ฅ 2 = 4๐๐ฆ, ๐ > 0. Solution: ๐ฅ 2 = 4๐๐ฆ ๐ ๐ ๐ฆ 2 = 4๐๐ฅ 4๐ ๐ ๐ 4๐ ๐ Solving the given equations, we find that the two parabolas intersect at the points (0,0) and 4๐, 4๐ . Therefore, the region bounded by these parabolas is as shown in figure. In this region, ๐ฅ increases from 0 to 4๐, and, for each ๐ฅ, ๐ฆ increases from a point ๐ on the parabola ๐ฅ 2 = 4๐๐ฆ to a point ๐ on the parabola ๐ฆ 2 = 4๐๐ฅ. We find that, at ๐, ๐ฆ = ๐ฅ 2 4๐ and, at ๐, ๐ฆ = 4๐๐ฅ , Hence 2 2 ๏ฌ 4 ax ๏ผ 4a ๏ฌ ๏ฆ x ๏ถ ๏ผ๏ฏ 1๏ฏ ๏ฏ ๏ฏ ๏ฒ๏ฒ๏ ydxdy ๏ฝ x๏ฒ๏ฝ0 ๏ญ ๏ฒ2 ydy ๏ฝ ๏ฝ ๏ฒ0 2 ๏ญ๏จ 4ax ๏ฉ ๏ญ ๏ง ๏ท ๏ฝ dx ๏ฏ ๏ฏ ๏ฏ ๏ฎ y ๏ฝ x 4a ๏พ ๏จ 4a ๏ธ ๏ฏ๏พ ๏ฎ 4a ๏ฌ ๏ผ 1 ๏ฆx 1๏ฉ 1๏ฏ 1 ๏จ 4a ๏ฉ ๏ฏ 2 ๏ฝ ๏ช 2a x ๏ญ ๏บ ๏ฝ 2 ๏ญ๏ฏ32a ๏ญ 16 . 5 ๏ฝ๏ฏ ๏ท 2๏ง 2 a 16a ๏จ 5 ๏ธ ๏ป ๏ซ ๏ฎ ๏พ 5 ๏ถ๏น 4a 5 3 2 0 ๏ฝ 1๏ฌ 64 3 ๏ผ 48 3 3 ๏ญ32a ๏ญ a ๏ฝ ๏ฝ a . 2๏ฎ 5 ๏พ 5 Problem 4: Change the order of integration in the integral ๏ฒ๏ฒ๏จ a xa 2 ๏ฉ x ๏ซ y dydx, a ๏พ 0 2 0 xa and hence evaluate it. Solution: In the given integral, ๐ฅ increases from 0 to ๐, and, for each ๐ฅ, ๐ฆ varies from ๐ฆ = ๐ฅ ๐ to ๐ฆ = ๐ฅ ๐ . Hence the lower value of ๐ฆ lies on he curve ๐ฆ = ๐ฅ ๐ (which is a straight line) and the upper value of ๐ฆ lies on the curve ๐ฆ 2 = ๐ฅ ๐ (which is a parabola). We check that the line ๐ฆ = ๐ฅ ๐ and the parabola ๐ฆ 2 = ๐ฅ ๐ intersect at the point (0, 0) and (๐, 1). The region ℜ of integration is therefore bounded by the line ๐ฆ = ๐ฅ ๐ and the parabola ๐ฆ 2 = ๐ฅ ๐ between the origin and the point (๐, 1). This region is shown in figure. ๐ (๐, 1) ๐ฆ=๐ฅ ๐ ๐ฆ2 = ๐ฅ ๐ ℜ 1 ๐ ๐ ๐ From the above figure, we observe that in ℜ, ๐ฆ increases from 0 to 1 and, for each ๐ฆ, ๐ฅ varies from a point on the parabola ๐ฆ 2 = ๐ฅ ๐ to a point on the line ๐ฆ = ๐ฅ ๐ ; that is, each ๐ฆ with 0 ≤ ๐ฅ ≤ 1, ๐ฅ varies from ๐๐ฆ 2 to ๐๐ฆ. Hence ๏ฌ ay ๏ผ 2 2 ๏ฏ ๏ฏ ( ๏ซ ) dydx ๏ฝ ๏ซ dxdy y y ๏ญ ๏ฝ ๏ฒ0 x๏ฒa x ๏ฒy ๏ฝ0 ๏ฒ 2 x ๏ฏ x๏ฝa y ๏ฏ ๏ฎ ๏พ a xa 2 2 ๏จ 1 ๏ฉ ay ๏ฌ ๏ผ 3 ๏ฉ ๏น ๏ฏ ๏ฏ 2 ๏ฏ x ๏ฏ ๏ฝ ๏ฒ๏ญ ๏ซ x y ๏ช3 ๏บ 2 ๏ฝ๏ฏdy 0๏ฏ ๏ซ ๏ป x๏ฝa y ๏ฏ๏พ ๏ฏ ๏ฎ 1 ๏ฉ ๏จ ๏จ ๏ฉ 6 2 2 ๏น 3 ๏ฉ1 3 3 ๏ฝ ๏ฒ ๏ช a y ๏ญ a y ๏ซ y ay ๏ญ a y ๏บdy 3 ๏ป 0 ๏ซ 1 3 3 a ๏ฆ1 1๏ถ ๏ฆ1 1๏ถ ๏ฝ a ๏ง ๏ญ ๏ท ๏ซ a๏ง ๏ญ ๏ท ๏ฝ a ๏ซ . 3 ๏จ4 7๏ธ ๏จ 4 5๏ธ 28 20 ๏ฐ a cos๏ฑ Problem 5: Evaluate I ๏ฝ ๏ฒ ๏ฒ r sin๏ฑ drd๏ฑ 0 Solution: ๏ฐ a cos๏ฑ ๏ฒ ๏ฒ r sin๏ฑ drd๏ฑ I๏ฝ 0 ๏ฐ I๏ฝ ๏ฒ 0 0 a cos๏ฑ ๏ฉ r2 ๏น sin ๏ฑ ๏ช ๏บ ๏ซ 2 ๏ป0 d๏ฑ ๏ฐ ๏ฝ 1 2 ๏ฒ a 2 cos 2 ๏ฑ sin ๏ฑ d๏ฑ 0 ๏ฐ ๏ฝ๏ญ 2 a 2 ๏ฒ cos 2 ๏ฑ d ๏จ cos๏ฑ ๏ฉ 0 ๏ฐ a2 a2 3 ๏ฝ ๏ญ ๏ฉ๏ซcos ๏ฑ ๏น๏ป ๏ฝ . 0 6 3 0 Problem 6: Evaluate ๐ผ = ๏ฒ๏ฒ xydydx where ๐ท is the region bounded by the curve ๐ฅ = D ๐ฆ 2 , ๐ฅ = 2 − ๐ฆ, ๐ฆ = 0 and ๐ฆ = 1. Solution: The given region bounded by the curves is shown in the figure. ๐ ๐ฆ 2 ๐ฆ=2 ๐ฅ =๐ฅ (1,1) ๐ฆ=1 ๐ท1 ๐ท1 ๐ท ๐ ๐ฅ = 2−๐ฆ ๐ท2 ๐ท1 2 (1,0) (2,0) ๐ In this region ๐ฅ varies from 0 to 2. When 0 ≤ ๐ฅ ≤ 1 for fixed ๐ฅ, ๐ฆ varies from 0 to ๐ฅ. When 1 ≤ ๐ฅ ≤ 2, ๐ฆ varies from 0 to 2 − ๐ฅ. Therefore the region ๐ท can be subdivided into two regions ๐ท1 and ๐ท2 as shown in the figure. ∴ ๏ฒ๏ฒ xydydx = D ๏ฒ๏ฒ xydydx + ๏ฒ๏ฒ xydydx D1 D2 In this region ๐ท1 for fixed ๐ฅ, ๐ฆ varies from ๐ฆ = 0 to ๐ฆ = ๐ฅ and for fixed ๐ฆ, ๐ฅ varies from ๐ฅ = 0 to ๐ฅ = 1. Similarly for the region ๐ท2 , the limit of integration for ๐ฆ is ๐ฆ = 0 to ๐ฆ = 2 − ๐ฅ. ๏ฒ๏ฒ xydydx = 01 0 ๐ฅ ๐ฅ๐ฆ ๐๐ฆ ๐๐ฅ + 12 02−๐ฅ ๐ฅ๐ฆ ๐๐ฆ ๐๐ฅ D ๐ฅ 1 ๐ฅ๐ฆ 2 = 0 2 ๐๐ฅ + 0 2 ๐ฅ๐ฆ 2 2−๐ฅ ๐๐ฅ 1 2 0 1 1 2 1 2 = ๐ฅ ๐๐ฅ + ๐ฅ(2 − ๐ฅ)2 ๐๐ฅ 2 0 2 1 = ๐ฅ3 1 4 ๐ฅ 4๐ฅ + 2๐ฅ 2 + − 6 0 2 4 3 3 = . 8 1 3 2 1 Problem 7: Change the order of integration in the integral ๐ผ= 4 ๐ฆ ๐ 1 ๐ฆ/2 ๐ฅ, ๐ฆ ๐๐ฅ ๐๐ฆ. Solution: The region of integration ๐ท is bounded by the ๐ฆ lines ๐ฅ = ; ๐ฅ = ๐ฆ; ๐ฆ = 1 and ๐ฆ = 4. The region is a 2 quadrilateral as shown in the figure ๐ฆ=4 (2,4) (4,4) ๐ท3 ๐ท2 (5,1) (2,2) ๐ฆ=1 ๐ท1 (1,1) (0,0) In this region ๐ฅ varies from When 1 2 ๐ฆ=๐ฅ 1 2 to 4. ≤ ๐ฅ ≤ 1, ๐ฆ varies from 1 to 2๐ฅ. When 1 ≤ ๐ฅ ≤ 2, ๐ฆ varies from ๐ฅ to 2๐ฅ. When 2 ≤ ๐ฅ ≤ 4, ๐ฆ varies from ๐ฅ to 4. Hence for changing the order of integration we must divide ๐ท into sub regions ๐ท1 , ๐ท2 , ๐ท3 as shown in the figure. ∴ ๐ผ = ๏ฒ๏ฒ f ( x, y )dxdy D = ๏ฒ๏ฒ f ( x, y)dxdy + ๏ฒ๏ฒ f ( x, y)dxdy + ๏ฒ๏ฒ f ( x, y)dxdy D1 1 D2 2๐ฅ = 1/2 1 ๐ ๐ฅ, ๐ฆ ๐๐ฆ ๐๐ฅ + 4 4 ๐ ๐ฅ, ๐ฆ ๐๐ฆ ๐๐ฅ . 2 ๐ฅ D3 2 2๐ฅ ๐ ๐ฅ, ๐ฆ ๐๐ฆ ๐๐ฅ + 1 ๐ฅ 1 1−๐ฅ 2 2 ๐ฆ ๐๐ฆ ๐๐ฅ by interchanging the 0 0 Problem 8: Evaluate order of integration. Solution: The region is bounded by the line๐ฆ = 0(๐ − axis); the unit circle ๐ฅ 2 + ๐ฆ 2 = 1; the line ๐ฅ = 0(๐ − axis) and the line ๐ฅ = 1. Hence the region of integration is the positive quadrant of the unit circle ๐ฅ 2 + ๐ฆ 2 = 1 and it is given in the figure. (0,1) (0, 0) (1,0) In this region ๐ฆ varies from 0 to 1 and for a fixed ๐ฆ, ๐ฅ varies from 0 to 1 − ๐ฆ2. 1 1−๐ฅ 2 2 1 1−๐ฆ 2 2 ๐ฆ ๐๐ฆ ๐๐ฅ = 0 0 ๐ฆ ๐๐ฆ ๐๐ฅ 0 0 1 = 0 ๐ฆ2 ๐ฅ 0 1−๐ฆ 2 ๐๐ฆ 1 = 0 ๐ฆ 2 1 − ๐ฆ 2 ๐๐ฆ ๐ = 0 2 sin2 ๐ cos 2 ๐ ๐๐ = 1.1 ๐ 4.2 2 = ๐ 16 . putting ๐ฆ = sin ๐ Exercise 4 2 1) Evaluate ๏ฒ๏ฒ 1 ( x 2 ๏ซ y 2 )dxdy by changing the order of y integration. 2) By changing 3 order of integration evaluate 4๏ญ y ๏ฒ๏ฒ 0 the ( x ๏ซ y )dxdy. 1 3) Change the order of integration in the integral a 2 a๏ญ x ๏ฒ ๏ฒ xydydx 0 and evaluate. x2 a 4) Evaluate I ๏ฝ ๏ฒ๏ฒ y x e dxdy where ๐ท is the region bounded D by the straight lines ๐ฆ = ๐ฅ; ๐ฆ = 0 and ๐ฅ = 1. 5) Evaluate ๏ฒ๏ฒ ( x 2 ๏ซ y 2 )dxdy where ๐ท is the region D bounded by y ๏ฝ x 2 , x ๏ฝ 2 and x ๏ฝ 1 . ๏ฅ ๏ฅ 6) Evaluate I๏ฝ ๏ฒ๏ฒ e๏ญ y dydx. y 0 x 7) Find the area of the circle ๐ฅ 2 + ๐ฆ 2 = ๐ 2 by using double integral. 8) Find the area of the region ๐ท bounded by the parabolas ๐ฆ = ๐ฅ 2 and ๐ฅ = ๐ฆ 2 . ๐ 2 9) Evaluate ๐ผ = 0 Answers 1026 1) 105 241 2) 60 9a 4 3) 24 1 4) ๏จ e ๏ญ 1๏ฉ 2 1286 5) 105 6) 1 7) ๐๐ 2 1 8) 3 ๐ 9) 2 4๐ ∞ ๐ ๐๐๐๐. 2 0 (๐ +๐ 2 )2