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Write short notes on:
Contributions of Louis Pasteur to Microbiology.
Koch’s Postulates.
Principle and uses of dark field microscope.
Principle and uses of fluorescence microscope.
Principle and uses of electron microscope.
Describe in detail the structure and function of the cell wall and cell membrane of a gram-negative
rod with the help of a diagram.
7. Discuss the role of a bacterial cell wall structure in diagnosis and antimicrobial treatment of a
bacterial infection.
8. Bacterial capsule
9. Bacterial growth curve
10. Bacterial flagella
11. Gram staining
12. Selective media
13. Anaerobic culture methods
14. Automations in Microbiology
15. Polymerase chain reaction
16. Real time PCR.
17. Transformation
18. Transposition
19. Transduction
20. Mechanism of antibiotic resistance
21. Mutational and transferable drug resistance
22. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing method
23. Various modes of transmission of infection
24. Mechanisms of bacterial pathogenesis
25. Differences between endotoxins and exotoxins
26. Gram-positive cocci infections
27. Gram-negative cocci infections
28. Gram-positive bacilli infections
29. Gram-negative bacilli infections
30. Discuss in detail laboratory diagnosis of viral infections.
31. Replication of viruses
32. Methods of detecting viral growth in cell cultures
33. Interferons
34. Inclusion bodies
35. Viral vaccines
36. Stool concentration techniques
37. Serodiagnosis in parasitic diseases
38. Classify protozoan infections
39. Classify helminthic infections
40. Laboratory diagnosis of fungal infections
41. Dimorphic fungi
42. Resident flora and transient flora
43. Beneficial effects of the normal flora
44. Harmful effects of the normal flora
45. Probiotics
46. Epidemiological patterns
47. Epidemiological indicators
48. Types of carriers
49. Droplet versus aerosol transmission
50. Herd immunity
51. Differences between innate and acquired immunity
52. Differences between active and passive immunity
53. Heterophile antigens
54. Adjuvant
55. Superantigens
56. Indirect immunofluorescence assay.
57. Immunochromatographic test.
58. Chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA).
59. What is complement? Explain in detail about classical complement pathway. List various effector
functions of complement.
60. Alternative complement pathway.
61. Various mechanisms of microbial evasion of complement system.
62. Complement deficiency diseased.
63. Major histocompatibility antigen.
64. Cytokines
65. Development of T cells
66. Development of B cells
67. Antigen presentation
68. ADCC
69. Type II hypersensitivity reaction.
70. Immune complex mediated hypersensitivity reaction.
71. Serve combined immnodeficiencies
72. Chronic granulomatous disease.
73. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
74. Graft-versus-host reaction
75. Tumor antigens
76. Live vaccines vs. killed vaccines
77. National immunization schedule.
78. Passive Immunoprophylaxis.
79. Modes of transmission of healthcare-associated pathogens.
80. Prevention of healthcare-associated infections.
81. Hospital infection control committee (HICC)
82. Hand hygiene
83. Standard precautions.
84. HAI surveillance
85. Care bundle approach for prevention of device associated infections.
86. Prevention of surgical site infection.
87. Member filters
88. Application of glutaraldehyde in healthcare setting.
89. Central Sterile Services Department (CSSD).
90. Categories of biomedical waste.
91. Disposal methods available for biomedical waste,
92. Type 9of containers used for disposal of biomedical waste.
93. Sequential steps to be followed after a needle stick injury.
94. Post-exposure prophylaxis for HIV.
95. Post-exposure prophylaxis for hepatitis B.
96. Strategies of antimicrobial stewardship program.
97. Monitoring of antimicrobial stewardship program.
98. Indicator Organisms for fecal contamination of water.
99. Eijkman test
100.
Settle plate method.
101.
Bacillus cereus food poisoning.
102.
Food botulism.
103.
Nontyphoidal salmonellae.
104.
Pathogenesis of shigellosis.
105.
Prophylaxis against cholera.
106.
Halophilic vibrios.
107.
Laboratory diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori.
108.
Clostridioides defficile infection.
109.
Rotavirus gastroenteritis
110.
A young girl presented with history of epigastric pain, nausea, diarrhea and urticarial rash on
her lower limbs. Her stool specimens was sent for microscopic examination which revealed motile
larvae. Identify the etiological diagnosis and discuss its life cycle.
111.
A 3-year-old boy presented with acute abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. On
examination, the child was malnourished. The stool microscopy revealed bile-stained oval eggs with
a thick albumin coat. Identify the disease and draw a labeled diagram of the ova of the causative
agent. Mention two complications caused by the adult worm.
112.
A 5-year-old girl presented with abdominal discomfort and nausea. Stool examination
revealed oval, non-bile stained eggs with polar filaments. Identify the etiological agent and discuss
its life cycle.
113.
Laboratory diagnosis of Intestinal schistosomiasis.
114.
72-years-old male diabetic patient admitted to the hospital with complaints of swelling in the
arm with pus discharge. On physical examination, the local area was found to be red, warm and
tender The swelling has a feel of fluid filled when pressed. Pus was aspirated and was sent to
microbiology laboratory. What is the clinical diagnosis, list its etiological agents?
115.
In what ways are infections in the subcutaneous tissues usually manifested?
116.
What are the various ways the burn-wound infections can occur?
117.
Why are patients with diabetes mellitus prone to infections?
118.
Toxic shock syndrome
119.
MRSA (Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus).
120.
Necrotizing fasciitis
121.
Laboratory diagnosis of gas gangrene.
122.
Non-Sporing anaerobes.
123.
Laboratory diagnosis of leprosy.
124.
Lepromatous leprosy.
125.
Epidemiology of leprosy.
126.
Treatment of leprosy.
127.
Yaws
128.
Nocardiosis
129.
Erythema migrans.
130.
A child presents with vesicular rashes, which appeared first on the face and trunk, spread
rapidly to involve flexor surfaces; sparing distal part of the limbs. Rashes are bilateral and diffuse in
distribution, appear in multiple crops. Fever appears with each crop of rashes. What is the clinical
diagnosis? Discuss about the prevention of this disease.
131.
A child presents with rashes, starts behind the ears and then spread over body. On
examination, bluish white spots were seen in buccal mucosa. What is the clinical diagnosis. Discuss
about the prevention of this disease.
a. Write short notes on:
132.
Cutaneous leishmaniasis
133.
Guinea worm infection
134.
Cutaneous larva migrans.
135.
A patient coming from Himachal Pradesh, presents with multiple skin lesions. Microscopy
reveals cigar-shaped yeast cells and asteroid bodies. Microscopy of culture shows ‘flower like’
pattern. Identify the etiological agent and discuss the clinical manifestations and laboratory
diagnosis?
136.
Penicillium marneffei infection
137.
Acute laryngotracheobronchitis (Croup).
138.
Vincent’s angina.
139.
Pleural effusion.
140.
DPT vaccines.
141.
Streptococcal pharyngitis.
142.
Pneumococcal vaccines
143.
Pulmonary anthrax
144.
Hypervirulent Klebsiella
145.
2-year-orphan boy presented with fever, cough and dyspnea for past 4 days. Sputum culture
revealed colonies near S. aureus streak line on a blood agar. What is the etiological diagnosis and
mention how will you prevent this condition.
146.
Mycoplasma Pneumonia.
147.
Psittacosis.
148.
Legionnaire’ disease.
149.
BCG vaccine.
150.
MDR-TB.
151.
Nontuberculous mycobacteria infections.
152.
Virulence factors of Bordetella pertussis.
153.
Laboratory diagnosis of pertussis.
154.
Vaccination against pertussis.
155.
Virulence factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
156.
Melioidosis.
157.
Medically important nonfermnters.
158.
Mumps.
159.
H1N1 2009 pandemic flu.
160.
Pathogenesis of COVID_19
161.
Epidemiology of Covid-19
162.
Infectious mononucleosis
163.
Adenovirus infections
164.
Rhinovirus infections
165.
Paragonimiasis.
166.
Mucormycosis.
167.
Pneumocystis pneumonia (PcP).
168.
Aspergillosis.
169.
A 28-year-old female was admitted with high grade fever, vomiting, flank pain with
increased frequency of micturition for the past 3 days. What is your clinical diagnosis, etiological
agents and laboratory diagnosis?
170.
A 46-year-old man from Africa came to the OPD with abdominal pain, hematuria and
dysuria. Urine culture was found as sterile. Urine wet mount examination revealed oval nonoperculated elongated eggs with terminal spine. What is the etiological diagnosis? Write briefly
abbot the life cycle and various diagnostic modalities of this condition?
171.
Significant bacteriuria
172.
Difference between upper and lower UTI
173.
Asymptomatic bacteriuria
174.
A 23-year-old male having a history of sexual exposure with a commercial sex worker is
presented to a STD clinic with painless hard indurated genital ulcer and painless hard lymph node.
What is the clinical diagnosis? Discuss the laboratory diagnosis.
175.
A25-year-old heterosexual male with history of dysuria and noted some ‘pus like’ drainage in
his underwear and at the tip of his penis. Gram staining of yellow urethral discharge revealed pus
cells with gram-negative diplococci. What is the probable clinical diagnosis? Discuss briefly the
laboratory diagnosis.
176.
Lymphogranuloma venereum.
177.
Nongonococcal urethritis.
178.
Acute bacterial conjunctivitis (ABC)
179.
Ophthalmia neonatorum.
180.
Ocular viral infections
181.
Ocular fungal infections
182.
Acanthamoeba keratitis
183.
Ocular toxoplasmosis
184.
Acute suppurative otitis media
185.
Congenital toxoplasmosis
186.
Congenital rubella syndrome
187.
Congential cytomegalovirus infection
188.
Congenital varicella syndrome
189.
Neonatal herpes.
190.
Zika virus disease
191.
Mechanism of viral oncogenesis
192.
Epstein-Barr virus associated malignancies
193.
Human papillomavirus associated malignancies
194.
Enumerate the organisms with oncogenic potential
195.
Clinical types of human plague
196.
Rat-bite fever
197.
Tularemia
198.
Bite wound infections.
199.
Robert Koch
200.
Louis Pasteur
201.
Joseph Lister
202.
Koch’s postulates
203.
Scope of medical microbiology
204.
Diagnostic outline of parasitic infections
205.
Common characteristics of parasites
206.
Symbiosis
207.
Vector-borne parasitic infections
208.
Life cycle of trematodes
209.
Short answer questions: