WINFIELD
ON
TORT
EIGHTH EDITION
BY
J. A. JOLOWICZ, M.A.
Of the Inner Temple and Gray's Inn, Barrister-at-Law;
Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge;
Lecturer in Law of the University of Cambridge
AND
T. ELLIS LEWIS, B.A., LL.M., PH.D.
Of Gray's Inn, Barrister-at-Law;
Fellow of Trinity Hall, Cambridge;
Lecturer in Law in the University of Cambridge
LONDON
SWEET & MAXWELL
4967
CONTENTS
page
Preface
vii
Table of Cases
xiii
Table of Statutes
xlvii
References
to Year Books
lv
1. M E A N I N G O F THE L A W O F T O R T
1
The Foundation of Tortious Liability
.
.
.
2. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS O F T O R T I O U S LIABILITY
.
.
Act or Omission
Intention or Negligence or the Breach of a Strict Duty
Motive and Malice
10
.
14
.
16
16
20
3. NOMINATE T O R T S
24
4. T R E S P A S S TO THE P E R S O N .
.
.
.
.
.
. 2 7
Assault and Battery
False Imprisonment
Intentional Physical H a r m other than Trespasses to the
Person
5. NEGLIGENCE
.
.
.
6. R E M O T E N E S S O F DAMAGE AND CONTRIBUTORY NEGLIGENCE .
Remoteness of Damage
Contributory Negligence
STATUTORY
80
118
DUTY
128
T h e Existence of Liability
Elements of the Tort
Defences
Nature of the Action
128
134
138
140
LIABILITY
143
Introductory
Common Law
Breach of Statutory Duty
Employers' Liability
10.
42
76
80
102
7. N E R V O U S SHOCK
9. E M P L O Y E R S '
40
42
Essentials of Negligence
Trespass to the Person and Negligence .
8. BREACH O F
27
32
LIABILITY FOR L A N D AND STRUCTURES
Introduction
T h e Common Law
T h e Occupiers' Liability Act 1957
ix
143
147
158
164
.
.
.
.168
168
169
177
X
CONTENTS
10. LIABILITY FOR LAND AND STRUCTURES—continued
Liability to Trespassers
Liability to Children
Liability of Non-Occupiers
192
199
207
11. LIABILITY FOR CHATTELS
212
Nature of the Liability
Incidence of the Liability
212
215
12. LIABILITY FOR STATEMENTS
Essentials of Deceit
Liability for Negligent Misstatement
226
.
.
.
227
236
.
13. DEFAMATION
254
Definition
Slander Actionable Per Se
Essentials of Defamation Generally
.
.
.
.
" Unintentional Defamation " within the Defamation Act
1952, s. 4
Defences
254
260
265
275
284
14. TRESPASS TO LAND
323
Trespass Defined
Possession
Interference
Defences
Remedies
.
323
325
333
341
346
15. NUISANCE
353
Public and Private Nuisances
Nuisances to Servitudes
Essentials of Nuisance
Defences
Nuisance and Trespass to Land
Nuisance and Negligence
354
356
357
391
395
396
16. STRICT LIABILITY: T H E RULE IN RYLANDS V. FLETCHER
.
The Rule in Rylands v. Fletcher
Scope of the Rule
Exceptions to the Rule
Relation of the Rule to Nuisance
Fire
17. STRICT LIABILITY: ANIMALS
Ordinary Liability in Tort
Cattle-Trespass
Liability under the Scienter Action
446
.
.
.
447
453
464
.
18. TRESPASS TO GOODS
19. CONVERSION AND OTHER INJURIES TO GOODS
Historical
Detinue
408
408
413
417
433
437
481
.
.
.
485
485
488
CONTENTS
Xi
19. CONVERSION AND O T H E R INJURIES T O GOODS—continued
Replevin
Conversion
Measure of Damages
492
493
516
20. INJURIES A F F E C T I N G FAMILY AND SERVICE RELATIONSHIPS .
Husband and Wife
Parent and Child
Master and Servant
521
521
527
533
21. INTERFERENCE W I T H CONTRACT OR B U S I N E S S
.
.
.536
1. Interference with a subsisting contract
2. Intimidation
3. Interference by unlawful means
.
4. Conspiracy
5. Unlawful competition: Passing off
.
.
.
.
.
. 537
546
.551
554
.
565
.
.
22. A B U S E OF LEGAL PROCEDURE
573
Malicious Prosecution
Malicious Civil Proceedings
Malicious Process
Maintenance and Champerty
573
584
585
585
23. MISCELLANEOUS AND DOUBTFUL T O R T S
Miscellaneous Torts
Doubtful Torts
Doubtful Wrongs
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.593
.
593
594
595
24. D E A T H IN RELATION TO T O R T
603
Death as Extinguishing Liability
Death as Creating Liability
603
611
25. VICARIOUS LIABILITY
Master and Servant
T h e Master's Indemnity
Employer and Independent Contractor .
T h e Basis of Vicarious Liability
T h e Reasons for Vicarious Liability
.
26. J O I N T TORTFEASORS
27. R E M E D I E S
Part I. Damages
Kinds of Damages
Measure of Damages
Actions for Personal Injury
Loss of or Damage to Property
Part II. Other Remedies
28. CAPACITY
The State and its Subordinates
Minors
629
.
.
.
.
.
.
629
647
649
654
657
659
668
668
673
676
680
697
701
708
708
721
xii
CONTENTS
28. CAPACITY—continued
Married Women
Corporations
Clubs
Trade Unions
Persons of Unsound Mind
Convicts
Aliens
Persons Having Parental or Quasi-Parental Authority .
29. DEFENCES
30. EXTINCTION OF LIABILITY IN TORT
Waiver .
Accord and Satisfaction
Judgment
Statutes of Limitation
Assignment of Right of Action in Tort .
Index
725
728
731
733
733
735
735
736
740
772
.
772
776
. 778
779
. 790
795