What are the water soluble vitamins Vitamin B and Vitamin C
What are fat soluble vitamins Vitamin A,D,E,K
what is vitamins
potent, essential, non-chaloric, organic nutrients needed from food to
trace amounts to perform specifc functions that promote growth, reporduction, and the
maintenance of health and life
what is the difference in absorption of fat soulable vitamins and water soluble vitamins fat
soluble first go to lymph and then the blood vs. the water soluble which go directly to the blood
how do vitamins differ from macronutrients? structure, function, and dietary intake
what is bio availability based on
-efficacy of digestion -previous nutrient intake of nutrient
status - other foods consummed at the same time
what are the important major mineralcalcium, magnesium, potassium,sodium
what are the major tace minerals
copper, iodine, zinc
what are some food soruces of potassium dairy products, salmon, sardines, kale
what are the functions of calcium
bone and tooth formation, blood clotting, nerve and muscle
function
what are the sources of potassium? meats, dairy products, many fruits and vegatables, and
dairy
what is the function of potassium? acid-base balance, body water balance, nerve function
what are some sources of sodium table salt, processed foods
what is the fucntion of sodium?
acid-base balance, body water balance and nerve function
what are the soruces of magnesium whole grains, green leafy vegetables
what is the function of magnesium activation of enzymes in protein sythesis
what are some soruces of iodine
seafood, dairy products, iodinized salt
what is the function of iodine components of the thyroid hormone
what are some sources of zinc
meats,seafood,grains
what are the functions of zinc components of certain digestive enzymes
sodium is essential to muscle contaction and...
nerve trasmission
too much sodium does what?contributes to high blood pressure (damages the lining of blood)
chloride occurs primarily in a association with what sodium
what is the major role of potassium maintain fluid/electrolyte balance and cell integrity
what is the most abdundant mineral in the body? calcium (99% sotred in bones anad teeth)
what are the two integral roles of potassium 1) bone strucutre 2) calcium bone available to the
body
what is the second most abundant mineral in the body?
phosphorus ( > 80% is found
combined with calcium in crystals of bones and teeth)
what are some functions of magnesium?
critical to normal heart function, normal functioning
of the immune system, and inflamatory response
how do magnesium and calcium work together?
they work togther for proper functioning of
muscles: calcium promotes contration, mg helps relax muscles afterward
what is an important role of sulfate? important role in helping to shape strands of protein
most iron in the body is components of what two things? hemoglobin in RBC : carry O2 from
lungs to tissue myoglobin in muscle cell : Hold O2 for muscle to use
what is Zinc needed for?
activation of enzymes that perform tasks in eyes, liver,
kidneys,muscle, skin bones, and make reproductive organs
true or false: Zinc is essential to wound healking, taste perception, making sperm and fetal
development true
what is idodine an integral part of? integral part of thyroid hormones- regulates body temp,
metobolic rate, reprodcution, growth, making blood cells, nerve and muscle functions
what is the primary function of copper?
serve as constituent of enzyme with diverse
metabolic roles- help manufacture protein collagen, inactive histamine, degree serotonin, assis
in the healing of wounds
what is the primary role if fluride?
health is prevention of dental caries- mineralization of teeth
with calcium in bones who gains more than they loose
children
with calcium in bones, who maintains balance
adults
with calcium in bones who loses more than they gain
older adults
what are the major roles of calcium in body fluids -regulate transport ions across cell
membrane - maintain normal bp -muscle contraction -secretion of hormone, digestive emzymes,
and neurotransmitters -activates cellular enzymes
what is it called when calcium is too high? hypercalcemia
what are clincal manifestations of hypercalcemia? constipation, manifestation, anorexia,
kidney stones, st elevated on ekg, muscle weakness
what is it called when calcium is too low?
hypocalcemia
hypocalcemia blood serum level are?
less than 8.5 mg/dL
high calcium levels equals what lab number?
exceeding 13 mg/dL
What are the clincal manifestations of hypocalcemia?
tetany (muscle cramping), seizures,
spasms, depression
what are some causes of magnesium deficiency? inadequate intake, vomiting/ diarrhea,
alcohol abuse, malnutrtion, use of dieuretics and PPIs
what are effects of magnesium deficiency? low blood calcium, muscle, cramps, siezures,
hallucinations, inflamation in chronic disease
how does magnesium toxicity occur?rare but fatal - occurs with high intake of non food soruces
such as supplements of magnesium salt - accidient poisioning in children due to laxitives
what are effects of mg toxicity
diarrhea, abdominal cramps, acid-base imbalance
true or false: magnesium is a blocker of Ca and K which result in hypotension
true
magmesium is a blocker of what two minerals and what does that result in ?
Ca and K
which could result in HYPOtension
what is hepcidin?
hormone produced by the liver central to the regulation of iron balance
what the iron carrier called? transferrin
when more iron is needed what transports iron to the tissue?
transferrin
what does the greater need of tranferrin trigger?
increase number of these proteins to
mobilize iron and increased absorption occurs
what are the causes of iron dificiency?
-most common nutrient deficiency -inadequate
intake from iron- poor food choices -blood loss is the PRIMARY non-nutritional cause (GI)
what is the frist stage of iron deficiency?
-iron and ferritin levels diminish - ferritin level mosst
uselful lab test
what is the 2nd stage of iron deficiency?
decrease in transport iron -iron level low -transferrin
levels increase
what is the 3rd stage of iron deficiency?
- limited hemoglobin production - hemoglobin level
and hematocrit levels delcine -late sign of iron deficiency
when does anemia set in? as you deplete iron stores and therefore the laack of iron
availability to bind to hemoglobin (this will create decrease in oxygenated blood which leads to
common symptoms of fatigue and weakness)
who is anemia most common in?
mentruating women
what is iron overload called? hemochromatosis
what is hemochromatosis and what causes it ?
-increased intestinal absorption of iron from
diet -massive doses of supplementary iron -repeated blood tranfusion
what supports iron homeostasis?
hepcidin
deficiency of what causes hemochrmatosis?hepcidin
what does iron over load cause?
- apathy, lethargy, fatigue, free radical tissue damage ( esp
in liver), - ---more common in men -cardiac adverse outcome: heart is the second most likely
place for iron deposition (dilated cardiomyopathy, conduction disorders - pancreatic overload
can lead to DM II
What is a component of many body proteins?
copper
where is copper absorbed in excess of metabolic requrements is exreted through what? bile
inherted copper toxcity is what?
wilson disease
what is wilsons disease?
inherited disorder that causes too much copper to accumulate in
the organs
does copper eliminate in Wilson disease? no, instead it accumunates, possibly to a
life-threatning level
what age do symptoms for wilsons disease begin? 12-23
what are symptoms of wilson disease?
swelling, fatigue,abdominal pain, uncontrolled
movements
what are treatments for wilsons disease?
medications that can prompt the organs to release
copper into the bloodstream. once in the bloodstream it can eliminate from the body through the
kidneys
how can you get copper toxicity
accquired copper toxicity results from ingesting or
absorbing excess copper (acidic food/drinks) -nausea,vomiting and diarrhea may occur
what does more severe copper toxicity occur from? ingestion (usually suicidal intent) -large
amounts through skin
treatment of wilsons disease?
chelation- certai drugs are used to bind and eliminate
copper from the body
how to diagnose copper toxicity (wilsons disease)? liver biopsy which can show mallory hyalin
bodies
symptoms of wilsons disease?
depression, personality change, bipolar, irratability,
declining school performance - neurological deficit
what is the kayser-fleisher ring?
gold, greenish gold, golden borwn, borwnish green rings in
the limbic region of the cornea -results from copper depositis in the cornea
what is thiamin deficiency called?
beriberi
who is thamin deficiency most common amoung? people subsisting on white rice or highly
refined carbs in developing countries and among alcoholics - severe anorexia - vitamin b
deficiency
what is dry beriberi? neuological deficit -bilateral and roughly symmetric uccring in stocking
glove distribution -Predominantly the LOWER EXTREMITIES
what is the werbicke-korsakoff syndrome? -occurs in some alcoholics who do not consume
foods fortified with thiamin -slowing or apathy, jumping of the eyes, impaired conciousness and if
untreated coma and death
what is infantile beriberi?
occurs in infants (3-4 wk) breastfed by thiamin-deficnet mothers
what is cardiovascular (wet) beri beri?
myocardial disease due to thiamin deficiency
how to treat thiamin deficiency
supplemental thiamin