Used Coffee Grounds, Annatto and Turmeric as an Alternative Wood Colorant
USED COFFEE GROUNDS, ANNATTO AND TURMERIC AS AN
ALTERNATIVE WOOD COLORANT
Canlas, Al Gneil D.
Cruz, Charls L.
Dabu, Jazzy Andrea S.
Dela Cruz, Christian I.
Vicente, Ashley T.
This research is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Senior High
School – Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) Strand.
Don Honorio Ventura State University
Bacolor, Pampanga
March 2020
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Used Coffee Grounds, Annatto and Turmeric as an Alternative Wood Colorant
ii
APPROVAL SHEET
The research entitled “USED COFFE GROUNDS, ANNATTO and
TURMERIC as an Alternative WOOD COLORANT” prepared and submitted by AL
GENEIL CANLAS, CHARLS CRUZ, JAZZY ANDREA DABU, CHRISTIAN
JOSHUA DELA CRUZ AND JANN ASHLEY MARIE VICENTE in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the Grade12, Science, Technology, Engineeringand
Mathematics(STEM), has been examined and hereby recommended for acceptance for
Oral Examination.
PEARL ANGELI B. ASAARI, RMT,LPT
Research Adviser
LOUIE FE S. VILLANUEVA, MAEd
Panelist
ALVIN J. HERNANDEZ, MAEd
Panelist
EDDIEBAL P. LAYCO, Ph.D.
Panelist
Panel of examiners
LOUIE FE S. VILLANUEVA, MAEd
Panelist
ALVIN J. HERNANDEZ, MAEd
Panelist
EDDIEBAL P. LAYCO, Ph.D.
Panelist
Approved and accepted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for Senior High
School.
Louie Fe S. Villanueva, MAEd
Principal, Senior High School
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Used Coffee Grounds, Annatto and Turmeric as an Alternative Wood Colorant
iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The researchers would like to express their deepest gratitude to the people who
helped them and who have been part of this study. Specifically, the researchers would like
to thank the following:
To their research adviser and technical adviser, Pearl Angeli B. Asaari and Jeffrey
A. Laxa, for their expertise and time to make the study a success;
To Aldrin D. Parico, research teacher, who willingly taught different strategies to
the researchers, gave them support and guidance in their study;
To Maricel M. Supan, Ditas Agnes T. Sotto and John Dave A. Dicuangco, for
validating the instrument used in gathering data;
To the Panel members, Eddiebal P. Layco, Louie Fe S. Villanueva and Alvin
Hernandez, who spent time examining and developing their paper patiently and willingly;
To the respondents, who willingly spent their time answering question and
evaluating the product;
To the families of the researchers, for their never ending love, inspiration and
financially support; and
Above all, the Almighty God, for giving them strength, confidence, knowledge
and wisdom during and before the completion of this research.
The Researchers
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Used Coffee Grounds, Annatto and Turmeric as an Alternative Wood Colorant
iv
Abstract
Toxic chemicals can possibly be inhaled when commercial wood stain is used
which can result to serious health consequences. Thus, this study aims to make a wood
colorant made from Used Coffee Grounds (UCGs), Annatto and Turmeric along with
linseed oil that is less toxic, environmental friendly and affordable. The linseed oil that was
used in the study was obtained from the dried ripened seeds of the flax plant. This study
aims to produce a natural wood colorant from natural and organic materials like coffee,
annatto and turmeric. Experimental method was employed in this study. Twenty (20)
furniture workers from Sta Ursula, Guagua, Pampanga evaluated the product by means of
answering the evaluation sheets. These respondents were selected through purposive
sampling procedure. After the testing and evaluation of the product, the study concludes
that the product is effective and acceptable since Used Coffee Grounds, Annatto and
Turmeric as Wood Colorants are all evaluated “Excellent”. However, the product is
excellent, it is recommended to further improve the color of the product.
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Used Coffee Grounds, Annatto and Turmeric as an Alternative Wood Colorant
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page.............................................................................................................................i
Approval Sheet................................................................................................................... ii
Acknowledgment................................................................................................................iii
Abstract...............................................................................................................................iv
Table of Contents.................................................................................................................v
List of Figures...................................................................................................................viii
List of Tables......................................................................................................................ix
List of Appendices..............................................................................................................xi
Chapter
1
Page
THE PROBLEM AND REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Introduction................................................................................................. 1
Conceptual Framework............................................................................... 4
Statement of the Problem.......................................................................... 5
Significance of the Study........................................................................... 5
Scope and Limitations................................................................................. 6
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Used Coffee Grounds, Annatto and Turmeric as an Alternative Wood Colorant
vi
Definition of Terms..................................................................................... 7
2
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Research Design.......................................................................................... 8
Population and Sample............................................................................... 8
Research Instruments.................................................................................. 9
Data Gathering Procedures..........................................................................9
Data Analysis.............................................................................................10
Product Development.................................................................................10
3
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Product Observation………………………………………………..……15
Product Description………………………………………………...……17
Participants’ Assessment of the Used Coffee Grounds, Annatto and
Turmeric as Alternative Wood Colorant in terms of Color, Drying Time,
Spreadabilty and Effectiveness……………………………...…………...18
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Used Coffee Grounds, Annatto and Turmeric as an Alternative Wood Colorant vii
4
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary....................................................................................................21
Conclusions...............................................................................................22
Recommendations.....................................................................................22
REFERENCES
23
APPENDICES
26
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Used Coffee Grounds, Annatto and Turmeric as an Alternative Wood Colorant viii
LIST OF FIGURE
No.
1
Page
Research Paradigm
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
4
Used Coffee Grounds, Annatto and Turmeric as an Alternative Wood Colorant ix
LIST OF TABLES
No.
Page
1
Interpretation for Weighted Mean
10
2
Percentage Composition of Used Coffee Grounds, Annatto
13
and Turmeric Wood Colorant
3
Observation of Duration of Used Coffee Grounds, Annatto
13
and Turmeric Wood Colorant by its Physical Properties
4
Rubric for the Evaluation of Test Results based on
14
Physical Properties of the Used Coffee Grounds, Annatto
and Turmeric as Alternative Wood Colorant
5
Product Observation Results in Determining Appropriate
15
Material Composition of Used Coffee Grounds, Annatto and
Turmeric as Alternative Wood Colorant
6
Testing Results for the Duration of the Color of the Wood
Colorant in Different Materials on Different Ratio of Raw
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
16
Used Coffee Grounds, Annatto and Turmeric as an Alternative Wood Colorant
Materials
7
Participants’ Assessments of the Used Coffee Grounds as
19
Alternative Wood Colorant in terms of Color, Drying Time,
Spreadability and Effectiveness .
8
Participants’ Assessment of the Annatto as Alternative Wood 19
Colorant in terms of Color, Drying Time, Spreadability and
Effectiveness.
9
Participants’ Assessment of the Turmeric as Alternative
20
Wood Colorant in terms of Color, Drying Time, Spreadability
and Effectiveness
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
x
Used Coffee Grounds, Annatto and Turmeric as an Alternative Wood Colorant xi
LIST OF APPENDICES
Letter
Page
A
Permit to Conduct the Study
26
B
Memorandum of Agreement
27
C
Validators Certificate
28
D
Statistician’s Certificate
29
E
Grammarian’s Certificate
30
F
Plagiarism Certificate
31
G
Certification of Research Reproduction and
32
Bookbinding
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Used Coffee Grounds, Annatto and Turmeric as an Alternative Wood Colorant
Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Normally, people in the community make their wood products more colorful and
appealing by using different colorants especially when there is an occasion or special event.
Others, like furniture makers, use wood stain for protection purposes. According to Hamel
(n.d), the primary purpose of wood colorant is to color wood while offering certain
protection.
In this study, wood colorant was developed using Used Coffee Grounds (UCGs),
Annatto and Turmeric as the primary ingredients. It works in the wood by saturating color,
rather than applying a layer of color over the wood surface.
Wood extractives give distinctive color to various wood species. Hemicelluloses
xand lignin also obscure wood surfaces over time due to the effects of oxidation. It is
considered very difficult to match colors and shades of wood materials in mobilization and
decoration application, even if it is taken from the same log (Sonmez et al., 2003; Newel
& Holtrop, 1961).
Unfortunately, wood maker uses artificial wood colorant that contains harmful
chemicals like polyurethane which has a high concentration of alcohol, petroleum
distillates and other chemicals. These linger in the air which can cause respiratory diseases
when inhaled.
Koh and Hong (2017) proved that Used Coffee Grounds (UCGs) can be used as an
attractive deep-brown color on coloring effect and color fatness of the wool dyed fabrics.
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Used Coffee Grounds, Annatto and Turmeric as an Alternative Wood Colorant 2
Although it is used many times for brewing coffee, it can still produce tannin which can be
used in coloring or dying a wool.
UCGs contain big quantities of functional chemicals such as caffeine, tannins, and
polyphenols. Recycling the UCG extract would be beneficial to the environment because
according to Koh and Hong (2017), UCGs show presence of antioxidants activity and UV
blocking stability when used as a dye for fabric.
According to Devi et al. (2013), Annatto (Bixa orellana L.) has potential for dyeing meat
and fabrics. It is an alternative dye producing plant. Annatto seed extract is a natural dye
from the exterior coatings of Bixa orellana L, plants belonging to the Bixaceae family.
Annatto extract has natural carotenoid and is primarily used in foodstuffs such as
cheese and butter (Devi et al., 2013). The annatto colour, named after Francisco De
Orellana, comes from the evergreen shrub Bixa orellana. At the ends of the branches,
prickly reddish-orange core shaped pods develop about 50 annatto seeds inside (Hegde &
Goutham, 2018).
Turmeric
is
also
known
as
Curcuma
longa
because
it
includes
desmethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin, resulting in yellow color. According to
Hasan et al. (2017), turmeric is the only yellow dye not requiring a mordant to fasten it on
wool, cotton or silk. Turmeric coloring is obtained from the turmeric or Indian saffron
plant's ground root. This bright orange powder is a rich but fleeting color, considered by
the professional dyers to be the finest yellow and often used throughout the 18th and 19th
centuries (Hasan et al., 2017). Turmeric can be used on bleached cotton fabric to achieve
a brilliant yellow color. It is a perennial Zingiberaceae (ginger) plant that appears
morphologically similar to Zingiber officinale except for its intense yellow colour
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Used Coffee Grounds, Annatto and Turmeric as an Alternative Wood Colorant
3
(Suryawanshi et al., 2017). It has an aromatic smell and a bitter taste. The curcumin is the
distinctive yellow color of turmeric.
According to Orkan et al. (2013), linseed oil is obtained from flax plant seeds. It is
also one of the natural oils that are most helpful. It is used in paints, varnishes, and stains
as a wood preservative. This oil in its raw state is an inefficient finish as it takes many days
to heal. Metallic driers are therefore added to create it more efficient (Orkan et al., 2013).
Usually, these driers are cobalt, manganese, or zinc salts.
Linseed oil cures in about a day with the addition of driers. According to Orkan et
al. (2013), it is the addition of certain solvents that trigger the drying of linseed oil faster,
acting as if it had been boiled. This enhances the preservation of tool handles, decks and
furniture.
Other colorants and paints use oil materials to make their product last in a long
period of time, but linseed oil can be used as an alternative binder to make the alternative
wood stain more lasting when it is treated/ used.
The aforementioned studies indicate that the natural ingredients used in this study
are safe and can be used as colorant (Koh & Hong, 2017; Devi et al., 2013; Hasan et al.,
2017). This prompted the researchers to produce an effective colorant that is less harmful,
environment friendly and less expensive than the commercial product in the market.
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Used Coffee Grounds, Annatto and Turmeric as an Alternative Wood Colorant 4
Conceptual Framework
The conceptual framework of the study is shown in Figure 1.
Input
Process
Output
 Equipment
 Iron pot

Collecting
 Stove

Powdering
 Winnowing

Boiling

Straining
 Measuring

Mixing
cups

Testing

Evaluating

Packaging
 Ladle
Basket
 Grinder
 Raw Materials
 UCGs or Used
Coffee

Alternative
Wood
Colorant
made from
Used Coffee
grounds,
Annatto and
Turmeric
Grounds
 Linseed Oil
 Turmeric
 Annatto
Figure 1: Research Paradigm
The framework of the study consists of three frames: Input, Process and Output.
The input contains the materials required to develop the product. The process frame
contains the steps conducted. The output is the expected outcome of the study Used Coffee
Grounds, Annatto and Turmeric as an Alternative Wood Colorant.
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Used Coffee Grounds, Annatto and Turmeric as an Alternative Wood Colorant 5
Statement of the Problem
This study aims to produce a natural wood colorant from natural and organic
materials like used coffee grounds, annatto and turmeric. This study is also concerned in
determining the answers to the following questions:
1. How may the product be described in terms of:
1.1 Materials;
1.2 Process; and
1.3 Percentage Composition?
2. How may the respondents assess the color, spreadability, drying time and effectiveness
of the following alternative wood colorant:
2.1 Used Coffee Grounds Wood Colorant;
2.2 Annatto Wood Colorant; and
2.3. Turmeric Wood Colorant?
Significance of the Study
This study aims to produce a natural wood colorant made from Used Coffee
Grounds (UCGs), Annatto and Turmeric. Basically, others use wood stain to make the
wood more appealing. However, commercial wood colorants contain chemicals that may
harm one’s health. Unlike the product in this study, it doesn't have any chemicals that can
cause diseases. Further, the product is less expensive than the commercial wood stain so it
will be beneficial to the following:
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Used Coffee Grounds, Annatto and Turmeric as an Alternative Wood Colorant
6
Furniture Shops. This study is a great help for furniture shops to save the money
intended for wood stain. Through this, they will be able to produce their own in just simple,
home based and organic materials like Used Coffee Grounds, Annatto and Turmeric.
Community. This is beneficial to all people because the product is inexpensive
than the commercial wood colorant. Another, it is an advantage for them because they can
make themselves their own wood colorant even in their own houses.
Future researchers. This study will help the future researchers since it will serve
as their guide in conducting relevant study.
Scope and Limitations.
This study is conducted to determine the possibility to develop a natural wood
colorant from Used Coffee Grounds, Annatto seed, and Turmeric. This study is only
focused on producing natural wood colorant that can only be used on wood especially
palochina and mahogany. Further, it is only fixated on using used coffee grounds and no
other types of coffee.
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Used Coffee Grounds, Annatto and Turmeric as an Alternative Wood Colorant 7
Definition of Terms.
For further understanding, the following words are conceptually defined;
Annatto. It is a yellowish orange colorant comes from seeds of the tropical tree
fruit Bixa Orellana commonly used in food industry. (Guiliano et al., 2003).
Anthocyanin. These are water-soluble colored pigments that belong to phenolic
group (Kho et al., 2017).
Curcumin. It refers to a crystalline orange-yellow powder that is almost insoluble
in water (Suryawanshi et al., 2017).
Tannin. It is a water-soluble polyphenol found in many plants (Chung et al., 1998).
Turmeric. It is a spice from the turmeric plant. It is commonly used in food from
Asia (WebMD, n.d).
Used Coffee Grounds. It refers to coffee grounds after they have been used. They
are the primary waste product produced by the espresso coffee extraction process
(Cameron & Malley, 2016).
Wood Colorant. This is a type of colorant that used on wood by soaking pigment
into wood fibers with a solvent and then having it set and bind to the wood (Hamel, 2015).
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Used Coffee Grounds, Annatto and Turmeric as an Alternative Wood Colorant
Chapter 2
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This chapter consists of the research design, research respondents, sampling
techniques, research instruments, data gathering procedure, data analysis and the product
development.
Research Design
The study used product development-experimental design since the researchers
used survey questionnaires, evaluation and observation of the product. Shuttleworth (2008)
stated that an experimental quantitative method includes testing the results, survey
questionnaires or interviews that will be used for follow up research to take. The
researchers used experimental design because in developing the product, evaluation and
consultation using unstructured interview and survey questionnaires were used to evaluate
the product. The researchers also observed and used trial and error for the improvement of
the product.
Population and Sample
There are twenty (20) participants in this study. The participants are furniture maker
who have a knowledge about the product.
In getting the sample, the study used a purposive sampling procedure. Purposive
sampling is a type of non-probability sampling that is easy to use and most effective when
one needs to study at specific topic with knowledgeable expert within. According to
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Used Coffee Grounds, Annatto and Turmeric as an Alternative Wood Colorant 9
Tongco (2007), purposive sampling may also be used with both qualitative and quantitative
research techniques.
Research Instrument
To gather the data of the study, the researchers utilized a survey questionnaire and
observation form. The survey question was constructed for the purpose of the study and it
is composed of two (2) parts; the color evaluation and product assessment. Through this,
the researchers observed the effectiveness of the product.
Data Gathering Procedure
The following are the steps in gathering the data:
1. Planning for the preparation of Used Coffee Grounds, Turmeric and Annatto:
1.1. Plant collection of the materials according to target areas
2. Development Phase:
2.1. Following the procedure in making the product
2.2. Initial testing
3. Testing with certain material:
3.1. Different woods: and
3.2. Color Monitoring.
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Used Coffee Grounds, Annatto and Turmeric as an Alternative Wood Colorant 10
Data Analysis
The qualitative data were identified, organized, tailed and tabulated. Frequency
distribution, percentage and weighted mean were used to treat the data. The table below
was used in the interpretation of data.
Table 1: Interpretation of the weighted mean
Weighted Mean
Verbal Interpretation
3.26- 4.00
Excellent
2.51-3.25
Good
1.76-2.50
Fair
1.00-1.75
Poor
Product Development
I: Planning Phase
This phase involves the process in which the researchers brainstorm on how to
develop a wood colorant which is effective in coloring wood at the same time. Through
meeting and planning, the researchers came up with the idea of using Used Coffee
Grounds, Annatto and Turmeric as the main ingredients of the said wood colorant.
II: Development Phase
This phase includes the ingredients, materials and procedure used in making the
product.
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Used Coffee Grounds, Annatto and Turmeric as an Alternative Wood Colorant 11
Ingredients
1. ¼ cup of Used Coffee Grounds
2. 4 whole Turmeric root
3. ¼ cup of Annatto
4. ½ cup of Linseed Oil.
Materials.
1. Small pot
2. Spoon
3. Measuring cups
4. Strainer
5. Winnowing Basket
6. Bowl
7. Wood stain container
8. Grinder
Procedure
1. For used coffee grounds wood stain;
Step 1: Prepare all the
ingredients and materials
to be used.
Step 2: Put 1 cup of used
coffee grounds and 1 cup
of linseed oil in a pot.
Step 5: Store in the wood colorant container.
Step 3: Stir it thoroughly in a
pot with low heat until the
color of UCGs is extracted.
Step 4:Cool it for 5 mins
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Used Coffee Grounds, Annatto and Turmeric as an Alternative Wood Colorant 12
2. For annatto;
Step 1: Prepare all the
ingredients and
materials.
Step 2: Grind the annatto
until it become powdered
Step 5: Store into the
wood colorant
container.
Step 3: Put 3/4 cup of
Annatto and 1 cup of
linseed oil in a pot.
Step 4: Mix it thoroughly
until the color of powderize
annatto mix with the linseed
oil.
3. For turmeric;
Step 1: Prepare all the
ingredients and
materials.
Step 6: Put the sliced
Turmeric in a
winnowing basket.
Step 7: Dry the sliced
Turmeric under the sun
for 5-10 days.
Step 2: Put the Turmeric
root in the water.
Step 3: Boil it for 20
mins.
Step 5: Slice the
Turmeric in thin
slices.
Step 4: Pour into the bowl
with the strainer and let it
cool for 5 minutes.
Step 8: Remove the
dried Turmeric and
grind the sliced
turmeric.
Step 9: Add ½ cup
powdered Turmeric in 1
cup linseed oil.
Step 10: Store into the
wood colorant
container.
III. Observation Phase
In the observation phase, Used Coffee Grounds, Annatto and Turmeric as
Alternative Wood Colorant was observed on the basis of a description of the physical
properties of the product.
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Used Coffee Grounds, Annatto and Turmeric as an Alternative Wood Colorant
13
The researchers provided an observation sheet consisting of three experiments to
show any improvements of the product.
Table 2. Percentage Composition of Used Coffee Grounds, Annatto and Turmeric Wood
Colorant
Used Coffee Grounds
(UCG’s) Colorant
UCG’s – 33%
Propylene Glycol – 67%
UCG’s Colorant
UCG’s – 25%
Water – 70%
Egg White – 5%
Annatto Colorant
Annatto – 33%
Propylene Glycol – 67%
Annatto Colorant
Annatto – 25%
Water – 70%
Egg White – 5%
Turmeric Colorant
UCG’s Colorant
UCG’s – 38%
Linseed oil – 62%
Annatto Colorant
Annatto – 38%
Linseed Oil – 62%
Turmeric Colorant
Turmeric – 38%
Linseed Oil –62%
Turmeric Colorant
Turmeric – 25%
Water – 70%
Egg White – 5%
Turmeric – 33%
Propylene Glycol – 67%
Table 3. Observation of Duration of Used Coffee Grounds, Annatto and Turmeric Wood
Colorant by its Physical Properties
TRIALS
Duration of the
used coffee
grounds
Duration of the
annatto
Duration of the
turmeric
Legend:
TRIAL 1
TRIAL 2
TRIAL 3
4
3
2
1
4
3
2
1
4
3
2
1
<1
<3
weeks
<2
weeks
<1
week
<1
<3
wee
ks
<2
wee
ks
<1
week
<1
<3
wee
ks
<2
week
s
<1
week
<3
weeks
<2
weeks
<1
week
<3
wee
ks
<2
wee
ks
<1
week
<3
wee
ks
<2
week
s
<1
week
<3
wee
ks
<2
wee
ks
<1
week
<3
wee
ks
<2
week
s
<1
week
mon
th
<1
mon
th
<1
mont
h
<1
mont
h
<3
weeks
mon
th
4- Excellent
<2
weeks
<1
week
<1
mont
h
mo
nth
<1
mo
nth
<1
mo
nth
3- Good 2- Bad 1- Poor
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Used Coffee Grounds, Annatto and Turmeric as an Alternative Wood Colorant 14
IV. Testing and Evaluation
The researchers tested the colorant produced by the Used Coffee Grounds, Annatto
and Turmeric in order to evaluate and specify the appropriate properties for the product.
Table 4. Rubric for The Evaluation of Test Results based on the Physical Properties of
the Used Coffee Grounds, Annatto and Turmeric as Alternative Wood Colorant
INDICATORS 4
3
2
1
Color
Used Coffee
Grounds
Colorant
Dark Brown
Brown
Light Brown
No color
Annatto
Colorant
Red
Light Red
Orange
Light Orange
Turmeric
Colorant
Bright Yellow
Yellow
Light Yellow
No color
Drying time
Less than 5 mins
6 to 10 mins
11 to 15 mins Greater than 15 mins
Spreadability
Watery
Viscous
Very Viscous
Effectiveness
Greater than 5
mins
Slight
Watery
3 mins
2 mins
Less than a minute
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Used Coffee Grounds, Annatto and Turmeric as an Alternative Wood Colorant
Chapter 3
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.
This chapter presents the results, interpretation, evaluation, and information
obtained through observation and survey.
Product Observation.
Different properties or ratio of raw materials were used to produce the best
composition of the product in experimenting and testing of the best component of the wood
colorant.
Results in Determining Appropriate Materials Composition of Used Coffee Grounds,
Annatto and Turmeric as Alternative Wood Colorant
Table 5. Product Observation Results in Determining Appropriate Material Composition
of Used Coffee Grounds, Annatto and Turmeric as Alternative Wood Colorant
Trials
Materials
composition
Trial 1
Trial 2
Used Coffee Grounds
(UCG’s) Colorant
UCG’s – 33%
Propylene Glycol – 67%
UCG’s Colorant
UCG’s – 25%
Water – 70%
Egg White – 5%
Annatto Colorant
Annatto – 33%
Propylene Glycol – 67%
Turmeric Colorant
Turmeric – 33%
Propylene Glycol – 67%
Annatto Colorant
Annatto – 25%
Water – 70%
Egg White – 5%
Turmeric Colorant
Turmeric – 25%
Water – 70%
Egg White – 5%
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Trial 3
UCG’s Colorant
UCG’s – 38%
Linseed oil – 62%
Annatto Colorant
Annatto – 38%
Linseed Oil – 62%
Turmeric Colorant
Turmeric – 38%
Linseed Oil –62%
Used Coffee Grounds, Annatto and Turmeric as an Alternative Wood Colorant 16
Table 5 shows the ratio of the 3 trials using different materials in developing the
product. First trial contains 67% propylene glycol as the binder of the product and used
UCGs, Annatto and Turmeric with 33% ratio to produce the color of the product. The
second trial consists of 70% water as the solvent of the product, 5% egg white to adhere
the color into the wood and 25% UCGs, Annatto and Turmeric for the color of the product.
Third trial consists of 62% of linseed oil as the binder of the product and 38% of UCGs,
Annatto and Turmeric to produce the color of the product.
In creating the Used Coffee Grounds, Annatto and Turmeric as Alternative Wood
Colorant, the evaluation of the product highlights the best rate from 1 to 4 translated as
"Poor to Excellent" in terms of the duration of the color of the wood colorant applied.
Table 6. Testing for the Duration of the Color of the Wood Colorant in Different Materials
on Different Ratio of Raw Materials
TRIALS
Duration of the
used coffee
grounds
Duration of the
annatto
Duration of the
turmeric
Legend:
TRIAL 1
TRIAL 2
TRIAL 3
4
3
2
1
4
3
2
1
4
3
2
1
<1
<3
weeks
<2
weeks
<1
week
<1
<3
wee
ks
<2
wee
ks
<1
week
<1
<3
wee
ks
<2
week
s
<1
week
<3
wee
ks
<2
wee
ks
<1
week
<3
wee
ks
<2
week
s
<1
week
<3
wee
ks
<2
wee
ks
<1
week
<3
wee
ks
<2
week
s
<1
week
mon
th
<1
mont
h
<3
weeks
<2
weeks
<1
week
mon
th
<1
mon
th
<1
mont
h
<3
weeks
4- Excellent
<2
weeks
<1
week
<1
mont
h
mo
nth
<1
mo
nth
<1
mo
nth
3- Good 2- Bad 1- Poor
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Used Coffee Grounds, Annatto and Turmeric as an Alternative Wood Colorant 17
Table 6 shows the duration of the color of the 3 trials. First trial contains propylene
glycol as the binder of the product. In this trial the duration of the color didn't last longer
for 1 week. In the second trial, water was used as the solvent and egg white to adhere the
color to the wood. It shows a better result than the first trial but needs to be improved. The
third trial containing linseed oil as the binder showed the best result among the three trials
since it can last for a month.
1. Product Description.
The researchers used raw materials and scientific method to develop the product.
The materials used are environment friendly and less harmful to people.
1.1. Materials
The materials were gathered and used by the researchers to develop and conduct
the study.
1.2. Process
The study adapted scientific process method that allows the researchers to make
Used Coffee Grounds, Annatto and Turmeric as Alternative Wood Colorant. First process
is the collecting of the materials that will be needed in making the product. Second process
is mixing the used coffee grounds, annatto and turmeric to the linseed oil to extract the dye
thoroughly. Third process is the packaging of the product. The colorant is transferred into
a container to avoid the product to dry up and to maintain its color. Lastly, the testing and
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Used Coffee Grounds, Annatto and Turmeric as an Alternative Wood Colorant
18
evaluation of the product allows the researchers, participants, panelist and research
consultants to test and evaluate the product for further recommendation..
2. Participants' Assessment of the Used Coffee Grounds, Annatto and Turmeric as
Alternative Wood Colorant in terms of Color, Drying Time, Spreadabilty and
Effectiveness.
The researchers conducted a survey on November 14, 2019 to 20 furniture workers.
Every mean outcome has a verbal meaning equivalent. On the questionnaire table, the
findings and results of the survey are illustrated are the average of 20 respondents who
value the item in terms of color, drying time, spreadability and effectiveness.
Table 7. Participants Assessments of the Used Coffee Grounds as Alternative Wood
Colorant in terms of Color, Drying Time, Spreadability and Effectiveness .
Indicator
1.The color is brown
2.80
Verbal
Interpretation
Good
2.The drying time is less than 5 mins
4.00
Excellent
3. Slight Watery
2.90
Good
4.The effectiveness if soaked in water
is greater than 5mins
4.00
Excellent
3.43
Excellent
Grand Mean
Weighted Mean
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Used Coffee Grounds, Annatto and Turmeric as an Alternative Wood Colorant
19
Table 7 shows the participants' assessment of the Used Coffee Grounds as an
alternative wood colorant in terms of color, duration time, spreadabilty and effectiveness.
The color and spreadability of the product were assessed as "Good" by the participants with
a mean of 2.80 and 2.90 respectively. In terms of drying time and effectiveness, the
participants assessed the product as "Excellent" with both mean of 4.00. The Used Coffee
Grounds as an alternative wood colorant is "Excellent" as indicated by the grand mean of
3.43.
Table 8. Participants Assessments of the Annatto as Alternative Wood Colorant in terms
of Color, Drying Time, Spreadability and Effectiveness.
Indicator
Weighted Mean
Verbal Interpretation
1.The color is orange
2.50
Fair
2.The drying time is less
than 5 mins
3. Slight Watery
3.95
Excellent
3.75
Excellent
4.The effectiveness
if
soaked in water is greater
than 5mins
Grand Mean
4.00
Excellent
3.55
Excellent
Table 8 shows the survey result of the Annatto wood colorant in term of its color,
drying time, spreadability and effectiveness. The drying time, spread ability and
effectiveness of the product are assessed by the participants as "Excellent" with a mean of
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Used Coffee Grounds, Annatto and Turmeric as an Alternative Wood Colorant
20
3.95, 3.75 and 4.00 respectively. In terms of color, it is just “Fair” with a mean of 2.50
interpreted as "Fair". In general, the product is "Excellent" with a grand mean of 3.55 which
implies a market potential.
Table 9. Participants’ Assessments of the Turmeric as Alternative Wood Colorant in
terms of Color, Drying Time, Spreadability and Effectiveness.
Indicator
Weighted Mean
Verbal Interpretation
1.The color is bright yellow
3.40
Excellent
2.The drying time is less
than 5 mins
3. Watery
3.95
Excellent
3.85
Excellent
4.The effectiveness if
soaked in water is greater
than 5mins
Grand Mean
3.95
Excellent
3.79
Excellent
Table 9 presents the participants’ assessment of the Turmeric wood colorant in
terms of its color, drying time, spread ability and effectiveness. The participants assessed
the Turmeric as alternative wood colorant as "Excellent" with a grand mean of 3.79 which
implies a potential in the market.
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Used Coffee Grounds, Annatto and Turmeric as an Alternative Wood Colorant
CHAPTER 4
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, and RECOMMENDATION
This chapter presents the summary of findings, the conclusion as well as the
recommendation on the study.
Summary
The following are the summary of findings:
1. The materials used in preparing the product are Used Coffee Grounds (UCGs),
Annatto and Turmeric. The process includes collecting, mixing, grinding and
packaging.
2. The percentage composition of colorants used are: 38% UCGs, 38% annatto, 38%
turmeric and 62% of linseed oil as the binder.
3. The wood colorant has a natural color and protects the wood. It should not be used
in other material, only in wood.
4. After observing, evaluating and conducting surveys in different furniture shops,the
UCGs as wood colorant is “Good” in terms of color, “Excellent” in drying time,
“Good” in spreadability and “Excellent” in effectivity.
5. Using Annatto as an alternative wood colorant, the workers evaluated the color as
"Fair", "Excellent" in drying time, “Good” in spreadability, and "Excellent" in
effectiveness.
6. Turmeric as an alternative wood colorant is considered “Excellent” in terms of
color, drying time, spreadability and effectiveness.
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Used Coffee Grounds, Annatto and Turmeric as an Alternative Wood Colorant 22
7. Upon applying the product on the wood for less than 5 minutes, the color of the
wood remained. The researchers thus proved the effectiveness of the product.
8. The color of the product has a long duration time. After observing the product, it
shows that it can last up to 3 months which is a long period of time.
Conclusion
The following are the conclusion based in the summary and findings:
The materials used in the product are proven and tested in terms of effectiveness.
The wood colorant made from UCGs, Annatto and Turmeric gave the desire color of the
owners on their woods of furniture. The product present the colors needed and that last for
months. However, there are still things that need to be improved especially the color of the
Annatto wood colorant. Further, the product can only be applied on wood especially on
palochina and mahogany.
Recommendations
In line with the results of the study and the conclusions made, the researchers
recommend the following:
1. Look for other organic materials that can extract color and suitable for wood
coloring.
2. Try to improve the color of Annatto wood colorant.
3. Improve the spreadability of the UCG's wood colorant.
4. Find a more effective binder other than linseed oil.
5. Try to improve the product so it can be used to other types of wood.
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Used Coffee Grounds, Annatto and Turmeric as an Alternative Wood Colorant
23
References
Devi, V.N., Ariharan V. N. and Prasad, N. (2013). Annatto: Eco-Friendly and Potential
Source for Natural Dye. Retrieved from: International Research Journal of
Pharmacy. 4. 106-108. doi: 10.7897/2230-8407.04623.
DoveMed (2018). First Aid for Wood Stains Poisoning. Retrieved: January 29, 2019 from
https://www.dovemed.com/healthy-living/first-aid/first-aid-wood-stainspoisoning/.
Hamel,G. (n.d). How does Stain Protect Wood?. Retrieved: April 02, 2019 from
https://www.hunker.com/13402561/how-does-stain-protect-wood.
Hasan, N., Rahman, A., Isalm A., Hossain, A. Bitar, A., Rahman, A., Hasanuzzaman, K.,
Hasan K., Towhid and Huda, S.(2017). Natural Dyeing of Cotton Fabric Using
Turmeric (Curcuma.longa) and Anti- Microbia Finish. Retrieved: June 23, 2019
from https://www.slideshare.net/naimhasantowhid/a-project-work-on-natural
………dyeing-of-cotton-fabric-using-turmeric-curcuma-longa-and-antimicrobial-finish..
Hegde, M. & Goutham, N. (2018). Application of Medicinal Dye (Turmeric and Annatto)
on Silk Fabrics Using Eco-friendly Mordants. Retrieved from Application Of
Garcinia Indica Fruit Extract As A Mordant For Dyeing Of Organic Cotton
Fabrics For Commercial
Natural Colours. Vol. 14, Issue 2. Retrieved: July 30,
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Used Coffee Grounds, Annatto and Turmeric as an Alternative Wood Colorant 24
2019
from
…….`..https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329611442_Application_of_Medicinal
……`...Dye_Turmeric_and_Annatto_on_Silk_Fabrics_Using_Eco friendly_Mordants.
Koh, E. & Hong, K.H. (2019). Preparation and properties of wool fabrics dyed withspent
coffee ground extract. Retrieved from: Textile Research Journal. Volume: 89 issue:
1, page(s): 13-19. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0040517517736469.
Dhanapati Subedi (2016). Explanatory Sequential Mixed Method Design as the Third
Research Community of Knowledge Claim. Retrieved from: American Journal of
Educational Research, 4(7), 570-577. doi: 10.12691/education-4-7-10.
Tiryaki, S., Okan, O.T., Malkocoglu, A. and Deniz, I. (2013). The Use of Some Vegetable
Oils as Wood Finishing Substances in Furniture Industry. Retrieved from:
Internationl
Caucasian
Forestry
Symposium.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261647402.
Sonmez, A., Budakci, M. and Delikan, A. (2003), Holtrop, W. & Newell, A.C. (1961).
Antitermitic Effects of Three Wood
Stain Treatments. Maderas. Ciencia y
tecnología.
239-244,
Retrieved
from:
16(2):
2014.
doi:10.4067/S0718-
221X2014005000019.
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
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25
Suryawanshi, H., Naik, R., Kumar, P. and Gupta, R. (2017). Curcuma longa extract Haldi: A safe, eco-friendly natural cytoplasmic stain. Retrieved from: Journal of
Oral Maxillofacial Pathology. Pg. 340-344. doi: 10.4103/jomfp.JOMFP_62_17.
Tongco, D. (2007). Purposive Sampling as a Tool for Informant Selection. Retrieved from:
Ethnobotany
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DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
p.
147-158.
Used Coffee Grounds, Annatto and Turmeric as an Alternative Wood Colorant 26
Appendix A
PERMIT TO CONDUCT THE STUDY
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Used Coffee Grounds, Annatto and Turmeric as an Alternative Wood Colorant 27
Appendix B
MEMORANDUM OF AGREEMENT
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Used Coffee Grounds, Annatto and Turmeric as an Alternative Wood Colorant 28
Appendix C
VALIDATORS CERTIFICATE
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Used Coffee Grounds, Annatto and Turmeric as an Alternative Wood Colorant 29
Appendix D
STATISTICIAN’S CERTIFICATE
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Used Coffee Grounds, Annatto and Turmeric as an Alternative Wood Colorant 30
Appendix E
GRAMMARIAN CERTIFICATE
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Used Coffee Grounds, Annatto and Turmeric as an Alternative Wood Colorant
Appendix F
PLAGARISM CERTIFICATE
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
31
Used Coffee Grounds, Annatto and Turmeric as an Alternative Wood Colorant 32
Appendix G
CERTIFICATION OF RESEARCH REPRODUCTION AND BOOKBINDING
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Used Coffee Grounds, Annatto and Turmeric as an Alternative Wood Colorant
Al Geneil Dela Rosa Canlas
Email Address: canlas.neil29@gmail.com
#462 Zone 3, San Miguel, Betis, Guagua, Pampanga
Contact Number: 0928-255-4024
PERSONAL INFORMATION
Date of Birth
Place of Birth
Age
Nationality
Gender
Civil Status
Religion
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
December 29, 2001
San Nicolas 1st, Lubao, Pampanga
17 years old
Filipino
Male
Single
Roman Catholic
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Secondary
: Senior High School
Don Honorio Ventura State University
Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
(2018 – Present)
: Junior High School
Immaculate Conception Academy
Plaza Burgos, Guagua, Pampanga
(2014 – 2018)
Primary
: Elementary
Betis Elementary School
San Nicolas Betis, Guagua, Pampanga
(2008 – 2014)
I do hereby certify that all information above are true and correct.
__________________________
Al Geneil D. Canlas
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Used Coffee Grounds, Annatto and Turmeric as an Alternative Wood Colorant
Charls Lumanlan Cruz
Email Address: charlscruz70@gmail.com
Purok 3 Del Carmen, Lubao, Pampanga
Contact Number: 0929-144-7351
PERSONAL INFORMATION
Date of Birth
Place of Birth
Age
Nationality
Gender
Civil Status
Religion
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
September 16, 2001
Guagua, Pampanga
18 years old
Filipino
Male
Single
Roman Catholic
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Secondary
: Senior High School
Don Honorio Ventura State University
Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
(2018 – Present)
: Junior High School
Del Carmen National High School.
Del Carmen, Lubao, Pampanga
(2014 – 2018)
Primary
: Elementary
Del Carmen Elementary School
Del Carmen, Lubao, Pampanga
(2008 – 2014)
I do hereby certify that all information above are true and correct.
__________________________
Charls L. Cruz
Jazzy Andrea Silva Dabu
Email Address: andreajazzdabupadilla@gmail.com
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Used Coffee Grounds, Annatto and Turmeric as an Alternative Wood Colorant
#49 Carlos P. Romulo st. Sta. Cruz, Lubao, Pampanga
Contact Number: 0977-379-4827
PERSONAL INFORMATION
Date of Birth
Place of Birth
Age
Nationality
Gender
Civil Status
Religion
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
July 2, 2002
Sta. Barbara, Agoo, La Union
17 years old
Filipino
Female
Single
Roman Catholic
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Secondary
: Senior High School
Don Honorio Ventura State University
Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
(2018 – Present)
: Junior High School
Sta. Cruz Academy of Lubao Inc.
Sta. Cruz, Lubao, Pampanga
(2014 – 2018)
Primary
: Elementary
Sta. Cruz Elementary School
Sta. Cruz, Lubao, Pampanga
(2008 – 2014)
I do hereby certify that all information above are true and correct.
__________________________
Jazzy Andrea S. Dabu
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Used Coffee Grounds, Annatto and Turmeric as an Alternative Wood Colorant
Christian Joshua Infante Dela Cruz
Email Address: cjoshua525@gmail.com
#20 Macabacle, Bacolor, Pampanga
Contact Number: 0929-818-6994
PERSONAL INFORMATION
Date of Birth
Place of Birth
Age
Nationality
Gender
Civil Status
Religion
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
May 25, 2002
San Fernando, Pampanga
17 years old
Filipino
Male
Single
Catholic
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Secondary
: Senior High School
Don Honorio Ventura State University
Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
(2018 – Present)
: Junior High School
Pampanga High School
San Fernando, Pampanga
(2014 – 2018)
Primary
: Elementary
The Isidrians Academy
San Isidro, Bacolor, Pampanga
(2006 – 2014)
I do hereby certify that all information above are true and correct.
__________________________
Christian Joshua I. Dela Cruz
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY
Used Coffee Grounds, Annatto and Turmeric as an Alternative Wood Colorant
Jann Ashley Marie Tuason Vicente
Email Address: ashleytuason0402@gmail.com
#430 Pecson st. Poblacion, Florida Blanca, Pampanga
Contact Number: 0929-952-3900
PERSONAL INFORMATION
Date of Birth
Place of Birth
:
:
Age
Nationality
Gender
Civil Status
Religion
:
:
:
:
:
May 22, 2002
Poblacion, Florida Blanca,
Pampanga
17 years old
Filipino
Female
Single
Roman Catholic
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Secondary
: Senior High School
: Junior High School
Don Honorio Ventura State University St. Agustine Academy of Pampanga
Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
Poblacion, Florida Blanca, Pampanga
(2018 – Present)
(2014 – 2018)
Primary
: Elementary
St. Agustine Academy of Pampanga
Poblacion, Florida Blanca, Pampanga
(2012 – 2014)
Mc’ Ewens Inc.
San Isidro, Florida Blanca, Pampanga
(2009 – 2012)
St. Agustine Academy of Pampanga
Poblacion, Florida Blanca, Pampanga
(2008 – 2009)
I do hereby certify that all information above are true and correct.
__________________________
Jann Ashley Marie T. Vicente
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY