Geography Revision
GCSE, AS and A Level Geography Revision
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The Geography Revision Team
Geography Revision geography-revision.co.uk
GCSE GEOGRAPHY
Resource Management:
Water
Geography Revision geography-revision.co.uk
1.
REVISION NOTES
Geography Revision geography-revision.co.uk
Global patterns of water surplus and deficit
Reasons for increasing water consumption
1. Rising population
There has been an
exponential growth in
the world’s population
over the past century.
The majority comes
from Low-Income
Countries (LIC) and
Newly Emerging
Global water withdrawal and population growth 1900-2010
Economies (NEE).
Most of these areas are experiencing water insecurity and deficit due to
high demand, like in Africa. The graph shows the correlation between
water withdrawals and global population, which are both increasing over
time.
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Reasons for increasing water consumption
2. Economic development
At the same time, High-Income Countries (HIC) also have high demand for
water due to rising living standards. They have more water-consuming
appliances and buy more food. Manufacturing and agriculture are increasing
and need water in their processes (e.g. irrigation). Drinking, washing and
sanitation also contribute to the rising demand for water in rich countries.
Factors affecting water availability
1. Climate - Areas with low rainfall and high
temperatures/evaporation have more
difficulties accessing water (e.g. desert
conditions in Saudi Arabia) compared to
areas with high rainfall and low
temperature.
2. Geology - Permeable rock like chalk or
sandstone absorb and store water beneath
the surface and form aquifers.
Groundwater can be accessible through
wells.
3. Pollution - Even though some areas have
plenty of water, it is not safe to use if the
water is polluted. There are many sources
of water pollution: untreated raw sewage,
chemicals from factories, agricultural
runoff, and human waste, among others.
4. Over-abstraction - When excessive water
is taken out of an aquifer, groundwater
levels drop, future water supply is affected,
and the land subsides. This is dangerous
since subsidence can lead to sinkholes,
destruction of underground pipes and even
buildings.
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2.
ACTIVITIES
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Activity 1
Duration: 15 minutes
● From the map below, identify one (1) country/ area of water
surplus and one (1) country/ area of water deficit.
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Activity 1
Duration: 15 minutes
● From the map on the right, identify one (1) country/
area of water surplus and one (1) country/ area of
water deficit.
Answers may vary but some options below:
1. Areas of Water Surplus - Amazon Basin, North
America, Europe, South-East Asia
2. Areas of Water Deficit - Sahara Desert, North
Africa, Middle East, North-Central Asia
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FLASH CARDS
Give examples of
areas with a water
surplus
Amazon Basin,
North America,
Europe,
South-East Asia
Give examples of
areas with a water
deficit
Sahara Desert,
North Africa,
Middle East,
North-Central Asia
List the six factors
affecting water
availability
1. Climate
2. Geology
3. Pollution
4. Over-abstraction
5. Limited Infrastructure
6. Poverty
What are three
strategies to
increase water
supply?
1. Dams and reservoirs
2. Water transfers
3. Desalination plants
Geography Revision geography-revision.co.uk
GLOSSARY
Agriculture
Climate
One of the main users of water; has the largest demand; used for
crop irrigation and drinking water for animals; may result in dry
aquifers in the future.
One of the factors affecting water availability; areas with low rainfall
and high temperatures/evaporation have more difficulty accessing
water (e.g. desert conditions in Saudi Arabia) compared to areas
with high rainfall and low temperature.
Conflicts
One of the impacts of water insecurity; can happen when several
territories share a water resource within their boundaries. One
example is in Africa, where Egypt, Ethiopia and Sudan share the
usage of the Nile River. They try to avoid conflict by signing an
agreement called the “Declaration of Principles”.
Dams and
reservoirs
One of the strategies to increase water supply; dams are used to
block rivers to store water behind the dam wall called a reservoir. It
also collects rainwater and is essential in providing supply of
drinking water to households to avoid water insecurity during dry
seasons. It can also control the river flow to avoid flooding in lower
areas. It can produce electricity through hydroelectric power (HEP)
by releasing water from the dam to drive turbines. On the downside,
it is an expensive project and it can also negatively affect the
terrestrial and marine ecosystems downstream.
Desalination
plants
One of the strategies to increase water supply; desalination is the
process of removing salt and other materials from seawater to
create safe drinking water. Areas where seawater is abundant use
this process to supply freshwater to households, manufacturing and
agriculture. It is expensive, however, and only HIC like Japan,
Australia, Spain, UAE, Saudi Arabia, and Kuwait can afford such. In
the UK, the first desalination plant was opened along the Thames
River to help provide water during droughts.
Domestic
Food
production
Geology
One of the main users of water due to rising population; used for
drinking, washing and cooking; also used for modern appliances
(e.g. washing machines and dishwashers) and swimming pools.
One of the impacts of water insecurity; water for irrigation is vital in
farming. The more water supply, the more crop yields and more
food will be produced. Less water will lead to less food supply.
One of the factors affecting water availability; permeable rocks like
chalk or sandstone absorb and store water beneath the surface and
form aquifers. Groundwater can be accessed through wells.
Geography Revision geography-revision.co.uk
Geography Revision
GCSE, AS and A Level Geography Revision
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Geography Revision
GCSE, AS and A Level Geography Revision
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