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The Geography Revision Team Geography Revision geography-revision.co.uk GCSE GEOGRAPHY Resource Management: Water Geography Revision geography-revision.co.uk 1. REVISION NOTES Geography Revision geography-revision.co.uk Global patterns of water surplus and deficit Reasons for increasing water consumption 1. Rising population There has been an exponential growth in the world’s population over the past century. The majority comes from Low-Income Countries (LIC) and Newly Emerging Global water withdrawal and population growth 1900-2010 Economies (NEE). Most of these areas are experiencing water insecurity and deficit due to high demand, like in Africa. The graph shows the correlation between water withdrawals and global population, which are both increasing over time. Geography Revision geography-revision.co.uk 34 Reasons for increasing water consumption 2. Economic development At the same time, High-Income Countries (HIC) also have high demand for water due to rising living standards. They have more water-consuming appliances and buy more food. Manufacturing and agriculture are increasing and need water in their processes (e.g. irrigation). Drinking, washing and sanitation also contribute to the rising demand for water in rich countries. Factors affecting water availability 1. Climate - Areas with low rainfall and high temperatures/evaporation have more difficulties accessing water (e.g. desert conditions in Saudi Arabia) compared to areas with high rainfall and low temperature. 2. Geology - Permeable rock like chalk or sandstone absorb and store water beneath the surface and form aquifers. Groundwater can be accessible through wells. 3. Pollution - Even though some areas have plenty of water, it is not safe to use if the water is polluted. There are many sources of water pollution: untreated raw sewage, chemicals from factories, agricultural runoff, and human waste, among others. 4. Over-abstraction - When excessive water is taken out of an aquifer, groundwater levels drop, future water supply is affected, and the land subsides. This is dangerous since subsidence can lead to sinkholes, destruction of underground pipes and even buildings. Geography Revision geography-revision.co.uk 4 2. ACTIVITIES Geography Revision geography-revision.co.uk 146 Activity 1 Duration: 15 minutes ● From the map below, identify one (1) country/ area of water surplus and one (1) country/ area of water deficit. Geography Revision geography-revision.co.uk 157 Activity 1 Duration: 15 minutes ● From the map on the right, identify one (1) country/ area of water surplus and one (1) country/ area of water deficit. Answers may vary but some options below: 1. Areas of Water Surplus - Amazon Basin, North America, Europe, South-East Asia 2. Areas of Water Deficit - Sahara Desert, North Africa, Middle East, North-Central Asia Geography Revision geography-revision.co.uk 8 8 FLASH CARDS Give examples of areas with a water surplus Amazon Basin, North America, Europe, South-East Asia Give examples of areas with a water deficit Sahara Desert, North Africa, Middle East, North-Central Asia List the six factors affecting water availability 1. Climate 2. Geology 3. Pollution 4. Over-abstraction 5. Limited Infrastructure 6. Poverty What are three strategies to increase water supply? 1. Dams and reservoirs 2. Water transfers 3. Desalination plants Geography Revision geography-revision.co.uk GLOSSARY Agriculture Climate One of the main users of water; has the largest demand; used for crop irrigation and drinking water for animals; may result in dry aquifers in the future. One of the factors affecting water availability; areas with low rainfall and high temperatures/evaporation have more difficulty accessing water (e.g. desert conditions in Saudi Arabia) compared to areas with high rainfall and low temperature. Conflicts One of the impacts of water insecurity; can happen when several territories share a water resource within their boundaries. One example is in Africa, where Egypt, Ethiopia and Sudan share the usage of the Nile River. They try to avoid conflict by signing an agreement called the “Declaration of Principles”. Dams and reservoirs One of the strategies to increase water supply; dams are used to block rivers to store water behind the dam wall called a reservoir. It also collects rainwater and is essential in providing supply of drinking water to households to avoid water insecurity during dry seasons. It can also control the river flow to avoid flooding in lower areas. It can produce electricity through hydroelectric power (HEP) by releasing water from the dam to drive turbines. On the downside, it is an expensive project and it can also negatively affect the terrestrial and marine ecosystems downstream. Desalination plants One of the strategies to increase water supply; desalination is the process of removing salt and other materials from seawater to create safe drinking water. Areas where seawater is abundant use this process to supply freshwater to households, manufacturing and agriculture. It is expensive, however, and only HIC like Japan, Australia, Spain, UAE, Saudi Arabia, and Kuwait can afford such. In the UK, the first desalination plant was opened along the Thames River to help provide water during droughts. Domestic Food production Geology One of the main users of water due to rising population; used for drinking, washing and cooking; also used for modern appliances (e.g. washing machines and dishwashers) and swimming pools. One of the impacts of water insecurity; water for irrigation is vital in farming. The more water supply, the more crop yields and more food will be produced. Less water will lead to less food supply. One of the factors affecting water availability; permeable rocks like chalk or sandstone absorb and store water beneath the surface and form aquifers. Groundwater can be accessed through wells. Geography Revision geography-revision.co.uk Geography Revision GCSE, AS and A Level Geography Revision This resource is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license. You are free to: ● ● Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material Under the following terms: ● ● Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes. For more information on this license, visit the following link: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Thank you! Geography Revision geography-revision.co.uk 11 11 Geography Revision GCSE, AS and A Level Geography Revision Thank you so much for downloading this resource. We hope it has been useful for you in the classroom and that your students enjoy the activities. For more teaching resources like this, don’t forget to come back and download the new material we add every week! Thanks for supporting Geography Revision. We can provide teachers with low-cost, high-quality teaching resources because of our loyal subscribers and hope to serve you for many years to come. - The Entire Geography Revision Team :) Geography Revision geography-revision.co.uk 12 12
