REPUBLIQUE DU CAMEROUN Paix * Travail * Patrie ***************** REPUBLIC OF CAMEROON Peace * Work * Fatherland ***************** MINISTÈRE DE L’ENSEIGNEMENT SUPERIEUR MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION *********** UNIVERSITÉ DE BUEA ************ UNIVERSITY OF BUEA Faculty of Engineering and Technology Civil Engineering department CIV418: Quality, safety and environmental management QUALITY CONTROL (topic II) Written By: GROUP 4 NAME YUFENYUY RENE GHAKANYUY MATRICULE TCHUANJIEP NANA BRENDA FE21A112 NGUIMDA DONGFAC ZITANIE FE21AO87 ZELEFACK FRINGS TENDONGEO FE21A119 NGWE KALVIS OYAH FE21A088 KABERE NEHEMIAH Y. FE21A048 NGONG ALBERT ZUOH FE21A084 EWANE MICHEAL E. FE21A034 SAMTELICT TAMBEN FE21A102 HOTCHO DJOMO ILLICH FE21A044 SHAWA MATHIAS JUNIOR FE21A104 FE21A118 Course Instructor: Dr. Mwebi Ekengue Clautaire ACADEMIC YEAR 2023-2024 Table of Contents 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1 Definition of the Quality Control ........................................................................................................ 1 2. History and Evolution of Quality Control ....................................................................... 1 3. Quality Control standards and symbols .......................................................................... 2 Some common quality control symbols ....................................................................................... 3 Principle of quality control ................................................................................................................. 4 some important reasons for using quality control symbols ........................................................ 4 4. Quality Control Approach for Civil Engineering Construction ................................... 5 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 5 2. The main factors affecting the quality of civil engineering construction ........................ 5 3. Effectual ways to control the quality of civil engineering construction .......................... 7 4. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 9 5. Types of quality control documents on site and in civil engineering field .................... 9 Reports ............................................................................................................................................. 10 6. Benefits of Quality Control in Construction ................................................................. 11 Advantages of quality control in construction ............................................................................ 12 References ............................................................................................................................ Quality control (Topic II) 1. Introduction Quality means conformity of a product to specifications and standards stipulated for the product either by the manufacturer or the consumer before going into actual production of the product. Quality is a relative term and varies from place to place and user to user for the same product; perceptions of quality differ from person to person and his ability to pay. Definition of the Quality Control According to Bethar and Stackman, Quality Control refers to the systematic control of those variables encountered in a manufacturing process which affects the excellence of end product; such variable result from the application of materials, men, machine and manufacturing condition. Quality control is where finished products are checked by inspectors to see if they meet the set standard. Products are inspected at the start and the end of the production process. Any product not meeting the standards of quality set by the business will be: Sent for rework Discarded completely (Rejected) Quality control ensures that no faulty product reaches the consumer as all finished products are checked thoroughly. 2. History and Evolution of Quality Control The concept of quality control can be traced back to medieval Europe when craftsman guilds developed strict guidelines for how products were inspected for defects. These guilds were responsible for creating strict rule for products and services .This craftsmanship model with an emphasis on inspection and quality control extended through the early years of the Industrial Revolution. In the late 19th century mechanical engineer Frederick Winslow Taylor broke away from traditional European quality practices and developed a new approach, which focus on increasing productivity and profitability without increasing the number of craftsmen or strain on workers. In 1910, Taylor went on to publish "The Principle of Scientific Management" which lay the foundation for how manufacturers should optimize operational efficiency. In the 1920s, Engineer Walter Shewhart developed statistically quality control method to help business improve their production processes by reducing variation. Engineer and statistician William Deming collaborated closely with Shewhart’s methods to the production of military good during World War II. This enable armed forced to speed up inspection without compromising product safety or quality. After the devastation of the word war II, Japan started to focus on quality in an effort to rebuild its economy with the good of producing higher quality consumer goods and minimizing raw material waste, Japanese manufacturer enlisted the help of Deming and Joseph Juran for their quality expertise. In coming decades, manufacturers continued to refine quality management methods, going beyond inspection to focus on strategies that also incorporated processes and people for an end-to-end quality management system. Instead of Page 1 of 13 Quality control (Topic II) relying solely on product inspections, Japanese manufacturer adopted a total quality strategy which hell all workers accountable for improving operational process. This new total quality approach enables Japan to produce increasingly higher quality product at lower prices and resulted in an economic boom in the decades that followed. The Toyota Production System was developed during this period, focusing on minimizing inventory and waste. This development represents one of the earliest modern forms of a quality management system. By the 1970s, Japan was out-competing the U.S. in automobiles and electronics manufacturing. As consumers bought up Japanese goods, U.S. companies began losing market share, leading to cost-cutting and import restriction strategies .Japanese manufacturer began increasing their share in American market. The American economy suffered from its inability to compete with japan. This led business leader to emphasize an approached that embraces the entire organization called the Total Quality Control (TQC) which focus on promoting quality, setting the stage for a flourishing of quality and operational excellence strategies in the U.S. In 1987, the first official version of ISO 9000 was published, leading to slow but steady adoption by American companies. Today, quality control is an integral part of manufacturing. 3. Quality Control standards and symbols Quality standards are set by the industry or the government and can be awarded to organisations whose products meet certain standards or criteria. For example: CE Marking BSI Kitemark The CE mark shows that a product meets EU safety, health or environmental standards and that it complies with EU legislation. This mark proves that the product meets the requirements needed to sell within the European market. The Kitemark shows that a product has met the minimum standards of safety and quality according to British Standards Institution (BSI). The Kitemark is a UK-based quality trade mark operated by British Standards Institution. BSI checks and test products to ensure they meet minimum standards of safety and quality These standards always need to be maintained or the quality standard will be removed from the business. This may generate bad publicity. Businesses that achieve recognised quality standards often gain a competitive advantage over other businesses. Customers perceive the products provided by these companies as superior. This may lead to customer loyalty and the ability to charge higher prices. Page 2 of 13 Quality control (Topic II) Cameroon’s Standards and Quality Agency (ANOR) read in French as “Agence des Normes et de la Qualité” was created in September 2009 and became operational in 2011. ANOR is in charge of standardization, conformity assessment, certification, and training and promotion of standards. It represents Cameroon in international standards organizations. Cameroon currently has 4,500 building construction norms. These norms encompass areas such as building materials that are expected to ensure security and durability of buildings. ANOR is developing norms and standards in other economic sectors. Quality control in civil engineering utilizes various symbols to communicate standards and specifications. Some common symbols include: 1. Check Mark (v): Indicates that an inspection or test has passed and the item meets the specified quality standards. 2. Cross (X): Denotes that an inspection or test has failed, and corrective action or rework is necessary to meet quality standards. 3. Circle (O): Typically used to mark or highlight critical areas or items needing attention during inspection. 4. Arrow: Used to indicate the direction of measurements or dimension to quality quality control 5. Dimension Lines and Arrows: Show the size, shape, and location of components, ensuring adherence to design specifications. 6. Cloud: Encloses areas requiring clarification, revision, or further attention. 7. Weld Symbols: Specific symbols used to indicate the type and quality of welds required. 8. Surface Finish Symbols: Represent surface finish requirements such as roughness or smoothness. 9. Quality Control Inspection Symbols: These can include various codes or markings specific to the project or organization for tracking and documentation purposes. These symbols aid in ensuring that construction activities adhere to design specifications and quality standards, protection, safety, durability, and performance in civil engineer Page 3 of 13 Quality control (Topic II) Principle of quality control The quality control system is based on the principle of PDCA (Plan → Do → Check → Act) cycle. The PDCA cycle also known as PDSA cycle, where ‘S’ stands for ‘study’ or Deming’s cycle is an iterative design and management method used in businesses, companies and enterprises for the control and continual improvement of processes and products. The PDCA cycle is usually represented as on the figure below. Where ’PLAN’ aligns with quality planning, ’DO’ describes the policies, procedures, and processes for laboratory testing, while ‘CHECK’ involves quality control of the laboratory production processes and ‘ACT’ relates the actions based on the results obtained such as decisions on the acceptability of production, root cause identification, and quality improvement. PLAN PLAN ACT DO CHECK Quality control symbols play a crucial role in manufacturing and engineering processes. Here are some important reasons for using quality control symbols: 1. Standardization: Quality control symbols help standardize communication about specific requirements, tolerances, and inspections across different teams and departments. They ensure that everyone interprets the information consistently. Page 4 of 13 Quality control (Topic II) 2. Clarity and Understanding: Symbols provide a clear and concise way to convey complex information related to quality standards, measurements, inspections, and processes. This helps avoid misinterpretation or ambiguity. 3. Efficiency: By using standardized symbols, teams can communicate more efficiently, saving time and reducing the chances of errors or misunderstandings during production or inspection. 4. Internationalization: Many quality control symbols are internationally recognized, enabling effective communication in global supply chains where different languages and measurement systems may be used. 5. Quality Assurance: These symbols help ensure that products meet specific quality standards and specifications. They guide workers in performing tasks accurately and consistently to maintain quality. 6. Cost Reduction: Using quality control symbols can reduce the likelihood of defects or rework, ultimately lowering production costs and improving overall efficiency. 7. Compliance: Symbols often represent compliance with regulatory requirements, industry standards, or customer specifications, ensuring that products meet necessary criteria. In summary, quality control symbols are essential tools for enhancing communication, standardization, and compliance within manufacturing and engineering industries, ultimately contributing to improved product quality and operational efficiency. 4. Quality Control Approach for Civil Engineering Construction 1 Introduction The specific construction process of civil engineering is usually affected by various external factors, and the impact of these factors will seriously hinder the improvement of civil engineering construction quality. In response to this problem, construction companies should strengthen the control of civil engineering construction quality according to the actual construction conditions, and improve the construction efficiency of civil engineering, thus promoting the long-term development of construction enterprises. To better understand quality control approaches let’s take a look at some factors affecting quality control in civil engineering construction 2 The main factors affecting the quality of civil engineering construction 2.1 The overall quality of construction workers needs to be improved In the actual construction process of civil engineering, the overall comprehensive quality of construction workers directly affects the construction quality of civil engineering. The comprehensive quality of construction workers mainly includes: job responsibility, quality control awareness, construction awareness, safety awareness, work attitude and professional skill level. However, at present, most construction workers in construction enterprises are mostly migrant workers. Relatively speaking, migrant workers receive relatively low levels of education, which not only lacks safety awareness, but also lacks comprehensive Page 5 of 13 Quality control (Topic II) understanding of specific construction procedures. It is difficult to accurately grasp the key points of construction skills, lack of professional construction skills, and poor quality control awareness, and these factors will have a direct impact on the construction quality of civil engineering. 2.2 Influence of environmental factors on the quality of civil engineering construction At present, most of civil engineering projects are open air and it is easily affected by the climatic environment and geological factors, thus seriously hindering the improvement of civil engineering construction quality. In the actual construction of civil engineering, there are some differences in temperature, geological environment, etc., so the overall quality of civil engineering also has certain differences. Therefore, before the specific construction, the construction enterprise should strengthen the exploration of the surrounding environment of the construction site, and combine the results of the construction site exploration to put forward specific requirements for the quality control of civil engineering construction, and at the same time formulate a practical and detailed construction plan to realize the civil engineering improvement of construction quality 2.3 Influence of construction material quality on construction quality of civil engineering In the civil engineering construction process, the performance and quality of construction materials directly affect the construction quality of civil engineering. However, some construction companies usually pursue economic efficiency too much. In the actual construction of civil engineering, in order to save the construction period, the construction method is chosen blindly. When selecting the construction materials, in order to save construction costs, low priced and poor quality materials are chosen. The construction materials that do not meet the standards will seriously affect the improvement of the quality of civil engineering construction. Waterproof materials and fireproof materials required for civil engineering construction that have not reached the corresponding quality standards, will cause certain defects in civil engineering and seriously affect the construction quality of civil engineering. 2.4 Influence of construction quality control mechanism on construction quality of civil engineering If we want to effectively implement the quality control of civil engineering construction, we must build a perfect construction quality control mechanism, and with the continuous development of construction enterprises, endure to innovate and improve the quality control mechanism of civil engineering construction, so as to promote the ordered civil engineering construction. At this stage, in the civil engineering construction, there is a lack of perfect construction quality control mechanism. On the other hand, the construction quality control mechanism has not been well integrated with relevant laws and regulations, and the relevant staff members' legal awareness is relatively weak, which has laid a lot of hidden dangers for the quality of civil engineering construction. On the other hand, the construction quality control work should run through the whole process of civil engineering construction, so as to effectively improve the overall quality of civil engineering Page 6 of 13 Quality control (Topic II) 3 Effectual ways to control the quality of civil engineering construction 3.1 Pay attention to improve the overall quality of construction workers If you want to effectively control the quality of civil engineering construction, you need to pay attention to improve the comprehensive quality of construction workers. The specific approach is shown in Table 1 Table 1. Specific approach to improve the comprehensive quality of construction workers Measure Specific methods Improve requirements When introducing civil engineering construction workers, they should be required not only to have a high level of professionalism, but also to have a strong sense of quality control and responsibility Strengthen workers For existing construction workers, training on their professional skills and safety awareness should be enhanced to improve the quality of civil engineering construction and reduce the chance of safety accidents. 3.2 Strengthening the inspection of the quality of civil engineering construction Should strengthen the inspection of the quality of civil engineering construction. The main performance to be accomplished is shown in Table 2. Table 2. Main performance on strengthen the inspection of the quality of civil engineering construction Main performance Specific contents Find inadequacies on time Through quality inspection, we will find out the shortcomings in the construction process of civil engineering on time, and take corresponding measures to make up for the shortcomings on time, so as to effectively improve the quality of construction. When testing the quality of civil engineering construction, the Improve the quality of management of construction materials and equipment should be construction materials and strengthened, and construction materials and equipment should equipment be inspected regularly to improve the quality of construction materials and equipment. In the civil engineering construction process, a large amount of data is usually generated, especially the relevant civil Strengthen management of engineering construction quality data. Therefore, in the process related data of testing its quality, relevant data information should be strictly controlled, so as to provide more reliable construction quality for data support civil engineering 3.3 Strengthening the control of the quality of civil engineering construction materials There is a close relationship between the quality of civil engineering construction materials and the overall quality of civil engineering. Under such circumstances, construction enterprises should strengthen the control of the quality of civil engineering construction Page 7 of 13 Quality control (Topic II) materials. In combination with the specific requirements of civil engineering construction, special personnel are arranged to purchase materials, and the purchased construction materials must meet the corresponding quality standards. For example, in the process of purchasing materials, it is necessary to comprehensively examine the material market and conduct a comprehensive analysis of the actual situation of the material suppliers. Inclusively compare the type, specification and quality of the construction materials, and strictly check the materials entering the construction site to strictly control the quality of the construction materials. After the construction materials enter the construction site, special personnel are required to manage the construction materials. It should be noted that the construction materials should not be stacked in the exposed air to avoid the construction materials being affected by climatic factors thus reducing the quality of the materials. Thereby the quality of civil engineering construction is improved. 3.4 Strengthening the improvement of civil engineering construction management system During the civil engineering construction, the construction enterprise should combine the actual construction of the civil engineering project and strengthen the improvement of the civil engineering construction management system, so as to effectively manage the whole process of civil engineering construction. In the process of perfecting the civil engineering construction management system, we should pay attention to improve safety awareness, do a good job of safety precautions, and avoid accidents, so as to ensure that all aspects of civil engineering construction can pass the inspection, thus ensuring the smooth progress of civil engineering construction. In addition, we should pay attention to strengthen the overall control of the key links in civil engineering construction, and the special personnel should strictly monitor all aspects of civil construction, so as to effectively improve the construction quality of civil engineering. 3.5 Strengthening the innovation of civil engineering construction technology In the civil engineering construction process, it is necessary not only to strengthen the management of construction equipment, materials, staff, etc., but also to focus on strengthening the innovation of the construction foundation. This is because, in addition to construction equipment, materials and staff and other factors that will affect the quality of civil engineering construction, construction technology will seriously affect the construction quality of civil engineering. New construction techniques are created by removing many shortcomings in traditional construction techniques Comparison between traditional construction techniques and new construction techniques is shown in Table 3. Table 3. Comparison between traditional construction techniques and new construction techniques Traditional civil engineering construction technology New civil engineering construction technology More manual links are required Mechanized equipment is widely used Long construction period consumed The use of mechanical equipment greatly improves the construction efficiency Page 8 of 13 Quality control (Topic II) Safety construction accident is easily Effectively reduce safety hazards and improve caused the safety of civil engineering construction Therefore, construction enterprises should strengthen the continuous innovation of civil engineering construction technology to make up for the deficiencies in the traditional construction technology, thereby improving the construction quality. 4 Conclusion In summary, the factors affecting the quality of civil engineering construction mainly include: the comprehensive quality of construction workers, construction materials, construction environment and the perfection of construction quality control mechanism. The quality of civil engineering construction not only affects the overall efficiency of civil engineering, but also affects the long-term development of construction enterprises. Therefore, construction enterprises should strengthen the control of civil engineering construction quality. 5. Types of quality control documents on site and in civil engineering field. 1. The site plan is a drawing that shows the layout, dimensions, and features of the site, such as the boundaries, elevations, utilities, drainage, landscaping, and structures. It is used to guide the site preparation, grading, excavation, and construction activities, and to ensure that the site conforms to the design and the zoning regulations. The site plan should be updated regularly to reflect any changes or modifications that occur during the project. 2. Material test reports; are documents that certify the quality and performance of the materials used in the site development, such as soil, concrete, asphalt, steel, and aggregates. They are issued by accredited laboratories that conduct various tests on the samples of the materials, such as compaction, strength, durability, and composition. They are used to verify that the materials meet the specifications and standards required for the project. 3. Inspection reports; are documents that record the results of the inspections conducted on the site development, by the contractor, the client, or a third-party inspector. They are used to check the quality and compliance of the work done on the site, such as the installation, alignment and levels 4. Change Orders; are documents that authorize and document any changes or deviations from the original contract or scope of work for the site development. They are used to adjust the schedule, budget, specifications, or design of the project, due to unforeseen circumstances, client requests, or contractor suggestions. They are also used to communicate and agree on the terms and conditions of the changes, such as the cost, time, and quality implications, and to avoid any disputes or conflicts that may arise from the changes. 5. The quality assurance plan; is a document that outlines the policies, procedures, and standards for ensuring the quality of the site development project. It is used to define the Page 9 of 13 Quality control (Topic II) roles and responsibilities of the parties involved in the project, such as the contractor, the client, and the quality manager. It is also used to establish the quality objectives, criteria, and methods for the project, such as the quality control activities, tests, inspections, audits, and reviews. 6. As-built drawings; are drawings that show the final and actual condition of the site development, after the completion of the project. They are used to document any differences or variations between the design and the construction of the site, such as the location, size, shape, and orientation of the elements and features. They are also used to provide accurate and updated information for the operation, maintenance, and future modifications of the site. Concrete Mix Design Reports The Concrete Mix Design Report is a comprehensive document detailing precise ingredient proportions and procedures for creating concrete suitable for a specific construction project. It ensures the resulting concrete meets structural and performance requirements. Typically prepared by qualified civil engineers or concrete technologists, these reports are submitted to project stakeholders for approval before concrete production. They serve as blueprints for producing consistent, high-quality concrete meeting design and performance specifications. Reinforcement Inspection Reports The Reinforcement Inspection Report is a detailed record of inspections on reinforcement materials in civil engineering and construction, especially in reinforced concrete structures. It ensures that elements like steel bars or mesh meet design specifications and are correctly installed per industry standards. Typically prepared by qualified inspectors or engineers, these reports document the quality and integrity of reinforcement materials and installations. They provide assurance that project structural elements meet safety, durability, and performance standards. Soil Compaction Test Reports Soil Compaction Test Reports document test results assessing soil compaction during construction. They ensure soil beneath structures is properly compacted to prevent settlement or failure. Prepared by qualified geotechnical engineers or technicians, these reports record compaction efforts, ensuring compliance with project requirements. They are crucial for ensuring stability, performance, and longevity of structures built on compacted soil. Daily Inspection Reports Daily Inspection Reports document observations, findings, and activities during daily inspections at construction sites. They ensure compliance with safety regulations, quality standards, and project specifications. Prepared by site supervisors, construction managers, or safety officers, these reports are submitted to project managers, contractors, and regulatory authorities. They provide a detailed record of site conditions and progress, promoting transparency, accountability, and adherence to project requirements and safety standards. Page 10 of 13 Quality control (Topic II) Welding Procedure Specifications (WPS) Welding Procedure Specifications (WPS) are detailed documents outlining instructions and guidelines for welding operations, ensuring adherence to established standards. Developed by qualified welding engineers or technicians, WPS ensures consistency, repeatability, and quality in welding. It provides a standardized framework for planning, executing, and documenting welding activities, aiming to minimize errors, defects, and safety hazards associated with welding processes. Non-Conformance Reports (NCRs) Non-Conformance Reports (NCRs) document instances where work, materials, or processes fail to meet specified requirements or standards. They're created during inspections or audits when deviations from established quality standards are found. NCRs are vital for quality management systems, identifying deviations promptly and facilitating corrective action. They aid continuous improvement by pinpointing areas needing attention and preventing recurrence of similar issues. Additionally, they serve as records of quality-related incidents and actions taken to uphold or enhance quality standards. Asphalt Mix Design Reports Asphalt Mix Design Reports detail the specific proportions and characteristics of asphalt mixtures for road construction and pavements. Prepared by qualified civil engineers or pavement specialists, these reports outline methodologies, materials, and testing procedures to meet project requirements. They serve as the foundation for producing asphalt mixes that meet performance and regulatory standards, ensuring durability and safety. These reports provide a systematic approach for designing, testing, and evaluating asphalt mixes, aiming for optimal performance and cost-effectiveness in construction projects. 6. Benefits of Quality Control in Construction Contractors must understand the importance of quality control in construction and implement it throughout the project for successful completion. Quality control in construction is essential for the success of any construction project, and it provides several benefits, including; 1. Improved Safety: Quality control in construction helps to ensure the safety of those involved in the construction project, by identifying and correcting any potential hazards that may arise during the construction process. This includes ensuring that the materials used are of the correct quality and that the workmanship is of the required standard. 2. Increased Efficiency: Quality control in construction helps to ensure that the work is done according to the plans and specifications, which can increase the efficiency of the construction process. This can Page 11 of 13 Quality control (Topic II) result in the project being completed on time and process. This can result in the project being completed on time and within budget. 3. Cost Savings: Quality control in construction helps avoid costly mistakes and rework, saving time and money. By identifying and correcting issues early on, it can prevent them from becoming more significant and costly problems later on in the project. 4. Better Quality Product: Quality control helps to ensure that the finished project meets the client's requirements and that they are satisfied with the outcome. It also helps to ensure that the materials and equipment used meet the required standards, which results in a better quality product that will last longer and require less maintenance. 5. Better Reputation: Quality control helps ensure the project is built according to the required standards and specifications, which can lead to a better reputation for the contractor and the company. This can result in more business in the future. 6. Compliance with Standards: Quality control helps ensure that the project is built according to the legal and industry standards, which can prevent legal issues and disputes arising from non- compliance. The advantages of quality control in construction include improved safety, increased efficiency, cost savings, and overall project success. Quality control in construction can help to avoid costly mistakes and rework and improve the overall outcome of the project in various ways, such as; 1. Identifying and correcting errors early on: Quality control inspections and testing during the planning, design and construction stages can help to identify and correct any errors or discrepancies that may occur before they become more significant and costly problems later on in the project. Improving workmanship: Quality control measures such as regular inspections, testing, and monitoring can help to ensure that the work is done according to the plans and specifications and that the workmanship is of the required standard. This can help to avoid costly mistakes and rework that may be required if the workmanship is not up to par. 2. Using the right materials: Quality control measures such as materials testing and inspections can help to ensure that the materials used in the project are of the correct quality and meet the required standards. This can help to avoid costly mistakes and rework that may be required if the materials are not up to par. 3. Properly preparing the site: Page 12 of 13 Quality control (Topic II) Quality control measures such as site inspections and testing can help to ensure that the site is prepared correctly and that all necessary permits and approvals have been obtained. This can help to avoid costly mistakes and rework that may be required if the site is not properly prepared. 4. Meeting the client’s requirements: Quality control measures such as regular client inspections and testing can help ensure that the project meets the client’s requirements and that they are satisfied with the outcome. This can help to avoid costly mistakes and rework that may be required if the client is not satisfied with the outcome. 5. Compliance with Standards: Quality control measures such as regular inspections and testing can help ensure that the project is built according to the legal and industry standards, which can prevent legal issues and disputes from arising due to non-compliance and costly rework. Adequate resources, training, communication, coordination, and risk management are crucial in ensuring quality control in construction. By identifying and correcting errors early on, improving workmanship, using the right materials, properly preparing the site, meeting the client’s requirements, and complying with standards, quality control can help ensure that the project is completed to the required standards, within budget, and on time. Page 13 of 13 References Montgomery, D. C. (2009). Introduction to Statistical Quality Control (6th ed.). Danvers, MA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [2] Oakland, J. S. (2003). Total Quality Management: text with cases (3rd ed.). Jordan Hill, Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann, an imprint of Elsevier. [3] Omachonu, V. K. & Ross, J. E. (2004). Principles of total quality (3rd ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: Taylor & Francis. [4] ISO 9000:2005, Clause 3.2.11 [5] Managing Quality In Apparel Industry, S.K.Bhrdwaj & Pradip V Mehta. Quality is Free, Philip Crosby. [6] Narayana V. and Sreenivasan N.S., "Quality Management Concepts and Tasks", New Age International, New Delhi, 2007. [7] Zeiri., "Total Quality Management for Engineers", Wood Publishers, 2000. Head [8] Feighenbaum., A.V., "Total Quality Control", McGraw Hill, New York, 1993. [9] Xiong Yonghong. Research on Material Selectionand Quality Control Measures in Civil Engineering Construction[J]. Building Materials Development Guide (Part 2), 2017(11). [10] American Concrete Institute Committee. 'Quality Assurance Systems for Concrete Construction'. Americal Concrete Institute Journal July 1985, p 536. [11] Barrie and Paulson. 'Profession Construction Management'. McGraw Hill Book Company, New York, 1978. [1]