NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION
Laid Hi
L
Laid Al
COORDINATION
AND
CONTROL
NEURAL
Introduction
-Through
Simple
-
~
e
In
lowes
in
hydraInsects
Humans)
impulsa
neve
:
invertebrates
of apolas
network
only
Invertebrates
>
neural
Human
system
parts
Two
C
neurons
de
↓
NS
PNS
Brain
Somatic
Losch
spinal
+
Autonomic
t
-voluntary
->
From
cars
~
to
syektal
↓
-
I
SENSORY
-
MOTOR
↓
&
PARA SYMPATHETIC
to
SOMATIC
OTONOMIC
>
NERVOUS
Newson
10
tissue
:
Neurons
+
structural
Neuroglia
a
S
2
.
3
Cell
·
.
to
sensitivity
,
majos parts
Body cyton
conductivity
3
I endrites
Axon
wit
structure
-Microscopic
~Associated
composed of
functional
and
or
-
Neurites
or
Soma
.
using agency
Energy consumption
TISSUE
Nauson
~
↳
smooth
must
Parasympathetic
Sympathetic
P NS
SYMPATHETI
cas
--
(NS
↑
Involuntary
-From
muscles
Excitability
~Non
44
-
Energy
emusgency
conserve
2
:
STRUCTORE
NEURON
OF
Dendross
Transmit
↑
Itrgsoid body)
granules
by
BER
Formed
~
~
~
Wiss's
synaptic
Protein
---& ... --↓
-
⑳
eAbsent
Present
Lor
synthesise
ofxom
in
Soma
Jendrites
and
.
2
.
centriol absent
Supporting
=
Neersofibsils
NissI's
nob
Axoplasm
-transmit
Bulb
Synaptic
longest
,
like
vessice
-
process
cell
axolemma
contains
neurofibrils
+
Mitochondria
Impulse centrifugally
granules
+ut
CELS
substances
L
↓
Astsocytes
Microglyocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Ectodermal
-
Bassies
tess
+ut
Le
Brain
present(neurotransmit
Cells
padying
forms
e
3
-
division)
no
diametes
Covering of Axon:
~
NEOROGLIA/ GLIAL
X
I
~
Uniform
·
~
fibse
~Nerve
Oninucleated
1
->
Axon
"
chemically sibonucleoprotein
-
->
="
in
body (entsipetal)
-.......
--
A
Blood
cell
"
Iso
~
towards
S=>
- ·
,
>
*
impulses
Eclodermal
-Myclio
formation
~
formation
sheath
in
cas
/R
-
S
-
Mesodimal
Scavenges
cells
of
cas
Ye
·
S
⑧
0
REMEMBER
Collection
*
*
of
Collection
Cylin
of
is
neve
known
fibres
as
199
[
is
Nuclei
-
in
CNS
~
in
Pus
Ganglia
known
as
Tract
[ Nerve
-
in
cas
in
PNs
Laid
Ali
3
:
formation of myclin
elayers of phospholipids (sphingomyelins) known
MELINOGENESIS
-
yap
between
-Namilemma
Myclin
of
Nodes
showann
sheath
Manries
cell
present
also
e orig denyes
Omyelinated
TYPES
n eve
and
insulatios
as
>Myclicalid
So
mycin
as
shea
-World
*
of
sheath
on
Mycinogenesis [In
-
sheathe
adjecent
two
Laid
slaa
e
fibees
neve
fibres
Pripolase single
process
lealsage of
found
spinal and
Lous
found
(Basis
-
manial
in
are
commonly
are
NEURONS
OF
prevent
aulinomous
in
and
somatic
Structure)
:
from cytom (a Axon only
arises
⑳
eg
2
.
system of amblyo
Nervous
.
Bipolass Two process
asises
from
(1
cylin
Axon
⑱
⑧
&⑧
0
~-
S
1
eg God
and
.
Bepolar
3
.
Multipolase
Axon
1
+
comes
nemon
many
,
layes of
setina
dendious
fig /1st figure
of notes)
eg Most
of
.
.
neusons
vertebrates
+
&
Dendron
n eve s
neual
systems
fli
4
.
3
Apolase
.
definite dendroal
No
~If feescnt
reg
4
Pseudompolas
.
Hydra
.
only
~Another
-
*
eg
.
axon
amazine
,
into
differentiated
not
a re
of
cells
axon
os
dendron
retina
axon
process
Dossal
from
asises
ganglia of
soot
axom
which
spinal
appeal
as
dendron
cord
(Basis- Function)
L
c
Sense
to
3
Interconnecting
+cas
Organs
2
cas
*
(Basis -:
Motos
Inles
Sensory
.
.
to
servory organs
Neurotransmitters)
↓
1
↓
Stimulatory
.
d
2
Acetylcholine (Ach)
-
.
2
+
Norepinphine
or
.
Inhibitory
1
nor-adrenaline
or
2
sympathetin
4
-:
NOTE
disease
GENERATION
*
Axolemme
is
*
*
Pallinson's
selectively
is
due
neurons
permeable
:
are
dificiency of
ACTION
OF
of
Reason - Ions gradient
Membranes
to
in
in
Dopamine
POTENTIAL
nature
polasised
state
GABA
-sesotonin
.
3
*
3
.
-Dopamine
.
·
Glycine
7
.
SYNAPSE
Laid
*
~
Junctional
>Place
*
transfer
e
region
>Synapse
=
form of
the
in
of information
transfer
where
Presynaptic
-Synaptic cleft
nob
space
:
electrochemical
Synaptic cleft
+
wave
Type
so
20
↓
Electrical
Synapse
Chemical
synapse
and
synaptic cleft
~
-
Faster
or
.
chemical
flow
synapse
similar
is
to
single
a
->
Enzyme
involved
Ions
involved- :
-Process :
1
Ap
.
2
-
:
:
Achlacetylcholine)
3
3
Types
Catt
and
c
,
is
Develop
On
.
in
burst
entry
Neurotransmitters
Opening of
of
excess
main
due
to
You
neurotransmitter
Acheitsase futat
etc
.
reaches
channels
+
male
resides
catt
permeable
and
releases
cleft
in
postsynaptic
which
GABA
-4
is
:
binds
new
main
yesue
to
specific
receptors
potential
Postsynaptic
Inhibitory
channels
Choline Further
and
gameates
(IPSP) 2
->
opening
channels
membrane
presynaptic
potential
neusohormone
Nat
GABA
Nat
postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
Excitatory
->
.
.
cholinestrase
developement
Latt
:
involved-
neusotansmitters
Ach
axon
chemical
>
>
separated
Human
in
~Neurotransmitters
-
be
not
may
small
very
current
than
eTransmission
2
is
electric
Direct
-Base
.
membsare
synaptic
Electrical
·
-
1
re m o n s
membsam
may
-
hw
.
Postsynaptic
+
pee
between
between
occus
fli
Potential
neusshormone
opens
causes
conduction
is
hyperpolarisation
blouged
8
.
Points
o
semember
>Follows
all
or
~
Depolarisation
1
*
HUMAN
A
.
Dusades
:
&
Nat
influx
Arachnoid
+
required)
neuron
It efflux
:
NERVOUS
CENTRAL
MENINGES
Diamelis of
impulse
:
Repolarisation
~
stimulus
Ali
conduction
velocity of
~
(+10mr
law
none
Ouidirectional
~
CRANIAL
Laid
SYSTEM
(outes
Diameter
+
to
inne)
BRAIN
Fore
i)
Brain
Olfactly
+
Cerebrum
developed
~Most
e23 part
-Layer
that
~Association
Innes
(grey
henispluse
of
Grey
layer
Diencephalone
=
:
contex
for complex
functions
(white
matter)
mycinated opaque appearance
posterior past
,
-80 %
Cesebsal
neopallium
,
a) Thalamus-eOpper
Function
matter
:
Small
:
matter)
present- responsible
asea
:
hemisphere
cerebral
covers
layes
"This
>
beain
of
-Cerebral
ii)
Diencephalon
Cerebrant
:
lateral
of Diencephalon
past
Relay
walls
centre
b) Hypothalamus
eforms lowes
-Present
Function
-
e
at
ventral
base
the
themosegulation
Optic chiasma
+
past
of
thalamus
Endocine
present
control
+
Behavious
and
emotion
+
ANS
control
9
.
-) Epithalams
-Roof past
>Pineal
lobe
iii) Olfactory
-
present
Phinecephalon
body
here
or
-
Small
cent se
mammals
in
-shallys
olfacting
smelling power
of
Centre
·
Frontal
-
a
T
-
⑧
B
.
Mid
cosal
lobe
lobe
Temporal
-
Cerebellum
-
Spinal
developed
well
M
&
centi
③oD
-
olfactory
have
dogs
and
I
Iv occipital
lobe
Brain
contracted
-small
and
>Between
thalamus
and
~
In
->
In
pons of
and
of
forebrain
the
Mindbain
fulesion pasts
Posterior
past
Hypothalamus
2
bendle
longitudinal
pasts 4 optic
of
fibes
(white)
lober
eCospora Quadrigaminas Mammalian
-Centic
seflexes
of pupillary light
~centies
(sound) seflex
of
characles
-
Function
action
acoustic
> Gera
usebsi
CI
Wy
Cerebral
dust
Of
aqueduly
of sylvius/
Iter
of
muscles
controls
optic
limbs
lobe
or
#11
W
Lusa
Labsi/Peduncle
logora
quadiga
10
.
C
.
Hind
Brain
i) Pons
Pors
or
Vasoll :
and
small
-
splesical
>Location- : above
~
Transverse
fibses
werve
longitudinal
~
medulla
Oblongata
+
with
connect
cerebrum
fibses
nee
Regulation of breathing
->
connect
reaction
cerebellum
to
medulla
Oblongata
Prmotaxic
through
centre
ii) Lezebellum
lobes
-3
past
-Outer
-
-->
Inness
while
paste
of
2
.
3
ii)
audiloty
body
syilful
movements
Medulla
Oblongata
>Posterior
>
Tubulas
e
connected
->
1
Brain
Stem
:
Mid brain
2
.
3
.
+
and
to
sumiciscular
the
posture
and
of brain
Cylindrical
cold
spinal
Respiration
.
%
past
from
recieved
vital
system
balance
Maintains
.
forms Arbor
matters
of information
Integration
~so
matter
grey
.
Cardiovascular
Gastsic
seflexes
Sneezing vaniting
,
Pons
metabolism
Sections
+
,
salivation
Medulla
,
yawning Swallowing laughing
,
,
canals
11
:
CORD
SPINAL
*
Laid
of
past
Contened
-
M00
.
Epidural space
parts Filum Tesminate
Function :
1
2
3
*
DEFLEX ACTION
-
First
aulimatic
-
Prevent
Reflex
.
Regulation
organs of
of seflex
the
body
coming from
brain
as
ARL
REFLEX
from
conduction
Medullars
impulses
the
foramen
Lord
brain and
for
Belay path
and
Spinal
of
.
between
by Marshal
body
Hall
without
concious
,
effort
response
adverse
intervention
of
effect
will
Asc
-Involvement
and
-
I S
:
mechanical
Without
>
.
spontaneous
,
,
:
AND
observed
-Involuntary
>
I Pandas
Bridge
.
Interestebeal
-
-
Figure
magnum
Image
name*
non-nerons
Foramen
-
-
one
least
at
one
afferent (sensory
efferent /motor)
neuson
Signals Sensory organs afferent yeuson- dossal
efferent yeason
Action
-case
"This
pathway
-
is
known
as
seflex
as
yeave
root
>
CNs
Ali
22
:
Laid
TYPES
1
ACTION
REFLEX
OF
Site
Basis :
.
10
2
B)
Cranial
A)
by
Completed
~
No
.
urgency required
eg watching of
.
Previous
Basis -:
4)
Urgency required
eg Leg displacement
-
to
mouth
on
.
food
good
see
Spiral
~completed by spinal cold
brain
.
2
Ali
pricing by any
needle
expriences
Conditional
reflex
>Peevious
exprience
B
Unconditional
~ No
and
seflex
requirement
such
expertise required
eg Swimming
.
3
etc
eg Sneezing loughing
.
.
>Only
one
eg
synapse
and
motos
.
Lamial
naves
do
.
8
Camal
Inee-jerk
eg
beain) (12now)
(nerves of
Cranial
nesves
,
Auditory Sensory
1
yesves :
Tsochleas-Motos Mid
:
than
synapse
one
newson
sensory
:
fishes
In
,
eas
B
.
Withdear
reflex
9
:
2
:
:
.
,
-:
12
.
Hypoglossal-
,
:
(nerves
nerves
cold)
of spinal
(31
pairs)
10
:
Trigeminal Mixed
Mixed
Glossopharyngeal
5
.
Olfactory- Sensory
.
spinal
+
manuals ,
In
.
~Mose
between
PNS
*
4
.
Polysynaptic seflex
B)
A) Monosynaptic reflex
Human
etc
,
Synapse
Basis : :
.
Cycling
,
.
septiles
,
Aves-12
Optic Sensory
Pons
S
medulla
Motor
,
·
Retina
,
Abducens-Motor
10
·
Vagus
Medulla
-:
,
3
Pons
.
7
Oculomotos :
.
Facial-Mixed
Mixed Medulla
,
Motor Midbrain
18
·
,
,
Pons
Accessory -: Motor
,
medulla