ATOMIC STRUCTRE
PROTONS. NUETRONS, ELECTRONS AND ORBITALS
Atomic Structure and Isotopes
• Welcome to our presentation on "Atomic Structure and
Isotopes: Understanding the Building Blocks of Matter." In
this exploration, we will delve into the intricate
arrangement of electrons in an atom, electron
configuration, the significance of the valence shell, and
the roles of protons, neutrons, and electrons in shaping
the nature of elements. Additionally, we will explore the
concept of isotopes and delve into their chemical
notations, concluding with an overview of radioactivity.
Introduction
• Understanding the atomic structure is fundamental to
grasping the properties and behavior of matter. At the
heart of this understanding is the arrangement of
electrons, the key player in chemical reactions. This
presentation aims to unravel the mysteries of atomic
composition, guiding you through the intricacies of
electron configuration, valence shells, and the roles of
protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Subatomic particles:
• Protons reside inside the nucleus and are positively
charged
• Nuetrons: they also reside inside the nucleus but are
neutral
• Electrons reside in the electron shell outside the nucleus
but are negatively charged
Subatomic particles:
• Protons, positively charged particles, identify an element.
Neutrons, electrically neutral, contribute to the stability of
the nucleus. Electrons, with a negative charge, engage in
chemical interactions, facilitating the formation of
compounds and molecules. Together, these subatomic
particles define the unique characteristics of each
element.
Electron Arrangement
• Electrons are arranged in Valenc shells.
• With the exception of Hydrogen and Helium whose outer
valence shells can only hold 2 electrons most elements
wants to have an octet of 8 electrons in their Valence
shells
Electron Arrangement
Electron Arrangement
Electron Arrangement
Valence Shell and Valence Electron
• The outermost shell of an atom is called the valence shell,
and the electrons in this shell are valence electrons.
These electrons play a crucial role in chemical bonding
and reactions. Elements with similar valence electron
configurations often exhibit analogous chemical behavior,
forming the basis for the periodicity observed in the
periodic table.
Valence Shell and Valence Electron
CHARGE ON AN ATOM
• The charge of an atom is determined by the balance of
protons and electrons. An equal number of protons and
electrons result in a neutral atom, while an imbalance
leads to a charged ion. Understanding this balance is
fundamental to comprehending the behavior of atoms in
chemical reactions.
CHARGE ON AN ATOM
CHARGE ON AN ATOM
• Video play
ELEMENTS
• PERIODIC TABLE
ISOTOPES
• Isotopes are variants of an element with the same number
of protons but different numbers of neutrons. This
diversity gives rise to variations in atomic mass. Isotopic
notation is employed to represent these variations,
allowing for a precise description of an isotope.
Isotopes
Radioactivity
• Radioactivity is the spontaneous emission of radiation
from unstable atomic nuclei. This phenomenon, crucial in
fields like medicine and energy production, encompasses
various types of decay processes. Understanding
radioactivity is essential for harnessing its benefits while
mitigating potential risks.