Senior High School
NOT
General Biology 1
Quarter 2 - Module 1
Energy Transformation
Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines
1
General Biology 1- Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 - Module 1: Energy Transformation
First Edition, 2020
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Senior
High
School
Senior
High
School
General Biology 1
Quarter 2 - Module 1:
Energy Transformation
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Table of Contents
What This Module is About ....................................................................................................................... i
What I Need to Know .................................................................................................................................. ii
How to Learn from this Module .............................................................................................................. ii
Icons of this Module ................................................................................................................................... iii
What I Know ................................................................................................................................................iii
Second Quarter
Lesson 1: ATP-ADP Cycle
What I Need to Know..................................................................................................... 12
What I know ..................................................................................................................... 13
What’s In............................................................................................................................ 14
What’s New ...................................................................................................................... .19
What Is It: Learning Concepts ................................................................................... .19
What’s More: Synthesizing Information .................................................................. .20
What I Have Learned…………………………………………………………………...20
What I Can Do: Performance Task…………………………………………………..20
Lesson 2: Photosynthesis
What I Need to Know..................................................................................................... 21
What I know ...................................................................................................................... 22
What’s In: Learning Concepts..................................................................................... 22
What’s New ..................................................................................................................... 26
What Is It………………………………………………………………………………….27
What’s More………………………………………………………………………………28
What I Have Learned: .................................................................................................. 28
What I Can Do …………………………………….......................................... 28
Lesson 3: Cellular Respiration
What I Need to Know..................................................................................................... 29
What I know ...................................................................................................................... 30
What’s In ………………………………………………………………………….30
303
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What’s New…………………………………………………………………34
What Is It: Learning Concepts ................................................................... 35
What’s More: ........................................................................................... 37
What I Have Learned: .............................................................................. 38
What I Can Do……………………………………........................................40
Summary…………………………………………………………………………………. 40
Assessment: (Post-Test) ................................................................................................. 40
Key to Answers.............................................................................................................. 42
References ..................................................................................................................... 45
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Module 1
Energy Transformation
What This Module is About
This module focuses on respiration and photosynthetic process as reactions
that complements each other to enable life to survive. It will enhance your
understanding of major features and events involved such as important steps in Calvin
cycle, glycolysis, and Krebs cycle. At the end of this module, you will be able to have
a deeper understanding on the importance of photosynthesis and cellular respiration
to all forms of living things.
In this module, you will study the important process of energy transformation
that occurs at the cellular level of plants, animals, and microbial cells. This reaction is
intervened by the energy known as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) using the
mitochondria and the chloroplasts as the main cell organelles for the majority of cell
types.
This module has three (3) lessons:



Lesson 1- ATP-ADP Cycle
Lesson 2- Photosynthesis
Lesson 3- Cellular Respiration
What I Need to Know
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. Explain coupled reaction processes and describe the role of ATP in energy coupling
and transfer (STEM_BIO11/12-IIa-j-1).
2. Explain the importance of chlorophyll and other pigments (STEM_BIO11/12-IIa-j-3).
3. Describe the patterns of
(STEM_BIO11/12-IIa-j-4).
electron flow through light
reaction
events
4. Describe the significant events of the Calvin Cycle (STEM_BIO11/12-IIa-j-5).
5. Differentiate aerobic from anaerobic respiration (STEM_BIO11/12-IIa-j-6).
6. Explain the major features and sequence the chemical events of cellular respiration
(STEM_BIO11/12-IIa-j-7).
7. Distinguish major features of glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport system,
and chemiosmosis (STEM_BIO11/12-IIa-j-8).
8. Describe reactions that produce and consume ATP (STEM_BIO11/12-IIa-j-9).
9. Describe the role of oxygen in respiration and describe pathways of electron flow in
the absence of oxygen (STEM_BIO11/12-IIa-j-10).
10. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of fermentation and aerobic
respiration (STEM_BIO11/12-IIa-j-12).
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How to Learn from this Module
To achieve the learning competencies cited above, you are to do the following:
•
Take your time reading the lessons carefully.
•
Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises diligently.
•
Answer all the given tests and exercises.
Icons of this Module
What I Need to
This part contains learning objectives that
Know
are set for you to learn as you go along the
module.
What I know
This is an assessment as to your level of
knowledge to the subject matter at hand,
meant specifically to gauge prior related
knowledge
This part connects previous lesson with that
of the current one.
What’s In
What’s New
An introduction of the new lesson through
various activities, before it will be presented
to you
What is It
These are discussions of the activities as a
way to deepen your discovery and understanding of the concept.
What’s More
These are follow-up activities that are intended for you to practice further in order to
master the competencies.
What I Have
Learned
Activities designed to process what you
have learned from the lesson
What I can do
These are tasks that are designed to showcase your skills and knowledge gained, and
applied into real-life concerns and situations.
II
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What I Know
PRE-ASSESSMENT
MULTIPLE CHOICE:
Directions: Read and understand each item and choose the letter of the correct answer. Write
your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
__1. Majority of the CO2 is released during
A. Glycolysis
B. Citric acid cycle
C. Electron transport chain
D. Oxidative phosphorylation
__2. Cellular respiration processes that do not use O2 are called
A. Heterotrophic organism
B. Anaerobic organism
C. Aerobic organism
D. Anabolic
__3. The positively charged hydrogen ions that are released from the glucose during cellular
respiration eventually combine with _________ ion to form _____________.
A. another hydrogen, a gas
B. a carbon, carbon dioxide
C. an oxygen, water
D. a pyruvic acid, lactic acid
__4. The Krebs cycle (also known as citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid) and ETC are
biochemical pathways performed in which eukaryotic organelle?
A. Nucleus
B. Ribosome
C. Chloroplast
D. Mitochondrion
__5. Anaerobic pathways that oxidize glucose to generate ATP energy by using an organic
molecule as the ultimate hydrogen acceptor are called
A. Fermentation
B. Reduction
C. Krebs cycle
D. Electron pumps
__6. When skeletal muscle cells function anaerobically, they accumulate the compound
________, which causes muscle soreness.
A. Pyruvic acid
B. Malic acid
C. Carbon dioxide
D. Lactic acid
__7. Each molecule of fat can release _______ of ATP, compared with a molecule of glucose.
A. smaller amounts
B. the same amount
C. larger amount
D. only twice the amount
__8. In complete accounting of all ATPs produced in aerobic respiration, a total of
____ATPs: _____from the ETC, _____from glycolysis, and _____ from the Krebs cycle.
A. 36, 32, 2, 2
B. 38, 34, 2, 2
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C. 36, 30, 2, 4
D. 38, 30, 4, 4
__9. The chemical activities that remove electrons from glucose result in the glucose being
A. reduced
B. oxidized
C. phosphorylated
D. hydrolyzed
__10. Which of the following is NOT true of the citric acid cycle? The citric acid cycle
A. includes the preparatory reaction
B. produces ATP by substrate-level ATP synthesis
C. occurs in the mitochondria
D. is a metabolic pathway, as is glycolysis
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Lesson
1
ATP-ADP Cycle
What I Need to Know

Performance Standards:
Prepare simple fermentation setup using common fruits to produce wine or
vinegar via microorganisms.

Introduction:
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the energy currency used throughout
the cell. ATP provides energy for the cell to do work, such as mechanical
work, transport substances across the membrane, and perform various
chemical reactions. ATP is composed of phosphate groups, a ribose and
adenine. In the structure of ATP, there are three phosphate groups attached
to adenosine. The last two bonds on the phosphate groups contain especially
high energy and are therefore very useful for doing work within living cells.
The bonds that hold phosphate groups are easily broken by hydrolysis which
results in the release of energy.
Fig. 1a. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) transformation
12
What I Know
Directions: Write the letter of the best answer on a separate sheet of paper.
_____1. A structure that composed of sugar ribose, nitrogen base adenine and a
chain of 3-phosphate groups.
a. ADP
b. ATP
c. NADH+
d. Nucleus
_____2. The process of breaking down bonds between the phosphate groups; this
happens when a water molecule breaks the terminal phosphate bond
a. Hydrolysis of ATP
b. Phosphorylation
c. Oxidation
d. Reduction
_____3. A separation technique used to identify various components of mixtures
based on the differences in their structure and/or composition.
a. Phosphorylation
b. Dephosphorylation
c. Hydrolysis
d. Chromatography
_____4. Are substances that absorb visible light; different pigments absorb light of
different wavelengths.
a. Chlorophyll
b. Photon
c. Pigments
d. Light energy
_____5. The greenish pigment found in the thylakoid membrane inside the chloroplast
of a plant cell.
a. Light energy
b. Chlorophyll
c. Photon
d. Pigments
13
What’s In
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
• Structure composed of: sugar ribose, nitrogen base adenine and a chain of 3-
phosphate groups
• Mediates most energy coupling in cells
• Powers cellular work
• 3 main kinds of work of a cell: chemical work, transport work and mechanical work.
These are possible through energy coupling, where the cells use and exergonic
process to drive an endergonic reaction.
• chemical work: synthesis of polymers from monomers (pushing of endergonic
reactions)
• transport work: pumping of substances across membranes (against the direction of
spontaneous movement)
• mechanical work: beating of cilia, contraction of muscles
• also used to make RNA (since ATP is used as one of the nucleoside triphosphate
Hydrolysis of ATP
• process of breaking down bonds between the phosphate groups
• this happens when a water molecule breaks the terminal phosphate bond
• HOPO32-, abbreviated P I leaves ATP
• Forming Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
• Energy is released. This comes from the chemical change of the system state of
lower free energy and NOT from the phosphate bonds.
• Hydrolysis releases so much energy because of the negative charges of the
phosphate groups. These charges are crowded together and their mutual repulsion
contributes to the instability of that region of the ATP. The energy equivalent of the
triphosphate tail of ATP is compared to a compressed spring.
Fig. 1.b. The Hydrolysis of ATP
14
How the Hydrolysis of ATP Perform Work
• Proof that ATP releases heat: in a test set up, the hydrolysis of ATP releases energy
in the form of heat in the surrounding water.
• Most of the time when an animal is exposed in a cold environment, the reaction of
the body is through shivering. In this reaction of the organism, shivering uses ATP
during muscle contraction to warm the body. Since it will also be a disadvantage for
organisms to generate heat during ATP hydrolysis, in order to maintain the living
conditions inside the cell, the energy released during ATP hydrolysis is used by
proteins to perform work: chemical, transport and mechanical
• Hydrolysis of ATP leads to change in the shape of protein and in its ability to bind to
another molecule. Phosphorylation (ADP to ATP) and dephosphorylating (ATP to
ADP) promote crucial protein shape changes during important cellular process
Fig. 1.c. Phosphorylation (ADP to ATP) and dephosphorylation (ATP to ADP)
The Fluidity of the membrane is due to temperature, the configuration of the
unsaturated fatty acid tails (some kinked or form a sharp twist by double bonds), the
presence of cholesterol embedded in the membrane, and the mosaic nature of the
The Regeneration of ATP
• ATP is a renewable it can be regenerated by the addition of phosphate to ADP
• Catabolism (exergonic) provides the free energy to phosphorylate ADP.
15
• ATP formation is not spontaneous, so there is a need to use free energy for
the process to work.
• ATP cycle is the shuttling of inorganic phosphate and energy.
• It couples the cell’s energy yielding processes (exergonic) to energy
consuming process (endergonic)
• ATP regeneration happens very fast (10M molecules of ATP used ad
regenerated per second)
• If ATP could not be regenerated by phosphorylation of ADP, HUMANS would
use nearly their body weight in ATP each day.
Fig. 1.d. The ATP cycle
• As temperatures cool, membranes switch from a fluid state to a solid state.
• The temperature at which a membrane solidifies depends on the types of lipids.
• Membranes rich in unsaturated fatty acids are more fluid than those rich in
saturated fatty acids. (Fig. 7.f.)
The Importance of Chlorophyll and Other Pigments
Terminology:
Chromatography
 is a separation technique used to identify various components of mixtures based
on the differences in their structure and/or composition.
Pigments
 are substances that absorb visible light. Different pigments absorb light of different
wavelengths.
16
Light, as it encounters an object, is either reflected, transmitted, or absorbed. Visible
light, with a wavelength of 380–750nm, is the segment in the entire range of
electromagnetic spectrum that is most important to life on earth. It is detected as
various colors by the human eye. The color that is not absorbed by pigments of objects
is transmitted or reflected and that is the color of the object that we see.
Fig. 1.e. The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Pigments are the means by which plants capture sun’s energy to be used in
photosynthesis. However, since each pigment absorbs only a narrow range of
wavelength, there is usually a need to produce several kinds of pigments of different
colors to capture more of sun’s energy.
Chlorophyll
 is the greenish pigment found in the thylakoid membrane inside the chloroplast of
a plant cell.
Chlorophyll absorbs blue and red light while it transmits and reflects green light. This
is why leaves appear green.
There are several kinds of chlorophyll. Among these, chlorophyll a plays the most
important role in photosynthesis. It directly participates in converting solar energy to
chemical energy.
Other pigments in the chloroplast play the part of accessory pigments. These pigments
can absorb light and transfer the energy to chlorophyll a. One of these accessory
pigments is chlorophyll b. Some carotenoids also contribute energy to chlorophyll a.
Other carotenoids, however, serve as protection for chlorophyll by dissipating
excessive energy that will otherwise be destructive to chlorophyll.
17
Structure of chlorophyll • Head—a flat hydrophilic head called porphyrin ring. It has a
magnesium atom at its center. Different chlorophylls differ on the side groups attached
to the porphyrin. • Tail—a lipid-soluble hydrocarbon tail.
How does photoexcitation of chlorophyll happen?
1. A chlorophyll molecule absorbs photon or light energy.
2. An electron of the molecule in its normal orbital, said to be in its ground state, will
be elevated to an orbital of a higher energy. The molecule is now in an excited state.
The molecule only absorbs photon that has the energy that is equal to the energy
needed for it to be able to elevate from the ground state to the excited state.
3. The excited state is unstable. Hence, excited electrons drop back down to the
ground state immediately after, releasing energy in the form of heat and photon. This
happens in isolated chlorophyll molecules. However, chlorophyll molecule that is found
in its natural environment in the thylakoid membrane forms a photosystem together
with proteins and other organic molecules to prevent the loss of energy from the
electrons.
Fig. 1.f. The Photoexcitation of Chlorophyll
Photosystem
A photosystem is an aggregate of pigments and proteins in the thylakoid membrane
responsible for the absorption of photons and the transfer of energy and electrons. It
is composed of:
• Light-harvesting complex— is also called the ‘antenna’ complex and is consisted of
several different pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids) bounded with
proteins. When a pigment molecule absorbs a photon, energy is passed on from one
pigment molecule to another pigment molecule until the energy reaches the reaction
center.
• Reaction-center complex—is composed of a pair of chlorophyll a and a primary
electron acceptor. The primary electron acceptor is a specialized molecule that is able
to accept electrons from the pair of chlorophyll a. The pair of chlorophyll a in the
reaction-center is also specialized because they are capable of transferring an
18
electron to the primary electron acceptor and not just boosting the electron to a higher
energy level.
There are two types of photosystem:
• Photosystem II—was discovered later after the discovery of Photosystem I, but
functions first in the light reaction of photosynthesis. The chlorophyll a in the reactioncenter of Photosystem II effectively absorbs light with a wavelength of 680nm and thus
called P680.
• Photosystem I—was discovered first. Its reaction-center has a chlorophyll a called
P700 because it is effective in absorbing light with a wavelength of 700nm.
What’s New
•
Visual and Listening Activity:
1. Research videos on the Forms of Energy, Transformation of Energy, Free energy
and metabolism and ATP- structure and function.
2. Watch and Listen carefully to the video and be able to recognize and relate to each
attributes of the energy transformation.
3. Reflect on your life experiences and relate them to the lesson in the video so that
you will be able to make an analogy relating the concepts under ATP.
4. Write your answer on a long bond paper or newsprint.
What Is It
•
Q & A Activity:
1. What are the different forms of energy?
2. What are the laws of energy transformation and cite examples?
3. How does the cell go about the continuous release of heat during ATP hydrolysis?
(Write your answers on a long bond paper or newsprint.)
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What’s More
•
Q and A Activity:
1. How do plants cope with the change in season? Give a detailed description and
explanation.
2. How do plants capture the sun’s energy?
3. What happens to light when it hits an object?
What I Have Learned
•
Learning Process Activity:
Provide the best answer in the blank.
1. What wavelength of light is most important to life on earth?
2. What color/s of light does chlorophyll absorb? What color does it reflect?
3. What composes a photosystem?
4. In what part of the photosystem does the first step of light reaction take place?
5. Differentiate the two types of photosystem.
What I Can Do
•
Performance Activity:
Construct a final draft sketch on the photoexcitation of Chlorophyll. Write your sketch
on a long bond paper/newsprint.
20
Lesson
Photosynthesis
2
What I Need to Know

Introduction:
Autotrophic organisms use the pigment chlorophyll to harvest solar
energy to produce the stored energy as chemical bonds of ATP and
carbohydrates. In eukaryotes, chlorophyll is associated with thylakoid
membranes of the chloroplast. Photosynthesis in eukaryotes involves three
essential processes:
1. Energy absorption from sunlight via pigments during light-dependent
reaction
2. Reactivation of reaction center
3. Carbohydrates production by carbon fixation during dark reaction.
Fig. 2a. Chemical reaction for photosynthesis
21
What I Know
Chemical reactions for photosynthesis:


Which groups participate in the reaction?
Which groups are released?
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + sunlight  C6H12O6+ 6 O2
PRIOR KNOWLEDGE: Definition of Terms
1. Light reactions
2. Noncyclic electron flow
3. Cyclic electron flow
4. Plastoquinone (Pq)
5. Plastocyanin (Pc)
6. ATP
7. Photophosphorylation
8. Ferredoxin
9. NADP+
10. NADPH
11. Chemiosmosis
What’s In
During PHOTOSYNTHESIS:
• Energy from sunlight is harvested and used to drive the synthesis of glucose from
CO2 and H2O. By converting the energy of sunlight to a usable form of potential
chemical energy, photosynthesis is the ultimate source of metabolic energy for all
biological systems.
22
• Photosynthesis takes place in two distinct stages. (A) In the light reactions, energy
from sunlight drives the synthesis of ATP and NADPH, coupled to the formation of O2
from H2O. (B) In the dark reactions (named because they do not require sunlight), the
ATP and NADPH produced by the light reactions drive glucose synthesis.
• In eukaryotic cells, both the light and dark reactions of photosynthesis occur within
chloroplasts—the light reactions in the thylakoid membrane and the dark reactions
within the stroma.
The two stages of photosynthesis:
• Light reactions—use sunlight to initiate electron transfer, thereby reducing NADP+
to NADPH and splitting water to give off oxygen as a by-product.
• form ATP through phosphorylation
• take place in the thylakoids of the chloroplast
• Calvin Cycle—sometimes referred to as ‘dark reactions’ because it does not require
light energy for its processes to take place
• incorporates CO2 into organic molecules through carbon fixation
• uses NADPH and ATP to produce carbohydrate from the fixed carbon
• takes place in the stroma of chloroplast
• returns ADP, inorganic phosphate, and NADP+ to the light reactions
Fig. 2.b. The Light Reactions
.
23
Light Reactions Events
1. Light energy or photon is absorbed by a pigment molecule of the light-harvesting
complex of Photosystem II and is passed on to other pigment molecules nearby until
the energy makes it to the reaction center. In the reaction center, it is absorbed by the
P680 pair of chlorophyll a.
2. The electron in this pair of chlorophyll a is raised to an excited state and is
transferred to the primary electron acceptor. P680 loses its electron and becomes
positively charged (P680+).
3. The positively charged molecule attracts electrons from a water molecule, resulting
to the splitting up of H20 into two electrons, two hydrogen ions (H+), and an oxygen
atom with the provision of light energy. The oxygen atom immediately combines with
another oxygen atom to form an oxygen molecule (O2) which is then released outside
the leaf through the stomata.
4. The excited electrons are then passed on from the primary electron acceptor to the
electron carrier molecules through the electron transport chain until they reach
Photosystem I. The electron carrier molecules involved here are plastoquinone (Pq),
a cytochrome complex, and plastocyanin (Pc).
5. At each transfer, the electrons release small amounts of energy. This energy is used
to pump hydrogen ions across the membrane. The splitting up of water molecules
results to an uneven distribution of hydrogen ions in the stroma and the lumen. The
H+ ions tries to equalize their distribution by moving from the lumen to the stroma
through the aid of a membrane protein called ATP synthase. This is referred to as
chemiosmosis. The movement of hydrogen ions through the ATP synthase channel
triggers the synthesis of ATP from ADP. The ATP contains high-energy phosphate
bonds.
6. Meanwhile, photon is also absorbed and energy is passed on from one pigment
molecule to another until the energy reaches the reaction center complex of
Photosystem I. The energy excites the electron present in the pair of P700 chlorophyll
a located here. The excited electron is then transferred to a primary electron acceptor,
making the P700 positively charged and now seeking electrons to fill up the missing
ones. This is filled up by the electrons from Photosystem II that are passed on through
the electron transport chain.
7. The photo-excited electron from the primary electron acceptor of Photosystem I
enters another electron transfer chain, passing the electron to an iron-containing
protein called ferredoxin (Fd).
8. An enzyme, the NADP+ reductase, then transfers the electron to NADP+ and
stabilizes it by adding a proton (H+) to form NADPH. NADPH is then released to the
stroma and becomes part of the Calvin Cycle.
Cyclic Electron Flow Aside from the usual route of electron flow as described in the
events of the light reactions (i.e., noncyclic or linear electron flow), photo-excited
electrons may take a short-circuited route which utilizes Photosystem I but not
24
Photosystem II. The ferrodoxin goes back to the cycle and passes the electron to the
cytochrome complex and to the Pc until it reaches P700 chlorophyll instead of
transferring the electron to NADP+reductase. Due to this event, no NADPH is
produced but ATP is still synthesized.
Fig. 2.c. Cyclic Electron Flow
1. Oxidoreductase - catalyze redox reactions; dehydrogenases, oxidases,
peroxidases, reductases.
2. Transferases - catalyze group transfer reactions; often require coenzymes.
3. Hydrolases - catalyze hydrolysis reactions.
4. Lyases - lysis of substrate; produce contains double bond.
5. Isomerases - catalyze structural changes; isomerization.
The Calvin Cycle
• also referred to as light-independent reactions or “dark reactions”
• takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast
• second stage of photosynthesis that is involved in the formation of sugar from CO2
using chemical energy stored in ATP and NADPH, the products of light reactions
The Calvin Cycle
Important points to know:
• The sugar that is produced in the Calvin Cycle is not the six-carbon glucose that we
are familiar with. This is formed later on. What is produced in the Calvin Cycle is a
three-carbon sugar known as G3P or glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.
• The Calvin Cycle needs to ‘spin’ three times to make one molecule of G3P from three
molecules of CO2.
Three Phases of Calvin Cycle:
Carbon Fixation
• Carbon fixation is a process of incorporating an inorganic carbon molecule, CO2, into
an organic material.
25
• In this phase, the CO2 molecule is attached to a five-carbon sugar molecule named
ribulose biphosphate (RuBP) aided by an enzyme named rubisco or RuBP
carboxylase. Rubisco is believed to be the most abundant protein in the chloroplast
and maybe on Earth.
• The resulting product, a six-carbon sugar, is extremely unstable and immediately
splits in half. The split forms two molecules of a 3-phosphoglycerate (3-carbon).
Reduction
• A phosphate group (from ATP) is then attached to each 3-phosphoglycerate by an
enzyme, forming 1,3-phosphoglycerate.
• NADPH swoops in and reduces 1,3-biphosphogycerate to G3P.
• For every six G3Ps produced by the Calvin Cycle, five are recycled to regenerate
three molecules of RuBP. Only one G3P leaves the cycle to be packaged for use by
the cell.
• It will take two molecules of G3P to make one molecule of glucose.
• The ADP and NADP+ that is formed during the Calvin Cycle will be transported back
to the thylakoid membrane and will enter the light reactions. Here, they will be
‘recharged’ with energy and become ATP and NADPH.
Regeneration of RuBP
• Five molecules of G3P undergo a series of complex enzymatic reactions to form
three molecules of RuBP. This costs the cell another three molecules of AT, but also
provides another set of RuBP to continue the cycle.
What happens to G3P after its release from the cycle?
• Two G3Ps can combine together to form either glucose or fructose which are both
are six-carbon sugar.
• Glucose and fructose can be combined to form sucrose.
• Glucose can be connected in chains to form starch.
• G3Ps can also be used in lipid and protein synthesis.
The cost of making carbohydrate:
To make one molecule of G3P, the chloroplast needs:
• 3 molecules of CO2
• 9 molecules of ATP
• 6 molecules of NADPH
What’s New
•
Visual and Listening Activity:
1. You can draw pictures of photosynthesis in a long bond paper/newsprint. You can
also go to computer/printing shop by watching videos or sample pictures of Overview
26
of Photosynthesis, Overview of the Stages of the Calvin Cycle in Photosynthesis and
make these pictures into tarpaulin type for long use.
What Is It
•
Q & A Activity:
1. What are the two kinds of reactions in photosynthesis?
2. What are the basic stages of the Calvin cycle?
3. What are the reactants and products of photosynthesis?
(Write your answers on a long bond paper/newsprint.)
What’s More
Directions: Fill-in the table below for the major events and features of photosynthesis.
The option table is given for you to answer the needed materials and end products of
photosynthesis.
Major Events and Features of Photosynthesis
REACTION
NEEDED MATERIALS
SERIES
1. Light-dependent
reactions (take
place in the
a.
thylakoid
membrane)
a. Photochemical
reactions
END PRODUCTS
a.
b.
b.
c. Chemiosmosis
c.
c.
2. Carbon fixation
reactions (take
place in stroma)
2
2
b. Electron
transport
27
Available Choices
a. Electrons
b. NADPH, O2
e. Electrons,
NADP+, H2O,
electron acceptors
f. Proton gradient,
ADP + P, ATP
synthase
c. Light energy;
pigments
(chlorophyll)
g. Carbohydrates,
ADP + P, NADP+
d. ATP
h. Ribulose
bisphosphate,
CO2, ATP,
NADPH,
necessary
enzymes
What I Have Learned
•
Learning Process Activity:
Write T if the statement is true and F if the statement is false.
______1. In photosynthesis, water is oxidized and oxygen is released.
______2. Has electron transport chain located within the ribosomes, where ATP is
produced by chemiosmosis.
______3. Has enzyme-catalyzed reactions within the semi-fluid interior.
______4. Water is reduced to a carbohydrate.
______5. In photosynthesis, oxygen is reduced to water.
What I Can Do
Performance Task:
For this activity, you have to gather materials that will help build a three-dimensional
model that represents the events or phases of the Calvin cycle. You may use clay,
Styrofoam balls, beads, or recyclable materials. The outputs will be presented to the
teacher.
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Lesson
Cellular Respiration
3
What I Need to Know
Cellular Respiration
In cellular respiration, glucose is converted to pyruvic acid which can enter
either through aerobic respiration or anaerobic respiration.
In aerobic respiration, pyruvic acid molecules enter the mitochondria and
through a series of chemical reactions known as the citric acid cycle (Kreb’s cycle) via
electron transport chain. In the Kreb’s cycle, the pyruvic acid is converted to carbon
dioxide. The electron transport chain accepts the electron from the breakdown
products of the Kreb’s cycle and glycolysis via the NADH and FADH2. At the end of the
chain, the electrons are combined with hydrogen ions and molecular oxygen to form
water. This process can produce ATP. During this process, the glucose molecule is
broken down and the carbon atoms released from glucose are combined with oxygen
to produce carbon dioxide.
In anaerobic respiration, pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid. There is a
production of two ATP molecules for each glucose molecule.
Fig. 3.a. Courtesy: Enger, Eldon D. et. Al., (2012). Concepts in Biology 14th Edition. USA: McGraw-Hill
(Retrieved August 13, 2015)
29
What I Know
Chemical reactions for cellular respiration:


Which groups in the cellular respiration equation go in?
Which groups are released?
C6H12O6 + 6 O2  6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy
PRIOR KNOWLEDGE: Definition of Terms
1. Aerobic respiration
2. Anaerobic respiration
3. Pyruvic acid
4. Fermentation
5. Glycolysis
6. Krebs cycle
7. Electron transport chain
What’s In
In Cellular respiration:
• Oxygen is reduced to water
• Has electron transport chain located within the cristae of the mitochondria, where
ATP is produced by chemiosmosis
• Has enzyme-catalyzed reactions within the semi-fluid interior
• A carbohydrate is oxidized to carbon dioxide
Glycolysis-means “sugar-splitting” that occurs in the cytosol of the cell. It does not
require oxygen to breakdown glucose into pyruvate.
Krebs cycle-completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and
produces 2 ATP.
Oxidative phosphorylation-a process occurring in mitochondria and accounts for
majority of the ATP production.
Electron Transport Chain-contains the chain members (carrier and protein
complexes, ATP synthase complex and ATP channel protein. These membrane
30
proteins shuttle electrons during the redox reactions. The electrons will be used to
produce ATP by chemiosmosis.
NADH and FADH2-these are electron acceptor molecules that contain high-energy
electrons. They transport the electrons to ETC to produce many more ATPs by
oxidative phosphorylation.
ATP synthase-is an enzyme that is responsible for the great production of ATPs.
This happens when it uses the energy coming from H+ ions to bind ADP and
phosphate group together to produce ATP.
Fig. 3.b. The diagram below shows the total energy produced from the complete breakdown of glucose
by aerobic respiration.
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Summary of Cellular Respiration
STAGE
1. Glycolysis (in
cytosol)
2. Formation of
acetyl CoA (in
mitochondria)
3. Citric acid
cycle (in
mitochondria)
4. Electron
transport and
chemiosmosis (in
mitochondria)
SOME
STARTING
MATERIALS
SUMMARY
Series of reactions in which
glucose is degraded to
pyruvate; net profit of 2
ATPs; hydrogen atoms are
transferred to carriers; can
proceed anaerobically
Pyruvate is degraded and
combined with coenzyme A
to form acetyl CoA;
hydrogen atoms are
transferred to carriers; CO2
is released
Series of reactions in which
the acetyl portion of acetyl
CoA is degraded to CO2;
hydrogen atoms are
transferred to carriers; ATP
is synthesized
Chain of several electron
transport molecules;
electrons are passed along
chain; released energy is
used to form a proton
gradient; ATP is
synthesized as protons
diffuse down the gradient;
oxygen is final electron
acceptor
32
Glucose,
ATP, NAD+,
Pi
Pyruvate,
coenzyme A,
NAD+
Acetyl CoA,
H2O, NAD+,
FAD, ADP, Pi
SOME END
PRODUCTS
Pyruvate,
ATP, NADH
Acetyl CoA,
CO2, NADH
CO2, NADH,
FADH2, ATP
ATP, H2O,
NAD+, FAD
NADH, FADH2,
O2, ADP, Pi
Differences and Similarities of Aerobic, Anaerobic and Fermenting Organisms
Similarity
Differences
Aerobic Organisms
Anaerobic Organisms
Use oxygen
Do not use oxygen
H2O is the by-product
H2O and potassium nitrite
are the by-products
Fermenting
Organisms
Do not use
oxygen
Lactate (lactate
fermentation) or
ethyl alcohol
(alcoholic
fermentation) is
the by-product)
Final acceptors
of electrons are
pyruvate reduced
to lactate, and
acetaldehyde
reduced to ethyl
alcohol
Electron acceptor is O2
and is reduced to water
With electron transport
chain
With electron transport
chain
Electron acceptor is
nitrate or sulfate
No electron
transport chain
Occur in prokaryotes
and eukaryotes
Occur in prokaryotes
Occur in
prokaryotes
and eukaryotes
Requires no special
organelles
Simple and
faster
alternative to
cellular
respiration
Requires no
special
organelles
Glycolysis and
waste product
formation are
two sets of
reactions that
occur
33
Aerobic,
Anaerobic
and
Fermenting
Organisms
ATP is
produced
CO2 is the
waste product
Electrons are
transferred
from glucose to
NADH
What’s New
Procedure: Refine your knowledge on cellular respiration by doing the sample graphic
organizer below. Fill-out the table and distinguish how the two types of respiration are
alike and different. Then write your conclusion based on the similarities and
differences you have listed.
34
What Is It
•
Directions: Accomplish the table below by comparing aerobic and anaerobic
respiration.
Factors
Aerobic Respiration
Anaerobic Respiration
Main function
Site of Reaction
Production of ATP
Sustainability
Production of lactic acid
Oxygen requirement
Recycling of NADH
Participating cells
Directions: Compare aerobic and anaerobic respiration by accomplishing the Venn
diagram below.
Venn Diagram of Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration
35
What’s More
Directions: Compare fermentation with anaerobic and aerobic respiration by
analyzing the diagram below.
1. What are the three kinds of enzyme-controlled reactions so that the chemical-bond
energy from a certain nutrient is released to the cell in the form of ATP?
2. What are the hydrogen electron acceptors for aerobic and anaerobic respiration as
well as in fermentation?
3. These are the by-products of aerobic respiration that are considered low-energy
molecules.
4. What are the outputs produced by anaerobic respiration? What about in
fermentation?
5. What are two general metabolic mechanisms by which certain cells can oxidize
organic fuel and generate ATP without the use of oxygen?
Directions: Fill-in the table below for the major events and features of cellular
respiration. The option table is given for you to answer the needed materials and end
products of cellular respiration.
36
Major Events and Features of Cellular Respiration
STAGE
STARTING MATERIALS
END PRODUCTS
1. Glycolysis (in
cytosol)
2. Preparatory
reaction
3. Citric acid cycle
4. Electron
transport and
chemiosmosis
Available Choices
a. Pyruvate, ATP,
NADH
b. NADH, FADH2,
O2, ADP Pi
c. Glucose, ATP,
NAD+, ADP Pi
e. Acetyl CoA,
H2O, NAD+, FAD,
ADP Pi
f. Acetyl CoA,
CO2, NADH
g. CO2, NADH,
FADH2, ATP
37
d. Pyruvate,
Coenzyme A,
NAD+
h. ATP, H2O,
NAD+, FAD
What I Have Learned
•
A. Learning Process Activity:
Directions: This is a modified TRUE or FALSE activity. Write the word TRUE if the
underlined word/phrase being referred to is correct. If it is FALSE, change the
word/phrase to make the whole statement correct based on the concept of cellular
respiration. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
_____1. Fermentation and anaerobic respiration enable the cells to produce ATP
without the use of oxygen.
_____2. The term cellular respiration includes both aerobic and anaerobic
processes.
_____3. Fermentation is a complete degradation of sugars or other fuel that occurs
without the use of oxygen.
_____4. An electron transport system consists of a number of molecules, majority
are proteins, located in the matrix of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and the
plasma membrane of aerobic prokaryotes.
_____5. Pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation:
electron transport chain and chemiosmosis are the metabolic stages reserved for
cellular respiration.
_____6. The breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide is completed in the electron
transport chain.
_____7. ATP synthase is the enzyme that makes the bulk of the ATP from ADP and
Pi by chemiosmosis.
_____8. ATP synthase uses the energy of an existing hydrogen ion gradient to
power ATP synthesis.
_____9. Phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP stores at least 14.6 kcal per molecule
of ATP.
_____10. Citric acid cycle generates 2 ATP whether oxygen is present or not,
whether the conditions are aerobic or anaerobic.
38
•
B. Learning Process Activity:
Directions: Arrange the following to get the right energy flow sequence in aerobic
respiration.
NADH
•
Electron Transport Chain
Glucose
ATP
C. Learning Process Activity:
Directions: Identify the following statements as photosynthesis or cellular
respiration.
____________1. Energy-releasing pathways
____________2. Energy-acquiring pathways
What I Can Do
Performance Task:
Homemade Virgin Coconut Oil and Fermentation/Modified Natural Vinegar
Fermentation Method. A video link is provided:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xGK8z3DXw7E
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EUu7SF25tXM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jh0wWMdNkv4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3-wE7pbXaXY
This can be done at home with precautionary measures. Document your output
and submit it via YouTube or Facebook. Just click the video link on how to make the
homemade virgin coconut oil and natural vinegar fermentation method. Choose only
one for your performance task.
39
Key Concepts:
Fermentation refers to the addition of yeast or a specific microorganisms or
enzyme to a raw material to produce a desired product. But for the so-called natural
fermentation method, we will produce VCO that does not require any addition of
microorganisms or substance. When the coconut milk mixture is allowed to stand for at
least 10 hours, the VCO will naturally separate from water and protein. Several theories
say that the separation of these substances is due to the presence of airborne acetic
acid bacteria (Acetobacter aceti). A. aceti breaks the protein bonds in the coconut milk
causing the mixture to separate distinctively.
Another theory says that the enzyme present in the coconut makes the
separation of substances to occur. The so-called ‘fermentation method’ happens when
after 16 to 24 hours of settling, the water smells and tastes sour. The so-called ‘natural’
explains that there is no addition of any other substance or microorganism in fermenting
the virgin coconut oil. Also the ‘virgin’ in the virgin coconut oil implies that there is no
substance added to make the oil.
On the other hand, vinegar is a sour-tasting condiment and preservative. It can
be prepared by two successive microbial processes. The first phase is done through
alcoholic fermentation by a eukaryotic organism called yeast. The second phase is by
oxidation of alcohol by a prokaryotic organism called Acetobacter aceti. This bacterium
is responsible for converting the alcohol in wine to acetic acid or vinegar. Since coconut
is abundant in our country, use this example to show the principle of fermentation
process involving microorganisms and the series of reactions that take place as coconut
water is converted into vinegar.
Post-Assessment
MULTIPLE CHOICE:
Directions: Read and understand each item and choose the letter of the correct answer. Write
your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
__1. Majority of the CO2 is released during
A. Glycolysis
B. Citric acid cycle
C. Electron transport chain
D. Oxidative phosphorylation
__2. Cellular respiration processes that do not use O2 are called
E. Heterotrophic organism
F. Anaerobic organism
G. Aerobic organism
H. Anabolic
__3. The positively charged hydrogen ions that are released from the glucose during cellular
respiration eventually combine with _________ ion to form _____________.
E. another hydrogen, a gas
40
F. a carbon, carbon dioxide
G. an oxygen, water
H. a pyruvic acid, lactic acid
__4. The Krebs cycle (also known as citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid) and ETC are
biochemical pathways performed in which eukaryotic organelle?
E. Nucleus
F. Ribosome
G. Chloroplast
H. Mitochondrion
__5. Anaerobic pathways that oxidize glucose to generate ATP energy by using an organic
molecule as the ultimate hydrogen acceptor are called
E. Fermentation
F. Reduction
G. Krebs cycle
H. Electron pumps
__6. When skeletal muscle cells function anaerobically, they accumulate the compound
________, which causes muscle soreness.
B. Pyruvic acid
B. Malic acid
C. Carbon dioxide
D. Lactic acid
__7. Each molecule of fat can release _______ of ATP, compared with a molecule of glucose.
E. smaller amounts
F. the same amount
G. larger amount
H. only twice the amount
__8. In complete accounting of all ATPs produced in aerobic respiration, a total of
____ATPs: _____from the ETC, _____from glycolysis, and _____ from the Krebs cycle.
A. 36, 32, 2, 2
B. 38, 34, 2, 2
C. 36, 30, 2, 4
D. 38, 30, 4, 4
__9. The chemical activities that remove electrons from glucose result in the glucose being
A. reduced
B. oxidized
C. phosphorylated
D. hydrolyzed
__10. Which of the following is NOT true of the citric acid cycle? The citric acid cycle
A. includes the preparatory reaction
B. produces ATP by substrate-level ATP synthesis
C. occurs in the mitochondria
D. is a metabolic pathway, as is glycolysis
41
42
Lesson 1 ATP-ADP Cycle
What I Know
1b
2a
3d
4c
5b
What Is It (Suggested Answers)
1. Kinetic, Thermal, Light, Potential, Chemical
2. Thermodynamics
1st Law: The energy of the universe is
constant
2nd Law: Every energy transfers or
transformation increases the energy of the
universe.
3. The hydrolysis of ATP can be coupled to
energy requiring reactions within cells. The
inorganic phosphate released during the
hydrolysis of ATP can be used to phosphorylate
other compounds.
Lesson 2 Photosynthesis
What I Know
1 Carbon dioxide & water
2 Carbohydrates (glucose) & molecular oxygen
What’s More (Suggested Answers)
a Light-energy; pigment (chlorophyll)
a Electrons
b Electrons, NADP+, H2O, electron acceptors
b NADPH, O2
c Proton gradient, ADP+ P, ATP synthase
c ATP
2 Ribulose bisphosphate, CO2, ATP, NADPH,
Necessary enzymes
2 Carbohydrates, ADP+ P, NADP+
What I Have Learned
1T
2F
3T
4F
5T
Lesson 3 Cellular Respiration
What I Know
1 Carbohydrates (glucose) & molecular oxygen
2 Carbon dioxide & water
What’s New
Comparing Graphic Organizer
How alike?
Both undergo glycolysis in the cytoplasm of the
cell
Both undergo substrate-level phosphorylation and
oxidative phosphorylation and chemiosmosis in
producing ATP molecules
Both split the 6-carbon glucose into two molecules
of pyruvate, the three-carbon molecule
Both involve a series of enzyme-controlled
reactions that take place in the cytoplasm
Both
use
NAD+
(nicotinamide
adenine
dinucleotide), a redox coenzyme that accepts two
electrons plus a hydrogen (H+) that becomes
NADH
Both performed by eukaryotic and prokaryotic
cells
How Different?
Aerobic Respiration
Maximum yield of 36 to 38 ATP molecules per
glucose
Complete breakdown of glucose to carbon
dioxide and water with the use of oxygen
Multiple metabolic pathways
Pyruvate proceeds to acetyl formation in the
mitochondrion
The presence of enough oxygen in the cell
makes the cell perform its job smoothly without
burning sensation
More efficient in harvesting energy from glucose
with estimated 39% energy efficiency (36-38
ATP) in eukaryotic organisms but much higher
ATP production (38 to 40 ATP) in prokaryotic
organisms
Outputs are carbon dioxide, water and ATP
Products produce are for biochemical cycling and
for the cellular processes that require energy
Slow glucose breakdown
Electrons in NADH are transferred to electron
transport chain
Mechanism of ATP synthesis is by substratelevel and oxidative
ANSWER KEY
O2 is the final electron acceptor of the electron
transport system
Brain cells in the human body can only live
aerobically. They die if molecular oxygen is
absent.
Anaerobic Respiration
Maximum yield of 2 ATP molecules per glucose
for obligate anaerobes
Partial degradation of glucose without the use of
oxygen (obligate anaerobes)
Single metabolic pathway (in fermentation)
Pyruvate is broken down to ethanol and carbon
dioxide or lactate (in fermentation)
Cause burning sensation in the muscle during
strenuous exercise (in fermentation)
Less efficient in harvesting energy from glucose
with 2% energy efficiency (for obligate
anaerobes)
Outputs are lactate, alcohol and carbon dioxide
(in fermentation); but reduced inorganic
compound in anaerobic respiration
Produce numerous products with economic and
industrial importance through fermentation
Rapid breakdown of glucose
Electrons in NADH are transferred to electron
transport chain; but in fermentation electrons in
NADH are transferred to organic molecule
Mechanism of ATP synthesis is by substratelevel and oxidative
phosphorylation/chemiosmosis; but in
fermentation substrate-level phosphorylation only
during glycolysis
In anaerobic respiration, inorganic substances
like NO3 - or SO4 2- are the final acceptor of the
electron transport system; but in fermentation,
there is no electron acceptor because it has no
electron transport system
Some organisms like yeasts (eukaryotic), many
bacteria (prokaryotic) and the human muscle
cells (eukaryotic) can make enough ATP to
survive in facultative anaerobes (can live in the
absence or presence of oxygen). But under
anaerobic conditions lactic acid fermentation
occurs. A facultative anaerobe needs to consume
the nutrient at a much faster rate when doing the
fermentation or anaerobic process
43
Summary and Conclusion
Aerobic respiration requires molecular oxygen to
happen in the cells of most eukaryotes and
prokaryotes. Here, nutrients are split into a series
of enzyme-controlled reactions producing an
estimated 36 to 38 ATP per glucose complete
breakdown. Molecular oxygen is the final
acceptor of the low-energy level electron at the
end of the electron transport system that results
in the production of water. In anaerobic
respiration on the other hand does not require
oxygen in splitting nutrients. Some prokaryotes
that live in oxygen-free environments such as
water logged soil, in ponds where water does not
flow, and in the intestines of animals transfer
glucose to NADH and then pass the electrons
down the electron transport chain that is joined to
ATP synthesis by chemiosmosis. Nitrate and
sulfate are the final acceptors of electrons. The
end products are carbon dioxide, reduced
inorganic substances and ATP. In fermentation
(as type of anaerobic respiration) there is no
electron acceptor because it has no electron
transport chain. Its products are either alcohol
(and carbon dioxide) or lactate.
What Is It
Comparing Aerobic & Anaerobic Respiration
Aerobic Respiration
Main function: Production of ATP from food such
as carbohydrate, lipid and protein
Site of Reaction: Cytoplasm and mitochondrion
Production of ATP: 36 to 38 ATP per glucose
molecule
Sustainability: Long-term
Production of lactic acid: Does not produce
Oxygen requirement: Yes
Recycling of NADH: Through the electron
transport system
Participating cells: Most cells
Anaerobic Respiration
Main function: Production of ATP without the use
of oxygen
Site of Reaction: Cytoplasm
Production of ATP: 2 ATP per glucose molecule
Sustainability: Short-term
Production of lactic acid: Produces
Oxygen requirement: No
Recycling of NADH: In lactic acid fermentation
Participating cells: Yeast, other fungi,
prokaryotes, muscle cells.
ANSWER KEY
44
What Is It
Venn Diagram
(See Aerobic & Anaerobic Respiration
Comparison)
What’s More
Compare fermentation with anaerobic and
aerobic respiration by analyzing the diagram
Suggested Answers:
1. Aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration,
and fermentation
2. aerobic respiration — molecular oxygen,
anaerobic respiration — nitrate or sulfate,
fermentation – pyruvate
3. Water and carbon dioxide
4. Anaerobic respiration—ATP, water reduced
acceptor (nitrate or sulfate), fermentation, ATP,
carbon dioxide, alcohol or lactate
5. Anaerobic respiration and fermentation
Major Events and Features of Cellular
Respiration
1 Glucose, ATP, NAD+, ADP Pi
Pyruvate, ATP, NADH
2 Pyruvate, Coenzyme A, NAD+
Acetyl CoA, CO2, NADH
Pre & PostAssessment
3 Acetyl CoA, H2O, NAD+, FAD, ADP Pi
CO2, NADH, FADH2, ATP
1b
2b
3c
4d
5a
6d
7c
8a
9b
10a
4 NADH, FADH2, O2, ADP, Pi
ATP, H2O, NAD+, FAD
What I Have Learned
A.
1 True
2 True
3 Partial or Incomplete
4 Cristae or Folds
5 True
6 Krebs Cycle
7 True
8 True
9 7.3 kcal
10 Glycolysis
B.
1 Glucose
2 NADH
3 Electron Transport Chain
4 ATP
C.
1 Cellular Respiration
2 Photosynthesis
ANSWER KEY
References



GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 SPECIALIZED SUBJECT | ACADEMIC-STEM,
The Commission on Higher Education, Philippine Normal University
(2016) https://bit.ly/2DCe9kz (Restrictions are imposed)
DEPED Learning Modules Grade 7-10
General Biology 1, Authors: Maria Angelica D. Rea, Mary Zugar M.
Dequillo, Jenny Lyn C. Chua
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education – Division of Cagayan de Oro City
Office Address: Fr. William F. Masterson Ave Upper Balulang
Cagayan de Oro
Telephone Nos.: (08822)855-0048
E-mail Address: cagayandeoro.city@deped.gov.ph
45