Nabua National High School
Science Department
San Miguel, Nabua, Camarines Sur
Research Plan
Working Title:
Allelopathic Effects of the Aqueous Shoot Extracts of Powell Amaranth
(Amaranthus powellii) on the Seed Germination of Mung Bean (Vigna
radiata)
Proponents:
Mary Joy T. Costales, Gayle B. Dagarat, Amira Sarah R. Garcillanosa,
Aliyah Marie P. Laurente
Campus:
Nabua National High School
Grade and Section:
10-SOC1
Research Teacher: Mr. Jan Ervin S. Babor
Research Methodology Adviser: Ms. Muriel M. Sapinoso
I.
RATIONALE
Weed is a serious pest that damages most of the crops and is everlasting problem for
our agriculture. This pest can cause the reducing quality and quantity of the yield that triggers
economic loss. According to the Australian Government, weeds reduce farm and forest
productivity, for they invade crops, smother postures and in some cases weeds can harm
livestock. They aggressively compete for water, nutrients and sunlight, resulting in reduced crop
yield and poor crop quality. Weeds can also cause human health problems, such as skin
irritation and weeds can also be poisonous. Weed infestation is a serious concern for farmers.
In the recent years, the use of chemical weed control has increase. However, the
reliance to synthetic herbicide is not sustainable as it may affect the fertility of the soil and cause
adhere effects to non- target organisms (Montanya, 2013). Agriculture research has undergone
a paradigm shift, aiming to improve the performance of cropping systems without poor effects to
the other organisms and the other environment. Instead of chemicals, past researchers studies
the use of other variable, which is the plant tissue, against other plants to determine its
allelopathic effects: whether it’ll suppress or encourage its growth. This paved the way the use
of bio-herbicide in weed management. Past researchers studied effects of plant to another plant
species—which is known as allelopathic effect. Studies showed that the species in the genus
Amaranthus has an allelopathic potential on growth and developmental changes and can inhibit
the germination percentage of some crops. A study asserted that several allelochemicals are
present on A. retroflexus, A.spinosus, A. viridis. The seedling growth of soybean, sunflower,
cabbage, aubergine, pearlmillet, tomato, pepper, carrot and corn was inhibited (Suma, S. et al.,
2002).
Powell amaranth (Amaranthus powellii), a species of amaranth, is a vigorous
annual plant with an erect stem growing to a maximum near 2 meters. It has leaves up to 9 cm
long. According to the Gray’s Manual of Botany. Eighth Edition, the edible leaves and seeds are
sometimes gathered from the wild and used locally. This plant is mostly found on waste places,
agricultural fields, railroads, roadsides, banks or rivers, lakes, and streams. It prefers a welldrained fertile soil in a sunny position and requires a hot sheltered position if it is to do well.
Mung bean (Vigna radiata), a species of legume family, is an annual crop, highly
branched reaching 0.15 m to 1.25 m and having trifoliate leaves. It is cultivated in temperate
climates and native to Asia. According to Azarian Journal of Agriculture (2018), mung beans are
grown widely for used in cuisines as it is highly nutritious and the green pods are eaten as
vegetable. Being a legume, the beans enrich the soil health through biological nitrogen fixation
and are the cheapest source of dietary protein for human and livestock. However, an
uncontrolled weed population results to 30-90% yield losses in mung bean (Azeem, 2018).
According to the article Role of Allelopathy in Vegetables Crops Production, the
production of vegetables are important worldwide but due to soil sickness, autotoxicity and
allelopathic effects of other crops, weeds and trees, the yields of vegetables are reduced. Thus
the allelochemical interactions and their effects on vegetables are important in vegetable
production. In nature, many plant species grow together and interact with each other by
inhibiting or stimulating the growth and development through allelopathic interactions.
Because of the gathered facts and information, the researchers came up to a study
on how powell amaranth inhibits or stimulates the seed germination of mung bean. With the
help of this aqueous shoot extracts of powell amaranth, the researchers can determine whether
it has a potential to be an effective organic fertilizer or it will affect the seed germination of the
mung bean negatively. Also, it can provide knowledge to the farmers the effects, if mung bean
was grown near powell amaranth or if an interaction between the two plants occurs.
II.
QUESTIONS OR PROBLEMS BEING ADDRESSED:
This study entitled “Allelopathic Effects of the Aqueous Shoot Extracts of Powell
Amaranth (Amaranth powellii) on the Seed Germination of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata)” seeks
to determine the inhibitory and stimulatory effects of the aqueous shoot extracts of Powell
Amaranth (Amaranth powellii) on the seed germination of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata).
Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions.
1. Is there a significant difference between the allelopathic effects of the following
concentrations of the aqueous shoot extracts of powell amaranth on the seed
germination of mung bean?
a. 30% concentration
b. 50% concentration
c. 70% concentration
d. 90% concentration
2. What is the germination percentage and rate of germination yielded by each
concentration after 10 days?
3. Is there a significant difference between the effects of the extracts of powell amaranth,
distilled water and commercial herbicide on the seed germination of mung bean?
III.
EXPECTED OUTCOMES
This study aims to evaluate the allelopathic effects of Powell Amaranth on the seed
germination of Mung Bean. The effects of the aqueous extracts of Powell Amaranth on the seed
germination of the Mung Bean will be studied with the objective of determining whether it has a
potential to be an organic fertilizer or it will affect the seed germination of mung bean negatively,
IV.
HYPOTHESES
Null Hypothesis
The aqueous extracts of powell amaranth have no significant allelopathic effect
to the seed germination of mung bean
Alternative Hypothesis
The aqueous extracts of powell amaranth have significant allelopathic effect to
the seed germination of mung bean
V.
METHODS AND PROCEDURE
a. CAUSAL DIAGRAM
Amount of concentrations
Linking Variable
Independent Variable
Dependent Variable
Powell amaranth shoot
extract
a. Germination percentage
b. Germination rate
Experimental Unit: Mung bean
Extraneous Variable
a. Variety of Seed
b. Temperature
b. RESEARCH DESIGN
This study will use the experimental method of research in determining the seed
germination of the nut grass.
It will be laid out in Completely Randomized Design wherein the 6 treatments
will be replicated three times.
Tp1
Tp2
T1
T2
T3
T4
R4
R15
R16
R8
R2
R5
R14
R12
R17
R11
R6
R10
R3
R13
R1
R7
R9
R18
Wherein:
Positive Control 1 (Tp1) = commercial herbicide
Positive Control 2 (Tp2) = distilled water
Treatment 1 (T1) = 90% leaf extract concentration
Treatment 2 (T2) = 70% leaf extract concentration
Treatment 3 (T3) = 50% leaf extract concentration
Treatment 4 (T4) = 30% leaf extract concentration
c. PROCEDURES
The following steps will be followed by the researchers in conducting the
experimentation procedure.
PHASE I
PHASE II
PHASE III
PHASE IV
PHASE V
Collection of
Powell
Risk
amaranth
to
be used as
an
independent
variable
Preparation
of the
materials for
extraction
and
treatment
application
Aqueous
extraction of
the shoot
system of
Powell
amaranth
Treatment
application of
Powell
Amaranth
aqueous
extract to the
mung bean
set up
Analysis of
the growth of
nut grass in
terms of
number and
color of
leaves, height
Preparation of
Mung bean
and the
experimentation
setups
Interpretation
of data
gathered
PHASE 1
-
Fully matured shoot system of Amaranthus powelli will be collected in and around the
vicinity of Sto. Domingo, Nabua Camarines Sur in the month of February 2020.
-
Plant species will be identified by verifying the colour pictures followed by description
and identification characters.
-
The plant will be thoroughly washed with tap water to avoid dusts and other unwanted
materials accumulated on the leaves from their natural environment. The dust free
leaves will be allowed to dry under shade in the Teaching Resource Center for 24 hrs.
The dried leaves will be cut into small pieces and will be further minced by using the
electric blender.
PHASE II
-
Materials needed for extraction and treatment application will be prepared. The materials
are paper cups, 1 roll tissue paper, ¼ kg mung bean, distilled water, materials for
extractions (50 ml conical flask, 50 ml beaker, 1000 conical flask,
100 ml beaker,
blender, stirring rod, mortar and pestle, muslin cloth, strainer and droppers.
-
A total of twenty one setups will be prepared—3 replications for each treatment.
-
Instead of using petri dishes in bio assay, use the paper cups layered with tissue papers
containing 10 mung bean seeds each setup
PHASE III
-
Fifty grams of the plant materials will be kept in 1L conical flask and added 200 mL of
solvent (distilled water). The mouth of the conical flask will be covered with aluminum foil
and kept for 24 hr with regular shaking. Filter the extract by using kitchen strainer
followed by muslin cloth. Collect the filtrate and use it for the experimentation. Further
dilute the extracts to prepare the 30, 50, 70, and 90% concentration
PHASE IV
-
Apply 20 ml of distilled, herbicide, and the different concentration of powell amaranth
aqueous extract to each set up of mung bean.
PHASE V
-
Count the germination at daily interval and continue up to 10th day (240 h). About 2mm
long radicle will be considered as germinated seed.
-
Calculate the germination percentage, rate of germination and coefficient of velocity of
germination by using the formula reported by Maghsoudi and Arvin(2010) and Maguire
(1962).
d. MATERIALS
1. 50 ml Erlenmeyer flask
2. 50 ml beaker
3. 1000 ml Erlenmeyer flask
4. 100 ml beaker
5. Blender
6. stirring rod
7. mortar and pestle
8. muslin cloth
9. strainer
10. droppers
11. Distilled water
e. TIMELINE
Allelopathic Effects of the Aqueous Shoot Extracts of Powell Amaranth (Amaranthus powellii) on the Seed Germination of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata)
Month
Code
A
Decemb
er
B
C
D
January
E
F
G
G
February
H
I
J
K
L
March
M
N
1 2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Legend:
A- Looking for alternative variable
B- Revision of the rationale, problem, expected outcomes, hypothesis
C- Revision of Methodology
D- Consultation on Research Methodology Adviser
E- Constructing the Causal Diagram , timeline of tasks and the material, equipment and facilities sourcing plan for the
project
F- Consultation on Research Methodology Adviser
G- Finalizing the Research Plan
H- Collection of Amaranthus Powelli
I-
Preparation of the equipment for the extraction and treatment application
J- Cutting the Amaranthus into smaller pieces
K- Preparation of Mung bean and the experimentation setups
L- Aqueous extraction of the shoot system of Powell Amaranth
M- Treatment application on seed germination bioassay of Mung bean
N- Analysis of the germination effect in mung bean in terms of number of germinated seed
O- Interpretation of data gathered
TASK
CODE
TASK DESCRIPTION
IMMEDIATELY
PRECEEDING
TASKS
ESTIMATED
DURATION
(in days)
OBSERVABLE
INDICATORS*
A
Looking for alternative
independent variable
B
Dec 26
Logbook
B
Revision of the rationale,
problem, expected
outcomes, hypothesis
C
Jan 14
Research plan and
logbook
4
Revision of Methodology
C
---
Jan 18
Research Plan and
log book
7
D
Consultation on Research
Methodology Adviser
Logbook
E
Jan 25
2
E
F
G
H
Constructing the Causal
Diagram, timeline of tasks
and the material, equipment
and facilities sourcing plan
for the project.
Consultation on Research
Methodology Adviser
Finalizing the Research Plan
Collection of Amaranthus
Powelli
--
Jan 25
7
G
5
H
2
--
Feb 2
See the causal
diagram, timeline of
tasks, equipment and
facilities sourcing
plan for the project
Research plan and
logbook
Research plan
3
50 grams of Powell
Amaranth
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
Preparation of the
equipment for extraction and
treatment application
J
7
---
5
Materials:
paper
cups, 1 roll tissue
paper, ¼ kg mung
bean, distilled water,
materials
for
extractions (50 ml
conical flask, 50 ml
beaker, 1000 conical
flask, 100 ml beaker,
blender, stirring rod,
mortar and pestle,
muslin cloth, strainer
and droppers)
Powell Amaranthus
cut into small pieces
Preparation of Mung bean
and the experimentation
setups
L
1
Experimentation
setup
Aqueous extraction of the
shoot system of Powell
Amaranth
M
5
Treatment application on
seed germination bioassay
of Mung bean
N
5
O
10
Complete
Results
---
7
Complete Discussion
write up
Cutting the Amaranthus into
smaller pieces
Analysis of the germination
effect in mung bean in terms
of number of germinated
seed
Interpretation of data
gathered
Powell
Amaranth
aqueous
extracts
with
different
concentrations
draft
of
f.
PROTOCOLS, MATERIALS AND BUDGETARY ALLOCATION
Protocol
Date needed
Qty/ unit
Collection of
Powell
amaranth to be
used as an
independent
variable
February 1,
2020
4 pairs
Extraction of
Powell
amaranth
February 629, 2020
-
50 g
2 pcs
Scissors
TRC
1 pc
Weighing
scale
Filter paper
TRC
15 pcs
5 pcs
-
TRC
TRC
TRC
Stores
100 ml
Graduated
cylinder
Distilled
water
Grocery
stores
2 pcs
Stirring rod
TRC
16 pcs
Surgical
masks
Stores
16 pairs
Plastic gloves
Grocery
stores
220 pcs
Mung bean
Stores
1 liter
Remarks
TLE
department
resources
1 pc
1 pc
February 1329, 2020
Potential
source(s)
TRC
Minced powell
amaranth
leaves
Mortar and
pestle
Electric
blender
Strainer
2 pcs
Collection of
Mung bean
and
experimental
set ups
Materials
needed
Rubber
gloves
Gardening
tools
Approximate
cost is pesos
each
TRC
Approximate
cost is 30
pesos each
Approximate
cost is 10
pesos each
Approximate
cost is 30
pesos per box
containing
100 pcs
Approximate
cost is 25
pesos for ¼
kg
Dilution of
aqueous
extracts of
Powell
amaranth
February 1528, 2020
22 pcs
Paper cups
Grocery
Stores
2 pcs
Tissue Paper
Roll
Stores
5 pcs
TRC
2 pcs
250 ml
Erlenmeyer
Flask
6 ml Syringe
3 pcs
1 ml Dropper
TRC
1 pc
TRC
1 pc
100 ml
Graduated
cylinder
50 ml Beaker
1 pc
Aluminum Foil
TRC
30 pcs
Plastic pots
Stores
300 pcs
Nut grass
seeds
Distilled water
Rice fields
Weighing
scale
50 ml beaker
TRC
4 liter
1 pc
Treatment
Application
March 3-9,
2020
1pc
Approximate
cost is 75
pesos
Approximate
cost is 10
pesos each
TRC
TRC
Grocery
stores
TRC
Approximate
cost is 30
pesos each
Approximate
cost is 60 per
4 liter
container
VI.
RISK ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT
RISKS
MANAGEMENT
RISKS
The researchers might be in

danger when using sharp
Physical Hazards
objects such as knives while
Always wear gloves
and masks.

Observe the
preparing the powell amaranth
Laboratory Safety
for extraction
Rules.
Contact with the extracted

Ask assistance
solution may trigger irritation
from the adults and
and bad effects to the
professionals.
Chemical Hazards
researchers.

Be sure to follow
The researchers might
the usual safety
encounter organisms or pests
precautions when
present on the plant of test as
handling the
they collect weeds.
materials and
organisms.
Powell amaranth causes allergic
Biological Hazard

Use proper
reaction in some humans and
laboratory
may cause a hazard to human
apparatus
health
VII.
FORMS
Checklist for Adult Sponsor (1)
Students Checklist (1A)
Risk Assessment Form (#)
Approval Form (1B)
VIII.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
The data gathered will be interpreted by mean
s of Completely Randomized Design using One Way Analysis of Variance to determine the
significant difference between the treatments.
𝐶𝑀 =
(𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑜𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠)2
𝑟𝑎𝑏
𝑆𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = ∑(𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)2 − 𝐶𝑀
𝑎
∑ 𝐴𝑖 2
𝑆𝑆(𝐴) = 𝑖 − 1
− 𝐶𝑀
𝑟𝑏
𝑏
∑ 𝐵𝑖 2
𝑆 𝑆(𝐴) = 𝑖 − 1
− 𝐶𝑀
𝑟𝑎
𝑎
𝑏
∑
∑ (𝐴𝐵)2
𝑖−1𝑗−1
𝑆𝑆(𝐴𝐵) =
− 𝐶𝑀 − 𝑆𝑆(𝐴) − 𝑆𝑆(𝐵)
𝑟
𝑆𝑆𝐸 = 𝑆𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 − 𝑆𝑆(𝐴) − 𝑆𝑆(𝐵) − 𝑆𝑆(𝐴𝐵)
IX.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Anbu, R. et al., (2015).Allelopathic Potential of Weed Species Ageratum Conyzoides L. and
Cleome viscosa L. on Germination and Growth of Sesamumindicum L. Retrieved
January 27, 2020, from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286932084_ALLELOPATHIC_POTENTIA
L_OF_WEED_SPECIES_AGERATUM_CONYZOIDES_L_AND_CLEOME_VISCOS
A_L
Belel, M. et al., (2015). Allelopathic effect of leaf and seed extracts of nut grass on the
germination of beans. Retrieved January 7, 2020, from
https://www.com.tandfonline.com/doi/full
Chanty, R. (2009).Weeds of Upland Cambodia. Retrieved February 5, 2020, from
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyperus_rotundus
Cheng, Z. & Cheng, F. (2016).Research Progress on the Use of Plant Allelopathy in Agriculture
and the Physiological and Ecological Mechanisms of Allelopathy. Retrieved
December 30, 2019, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC467110/
Donayre, D. et al., (2015). Prevalence of Lowland Ecotype Cyperusrotundus L. and Weed
Management of Rice Farmers in Aliaga, Nueva Ecija, Philippines. Retrieved January
27, 2020, from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272092546_Prevalence_of_Lowland_Ecot
ype_Cyperus_rotundus_L_and_Weed_Management_of_Rice_Farmers_in_Aliaga_
Nueva_Ecija_Philippines
Iranshashy, M, et at., ( 2017). A review of traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of
PorulacaOleracea L. Retrieved from January 25, 2020, from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/28495602
Montanya, A. et al. (2013). Weed Management in Cereals in Semi-Arid environments: A review
Retrieved January 18, 2020, from https://www.intechopen.com/books/herbicidescurrent-research-and-case-studies-in-use/weed-management-in-cereals-in-semiarid-environments-a-review#B3
Nitesh J. et al., (2015) International Journal of Bioassays. Retrieved January 24, 2015, from
https://www.academia.edu/23436422/Seed_Germination_Studies_ on_Allelopathic_
Effects_of_ weeds_on_Vigna_radiata_L
Suma, S. et al., (2002) Allelopathy Journal 10(1):1-12. Retrieved July 2002, from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286992211_ Allelopathic_
plants_6_Amaranthus_spp
Xuan, T. et al., (2004). Method to Determine Allelopathic Potential of Crop Plants for Weed
Control. Retrieved February 2, 2020, from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270280342_Method_to_determine_allelop
athic_potential_of_crop_plants_for_weed_control
ALLELOPATHIC EFFECTS OF AQUEOUS SHOOT EXTRACTS
OF POWELL AMARANTH (Amaranthus powellii) ON THE SEED GERMINATION
OF MUNG BEAN (Vigna radiata)
A Research Paper
Presented to the
Science Department
Nabua National High School
San Miguel, Nabua, Camarines Sur
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in Research III
Mary Joy T. Costales
Gayle B. Dagarat
Amira Sarah R. Garcillanosa
Aliyah Marie P. Laurente
Jan Ervin S. Babor
March 2020
BIOGRAPHICAL DATA
Researcher
: Mary Joy T. Costales
Age
: 16 years old
Address
: Santiago Old, Nabua, Camarines Sur
Date of Birth
: November 11, 2003
Mother
: Marilou T. Costales
Father
: Francisco Ll. Costales
Sibling(s)
: Harold T. Costales
Christian Jake T. Costales
Princess Annalyse T. Costales
Francis T. Costales
Contact No.
: 09482055284
Researcher
: Gayle B. Dagarat
Age
: 16 years old
Address
: Sto. Domingo, Nabua, Camarines Sur
Date of Birth
: November 9, 2003
Mother
: Rosemarie B. Dagarat
Father
: Clemente P. Dagarat Jr.
Sibling(s)
: John Ervin B. Dagarat
Gladys D. Mahilum
Glaiza May B. Dagarat
Cedric Harvey B. Dagarat
Contact No.
:
09482112745
Researcher
: Amira Sarah R. Garcillanosa
Age
: 16 years old
Address
: San Miguel, Nabua, Camarines Sur
Date of Birth
: November 9, 2003
Mother
: Ma. Concepcion R. Garcillanosa
Father
: Marco P. Garcillanosa
Sibling(s)
: Arabella R. Garcillanosa
Contact No.
: 09198280737
Researcher
: Aliyah Marie P. Laurente
Age
: 16 years old
Address
: Lourdes Young, Nabua, Camarines Sur
Date of Birth
: December 16, 2003
Mother
: Jaycel P. Laurente
Father
: Lyndon L. Laurente
Sibling(s)
: Gian Steven P. Laurente
Beatrice Maryluth P. Laurente
Contact No.
: 09663914474
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, praises and thanks to Almighty God for his blessings throughout the
research work. For giving the researchers wisdom and knowledge to complete the research
successfully.
The researchers would like to acknowledge Sir Charles Sarmiento and Ma’am Muriel
Sapinoso for sharing their knowledge and for giving advices and recommendations about the
study.
The researchers would also like to thank the Teaching Resource Center (TRC)
Custodian, Ma’am Maria Teresa C. Cańeso for letting them borrow the materials needed and for
giving them permission to conduct the procedures of the experiment on the School’s TRC. And
also for her consideration and patience while waiting for the equipment to be returned.
The researchers would also like to extend their heartfelt gratitude to their Research
Adviser, Mr. Jan Ervin S. Babor for sharing them the inference of the study and suggesting
more ideas and for the motivation to finish the study.
To Costales, Dagarat, Garcillanosa and Laurente family, for their unending support
financially and morally and for the guidance throughout the study.
And lastly, to 10-SOC1 for helping the researchers while on the experimentation phase
of the study.
The Researchers
Costales, M. J. T., Dagarat, G.B., Garcillanosa, A. S. R., Laurente A. M. P. 2020.
ALLELOPATHIC EFFECTS OF THE AQUEOUS SHOOT EXTRACTS OF POWELL
AMARANTH (Amaranthus powellii) ON THE SEED GERMINATION OF MUNG BEAN (Vigna
radiata). A Research Paper. Nabua National High School, Nabua, Camarines Sur.
ABSTRACT
The study entitled Allelopathic Effects of the Aqueous Shoot Extracts of Powell
Amaranth (Amaranthus powellii) on the Seed Germination of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata) aimed
to evaluate the allelopathic effects of Powell Amaranth. The allelopathic affects were perceived
after performing the four treatments with three replications using Completely Randomized
Design. The extracts were applied every 2 days within 10 days. Results showed that the
aqueous shoot extracts of Powell Amaranth inhibit the seed germination of mung bean. With
this, the researchers rejected the null hypothesis and accepted the alternative hypothesis
wherein the aqueous extracts of Powell Amaranth have significant effect on the seed
germination of mung bean.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. RESEARCH PLAN
2. FORMS
A.
Student Checklist (1A)
B.
Approval Form (1B)
C.
Risk Assessment Form (3)
3. RESEARCH PAPER
A. TITLE PAGE
B. PRELIMINARY PAGES
a.
Biographical Data
ii
b.
Acknowledgement
iii
C. ABSTRACT
D. INTRODUCTION
1.1
The Problem and Its Background
1
1.2
Statement of the Problem
3
1.3
Assumption
3
1.4
Hypotheses
4
1.5
Significance of the Study
4
1.6
Scope and Delimitations
5
1.7
Definitions of Terms
5
E. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
2.1
Powell Amaranth
7
2.2
Mung bean
8
2.3
Germination Percentage
9
2.4
Germination Rate
10
2.5
Seed Germination
10
2.6
Synthesis-of-the-state-of-the-Art
11
F. METHODOLOGY
3.1
Research Design
14
3.2
Equipment and Tools
14
3.3
Methodology
14
3.3.1
Plant Material Collection and Processing
15
3.3.2
Extraction Procedure and test concentration preparation
16
3.3.3
Set up Preparation and experimentation
16
3.3.4
Final Trial/ Physical Analysis
16
G. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1
Germination Percentage
19
4.2
Rate of Germination
19
4.3
Significant Difference among the Treatments in terms of its
19
effect to the Mung Bean
H. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1
Summary
21
5.2
Findings
21
5.3
Conclusion
22
5.4
Recommendation
23
I. BIBLIOGRAPHY
J. APPENDIX
A. Experimental Raw Data
26
B. Photos
28
LIST OF TABLES
Table
1
Description
Page
Germination Percentage and Rate of Germination
18
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
Description
Page
1
Conceptual Paradigm for the study Allelopathic
Effects of the Aqueous Shoot Extracts of Powell
Amaranth (Amaranthus powellii) on the Seed
Germination of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata)
14
2
Flowchart of the Procedure
16
3
Seed Germination of Mung Bean in Different
26
Treatment Application
4
ANOVA Single Factor Result for Seed Germination
26
5
Rate of Germination of Mung Bean in Different
27
Treatment Application
6
ANOVA Single Factor Result for Rate of Germination
27
7
Powell Amaranth
28
8
Measuring the exact grams of the weed
28
9
Extraction of powell amaranth
29
10
Extraction of powell amaranth
29
11
4 concentrations (30%,50%,70%,90%)
29
12
Seed germination of mung bean at
30
240 hours (10th day)
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1
The Problem and Its Background
Weed is a serious pest that damages most of the crops and is everlasting problem for
our agriculture. This pest can cause the reducing quality and quantity of the yield that triggers
economic loss. According to the Australian Government, weeds reduce farm and forest
productivity, for they invade crops, smother postures and in some cases weeds can harm
livestock. They aggressively compete for water, nutrients and sunlight, resulting in reduced crop
yield and poor crop quality. Weeds can also cause human health problems, such as skin
irritation and weeds can also be poisonous. Weed infestation is a serious concern for farmers.
In the recent years, the use of chemical weed control has increase. However, the
reliance to synthetic herbicide is not sustainable as it may affect the fertility of the soil and cause
adhere effects to non- target organisms (Montanya, 2013). Agriculture research has undergone
a paradigm shift, aiming to improve the performance of cropping systems without poor effects to
the other organisms and the other environment. Instead of chemicals, past researchers studies
the use of other variable, which is the plant tissue, against other plants to determine its
allelopathic effects: whether it’ll suppress or encourage its growth. This paved the way the use
of bio-herbicide in weed management. Past researchers studied effects of plant to another plant
species—which is known as allelopathic effect. Studies showed that the species in the genus
Amaranthus has an allelopathic potential on growth and developmental changes and can inhibit
the germination percentage of some crops. A study asserted that several allelochemicals are
present on A. retroflexus, A.spinosus, A. viridis. The seedling growth of soybean, sunflower,
cabbage, aubergine, pearlmillet, tomato, pepper, carrot and corn was inhibited (Suma, S. et al.,
2002).
Powell amaranth (Amaranthus powellii), a species of amaranth, is a vigorous
annual plant with an erect stem growing to a maximum near 2 meters. It has leaves up to 9 cm
long. According to the Gray’s Manual of Botany. Eighth Edition, the edible leaves and seeds are
sometimes gathered from the wild and used locally. This plant is mostly found on waste places,
agricultural fields, railroads, roadsides, banks or rivers, lakes, and streams. It prefers a welldrained fertile soil in a sunny position and requires a hot sheltered position if it is to do well.
Mung bean (Vigna radiata), a species of legume family, is an annual crop, highly
branched reaching 0.15 m to 1.25 m and having trifoliate leaves. It is cultivated in temperate
climates and native to Asia. According to Azarian Journal of Agriculture (2018), mung beans are
grown widely for used in cuisines as it is highly nutritious and the green pods are eaten as
vegetable. Being a legume, the beans enrich the soil heath through biological nitrogen fixation
and are the cheapest source of dietary protein for human and livestock. However, an
uncontrolled weed population results to 30-90% yield losses in mung bean (Azeem, 2018).
According to the article Role of Allelopathy in Vegetables Crops Production, the
production of vegetables are important worldwide but due to soil sickness, autotoxicity and
allelopathic effects of other crops, weeds and trees, the yields of vegetables are reduced. Thus
the allelochemical interactions and their effects on vegetables are important in vegetable
production. In nature, many plant species grow together and interact with each other by
inhibiting or stimulating the growth and development through allelopathic interactions.
Because of the gathered facts and information, the researchers came up to a study
on how powell amaranth inhibits or stimulates the seed germination of mung bean. With the
help of this aqueous shoot extracts of powell amaranth, the researchers can determine whether
it has a potential to be an effective organic fertilizer or it will affect the seed germination of the
mung bean negatively. Also, it can provide knowledge to the farmers the effects, if mung bean
was grown near powell amaranth or if an interaction between the two plants occurs.
1.2
Statement of the Problem
This study entitled “Allelopathic Effects of the Aqueous Shoot Extracts of Powell
Amaranth (Amaranth powellii) on the Seed Germination of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata)” seeks
to determine the inhibitory and stimulatory effects of the aqueous shoot extracts of Powell
Amaranth (Amaranth powellii) on the seed germination of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata).
Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions.
4. Is there a significant difference between the allelopathic effects of the following
concentrations of the aqueous shoot extracts of powell amaranth on the seed
germination of mung bean?
a. 30% concentration
b. 50% concentration
c. 70% concentration
d. 90% concentration
5. What is the germination percentage and rate of germination yielded by each
concentration after 10 days?
6. Is there a significant difference between the effects of the extracts of powell amaranth,
distilled water and commercial herbicide on the seed germination of mung bean?
1.3
Assumption
The researchers assumed that the aqueous extracts of Powell amaranth
(Amaranthus powellii) have allelopathic effects to the seed germination of Mung bean (Vigna
radiata).Specifically, the aqueous extracts of Powell amarath are expected to show inhibition
property.
1.4
Hypotheses
Null Hypothesis
The aqueous extracts of Powell amaranth have no significant allelopathic effect to the
seed germination of Mung bean
Alternative Hypothesis
The aqueous extracts of Powell amaranth have significant allelopathic effect to the
seed germination of Mung bean
1.5
Significance of the Study
This study aimed to help the following:
Students. This study will serve as a guide and learning tool to students.
Educators. This study will be able to contribute to the learning material and serve as
basis for teaching.
Community. This study will help the community, especially the farmers, as it can
provide knowledge about the effects of powell amaranth to mung bean.
Researchers. This will help the researchers to give knowledge to the society.
Future Researchers. This study will serve as a reference material to future researchers
for future studies.
1.6
Scope and Delimitation
This study will focus on determining whether the aqueous extract of Powell amaranth
(Amaranthus powellii) has allelopathic effect on Mung bean (Vigna radiata). The researchers
extracted the Powell amaranth and soaked it in water within 24 hours. After extraction, the
extracts will be applied to 18 set-ups of mung bean with different treatment. The researchers
conducted the experiment of this study in the Teaching Resource Center (TRC) of Nabua
National High School on February 3, 2020 to February 28, 2020.
1.7
Definition of Terms
Allelopathy- biological phenomenon by which an organism produces one or more biochemical
that influence the germination, growth, survival and reproduction of other
organisms (Wikipedia)
- beneficial or harmful effects of one plant on another plant from the release of
biochemical. (Stamp, 2003)
Allelochemical- a substance produced by members of one species that influences the behavior
or growth of members of another species. (encyclopedia.com)
Mung beans (Vigna radiata)- small green beans that belong to the legume family. It is lightly
hairy with a well- developed root system. (Lambriedes et al., 2006)
Powell Amaranth- a species of amaranth, an erect annual herb growing to a maximum height
near 2 meters. The in florescence holds several long, narrow clusters of both
male and female flowers interspersed with spiny green bracts. (Wikipedia)
Germination- a process by which an organism grows from a seed or similar structure.
(Wikipedia)
Aqueous extract- an extract obtained from a vegetable substance by steeping it in water.
(Webster’s Dictionary)
Germination percentage- is an estimate of the viability of a population of seeds. The equation
to calculate germination percentage is: GP = seeds germinated/total seeds x 100 . The
germination rate provides a measure of the time course of seed germination
Rate of germination- is the average number of seed that germinate over the 3- and 10- day
periods.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter presents the review of related literature and studies which provided the
substantial research findings related to the present study as well as the synthesis-of-the-stateof-the-art.
2.1. Powell amaranth
Powell amaranth (Amaranthus powellii), a species of amaranth, is a vigorous annual
plant with an erect stem growing to a maximum near 2 meters. It has leaves up to 9 cm long
and can emerge from soil depths of less than 1 inch. According to the Gray’s Manual of Botany.
Eighth Edition, the edible leaves and seeds are sometimes gathered from the wild and used
locally. This plant is mostly found on waste places, agricultural fields, railroads, roadsides,
banks or rivers, lakes, and streams. It prefers a well-drained fertile soil in a sunny position and
requires a hot sheltered position if it is to do well.
According to Michigan State University’s Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial
Sciences, Powell amaranth can produce 13,000 to 35,000 seeds per plant. This plant can grow
well on compacted soils and takes 3 years for the seed bank to be reduced by 50% and about
20 years to deplete the seed bank by 99%. And amaranth seed lying in the soil surface is a
preferred food source of many insect seed predators, including the northern field cricket and
some species of ground (carabid) beetles.
According to Biological Agriculture & Horticulture , An International Journal for
Sustainable Production Systems Volume 34, Issue 4, 2018 , Amaranthus is a versatile plant
used as a food, but it is also a recognised weed due to its competitive ability. This plant is very
nutritious and preferred by rural communities as a leafy vegetable, but it also contains anti-
nutritional components and there are reports of allelopathic activity. In their study about the
effects of Amaranthus on seed germination, and the effects of Amaranthus grown in pots and in
the field on follow-up crops planted in the same soil, Extracts of the whole plant, stems, leaves,
flowers and roots of Amaranthus exhibited severe inhibition of seed germination of vegetables,
as well as of weed seeds of Conyza bonariensis. The Significant allelopathic effects were
observed on tomato seedlings in the pot experiment with reduced growth in two of the
treatments, all of the Amaranthus extracts exhibited have very high electrical conductivity (EC)
value. In a dilution experiment, the diluted extracts exhibited lower EC values, with no or limited
seed germination at concentrations higher than 3.12 mg ml−1 and corresponding EC value of
2.1 mS cm−1. The high EC values that were associated with the allelopathic effect, possibly
resulted from allelochemicals in the plant, but these were not identified in this study. The origin
and persistence of the allelopathic effect warrant further research to determine the risks for
agricultural crops.
2.2 Mung bean
Mung bean (Vigna radiata), a species of legume family, is an annual crop, highly
branched reaching 0.15 m to 1.25 m and having trifoliate leaves. It is cultivated in temperate
climates and native to Asia. According to Azarian Journal of Agriculture (2018), mung beans are
grown widely for used in cuisines as it is highly nutritious and the green pods are eaten as
vegetable. Being a legume, the beans enrich the soil heath through biological nitrogen fixation
and are the cheapest source of dietary protein for human and livestock. Mung bean (Vigna
radiata (L.) Wilezek) is an important grain legume containing high protein percentage is seed. It
is grown as summer and Kharif crop.
According to Lambrides et al., Mung bean used to be known as Phaseolus aureus Roxb.
before many Phaseolus species were moved to the Vigna genus, this plant is a fast-growing,
warm-season legume. It reaches maturity very quickly under tropical and subtropical conditions
where optimal temperatures are about 28-30°C and always above 15°C. This can be used as a
cover crop before or after cereal crops, It makes good green manure.
According to the SF Gate, Mung beans grow best in full sun in well-drained sandy loam
soil with moderately dry conditions, and this plant plant produces 30 to 40 pods averaging 3.5
inches long. Mung beans are germinated by leaving them in water for four hours of daytime light
and spending the rest of the day in the dark. This bean can be grown under artificial light for four
hours over the period of a week. They are usually simply called "bean sprouts". However, when
bean sprouts are called for in recipes, it generally refers to mung bean or soybean sprouts.
In the Philippines, Mung beans are used for the specialty ginisáng monggó (sautéed
mung bean stew), also known as monggó guisado or balatong, a savoury stew of whole mung
beans with prawns or fish. It is traditionally served on Fridays of Lent, when the majority Roman
Catholic Filipinos traditionally abstain from meat. Mung bean paste is also a common filling of
pastries known as hopia (or bakpia) popular in Indonesia, the Philippines and further afield in
Guyana (where it is known as ”black eye cake”). In Indonesia, mung beans are also made into a
popular dessert snack called es kacang hijau, which has the consistency of a porridge. The
beans are cooked with sugar, coconut milk, and a little ginger.
2.3. Germination Percentage
Germination percentage is an estimate of the viability of a population of seeds. The
equation to calculate germination percentage is: GP = seeds germinated/total seeds x 100. The
germination rate provides an measure of the time course of seed germination. Germination rate
is determined by calculating the GP at different time intervals after planting and then plotting
these data.
2.4. Germination Rate
Germination rate is the number seeds germinated as per total number of seeds planted
from day of germination. Some investigators considered this as final germination percentage
and some researcher calculate it by dividing total germinated seeds to total days from start of
emergence to final count and expressed as seedlings/day. It describes how many seeds of a
particular plant species, variety or seed lot are likely to germinate over a given period. It is a
measure of germination time course and is usually expressed as a percentage, an 85%
germination rate indicates that about 85 out of 100 seeds will probably germinate under proper
conditions over the germination period given. Seed germination rate is determined by both the
seed genetic composition, morphological features and environmental factors.
The germination rate is useful for calculating the seed requirements for a given area or
desired number of plants. In seed physiologists and seed scientists "germination rate" is the
reciprocal of time taken for the process of germination to complete starting from time of sowing.
On the other hand, the number of seed able to complete germination in a population (i.e. seed
lot) is referred as germination capacity.
2.5. Seed Germination
Seed Germination is usually the growth of a plant contained within a seed; it results in
the formation of the seedling, it is also the process of reactivation of metabolic machinery of the
seed resulting in the emergence of radicle and plumule. This may be defined as the
fundamental process by which different plant species grow from a single seed into a plant. This
process influences both crop yield and quality.
According to Science Direct, Seed germination is defined as the sum of events that
begin with hydration of the seed and culminate in emergence of the embryonic axis (usually the
radicle) from the seed coat. It is a crucial process that influences crop yield and quality.
Therefore, understanding the molecular aspects of seed dormancy and germination is a great
significance for the improvement of crop yield and quality. Seed germination is the most
important stage in a plants life cycle. Water, air, temperature and light are all essential for the
seed germination process starting from imbibition, activation and succeeding manifestation.
Seed germination is a parameter of the prime significance, and fundamental to
total biomass and yield production and consists of a complex phenomenon of many
physiological and biochemical changes leading to the activation of embryo (Parihar et al., 2014).
2.6. Synthesis-of-the-State-of-the-Art
The following study were the study that showed relation to the present study. These are
the sources that helped the researchers acquire more information.
In the study about the Evidence for allelopathy has accumulated in the literature over
many years and many kinds of allelochemicals have been isolated and characterized from
various plants (Gross and Paritheir, 1994; Seigler, 1996) which provided an extensive review of
allelopathy emphasizing its importance in agriculture and forestry. Unfortunately, research in
allelopathy did not receive the attention it deserved. Only a few historical reports are found prior
to the beginning of twentieth century. However, involvement of plant-produced chemicals in
plant-plant interaction was first suggested by the Swiss scientist M.A-R de Candolle in 1842
(Alam et al., 2001).
Also the study of Allelopathy as a mechanism of plant interference in agro ecosystems
offers an opportunity to manage weeds in a crop sequence, but could also adversely affect crop
yields and influence choice of rotation (Moncef et al., 2001). Evidence showed that higher plant
releases diversity of chemicals into the environment, which includes phenolics, alkaloids, longchain fatty acids, terpenoids and flavinoids (Chou, 1995) which are often observed to occur
early in the life cycle, causing inhibition of seed germination and /or seedling growth.
Interpretations of mechanisms of action are complicated by the fact that individual compounds
can have multiple phytotoxic effects (Einhelling, 2002).
While on the study about The allelopathic effect of some plants, the effect was studied
including germination inhibition (Williamson et al., 1992, Patil, 1994, Djurdjevic, 2004), plumule
and radical length (Tobe et al., 2000, Turk and Tawaha, 2003) seedling growth retardation
(Bhatt and Todaria, 1990, Kalburtji and Mosjidis, 1993a, b) poor seedling survival (Smith, 1990).
Oudhia (1999) found that extracts of some weeds as Calotropis gigantea have caused
allelopathic effects inhibited germination and growth of Lathyrus sativus.
In the study of Rimando and Duke 2003; Maclas et al., 2007; Kong, 2008; Teslo and
Ferrero, (2010), Allelopathy is one of the options to weed control, it is the direct influence of an
organic chemical released from one living plant on the growth and development of other plants.
Allelochemicals can provide a competitive advantage for host-plants through suppression of soil
micro- organism and inhibition of the growth of competing plant species because of their antibacterial, anti fungal and growth inhibitory activities.
In the study of Fuji; Hassan; Dilday, Olofsdotter; Olofsdotter and Navare; Marambe, et
al. (1998), The potential use of allelopathy in weed control has been explored by several
researchers worldwide on the germination and growth of weeds such as redstem, duck salad,
barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus galli), dirty dora (Cyperus deformis), toothcup (Ammannia
coccinea Rottb.) and desert horsepurslane Trianthema portulacastrum. It is, therefore,
considered to be a suitable choice for both identifying allelochemicals and studying allelopathy
genetics
Allelopathy involves both inhibitory and stimulatory biochemical interactions between
plants. The phenomenon has received great attention since the 1980's all over the world;
however, in Turkey, research on allelopathy just started in the late 1980's. Studies have been
done with many crops, trees, shrubs and weeds under both laboratory and field conditions to
determine their allelopathic potential and its use for weed control. Crops belonging to the
Brassica family are the most studied species for allelopathic potential to control weeds. Among
the Brassica species, garden radish (Raphanus sativus) has been most studied to control
johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense). Allelopathic activity of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) also
received some attention. The role of allelopathy in weed interference on crop production was
also studied. In conclusion, allelopathy studies should parallel with contemporary studies such
as ecological and chemical studies, and an integrated approach should be adopted to fully
utilize the applicability of allelopathic plant species to control problem weed
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter discusses the methods used in the collection and analysis of data to
answer the specific questions of the study. It states the research design, procedures, timeline of
the study and the budgetary allocation or budget proposal of the study.
3.1. Research Design
The study used the experimental method in determining the allelopathic effects of Powell
amaranth on the seed germination of mung bean. It laid out in a Completely Randomized
Design wherein the four treatments will be replicated three times.
3.2 Equipment and Tools
The laboratory rules used in the study were 50 ml Erlenmeyer flask, 50 ml beaker, 1000
ml Erlenmeyer flask, 100 ml beaker, blender, stirring rod, mortar and pestle, muslin cloth,
strainer and droppers. These were borrowed from the Schools TRC. Other tools used from the
study were from the Science teachers.
3.3 Methodology
Figure_1 showed the steps followed in conducting this study. This process consists of
five phases—(1) Collection of Powell amaranth to be used as an independent variable, (2)
Preparation of the materials for extraction and treatment application, (3) Aqueous extraction of
the shoot system of Powell amaranth, (4) Treatment application of Powell Amaranth aqueous
extract to the mung bean set up, (5) Analysis of the seed germination of mung bean in terms of
number of seeds germinated.
PHASE I
PHASE II
PHASE III
PHASE IV
PHASE V
Collection of
Powell
Risk
amaranth
to
be used as
an
independent
variable
Preparation
of the
materials for
extraction
and
treatment
application
Aqueous
extraction of
the shoot
system of
Powell
amaranth
Treatment
application of
Powell
Amaranth
aqueous
extract to the
mung bean
set up
Analysis of
the seed
germination
of mung
bean in terms
of number of
seeds
germinated
Preparation of
Mung bean
and the
Interpretation
of data
gathered
experimentation
setups
Figure2. Flowchart of the
Procedure
3.3.1 Plant materials collection and processing
Mung beans were bought at Nabua Public Market on February 6, 2020.
Fully matured shoot system of Amaranthus powelli were collected in and around the
vicinity of Sto. Domingo, Nabua Camarines Sur in the month of February 2020. Plant species
was identified by verifying the colour pictures followed by description and identification
characters. The plant where thoroughly washed with tap water to avoid dusts and other
unwanted materials accumulated on the leaves from their natural environment. The dust free
leaves were allowed to dry under shade in the Teaching Resource Center for 24 hrs. The dried
leaves were cut into small pieces. Finally, the small pieces was further minced by using the
electric blender.
3.3.2. Extraction procedure and test concentration preparation
Fifty grams of the plant materials was kept in 1L conical flask and added 200 mL of
solvent (distilled water). The mouth of the conical flask was covered with aluminum foil and kept
for 24 hr with regular shaking. The extract was filtered by using kitchen strainer followed by
muslin cloth. The filtrate were collected and used for the experiment. The extracts were further
diluted to prepare the 30, 50, 70, and 90% concentration and was tested on the germination of
mung bean.
3.3.3 Set-up preparation and experimentation
Instead of using petri dishes, paper cups were used for bio assay. There were 3 paper
cups for each treatment. 20 mL of the extracts were applied for each treatment every 2 days
within 10 days. The extraction and the filtration of the weed were done every day. After 10 days,
the set ups were ready for observations.
3.3.4. Final Trial/Physical Analysis
The results were analysed by Mary Joy Costales, Gayle Dagarat, Amira Sarah
Garcillanosa and Aliyah Marie Laurente, the researchers of the study, using quantitative
interpretations.
CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The present study was an attempt to identify the alellopathic potential of powell
amaranth on the seed germination of mung bean. As stated in the previous chapter, the
researchers did quantitative interpretation among the samples. The results obtained were put
through statistical analysis or ANOVA Single Factor.
Germination was counted at daily interval and continued up to 10th day (240 h). About 2
mm long was considered as germinated seed.
Germination percentage was calculated by using the formulae.
Germination Percentage=
𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑠 𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡
𝑥100
𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑠 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Maghsoudi and Arvin (2010) reported the formulae for determining rate of germination.
𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑠 𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 72 ℎ
Rate of Germination (%)= 𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑠 𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 240 ℎ 𝑥100
Germination percentage and rate of germination of seeds of mung bean (VIgna radiata)
as affected by the different treatments of powell amaranth (Amaranthus powellii) extracts are
shown in Table 1.
GERMINATION
RATE OF
PERCENTAGE
GERMINATION
T1R1
0%
0%
T1R2
0%
0%
T1R3
0%
0%
T2R1
0%
0%
T2R2
0%
0%
T2R3
0%
0%
T3R1
0%
0%
T3R2
0%
0%
T3R3
0%
0%
T4R1
20%
50%
T4R2
10%
0%
T4R3
30%
33%
Tp1R1
10%
0%
Tp1R2
10%
0%
Tp1R3
0%
0%
Tp2R1
60%
83%
Tp2R2
80%
75%
Tp2R3
100%
70%
TREATMENTS
Table 1. Germination Percentage
and Rate of Germination of the
Mung bean applied with different
treatments
a. Germination Percentage
The results revealed that none of the seeds of mung bean germinated after the
application of T1 (90% leaf extract concentration), T2 (70% leaf extract concentration), and T3
(50% leaf extraction concentration) treatments. However, in T4 (30% leaf extract concentration);
wherein replication 1, there are 2 seeds germinated, in replication 2, there is 1, and in
replication 3, there are 3 seeds germinated. While in Tp1 (commercial herbicide) replication 1
and 2, there is 1 seed germinated respectively and in Tp2 (distilled water), the treatment where
almost of the seeds of mung bean is germinated.
b. Rate of Germination
The rate of germination of mung bean is shown in Table 1.
T4 (30%) caused
considerable delay and reduction in rate germination in comparison with the positive control in
stimulatory effects. The rate of germination of different mung beans applied with different
treatment drastically reduced and they showed dissimilar results with increasing concentration
of aqueous extract of A. powelli. 90%, 70%, 50%, and the commercial herbicide resulted to 0%
rate of germination in mung bean. While in distilled water, 83%, 75%, 70% were the germination
rate of the 3 replicates. T1, T2, T3 showed greater inhibitory effects than that of herbicide.
c. Significant Difference among the Treatments in terms of its effect to the
Mung Bean
Since the p value is less than 0.05 which is 0.00000122, there is a significant difference
between the effects of the extracts of powell amaranth, distilled water and commercial herbicide
on the seed germination of mung bean. Therefore, the researchers rejected the null hypothesis
and accept the alternative hypothesis.
In terms of germination rate, there is a significant difference on the effects of the extracts
of powell amaranth, distilled water and commercial herbicide since the p critical is 0.00000614
which is less than the critical value of 0.05
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION
This chapter represents the summary, findings, conclusions and recommendations
based on the date analysed in the previous chapter. The aqueous extracts of powell amaranth
(Amaranthus powellii) were researched to determine the allelopathic effects to the seed
germination of mung bean (Vigna radiata).
5.1 Summary
The main goal of this study is to determine the the allelopathic effects of aqueous
extracts of powell amaranth (Amaranthus powellii) to the seed germination of mung bean (Vigna
radiata). Specifically, this seek to answer the specific questions (1) Is there a significant
difference between the allelopathic effects of the following concentrations of the aqueous shoot
extracts of powell amaranth on the growth of the nutgrass? (2) What is the germination
percentage and germination rate yielded by each concentration after 10 days? (3) Is there a
significant difference between the effects of the extracts of powell amaranth, distilled water and
commercial herbicide on the seed germination of mung bean? The researchers used six
treatments with three replicates.
5.2 Findings
Since none of the seeds of mung bean germinated in T1 (90% leaf extract
concentration), T2 (70% leaf extract concentration), and T3 (50% leaf extraction concentration)
and almost of the seeds in Tp2 (distilled water) are germinated among all of the treatments
within the 10 day-experimentation. With these data, the researchers observed and concluded
that the aqueous extract of powell amaranth has an inhibitory effect to the seed germination of
mung bean.
5.3 Conclusion
The researchers of this study entitled “Allelopathic Effects of the Aqueous Shoot Extracts
of Powell Amaranth (Amaranth powellii) on the Seed Germination of Mung Bean (Vigna
radiata)” concluded based on the data and findings gathered that the powell amaranth has an
allelopathic effect as it inhibited the seed germination of mung bean. Therefore, the alternative
hypothesis was accepted and the null hypothesis is rejected.
The effect of powell amaranth was described based on the germination percentage. The
mean of T1, T2,T3 was 0, in T4 was 30,Tp1 has 10 and the mean for Tp2 was 120. For the rate
of germination, the mean of T1,T2 and T3 was 0, T4 has 41.5, for Tp1 the mean was o and Tp5
has 114.
In rate of germination and germination percentage, since F is greater than F crit,
therefore the researchers decided to reject the null hypothesis then accept the alternative
hypothesis.
In the germination percentage, since the p value is less than 0.05 which is 0.00000122,
there is a significant difference between the effects of the extracts of powell amaranth, distilled
water and commercial herbicide on the seed germination of mung bean. Therefore, the
researchers rejected the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis.
In terms of germination rate, there is a significant difference on the effects of the extracts
of powell amaranth, distilled water and commercial herbicide since the p critical is 0.00000614
which is less than the critical value of 0.05
5.4 Recommendation
Based on the findings derive the following:
1. Further studies about the allelopathic potential and other biochemical of Powell
amaranth must be done.
2. The government should give a proper support and funds to schools and researchers for
they can have a good facility and equipment in conducting studies.
3. Future researchers should work on applying the aqueous extracts of Powell amaranth on
Mung bean grown in soil.
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APPENDIX A
EXPERIMENTAL RAW DATA
R1
R2
R3
sum
mean
T1
T2
T3
T4
90%
Concentration
70%
Concentration
50%
Concentration
30%
Concentration
T5
T6
Herbicide
Distilled
Water
0
0
0
20
10
0
0
0
10
10
0
0
0
30
0
0
0
0
60
20
0
0
0
30
10
Figure 3.Seed Germination of Mung Bean in Different Treatment Application
60
80
100
240
120
Anova: Single Factor
SUMMARY
Groups
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
ANOVA
Source of
Variation
Between
Groups
Within Groups
Total
Count
3
3
3
3
3
3
Sum
0
0
0
60
20
240
Average Variance
0
0
0
0
0
0
20
100
6.666667 33.33333
80
400
SS
df
MS
F
P-value
F crit
14844.44
1066.667
5
12
2968.889
88.88889
33.4
1.22E-06
3.105875
15911.11
17
Figure 4.ANOVA Single Factor Result for Seed Germination
R1
R2
R3
Sum
Mean
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
90%
Concentration
70%
Concentration
50%
Concentration
30%
Concentration
Herbicide
Distilled
Water
0
0
0
50
0
0
0
0
10
0
0
0
0
33
0
0
0
0
83
0
0
0
0
41.5
0
Figure 5.Rate of Germination of Mung Bean in Different Treatment Application
Anova: Single Factor
SUMMARY
Groups
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
Count
Sum
3
3
3
3
3
3
0
0
0
83
0
228
Average Variance
0
0
0
0
0
0
27.66667 646.3333
0
0
76
43
ANOVA
Source of
Variation
Between
Groups
Within Groups
14250.94
1378.667
5 2850.189 24.80822
12 114.8889
Total
15629.61
17
SS
df
MS
F
Pvalue
F crit
6.14E06 3.105875
Figure 6.ANOVA Single Factor Result for Rate of Germination
83
75
70
228
114
APPENDIX B
PHOTOS
Figure7. Powell Amaranth
Figure8. Measuring the exact grams of the weed
Figure9. Extraction of powell
amaranth
Figure10. Dilution of the
concentrations
Figure11. 4 concentrations (30%,50%,70%,90%)
Figure12. Seed germination of mung bean at 240 hours (10th day)