Electricity:
Electric Charge:
Electric charge is a fundamental property of matter, which can be positive or
negative.
Like charges repel each other, while opposite charges attract each other.
The unit of electric charge is the coulomb (C).
Electric Fields:
An electric field is a region around a charged object where another charged
object experiences a force.
Electric field lines represent the direction of the force that a positive charge
would experience if placed in the field.
Current Electricity:
Current (I) is the rate of flow of electric charge. It is measured in amperes (A).
The equation relating charge, current, and time is: Q = It, where Q is charge, I is
current, and t is time.
Conductors allow electric charge to flow easily, while insulators do not.
Potential Difference and Resistance:
Potential difference (voltage) is the work done per unit charge in moving a
positive test charge between two points in an electric field. It is measured in
volts (V).
Resistance (R) is a measure of how much a component opposes the flow of
electric current. It is measured in ohms (Ω).
Ohm's Law states that the current through a conductor between two points is
directly proportional to the voltage across the two points, given a constant
temperature. Mathematically, this is expressed as: V = IR.
Series and Parallel Circuits:
Components in a series circuit are connected end-to-end, so the current is the
same through each component.
Components in a parallel circuit are connected across the same potential
difference, so the potential difference across each component is the same.