GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Chandkheda, Ahmedabad
Afflited
Gandhinagar Institute of Technology
A Report On
“PORTABLE BICYCLE”
(User Defined Project)
Under the subject of
Project-І (2170001)
B.E., Semester- VII
Mechanical Engineering Department
Submitted By:
1) CHIRAG DUBAL (130120119052)
2) JAINAM SHAH (130120119069)
3) DHRUVISH SONI (130120119227)
4) KALPAN SONI (130120119228)
Prof. Ashish Majithiya
Faculty Guide
Prof. Nirav Joshi
Head of Department
Academic Year(2016-17)
1
GANDHINAGAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to Gujarat Technological University)
Khatraj-Kalol Road, At: Moti Bhoyan, Tal: Kalol, Dist:Gandhinagar
Website: www.git.org.in
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the work of Industrial Defined Project entitled “PORTABLE
CYCLE”
has
beencarried
out
by
Chirag
Dubal(130120119052),Jainam
Shah(130120119069),DhruvishSoni (130120119227), KalpanSoni(130120119228)under my
guidance in partialfulfilment for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in mechanical
engineering 7th Semester atthe Department of Mechanical engineering, Gandhinagar Institute
of Technology, Moti-Bhoyan, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, during the academic year 2016-2017
and their work issatisfactory. These students have successfully completed all the activity
under my guidancerelated to Industrial Defined Project for 7th semester.
Internal Guide,
Prof. Ashish Majithiya
Asst. Professor,
Mechanical Engineering Department.
Prof. NiravJoshi ,
Head of Department,
Mechanical engineering,
Gandhinagar Institute of Technology
2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is indeed a great pleasure for us to express our sincere gratitude to those
who have always helped us for this dissertation work.
We are extremely thankful to our thesis guide Asst. Prof. Ashish Majithiya,
Asst. professor in Mechanical Engineering Department, Gandhinagar Institute of Technology
whose valuable guidance, motivation, cooperation, constant support with encouraging
attitude at all stages of our work. We are highly obliged to him for his constructive criticism
and valuable suggestions, which helped us to present the scientific results in an efficient and
effective manner in this thesis.
It gives us pleasure to express our deep sense of gratitude to Dr. N.M. Bhatt,
Director, Gandhinagar Institute of Technology, Prof. Nirav Joshi, Head of the Mechanical
Engineering Department to provide great opportunity to carry out this dissertation work as a
part of the curriculum.
We are also thankful to all the faculty members of Mechanical Engineering
Department and our thanks are due to all of the friends who encouraged and supported us
during thesis work.
Group Members:
Chirag Dubal (130120119052)
Jainam Shah (130120119069)
DhruvishSoni (130120119227)
KalpanSoni (130120119228)
3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SR.NO
TITLE
PAGE
NO.
1.
Certificate
2
2.
Acknowledgment
3
3.
Table of Contents
4
4.
List of Figures
7
5.
List of Tables
9
6.
Abstract
10
Chapter 1
Introduction
11
1.1
Problem Summary
11
1.2
Introduction
11
1.3
Aim of the Project
13
1.4
Parts of the Bicycle
14
1.4.1
Wheel rim
14
1.4.2
Tyre
14
1.4.3
Break
15
1.4.4
Seat and Seat post
16
1.4.5
Handle bar
17
1.4.6
Axle
18
1.4.7
Chain sprocket and chain construction
18
4
1.5
Advantages and Disadvantages of conventional cycle & folding cycle
20
1.6
Literature review
20
1.7
Material & Tool required
27
Chapter 2
Design:
Analysis,
Implementation
2.1
AEIOU framework
30
2.1.1
Activity Canvas
30
2.1.2
Environment Canvas
31
2.1.3
Interaction Canvas
33
2.1.4
Object Canvas
34
2.1.5
Users Canvas
35
2.2
Empathy Canvas
36
2.3
Ideation Canvas
38
2.4
Product development canvas
Methodology
and 30
39
Chapter 3
Implementation
42
3.1
Designing
42
3,2
Analysis
42
3.3
Manufacturing
47
Chapter 4
Summary
48
4.1
Advantage of the product
48
4.2
Usefulness of our product
48
5
4.3
Unique features of our product
49
4.4
Benchmarks in our product
49
7.
References
50
6
LIST OF FIGURES
FIG.
NO.
NAME OF FIGURES
PAGE
NO.
1.4.1
Wheel Rim
14
1.4.2
Tyre
15
1.4.3
Break
15
1.4.4(a)
Different Seats
16
1.4.4(b)
Seat and Seat post
17
1.4.5
Handle bar
17
1.4.6
Axle
18
1.4.7 (a) Sprocket and Pedal
19
1.4.7 (b) Sprockets
19
1.4.7 (c) Chain Construction
19
2.1.1
Activity Canvas
30
2.1.2
Environment Canvas
32
2.1.3
Interaction Canvas
33
2.1.4
Object Canvas
34
2.1.5
User Canvas
35
2.2
Empathy Canvas
37
2.3
Ideation Canvas
38
2.4
Product Development Canvas
40
7
3.2.1
Sketch of Bicycle
43
3.2.2
Force Analysis Part 1
44
3.2.3
Force Analysis Part 2
45
3.2.4
Force Analysis Part 3
46
3.3
Folding Tyre
47
4.4
Folding Arrangement of Tyre
49
8
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE
NO.
NAME OF TABLES
PAGE
NO.
1.5
Advantages and Disadvantages of Conventional and Folding Cycle
20
1.7
Material Selection
27
9
Abstract
We are going to develop a portable/foldable cycle which can be easily packed in travelling
bag. The project idea was generated through portable bike ride in foreign countries. So
research is begun with list of all necessity we required during designing, Planning, Analysis,
and Manufacturing. When we are researching on it we also got idea to fold the wheel of
bicycle so that bicycle compact more when it is in folded position. This report will give a
brief idea of work we are trying to do and had completed work. Report includes basic idea of
how we are designing, how we are going to analysis it.
10
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Problem Summary:
The main need of the folding bicycle is arises from the market survey which is kept by us and
we got that the typical conventional bicycle is not much comfortable and which is not easily
carried out and have heavy weight and less compact for a normal people while travelling.
And it was not transportable from one place to another place because of heavy traffic in local
transport system. Hence portable bicycles are the alternative solution of the problem.
From the market survey and industrial survey, it is observed that even though there are many
foldable cycles are there but they are not that much compact and foldable and they are more
costly even though they are not that much comfortable in riding. And also the problem of
rigidity of frame and speed conversion on low force. This leads to make cycle light weighted
and by strengthen material which is less costly so even common men can also afford it.
1.2 Introduction:
A product is a solution to a problem, which has been raised by a customer. And tried to
understand the problem deeply by researching all the conceptual designs and constraints used
for any bicycle. There are many foldable bicycles are available in the market but though they
are not enough foldable and compact compared to it should be.
Before the automotive era arrived, the main transportation was bicycle. It has evolved and
improving in so many ways, from typical conventional bicycle to the folding/ portable
bicycle. But, still folding/ portable bicycle is regarded as new technology. The history of this
folding bicycle was not very clear because so many people claimed that they are the first
developers of folding bicycle. The first folding bicycle known for the first patent was
originated back then in 1939 from A.J. Marcelin by the name of “Le Petit Bi”, a 16-inch
wheeled folding bicycle.
11
India is the second largest bicycle manufacturer in the world, next only to China. According
to Bicycle Manufacturer Association, Indian bicycles are approximately 30 per cent costlier
than the Chinese ones.
Bicycle is common man's transportation and it is a basic necessity for them. In today
competitive globalization era in cyclic industries, selection of most appropriate material play
vital role in the design and development of products for industrial applications. Many of
them are not foldable in a configurable geometrical order, because of which their
transportation becomes very difficult. It also leads to a lot of difficulty, when it is to be stored
for future use. The proposed bicycle is designed in such a way that it is foldable by providing
fasteners at the joints. The design structure imparts stable bicycle geometry. This system
meets different topography and environmental conditions which are not met by the existing
foldable bicycles.
Also Global warming is one of the most highlighted sectors over which the concentration and
dilemma of human beings have shifted in past recent years. It is only due to the harmful
effects of this global warming phenomenon which has caused disaster to our mother nature
and to us. Effects like global warming, depletion of ozone layer, etc. are very prominent in
now a day. The main cause of these harmful effects is greenhouse effect which is mainly
caused due to the production of carbon di oxide, Sulphur dioxide, nitrous oxide etc. They
create a large amount of these types of harmful pollutants and release them into the
atmosphere which in turn causes greenhouse effect and leads to such harmful conditions. So
in order to reduce and restrict this, the main focus is to reduce the production of those
harmful pollutants from vehicles, and in order to meet this ,research ,innovations and studies
are conducted on the modes of transportation such as cycles which produces nearly 0%
pollutants.
From the very ancient time, cycle is always an important mode of transportation in our
world. Apart from this, it is the cheapest mode of transportation as it requires no fuel or
source of energy and it requires no maintenance. The most important things in folding
12
bicycle are the joints, material used and the type of joining techniques such as welding,
brazing etc. done for the fabrication of the folding bicycle.
1.3 Aim of the Project:
The main objective of our project is for any common men who are travelling long distances
through local transport as well as private transport for their services and job required updowns with their inconvenience of transport system. So by making the bicycle as a folding
they can even carry it with them in local transport and reduce their waste of time as well as
their money waste in private transport system.
Folding cycle is also used in tracking places where it can ride, it should ride it and when
tracker has to climb up the hill, fold it and put it to their shoulder and start climbing. For put
it on the shoulder, one bag type cover is going to make, which is wound on the handle grip
when it is unfolded. And when we fold it, the full bag is going to open and we can cover the
whole cycle in that.
The second objective of the project is to make it more compact, more lightweight, more
reliable, more convenient and less costly, easily foldable and easily can carry it. The folding
arrangement is going to comprise in that manner, the both the tires are coming together on
each other.
13
1.4 Parts of the Bicycle:
1.4.1Wheel Rim:
The rim of a wheel is the outer circular design of the metal on which the inside edge of the
tire is mounted on vehicles such as automobiles. For example, on a bicycle wheel the rim is a
large hoop attached to the outer ends of the spokes of the wheel that holds the tire and tube.
The rim is commonly a metal extrusion that is butted into itself to form a hoop, though may
also be a
structure of carbon fiber composite, and was historically made of wood. Some
wheels use both an aerodynamic carbon hoop bonded to an aluminum rim on which to mount
conventional bicycle tires.
Fig.1.4.1 Wheel Rim
1.4.2 Tire
A bicycle tire is a tire that fits on the wheel of a bicycle, unicycle, tricycle, Quadra cycle,
bicycle trailer, or trailer bike. They may also be used on wheelchairs and head cycles,
especially for racing. Bicycle tires provide an important source of suspension, generate the
lateral forces necessary for balancing and turning, and generate the longitudinal forces
necessary for propulsion and braking. They are the second largest source, after air drag, of
power consumption on a level road. The modern detachable pneumatic bicycle tire
contributed to the popularity and eventual dominance of the safety bicycle. Two main
techniques for attaching a bicycle tire to a rim have developed: clincher and tubular. In an
attempt to provide the best attributes of both methods, tubular clinchers have also been
offered.
14
Fig. 1.4.2Tyre
1.4.3 Break:
A bicycle brake is used to slow down or stop a bicycle. There have been various types of
brake used throughout history, and several are still in use today. The three main types are:
rim brakes, disc brakes, and drum brakes. Caliper (or rim) bicycle brakes include side or
center pull caliper brakes, and v-brakes. Although these different braking styles are slightly
different, they all operate by applying braking force to the rim of the wheel via rubber brake
pads.
Fig. 1.4.3 Break
In most cases, this is accomplished by squeezing brake levers mounted on the bicycle
handlebars - thus contracting brake cables and forcing the brake pads to press against the rim.
Rim brakes offer more modulation than pedal brakes, but have the tendency to lose their
power in overly wet or muddily conditions.
15
1.4.4 Seat And Seat post:
A bicycle seat, unlike a bicycle saddle, is designed to support the rider's buttocks and back,
usually in a semi-reclined position.
A bicycle seat post, seat pin, saddle pole, saddle pillar, or saddle pin is a tube that extends
upwards from the bicycle frame to the saddle. The amount that it extends out of the frame
can usually be adjusted, and there is usually a mark that indicates the minimum insertion (or
maximum extension).
Seat posts can be made of steel, aluminum, titanium, carbon fiber, or aluminum wrapped in
carbon fiber.
1
2
3
Fig. 1.4.4(a) Different Seats
Use: Use:Use:
Short Ride<1 hour1-2 Hr Riding 2+ hr rides
Bike path, fitness, Commute
Feel:Feel:Feel:
It is widestMid width
It is narrow
More thickness, Moderate, firmer paddingThin, fire padding
wide padding
16
Fig. 1.4.4 (b) Seat and Seat post
1.4.5 Handlebar:
A handlebar or bicycle handlebar refersthe steering mechanism for bicycles; the equivalent of
a steering wheel. Besides steering, handlebars also often support a portion of the rider's
weight, depending on their riding position, and provide a convenient mounting place for
brake levers, shift levers, cyclocomputers, bells, etc. Handlebars are attached to a bike's stem
which in turn attaches to the fork.
Fig. 1.4.5 Handlebars
17
1.4.6 Axle:
A hub is the center part of a bicycle wheel. It consists of an axle, bearings and a hub shell.
Hub shells can be one-piece with press-in cartridge or free bearings or, in the case of older
designs, the flanges may be affixed to a separate hub shell. Axle. The axle is attached to
dropouts on the fork or the frame.
Diameters for front thru axles include 20 mm, 15 mm (most common), and 9 mm. Rear
saxles typically have diameters of 10 or 12 mm. Most thru axles are found on mountain
bikes, although some cyclotrons and road bikes are using them.
Fig. 1.4.6 axle
1.4.7 Chain Sprocket & Chain Construction:
A sprocket is a toothed wheel upon which a chain rides. Contrary to popular opinion, a
sprocket is not a gear.
A sprocket or sprocket-wheel is a profiled wheel with teeth, cogs, or even sprockets that
mesh with a chain, track or other perforated or indented material. The name 'sprocket' applies
generally to any wheel upon which radial projections engage a chain passing over it.
18
Fig. 1.4.7 (a) Sprocket and Pedal
Fig. 1.4.7 (b) Sprockets
Chains have a surprising number of parts. The roller turns freely on the bushing, which is
attached on each end to the inner plate. A pin passes through the bushing, and is attached at
each end to the outer plate. Bicycle chains omit the bushing, instead using the circular ridge
formed around the pin hole of the inner plate.
Fig. 1.4.7 (c) Chain construction
19
1.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Conventional Cycle & Folding Cycle:
Conventional cycle
Folding cycle
Advantages
Disadvantages
 Cheaper
 Quality is not  Better
so good
 Strong
and  Less
would not bump
shock
absorber
 More stable
quality  Expensive
 Compact
structure
 -no
Disadvantages
Performance
and  -Bulky
robust
Advantages
 Heavier
due
to
rigid
structure
shock
absorber
 Comparatively
 Less stable
lighter
 Convenient
 Less secured
 Easy to carry
 Inconvenient
Table 1.5 advantages and disadvantages of conventional and folding cycle
1.6 Literature Review:
Literature review of electronic media, journal publications, books and technical reports
explain various inventions of foldable bicycle.
Hajime Ishida (1977):-This invention, which provides a folding bicycle, comprises a
foldable frame structure including a front support assembly having handlebars and arranged
to be rearward foldable. According to the invention, the user can very quickly and easily fold
by manually rearward folding the front support assembly which includes upper and lower
section interconnected by hinge.
20
Robert D. Shomo (1981):-The author has put forward the concept of folding bicycle, As the
folding bicycle of the present invention comprises a large-wheel folding bicycle which
exactly duplicates the looks, and feel, rigidity, strength, weight and ride quality of a
conventional and popular l0/l2speed touring bicycle. The folding bicycle of the present
invention includes a compact frame which is foldable, with the front half of the frame being
rotatable about a hinge means to position it against the rear half of the bicycle for easy and
efficient transportation. The folding bicycle of the present invention is adapted to be inserted
into a carrying bag, if desired. The handlebars employed with the folding bicycle of the
present invention are foldable into a collapsed position and the pedals are reversible.
Kao P. Cheng, Changhu Taiwan (1994): An improved locking hinge for use in a folding
bicycle is equipped with a lever arm which is in pivotal connection to a locking hook at the
bottom end thereof. The looking hook also pivotally mounted onto the handlebar of a bicycle
has a retaining recess which is made to engage with a locking pin mounted onto the steering
stem of the bicycle so as handlebar which is put in linear alignment with the to get a folding
bicycle in use as long as the lever arm is pushed toward the erected steering stem already.
Besides, a securing spring plate is used to retain the lever arm in place so as to prevent the
locking hook from disengagement from the locking pin as the bicycle is in use. To get the
bicycle folded, the Securing spring plate is lifted upwardly too permanently to permit the
lever arm to pried outwardly, resulting in the locking hook disengaged with locking pin.
Then the handle bar and the steering stem are separated with each other and put side by side
in a folding manner.
Jaime Herder, Perth, Australia (1998):-A folding bicycle in which all the pivoting
members have horizontally pivot axes and all the members are indirectly connected to a
single collar that slides up and down a seat post. In order to achieve an open or closed state,
the collar is made to slide along the post and is then secured by tightening a quick release
lever on the collar. Two front tubes mending between the Steering head and the lower Part
Of the seat post are parallel.
Kenneth S. Keyes have performed a patented work or invention related to drive shaft driven
bicycle. The object of his invention was to provide a bicycle having a means of linear
transmission from the pedal to hub of the bicycle for better efficiency & speed ratios than
21
prior bicycle. A number of problem may be associated with traditional coaster or 3-speed
bicycle chains. They are subjected to slippage if the length of the chain is not correctly
adjusted.
To overcome above problem, Keyes designed a bicycle which had a driver bevel gear
connected to the pedals, a driven bevel gear at the hub of the rear wheel, one or more drive
shafts having beveled gears at each end & capable of transmitting the rotation of the driver
gear to the driven gear.
Another experimental study to determine the effects of cycle crank length on maximum
cycling power, optimal pedaling rate, and optimal pedal speed, and to determine the optimal
crank length to leg length ratio for Rastogi implemented a FEA approach to design and
analyze a composite drive shaft in different conditions.
Improved bicycle infrastructureis positively and significantly correleted with higher rates of
commuting by bicycle that could include promotion of folding bicycle. Most people
understand the general concept of a folding bicycle but do not recognize the overall value of
improved product design givens that few people are willing to pay for additional costs.
A Bi-cycle frame should have low weight, high lateral stiffness and moderate vertical
stiffness. Because of chain load, frame lateral deformation during pedalling is bigger when
the rider pushes on right pedal (a pro rider may apply a force up to two times his weight).
Most of the bicycles built today utilize heat treated steel or aluminium or titanium alloy
tubing to minimize their weight. The tubes are then welded together to create the desired fork
or frame geometry.
In recent years, as manufacturers of racing bicycles and bicycle components have turned to
wind tunnel testing to optimize component design, the athletes themselves are now able to
purchase time in wind tunnels to refine and perfect their riding positions. Comprehensive
reviews by Burke4 and Lukes cite many efforts which validate the conventional wisdom that
the main contributors to overall drag are the rider, the frame including fork and aerobars, and
the wheels. Greenwell et.al.6 have concluded that the drag contribution from the wheels is on
22
the order of 10% to 15% of the total drag, and that with improvements in wheel design, an
overall reduction in drag on the order of 2% to 3% is possible.
Since their invention in 1817, bicycles have proven to be a healthy and environmentally
friendly mode of transportation for both enthusiasts and commuters alike. Although the
bicycle has remained ubiquitous over time, the world has changed dramatically. Today, US
roadways are dominated by automobiles, aggressive, modes of human transport.
Unfortunately, bikers are considered second-class citizens as they attempt to share roadways
with motorists. In fact, this has been the situation for most of the lifetime of the bicycle.
A schematic of bicycle frame size obtained from the riding experiment is shown in
Generally, the three key feature points: handlebars, the saddle and the central crank, were
used as the kernel to mark the frame size. A represents the vertical distance from the saddle
to the ground; B the vertical distance from the crank center to the ground; C the vertical
distance from the handlebars to the ground; D the horizontal distance from the handlebars to
the saddle; and, E the horizontal distance from the crank center to the saddle. By this marking
method, different frame sizes for different human dimensions could be clearly illustrated.
Spoked bicycle wheels are efficient, highly evolved, structural systems. A useful analogy for
a bicycle wheel supporting vertical loads is that of a circular beam on a prestressed elastic
foundation, fixed at the center and loaded radially at the circumference. To apply this
analogy, the system of interlacing spokes can be modeled as a disk of uniform stiffness per
length of circumference. Spokes of varying lengths may be laced into wheels of fixed
dimensions, by modifying the interlacing geometry of the spokes.
It is possible to build a bicycle frame with very little equipment. I have done it myself. It took
me a lot longer than it would if I had a few more items of quality equipment, and it was
awkward and took lots of concentration. Deciding on the right amount of equipment is up to
the individual frame builder. It will depend on how he/she wishes to make frames, the space
available to house the equipment and the finances at their disposal. As can be seen in my case
studies, frame builders can be successful using several different ―philosophies‖ with regard
to equipment. Take Richard Sachs for example: he is one of the most well-known and
successful frame builders in the world, yet he doesn’t have a milling machine or a lathe. In
23
fact, his workshop is noticeably devoid of equipment apart from a frame jig, a couple of
benches, a vice and some hand tools.
What are the best materials to use in bicycle frames—steel? aluminum? carbon fiber?
magnesium? titanium? The answer lies in the physical properties of these materials—their
characteristics and how they behave under certain conditions. The designer chooses the
material that best suits the intended use of the bike (road or off road), and the expected cost
(titanium and carbon fiber are especially expensive). Listed below are some of the properties
bike designers look at when they build a bicycle.
Toughness- Toughness is the ability of a metal to absorb energy and deform before fracturing
(breaking). A tough metal is more ductile (pliable) and deforms rather than breaks.
Fatigue is a prominent failure mechanism for mountain bike frames, and can lead to serious
accidents, costly recalls, and poor product image for bicycle frame manufacturers. The team
collaborated with a local bike company, in the process of developing a new 6061-T6
aluminum mountain bike, to investigate the fatigue behavior of the new frame and optimize
the material/heat treatment and frame design.
As far back as 1986, Peterson and Londry (1986) used FEA to fine-tube the design of the
Trek 2000 aluminum frame using two other existing designs (one steel, one aluminium) as
performance benchmarks for mass, strength and stiffness characteristics. Their model used
beam elements to represent the tubular frame structure (excluding forks) with restraints at the
rear axle and head tube, and loads applied in a range of load cases at the seat tube, head tube,
brake bridge, and bottom bracket (BB). While this study did not include an analysis of varied
geometry, the analysis of varied load cases provided a rich insight into various generic
performance characteristics, for example that energy losses in the vertical direction could be
increased with little negative effect on hill climbing performance (i.e. an out of saddle load
case) and that the down tube was always the greatest strain energy absorber, storing between
38-49% of the total (followed by the seat tube, storing between 19-25%).
Developments have recently been made in analysis of bicycle self stability. Applicability of
benchmarked linearized dynamics equations to a variation of modern bicycle designs is
investigated. Results gained through experimentation on an instrumented bicycle with
24
variable geometry are compared to predicted results. Precise three dimensional modeling is
used to calculate bicycle mass properties, for use in dynamics equations. Strong correlations
between experimental and predicted results are found over large variations in bicycle
geometry. Bicycles have been the subject of much research throughout their development.
This thesis studies self stability of bicycles, which until recently had not been completely
captured and verified mathematically.
Most mechanics textbooks or treaties on bicycles either ignore the matter of their stability or
treat it fairly trivial. The bicycle is assumed to be balanced by the action of its rider who, if
he feels the vehicle falling, steers into the direction of the fall and so traverses a curved
trajectory of such a radius as to generate enough centrifugal force to correct the fall. The next
level of sophistication in current bicycle stability theory invokes the gyroscopic action of the
front wheel. If this bike tilts, the front wheel processes about the steering axis and steers it in
a curve that as, before, counteracts the tilt.
An experimental analysis of the frame design for a hybrid bicycle was presented. The
analysis was conducted to obtain an understanding of the dynamics load distribution which
may be encountered during competitive riding. Experimental measurements were also
necessary for a verification of numerical analysis. Dynamic strains resulting from typical
riding events indicated that the design scaling from static to dynamic events required a
scaling factor of at least 20. In addition, the load history resulting from dynamic activities
provided the appropriate information necessary for a preliminary fatigue design analysis.
In this work CFD was used to explore the complex and unsteady nature of air flow around
several commercially available front bicycle wheel configurations. Extending our previous
work, this study examined more realistic front wheel geometry, adding the front fork, top
tube, head tube, down tube, caliper and brake pads to the modeling domain: Three wheels,
namely the Zipp 404, Zipp1080 and HED H3 TriSpoke were considered. In addition, two
commercially available front fork designs, the Reynolds Carbon fork and the Blackwell
Bandit slotted fork, were also studied.
To obtain a sense of the relative performance merits for the design configurations studied
here, the overall power requirements were calculated for each combination of front wheel
25
and fork; wheel only configurations were not included here. In general, it was observed for
all cases that the power requirement needed to increase the speed from 20mph to 30mph
went up by a factor slightly greater than three. This result is consistent with the convention
that the increase in power goes up with the cube of the increase in speed.
Several critical issues such as the wheel rim depth and cross-sectional profile, wheel diameter
(650c or 700c), and development of an integrated front fork/frame/caliper assembly,
optimized to work with a specific wheel, still remain open. We believe that CFD is now in a
position to fully explore wind tunnel discoveries, and advance the understanding of the
critical design changes which ultimately lead to the performance improvements sought after
by competitive and amateur cyclists and triathletes.
In this paper, we present an approach that solves the problem by offloading the low-level
cognitive requirements from a biker to her bicycle. To support this approach, we enhance a
standard bicycle with sensing and computational capabilities to create a Cyber-Physical
bicycle system. The core goal of this system is to provide accurate and timely detection of
rear-approaching vehicles to alert the biker of the pending encounter, through the crosscutting application of mobile sensing, computer vision, and audio processing techniques.
The central goal of this work is to reduce the cognitive overhead of a biker to allow her to
focus attention on bicycle handling and the roadway ahead. Evaluating this is a challenging
problem as it requires thorough coverage of different biker skill levels, riding styles, roadway
and route characteristics, environmental conditions, and user interface issues. As such, we
acknowledge the importance and need for a full user study and plan to conduct one in the
future as a separate, but related piece of research.
This study defined five joint angles in the measurement of riding postures. Since each feature
joint angle was constantly changing during the process of measurement, this study used only
the feature angles when the tests stopped at the lowest stepping point in riding as the required
measured results. Meanwhile, the changing range of each testers' body angle on different
bicycle types was recorded.
The spoke pattern affects the over-all radial stiffness of the wheel more than it affects the
spoke strains. From a theoretical analysis, a numerical analysis, static experimental analysis,
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and in-service measurements, the spoke strains appear to be insensitive to the pattern of the
spoke lacing. From a numerical analysis, the spoking pattern has the greatest impact on the
spoke strains when the wheel is subjected to large lateral loads, such as during cornering. In
this case, wheels with longer spokes have lower strains than do wheels with shorter spokes.
An investigation was conducted with the optimal material / heat treatment, and geometry
design. The optimal 6013-T6 alloy was set for the frame material. The geometry was
optimized with the extended weld between the top and down tube, increased radius of
curvature for the down tube,and increased down tube thickness near the bottom bracket.
1.7 Material and Tool Required:
Given our presented applications, possible materials, and physical principles we can gather
our resulting material selection considering with cost and without cost. The factor of cost for
the materials is difficult to examine due to lack of presentation in our discussion because vast
additional manufacturing, design, and material processing cost/factors.
Table 1.7 Material selection
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Material selection:

There are different types of material can be used for manufacturing of the bicycle
such as Mild Steel, Stainless Steel, Carbon Fibers, Aluminum etc.

For Frame structure Mild Steel, Stainless Steel mainly used but carbon fibred alloy
can be used for frame structure or for other parts.

The aluminum material is used where the strength is not required like carrier.
Physical Principles:
The following discussion of physical principles for functional material strengthening will
further support the resulting material selection per bicycle application.
We will give a brief outline four of the major physical principles that can be applied in these
applications. The four principles considered are densification, composites, and alloying.
There many manufacturing techniques used to strengthen and form materials as well.
Densification is the most common and necessary way to strengthen concrete cement
composites. In general, this increases the tensile strength by reducing the porosity of the
matrix. This can be shown in the functionality of helmet design. The Styrofoam density and
porosity must be proportional and functional to protect your head upon serious head impact
without injury.
The standard composite rule of mixtures is when the standard matrix is soft/ reliable and the
reinforcing material is tensile strong. One the major reasons for the prevalent use of
composite materials in construction is the adaptability of the composite to many kinds of
applications. The selection of mixture proportions can be aimed to achieve optimum
mechanical behavior of the harden product. Selection can result in the change of the strength,
consistency, density, appearance, and durability.
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The alloying of metals is one of the oldest and most fundamental material processing
techniques. An Alloy is a solid solution that is composed of two or more elements. There is a
solvent (majority composition) and a solute. The Solute element can strengthen the overall
solid solution by different element size, density, and other material properties.
Tools/ Machinery Required:

Drilling machine

Shaping machine

Milling machine for chain and sprockets

Cutters

Bending machines
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Chapter 2:
Design: Analysis, Methodology and Implementation
Our main project domain is on transportation system, which is generally used people and
fulfills their basic needs for going one place to another place for their work and passion.
Here, it is trying to show you what observations and situations we had observed during our
defining project topic, and decide the actual work of the project.
Firstly, the AEIOU framework,
2.1 AEIOU Framework:
2.1.1 Activity Canvas:
Fig. 2.1.1 Activity Canvas
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General Impressions / Observations:
Cycling, breaking, watching movies, listening songs, reading books, selling items by
vendors, starring natural beauty, doing party in local transport, talking with other passenger.
Children are cycling on road and enjoying their time with friends at their society and park,
And when we go through the local transport like railways, state transport buses and city
buses, some people watching movies in their laptop and mobile phone in local transport,
some are reading and some are talking, vendors are selling food items and entertainment
goods. One man is starring natural beauty and thinking of life problems and some are
listeningsongs and passing their time.
Elements, Features and Special Notes:
Blind people are also use local transport, but though there are not any special services
provided to them in local state transport. And they are facing problems while suffering
through local transport.
In railways, most of the sweepers don’t do their work properly and take their salary for free.
Some irresponsible passengers smoking in the public place and pollute the environment.
Some naughty guys are drunk and flirt and make nonsense with the girls.
2.1.2 Environment Canvas:
General Impressions / Observations:
As seasonal, summer, winter, rainy, etc. and by behavior and noisy, sunny, flooded, foggy,
cloudy, angry, etc.
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In summer, passengers are being tired by heat of sunlight. And in winter, they all feel sleepy
and nervous due to cold weather. While in monsoon, they felt problems of leaking water
from the roof of vehicles.
Fig. 2.1.2 Environment Canvas
Elements, Features and Special Notes:
Sudden heavy rain, slippy and slicky road due to oil fall, traffic conjunctions due to accidents
on highways
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2.1.3 Interaction Canvas:
Fig. 2.1.3 Interaction Canvas
General Impressions / Observations:
Interaction between passenger and passenger, passenger and driver, passenger and conductor,
conductor and driver, air hostess and passenger, ticket collector and passenger, vendor to
passenger, coolly to passengers.
During taking tickets, in state bus transport passengers are interact with conductor, and for
any query passengers are interact with driver and in railways with the ticket collector.
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Elements, Features and Special notes:
Fighting between passengers, bargaining for rickshaw to driver, fine collection of without
ticket passengers, memo cutting by traffic police for non-helmet and non-puc vehicles and
without license.
2.1.4 Object Canvas:
Fig. 2.1.4 Object Canvas
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General Impressions / Observations:
There are many thigs or objects which are usually being used. Some are as like, digital meter,
steering, seats, gear, wheels, television, mirror, food items, speakers, windows, tickets,
luggage, break, chain, pedal, etc. these are the normal things which are used everywhere.
Elements, Features and Special Notes:
In state bus transport, People are fighting for the seats and luggage stands. And also seats are
not comfortable to passengers.
Drugs are also kept in local transports which are supplied by drug suppliers and which is
crime to supply in local transport.
2.1.5 User Canvas:
General Impressions / Observations:
If it is said that all of us are using the transportation facilities in minor or/and major
proportions, then it is not wrong. Because it is most common need to go from one place to
another place for any particular purpose or/and for tripping somewhere. Here, some are the
users which we can say they are used transportation facilities like, Students, teachers, job/
service people, workers, businessmen, vendors, tracker, army, air force, navy, military,
doctors, lawyers, builders, etc.
Students who use bicycles and two wheelers for schooling and tuitioning. Vendors and
workers use local transport for their work purpose. And businessmen use air ways and
railways for their work and their comfort. Army, military and navy use their special vehicles.
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Fig. 2.1.5 User Canvas
Elements, Features and Special Notes:
Ticket checker, conductors, salesmen, driver, govt. officers, air hostess, pilots and captions
are the identified people who are mostly connected to the transportation system.
Ticket checkers are for checking of tickets in the railways and conductors are for same
purpose in buses. Salesmen are for selling foods or anything else. While drivers/ pilots are
for driving.
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2.2 Empathy Canvas:
Users:
Students, teachers, vendors, workers, salesmen, lawyers, doctors, businessmen, army,
military, air force, navy, ministers, govt. officers, factory transport, material transport.
Stakeholders:
Buses, trucks, aero planes, railways, two wheelers, cars, airports, bus stations, go downs,
Metro, roads, oceans, rivers, pipelines, conveyors, cycles, bridges, underpass, footpath,
stands, etc.
Activities:
Listening songs, talking, thinking, starring natural beauty, playing game, watching movie,
reading, doing some paper work, eating, calling, loading-unloading luggage , buying tickets,
chatting, cleaning seat and floor space, taking photos, counting money, driving, planning,
guiding to driver, etc.
37
Fig. 2.2 Empathy Canvas
We had also experienced some funny and some sad situations which we had explained in
empathy canvas. In which, one of that is of accident, and other are of BRTS service, happy
street and last is of by mistake left ON car headlight.by these stories we had made try to
share some special moments of our experiences during work.
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2.3 Ideation Canvas:
Fig. 2.3 Ideation Canvas
People:
Students, teachers, vendors, workers, salesmen, lawyers, doctors, businessmen, army,
military, air force, navy, ministers, govt. officers, factory transport, material transport.
Activities:
Eating, calling, loading-unloading luggage , buying tickets, chatting, cleaning seat and floor
space, taking photos, listening songs, guiding to driver, talking, thinking, starring natural
beauty, playing game, watching movie, reading, doing some paper work, counting money,
driving, planning, etc.
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Situations/Context//Locations:
At ports, railway stations, air ports, ropeway stations, bus stations, businesses, big
companies, go downs, and public places like, theatres, colleges, schools, etc.
Props/Possible Solutions:
Fights, signal beggars, parking, luggage problems, traffic, air-noise pollution, drink and drive
cases, toll tax, accidents, dusting problem, paid parking, lake of direction guidance, divider
problems, lighting, etc.
2.4 Product Development Canvas:
Product experience:
Easy to carry, easy to fold, light weight, efficient, low cost, healthy, flexible, etc.
Product Functions:
Light weight, fewer parking spaces required, more convenient, reduce traffic, better for local
economy, etc.
Product Features:
Small in size, great flexibility, reduce infrastructural investment, compact, etc.
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Fig. 2.4 Product Development Canvas
Customer Revalidation:
Problem of safety, cost, theft, convenience.
Reject, Redesign, Retain:
Reliability improvement, cost reduction, joint and fold mechanism, anti-theft circuit gadgets
installation, frame design improvement, etc.
41
Chapter3: Implementation
For the implementation of the folding bicycle we need to follow 3 steps: 1) Designing, 2)
Analysis,3) Manufacturing.
3.1 Designing:
In designing we must have to use creo software which is 3D designing software. This
software is used by all the industries in present days for designing their components of any
kind of part i.e. designing of car components.
We are going to do something inventive in folding cycle that is it can be fold like a pocket
scissor. So, it can be pack easily in the bag. So, the material which can we used to produce
this cycle must be light.
We are planning to fold the tire of bicycle. So that will make our cycle more compact.
3.2 Analysis:
After designing of the folding cycle the analysis of that design should be done in 2 ways:
1) software, 2) market survey
1) Software: Analysis with software means to check that designing is safe for all with the help
of computers. Software can be ANSYS. Through that safety of component can be analysed.
After that redesigning can be possible.
2) Market Survey: In market survey the analysis should be done by expert in that field. They
can suggest you more practical problems which can be face during the manufacturing or else
in riding/folding that bicycle. Due to experts opinion we can do further better changes in the
bicycle design can be done.
In analysis the customer feedback is also require due to usage of the bicycle is from common
people side.
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Fig. 3.2.1 Sketch of Bicycle
43
Fig. 3.2.2 Force Analysis Part-1
44
Fig.3.2.3 Force Analysis Part-2
45
Fig. 3.2.4 Force Analysis Part-3
46
3.3 Manufacturing:
In manufacturing we have to manufacture as per our design.
For manufacturing the cycle we required industrial help for manufacture/buy equipment.
Machines which can be used are Grinding, Banding, Milling (Chain Socket), Drilling
Parts required Fork, Tires, Handle, Bearings, Seat, and Pedal.
Manufacturing Steps:
First step is to manufacture the basic frame structure of bicycle. This will help in
modification of any part.
Next should be the manufacturing other parts like fork. And buy parts which are used as
general dimension like chain sprocket, pedal etc.
Now, assemble all the parts which are required.
After assembly quality inspection should be done for final checking that product is as per
designing. This will help us for market satisfaction also.
The folding tire can be manufacture by using rim folding. In which the rim should be divided
in to parts the tire is also on it in same length as rim is divided. Like below
Fig.3.3 Folding Tyre
47
Chapter4: Summary
4.1 Advantages of our Product:
 Easy to use
 Easy to fold
 Vary compact
 Tyre can be fold
 Less space require
 It can be carry to long distance
4.2 Usefulness of our product:
The cycle which we are going to produce is very light in the weight. We are planning to use
the alloy of carbon fibred which is one of the strongest and light weight materials. This
material was used in the Nano car.
Till now all the bicycles that are fold are vertical fold or axis fold only. We are also doing
same fold but in another manner. But in that one problem is there that it cannot be packed
into bag the normal foldable cycle.
So solution of that we found that we can do another type of fold in vertical fold which name
is given by us is scissor fold. The fold that we are trying to is same. The idea of this product
is developed through the pocket scissor. It is fold vertically but easily fold in vertical manner.
After generation of that idea time to implement it but we were thinking on something more
innovative so we think that to fold the tyre. The fold of tyre is never easy. So at the end with
the help of experts we came to know that we can divide rim in to some parts and connect that
part and the tyre will be on the each part of rim.
So,
Folding Cycle = Fold like a pocket scissor + Tyre fold + Pack in bag
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4.3 Unique Features of our Product:
 Unique type of fold like pocket scissor.
 Foldable tyre
 Light in weight
 Easy to carry in a bag for a long distance
 Stronger frame
4.4 Benchmarks in our Product:
 In present only simple vertical fold is that but we are trying to do fold in scissor form.
 The tyre cannot be fold in present cycles but in our product it can be done. In present day
only in wheelchair tyre can be fold by Morph Company.
Fig. 4.4 Folding Arrangement of Tire
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