The Western Heritage
Twelfth Edition
Chapter 10
Renaissance and Discovery
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Focus Questions
•
10.1 The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527): How did humanism affect culture and the
arts in fourteenth- and fifteenth-century Italy?
10.2 Italy's Political Decline: The French Invasions (1494–1527): What were the
causes of Italy's political decline?
•
•
•
10.3 Revival of Monarchy in Northern Europe: How were the powerful monarchies of
northern Europe different from their predecessors?
10.4 The Northern Renaissance: How did the northern Renaissance affect culture in
Germany, England, France, and Spain?
10.5 Voyages of Discovery and the New Empires in the West and East: What were
the motives for European voyages of discovery, and what were the consequences?
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Portrait of a Lady
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10.1 The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527) (1 of 2)
How did humanism affect culture and the arts in fourteenth- and fifteenth-century Italy?
• "Rebirth" or transition from medieval to modern times
• Medieval Europe (before twelfth century)
– Fragmented, feudal society
– Agricultural economy
– Church-dominated thought, culture
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10.1 The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527) (2 of 2)
How did humanism affect culture and the arts in fourteenth- and fifteenth-century Italy?
• Renaissance Europe (after fourteenth century)
– Political centralization, national feelings
– Urban, commercial-capitalist economy
– Growing lay/secular control of thought and culture
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Key Political Events of the Italian
Renaissance (1375–1527) (1 of 2)
Year
Development
1378–1382
The Ciompi Revolt in Florence
1434
Medici rule in Florence established by Cosimo de’ Medici
1454–1455
Treaty of Lodi allies Milan, Naples, and Florence (in effect until 1494)
1494
Charles VIII of France invades Italy
1494–1498
Savonarola controls Florence
1495
League of Venice unites Venice, Milan, the Papal States, the Holy Roman Empire,
and Spain against France
1499
Louis XII invades Milan (the second French invasion of Italy)
1500
The Borgias conquer Romagna
1512–1513
The Holy League (Pope Julius II, Ferdinand of Aragon, Emperor Maximilian, and
Venice) defeats the French
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Key Political Events of the Italian
Renaissance (1375–1527) (2 of 2)
Year
Development
1513
Machiavelli writes the Prince
1515
Francis I leads the third French invasion of Italy
1516
Concordat of Bologna between France and the papacy
1527
Sack of Rome by imperial soldiers
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The Italian City-States (1 of 3)
• Growth of City-States
– Left to develop by endemic warfare between popes and Holy Roman emperors
– Characterized by intense social strife and competition for political power
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The Italian City-States (2 of 3)
• Social Class and Conflict
– Old rich
– New rich
– Small business owners
– Poor
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The Italian City-States (3 of 3)
• Despotism and Diplomacy
– Cosimo de' Medici
▪ Florentine banker and statesman
▪ Grandson Lorenzo is a more cautious leader
– Despots hired by many city states to keep order, usually with mercenary armies
obtained through military brokers called condottieri
– Art and culture flourished nonetheless because of the profusion of wealth
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Map 10–1
For long description, see slide 71: Appendix A
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Florentine Women
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Encountering the Past: The Renaissance
Garden
• Gardens in medieval and Renaissance times are host to ornamental and medicinal
flowers and herbs.
– Beauty, fragrance, and utility are prized.
• In Christian history, gardens represent sacred places.
– Can also represent temptation and lost innocence
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Medieval Garden
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Humanism (1 of 6)
• The scholarly study of Greek and Latin classics and the ancient Church Fathers, in
hopes of reviving worthy ancient values
• Advocates studia humanitatis
– Liberal arts study: grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, politics, philosophy
– Celebrates the dignity of humankind and prepares for life of virtuous action
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Humanism (2 of 6)
• Italian humanists search out manuscript collections, making volumes of Greek and
Latin learning available to scholars.
• Petrarch, Dante, and Boccaccio
– Petrarch provides critical textual studies, elitism, and contempt for Scholasticism.
– Dante's Divine Comedy and Cita Nuova are cornerstones of Italian literature.
– Boccaccio's Decameron is social commentary in the form of bawdy tales.
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Humanism (3 of 6)
• Educational Reforms and Goals
– Educational reforms guided by ideals of useful education and becoming a wellrounded person
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Humanism (4 of 6)
• The Florentine "Academy" and the Revival of Platonism
– Platonism
▪ Flattering view of human reason as part of the ideal (eternal) world, versus the
real (perishable) world
▪ Human freedom
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Humanism (5 of 6)
• The Florentine "Academy" and the Revival of Platonism
– Florentine "Academy"
▪ Not a formal school, but gathering of influential Florentine humanists devoted to
reviving Plato and the Neoplatonists
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Humanism (6 of 6)
• Critical Work of the Humanists: Lorenzo Valla
– Lorenzo Valla exposes Donation of Constantine as forgery.
• Civic Humanism
– Education should promote individual virtue and self-sacrificing public service.
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Christine de Pisan
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Compare and Connect: Is the
"Renaissance Man" a Myth?
• Pico della Mirandola describes humans as having freedom to choose who they are.
– His Renaissance man is a foil to devout Christian pilgrims.
• Albrecht Dürer's Renaissance man celebrates his own beauty and genius in a Christlike way.
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Dürer's Self-Portrait at Age 28 with Fur
Coat, 1500
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Dürer's Melencolia I, 1514
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High Renaissance Art (1 of 3)
• Embraces natural world and human emotion
• Works characterized by rational order, symmetry, proportionality
• Addition of linear perspective (three-dimensional look)
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High Renaissance Art (2 of 3)
• Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519)
– Lives the Renaissance ideal of the universal person
▪ Advisor to kings, engineer, physiologist, botanist, etc.
▪ Mona Lisa
– Raphael (1483–1520)
▪ Large Vatican fresco, The School of Athens
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High Renaissance Art (3 of 3)
• Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519)
– Michelangelo (1475–1564)
▪ 18-foot sculpture of David
▪ Sistine Chapel frescoes
–10,000 sq. ft.
–343 figures
–4 years to complete
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The Virgin and Child with the Infant John
the Baptist
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A Closer Look: Leonardo da Vinci Plots
the Perfect Man
• Notes reading counterclockwise describe ideal human proportions.
• Da Vinci refers to a Roman architect and engineer who used squares and circles to
demonstrate proportionality.
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Vitruvian Man
For long description, see slide 72: Appendix B
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Slavery in the Renaissance
• Slavery flourishes as extravagantly as art and culture.
• Contemporaries look on slavery as merciful (as opposed to killing the captives).
• After the Black Death, slavery demand soars and slaves are imported from the lands
surrounding the Black Sea.
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Dürer's Moorish Woman
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10.2 Italy's Political Decline The French Invasions (1494–
1527)
What were the causes of Italy's political decline?
• The Treaty of Lodi brings Milan and Naples in alliance with Florence.
– Oppose Venice and Papal States but can unite against foreign enemies
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Charles VIII's March Through Italy
• French king Charles VIII (r. 1483–1498) storms through Italy when invited by ruler of
Milan in hopes of weakening Naples.
– Later driven back out
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Pope Alexander VI and the Borgia Family
• Pope Alexander VI
– Corrupt member of Borgia family
– Children Cesare and Lucrezia
• Louis XII (r. 1498–1515)
– Allies with Alexander and takes Milan and part of Naples
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Pope Julius II
• Pope Julius II
– "Warrior pope" drives French out again.
• Francis I (r. 1515–1547)
– Third French invasion
• Leads to Italian political decline and Habsburg-Valois (Spanish-French) wars of first
half of the sixteenth century
– All French losses
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Niccolò Machiavelli (1 of 2)
• Convinced by chaos of foreign invasions that Italian political unity and independence
are ends justifying any means
• Concludes only a strongman can impose order on a divided and selfish people
(referring to the Italians)
• Admirer of Roman rulers and citizens
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Niccolò Machiavelli (2 of 2)
• Virtù
– Ability to act heroically and decisively for the good of one's country
• The Prince (1513)
– Recommends temporary use of fraud and brutality to achieve Italian unity
– Hopes for strong ruler from the Medici family
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10.3 Revival of Monarchy in Northern Europe
How were the powerful monarchies of northern Europe different from their predecessors?
• After 1450, divided feudal monarchies lead to unified national monarchies.
• Rise of towns, alliance of growing business classes with kings
– Breaks bonds of feudal society
• The sovereign state
– Powers of taxation, war making, law enforcement no longer resides with
semiautonomous vassals, but with monarch and royal agents
– Taxes, wars, laws become national rather than regional matters
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France
• Two cornerstones of fifteenth-century nation-building
– Collapse of English Empire in France after Hundred Years' War, 1453
– Defeat of Charles the Bold of Burgundy, 1477, who is perhaps strongest political
power in Europe at the time
– Charles VII (r. 1422–1461) and Louis XI (r. 1461–1483) double territory
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Spain
• In 1469, Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon marry.
– Together secure borders, venture abroad militarily, Christianize Spain
– Bring Spanish church under state control, end toleration of Jews and Muslims
– Sponsor Christopher Columbus, leading to Spanish Empire in Mexico and Peru,
helping make Spain the dominant European power in the sixteenth century
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England
• Turmoil of Wars of the Roses, 1455–1485 (Lancaster vs. York)
• 1485 Battle of Bosworth Field seats Henry VII, first Tudor monarch.
• Henry brings nobles to heel with special royal court, the Star Chamber.
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The Holy Roman Empire (1 of 2)
• Germany and Italy are exceptions to the fifteenth-century centralizing trend.
– The many (princes) fight off the one (emperor).
– Divide into some 300 autonomous entities
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The Holy Roman Empire (2 of 2)
• Germany and Italy are exceptions to the fifteenth-century centralizing trend.
– 1356 Golden Bull
▪ Between Emperor Charles IV and major territorial rulers
▪ Establishes seven-member electoral college
▪ Elects emperor and provided some transregional unity
▪ Imperial Reichstag is created.
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10.4 The Northern Renaissance
How did the northern Renaissance affect culture in Germany, England, France, and Spain?
• Northern humanists are more interested than Italians in religious reform and educating
laity.
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The Printing Press (1 of 2)
• Johann Gutenberg in Mainz, mid-fifteenth century
• Precursors
– Rise of schools
– Literacy (demand for books)
– Invention of cheap paper
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The Printing Press (2 of 2)
• By 1500, printing presses are running in more than 200 cities in Europe.
• Rulers in church and state now have to deal with more educated, critical public.
– Powerful tool of religious/political propaganda
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Adam and Eve
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Gutenberg Bible
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Humanism and Reform (1 of 4)
• Catholic humanist reformers pave the way for Protestantism.
• Desiderius Erasmus (1466–1536)
– Most famous northern humanist
– Catholic educational and religious reformer
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Humanism and Reform (2 of 4)
• Germany
– Reuchlin controversy wherein humanists defend Christian scholar of Judaism on
grounds of academic freedom
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Humanism and Reform (3 of 4)
• England
– Thomas More (1478–1535)
▪ Best-known English humanist
▪ Utopia (1516)
• France
– Guillaume Budé
– Jacques Lefèvre
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Humanism and Reform (4 of 4)
• Spain
– Humanism in service of Catholic Church
– Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros
– Grand Inquisitor, founder of University of Alcalá, biblical scholar
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10.5 Voyages of Discovery and the New Empires in the West and East
What were the motives for European voyages of discovery, and what were the
consequences?
• Global expansion begins with the voyages sponsored by the Portuguese and Spanish.
• The New World is exploited for mineral and human wealth.
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The Portuguese Chart the Course
• Exploration of African coast, leading to sea-route around Africa to Asian spice markets
– African slave trade
• Bartholomew Dias rounds the Cape of Good Hope.
• Vasco de Gama reaches India.
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The Spanish Voyages of Columbus (1 of 2)
• Columbus, 1492
– Thinks Cuba is Japan and South America China
• On the Heels of Columbus
– Amerigo Vespucci, 1497, explores the South American coastline.
– Ferdinand Magellan (d. 1521), 1519–1522, completes the first circumnavigation.
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The Spanish Voyages of Columbus (2 of 2)
• Intended and Unintended Consequences of Columbus's Voyages
– Over 300 years of overseas Spanish empire; Europe's largest and longest-lived
trading bloc
– Biological impact of exchanging plant and animal species, as well as diseases
– Native American devastation
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Map 10–2
For long description, see slides 73-74: Appendix C
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Behaim World Map
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The Spanish Empire in the New World (1 of
2)
• The Aztecs of Mexico
– Group of Native Americans who rule all of central Mexico
– Believe in human sacrifice
– Hernan Cortes
▪ Spanish conqueror of the Aztecs
▪ At first attempts to make peace with the Aztecs, then is defeated by the Aztecs,
and then eventually turns around and conquers them
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The Spanish Empire in the New World (2 of
2)
• The Aztecs of Mexico
• Aztec leader Moctezuma is killed.
• The Incas in Peru
– Large Native American empire in Western South America is conquered by
Francisco Pizarro who executes their leader Atahualpa.
– Later the Europeans spread horrible diseases to the Native Americans.
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Pedro de Alvarado Besieged
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The Church in Spanish America
• The conquerors want to convert the captured native people to Christianity and to
accept European culture.
• Some religious leaders, such as Bartolome de Las Casas, feel the natives are being
treated poorly
• Despite the opposition, the Roman Catholic Church becomes one of the most powerful
conservative forces in Latin America.
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The Economy of Exploitation (1 of 3)
• Mining
– The Spanish conquistadores, or conquerors, mine gold and silver with forced labor.
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The Economy of Exploitation (2 of 3)
• Agriculture
– On haciendas, large land estates owned by the peninsulares (people born in
Spain) and creoles (people of Spanish descent born in America) use forced labor
for mining, farming and ranching.
– Plantations in the West Indies use slaves to process sugar.
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The Economy of Exploitation (3 of 3)
• Shipping
– Economic activity in government offices, the legal profession, and shipping
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Labor Servitude (1 of 2)
• Encomienda
– Formal grant of the right to the labor of a specific number of Indians
• Repartimiento
– Requires adult male Indians to devote a certain number of days of labor annually to
Spanish economic enterprises
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Labor Servitude (2 of 2)
• Debt peonage
– Indian laborers are required to purchase goods from the landowner to whom they
are forever indebted.
• Black slavery
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The Impact in Europe
• At first condemned for the treatment of the native populations, Columbus and other
explorers are hailed 300 years later for opening up the world to new civilizations.
• Influx of spices and precious metals increases inflation in Europe.
• New wealth, however, increases the expansion of printing, shipping, mining, textile,
and weapons industries.
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Appendix A
Long Description for Map 10–1
From north to south, the states are the Duchy of Milan, comprising northwestern Italy.
The Republic of Genoa, comprising coastal northwestern Italy and Corsica. The
Republic of Venice, comprising northeastern Italy and parts of the Adriatic coast. The
Republic of Florence, comprising western central Italy. The Papal States, comprising
central Italy, including Rome. The Kingdom of Naples, comprising southern Italy.
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Appendix B
Long Description for Vitruvian Man
Text callouts reads as follows. Pointing to the man’s head, Leonardo, like most artists of
his time, shared the classical ideal of human perfection even in his gloomiest etchings
and paintings. With few exceptions, the great painters of the age wanted to portray men
and women in a more-than-human beauty and glory. Pointing to the man’s naval, the
fingers and toes of the figure’s hands and feet touch the circumference of a circle whose
center is located at the figure’s navel. Pointing to the square on the outside of the
drawing, Leonardo’s figure study of human proportions renders the figure’s height and
width of arms outstretched as equal, like the sides of a square.
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Appendix C (1 of 2)
Long Description for Map 10–2
Portuguese territories include the coasts of most of sub-Saharan Africa including modern
Guinea, Congo and Angola, part of Madagascar, part of the Arabian Peninsula, modern Oman
and southeastern Iran, the western coast of India and modern Sri Lanka, parts of modern
Indonesia, and the eastern coast of South America in what is now Brazil. Spanish territories
include central America and Mexico, labeled New Spain, most of the islands in the Caribbean
Sea, labeled the West Indies, the remainder of the coast of South America, including Peru and
Chile, the Philippines, and part of Papua New Guinea. The line of demarcation, established in
1494, falls through eastern South America, and divides territory between Portugal and Spain.
The Portuguese lay claim to all land east of the line, while the Spanish lay claim to all land
west of the line. Routes and dates of voyages are as follows. Columbus’ first trip, 1492. He
travelled southwest from Portugal to the Canary Islands, then west to northern Hispaniola and
returned to Portugal. Vespucci, 1497.
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Appendix C (2 of 2)
Long Description for Map 10–2
He departed Portugal and travelled southwest to the Cape Verde Islands, then continued west
to the southern West Indies. Cabot, 1497. He departed England and travelled west to the
northeastern North America, and returned to England in 1498. Da Gama, 1499. He departed
the Cape Verde Islands and travelled southeast, around the cape of Good Hope in South
Africa, and continued north, passing through Lourenco Marquest, Mozambique, and
Mombasa, before continuing northeast to Calicut India. Magellan, 1519. He departed Portugal
and travelled southwest to the Cape Verde Islands, then continued southwest to Rio de
Janeiro Brazil, and continued southwest around Cape Horn in 1520, then travelled northwest
across the Pacific Ocean into 1521 to the Philippine Islands, where Magellan died on April 27
1521. From there, Elcano led the group southwest in 1522, around the Cape of Good Hope,
and returned to the Cape Verde Islands. Cartier, 1535. He departed northern France and
travelled west to Newfoundland in the northeastern corner of North America, then returned to
France.
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