Agriculture 1a) A_______________________ is a domestic animal. b) Explain the importance of agriculture to the community ____________________ c) What are the importance of agriculture to the nation? ____________________ d) ______is a fuel obtained from sugarcane. e) Name one crop and one animal provide fibre for making clothes. ___________________ ___________________ f) Give two companies in Zimbabwe that process agricultural produce. ____________________ ___________________ g) Chemicals used to kill weeds are called_____________ 2 Tools are grouped according to their uses. Tools are used for: a)digging b)______________ c)______________ d)_______________ 1 b) The following tools are used for: i] garden trowel ii] slasher iii] secateur iv] hosepipe c) Tools are kept in a _______________ 3a) Four elements of weather are: ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ b) Complete the table below: Weather elements Instruments humidity ------------------------------ ------------------------------------- raingauge Temperature -------------------------------- Wind speed ------------------------------- --------------------------------- Wind vane Choose the correct answer drought/ humidity/ bacterial bright/ cob rots/moving air/ pollination/ state of the atmosphere at any given time. Ci) What is weather? 2 __________________ ii) Shortage of rainfall causes _____________ iii) The amount of moisture in the air is called___________ iv) What is wind? ____________________ v) List two fungal diseases caused by high humidity __________________ __________________ vi) Plants need wind for ______________ 4a) What is soil erosion? b) Four agents of soil erosion are: __________________ __________________ __________________ __________________ c) Four types of soil erosion are: ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ 4a) What is soil erosion? __________________________________________ b) Agents of soil erosion are 3 ___________________ ____________________ ___________________ ______________________ c) Four types of soil erosion are _______________________ _______________________ _________________________ _________________________ d) Which type of erosion occurs first on bare soil? _____________________________________________ e) The common agent of erosion in deserts is _________________ f) Explain three activities a farmer can do to reduce soil erosion. ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 5a) i) Complete the table below Size of particles Soil type Feeling Small ----------------------------- Smooth and fine ------------------------- silt Smooth and rough Large sand ----------------------- ii) Three types of soil particles are ________________________________ ___________________________________ ______________________________________ b) 4 ___________ soil have good drainage. c) Which soil can easily get water logged? _________________________________________ d) ________________________ have medium sized particles. e) Which soil gets slippery when it is wet? _____________________________________________ 6a) Four components of soil are _______________________________ __________________________________ _____________________________________ ________________________________________ 7a) Complete the table below Soil component Mineral matter --------------------------water ---------------------------- Percentage 45% 5% --------% 25% b) Which of the following is a source of organic matter? ________________________________________________ c) Decayed plant matter is also known as _______________________________________________ d) Organisms that cannot be seen by naked eyes are ____________________________________________________ e) Soil component that has the biggest fraction is ___________________________________________ f) Where is air found in the soil ___________________________________________ g) Name two soil components found in the air spaces. 5 _______________________________________ ___________________________________________ 8. Fertilisers are grouped into artificial and organic fertilizers. a) Give two examples of organic fertilizers? ___________________________________________ ________________________________________________ b) Organic fertilizers are obtained from decaying ______________________ and________________________________________ c) Write any two examples of inorganic/artificial fertilizers. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ e) List three advantages of organic fertilizers. ______________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ f) Two disadvantages of inorganic fertilisers are _______________________ and _______________________________ g) Name three materials used to make a compost heap. ____________________________ _______________________________ ____________________________________ h) Give one reason for not using plastic and bottles in a compost heap. ____________________________________________ 9. Water conservation is the water use of water so that it is not wasted. a) State four methods of conserving water in the field. __________________________ 6 __________________________ ____________________________ _____________________________ b) Covering of soil to reduce loss of water by evaporation is known as ________________________________________ c) Name two materials that can be used for mulching _____________________________________ _________________________________________ d) The method by which small ridges are made across the furrows between large ridges is called _____________________________________________ e) List down the ways in which people waste water. ______________________________________________ F) Rainwater can be collected from the roof of houses by use of ________________________________________________ g) Large amounts of water are harvested by harnessing a _____________________________________________________ h) Underground water can be harvested through drilling of__________________ and digging of ____________________________ i) Blair toilets should be ___________ meters away from a well to avoid underground water pollution by percolation. 7 Fareme 8 Family origin An origin is a place where something begins or arises. Most families acknowledge their origin and existence to a Supreme Being. FAMILY TYPES AND RELATIONSHIPS 1. Nuclear family -made up of a mother, father and their children. - in indigenous culture , polygamy is considered a nuclear family as the children are the father’s. 2. Child headed family -Children look after each other upon death of parents. -The eldest child below the age of 18 years leading the younger brothers and sisters. 3. One parent -a family in which the children stay with either the father or mother. -this can be caused by death of one parent, divorce, separating or parents not deciding to marry. LINEAGES AND TOTEMS Lineages -Lineage is a direct descent from an ancestor or ancestry. -Lineages can be traced using a family tree. Totems -totems help show people their relatives and origins. -A totem is a sacred object, animal or symbol that serves as an emblem of a group of people such as a family or a clan. EXAMPLE: the Ncube people have the Soko totem which is a monkey. **People of Zimbabwe and other African countries used to stay in ethnic groups. -Ethnic refers to a shared identity by a group through culture, heritage, history and language. ASSESSMENT 1 1 Families trace their origins to _______________________________________ 9 2 The ----- leads a child headed family. ____________________________________________ 3 The other name for Supreme Being is the ________________________________________________ 4 In a one parent family the children are taken care of by ____________________________________________________ 5 Your father’s father is your ______________________________________ 6 Your mother’s sister is your __________________________________________ 7 Uncles and aunts are siblings to your ____________________________________________ 8 Families that share the same heritage, culture and language are an _______________________________________ 9 What is a nuclear family? ____________________________________________________ 10 Draw your family tree. 11 Define lineage. _____________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________ 12 What is a totem _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ 13 Give three reasons why we have child headed families? ______________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ 10 14. Give two reasons for the existence of single parent families? _______________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 15. Why is polygamy a nuclear family in indigenous Religion? _______________________________________________________________ FAMILY AND RELIGION -Indigenous Religion allows for such types of marriages: 1. Kuganha- this is when a young lady proposes marriage to a young man who then refuses to marry her. - She then forces herself on him by going to the young man’s homestead sometimes with an aunt. 2. Kutizira- In the Shona culture this is when a young lady falls pregnant and elopes to the young man’s homestead at night. -however the lady can elope even without falling pregnant. -after seeing her the young man’s family informs the girl’s family that their daughter is with them. - In Shona culture the process is called tsvagirai kuno. -However in the Kalanga culture the girl and the boy agree that the girl should elope and together they inform the girl’s aunt. -the girl leaves a token given to her by the young man under her pillow for her parents to find her. 3. Musengabere- this is when a young man sees the girl he wants to marry then carries her to his homestead without her approval. 4. Kukumbira/ Ukucela umlilo- this is when a young man’s family goes to the girl’s family to ask for her hand in marriage. The girl is then accompanied to the young man’s homestead after everything has been finalised including lobola payment. -In other religions like Christianity, a white wedding comes after the Kukumbira/Ukucela umlilo marriage ceremony so as to present the couple before God and the church. -the same is done for Islam and Judaism. -Muslims practice arranged marriages. - They believe the families marry not the individuals. -the bride price is decided by the families and the man should pay the bride price before the marriage. 11 -what the groom pays becomes the bride’s property. -after all has been done the couple is then joined together the congregation and Allah. - In Judaism, followers believe marriage is a direct instruction from God. - To start the process, a contract or agreement is made between two people who wish to get married before their loved ones. -the mother breaks a plate to seal the engagement. ASSESSEMENT 2 1. What comes after lobola in Christianity? 2. In a marriage engagement in Judaism, who breaks the plate to seal the promise? 3. Which religion practices arranged marriages? 4. Who joins the bride and the groom in a Christian marriage? 5. In most societies, which family pays the bride price? 6. Write down any three indigenous ways of marrying? 7. State similarities between Christian and Indigenous marriages. 8. Who arranges marriages in Islam? 9. Who directs marriages in Judaism? FAMILY AND COMMUNITY Family roles in the community -Being a community means living and sharing resources with a lot of people from different families. -Families in communities attend: 1. Funerals 2. Weddings 3. ceremonies and festivals 4. they are also responsible for building schools, clinics, dip tanks, roads amongst other things. Family interaction Families interact through: Working together – shown through ilima/mageja/nhimbe/humwe/majangano. 12 Child minding-in the olden days when families lived closer to each other they helped mind or look after each other’s children. Emotional support –is the act of providing someone with care, empathy, love and trust so that he or she can see that there is a way out of any situation. Caring for the needy -Caring means displaying kindness and concern for others. -Communities have disadvantaged people that include: a) the sick b) the elderly c) the poor d) the disabled -Communities are expected to provide emotional and material support. ASSESSMENT 3 1. What is a community? _______________________________________________________ 2. What activities can be done by a community? ________________________________________________________ 3. List two acts of kindness one can do for the disadvantaged in the community. __________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 4. State any two community projects that show cooperation. _______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 5. State at least two roles the community can perform at each of the following: a) Funeral _________________________________ b) Wedding celebration ______________________________ c) Child naming ceremony___________________________________ d) Construction of a school______________________________________ 6. People give each other _________________________________support in times of hardships. 13 Heritage and Social Studies 14 TYPES OF FAMILIES There are different types of families. Nuclear family- made up of two adults, who are husband and wife and their children. -the nuclear family can be monogamous or polygamous. i) Monogamous family: made up of a husband, wife and their children. ii) Polygamous family: made up of a husband, two or more wives and their children. -in indigenous religion a polygamous family is believed to be a nuclear family because all the children are from one husband and they are called by the father’s surname. Child headed family: made up of children, with one of the eldest taking care of the younger siblings. This family could be a result of parents passing away or parents leaving in the diaspora. Single parent family: -it is made up of one parent and children. -this could be as a result of a divorce or a death of a spouse. Responsibilities of parents -taking care of the children -taking care of all household expenses -maintain peace in the house -teaching children values -paying school fees -providing shelter, food, and clothing for the children -providing protection, companionship and security Responsibilities of children -responsible for looking after their possessions 15 -depending on age older children help in looking after younger children -help clean the house and wash clothes -responsibility to help younger siblings with their homework Roles of families in the community -promote peace -work together with other community members -keep the community safe and clean -help the needy Institutions in the community -school -clinic -hospital -church -registrar’s offices -town house or city hall -orphanages -old people’s home HUMAN MIGRATION -Human migration is the movement of people from one place to another. Types of migration a) Internal migration - this is moving to a new home within an area or province. -this types happens within the country’s borders. -People that move from one town to another or one province to another are called internal immigrants. b) International migration: - this is moving to a new home in a different country or continent. - People who move from their home country to a different country or continent are international immigrants and some refugees. 16 Immigrants are both legal and illegal. -Legal immigrants are those who move with permission from both countries. -Illegal immigrants move without permission. -Refugees are those who cross borders because of fear of harassment. Causes of migration -There are push and pull factors of migration. -Pull factors are those things that attract someone to a place. -Push factors are those things that force people to leave their places for other new places. Push factors -unemployment -poverty or poor living conditions -floods -outbreaks of diseases -death of parents or relatives -civil wars -drought -climatic change -getting married especially women -going to a higher institution of learning Pull factors -employment -better living standards -better health facilities -political security -low crime rate -fertile lands -better education Effects of migration Migration has both negative and positive effects 17 -less risk of natural disasters -climate change -peace -some migrants bring in new ideas -growth of shanty settlements -there are intermarriages of different cultures -squatters are found in many places -mixing of cultures and development of new ones -migration can cause educated people to go to other countries. This is called brain drain. -people end up having two homes Solutions to migration -growth points -resettlements -job creation -industry developments -strict migration laws Conflict management at family, school and community level A conflict is a quarrel or a fight. Where there is conflict there is a disagreement or opposition. Causes of conflict at home -unfair treatment or favouritism of children in the home -lack of transparency -lack of information -differing interests -differing ideas -unfair distribution of resources -poor management and leadership styles -poor communication Causes of conflict at school -favouritism by teachers -lack of basic needs like textbooks -bullying -wanting to be treated better than others 18 -theft by other learners -mistreating others Ways of resolving conflict At home: -hold discussions -call for elders to intervene -call local leadership interventions -solve problems cooperatively -respect one another At school -proper communication -no bullying of one another -need for transparency Languages and cultures in Zimbabwe There are sixteen recognised languages in Zimbabwe: -Chewa -Chibarwe -Nambya -Ndau -Sotho -Tonga -English -Ndebele -Tswana -Kalanga -Shangani -Shona -Venda -Xhosa -Khoisan -Sign language Languages like Nambya, Venda, Tonga and Kalanga are now examined at grade seven level in Zimbabwe -All these languages are to be treated and respected equally. Cultures in Zimbabwe -Zimbabwe is a multicultural country. -this means it is made up of people from different ethnic groups, nationalities, religions and culture. -Culture is the belief, behaviour, language and complete way of life of a particular group of people. -Culture includes: customs, ceremonies, and works of art, inventions technology and traditions. 19 Various African cultural practices include: .mukwerera .kurova guva/umbuyiso .kupururudza muroora .nhimbe/ilima ASSESSEMENT 1 1. Which family consists of a husband, wife and children? ____________________________________________________________ 2. A child headed family involves the--------child taking care of the younger ones. ________________________________________________________ 3. ________________________ has the responsibility of taking care of the children in the family. 4. What is human migration? ____________________________________________________________ 5. List three causes of migration. _________________________________________ ________________________________________ _____________________________________________ 6. State two types of migration. ________________________________ __________________________________ 7. What is internal migration? ____________________________________________________________ 7. Give three examples of effects of migration. ________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ______________________________________________ 8. Identify any positive effects of migration. _____________________________________________ 9. Conflict is ________________________________________ 20 10. What causes conflict at: a) home b) school 11. How can conflict at home and at school be solved? _________________________________________________ 12. List any three languages in Zimbabwe. ____________________________________________ CULTURAL HERITAGE Rites of passage for girls and boys 1. Birth -Depending on the area there are certain activities done when a child is born. -In Ndebele culture the baby is washed and oiled. -They use milk fat or wax from honey. -The umbilical cord is cut with a piece of grass called uqunga. -Ash is put on the baby’s cord and she or he is made to inhale the smoke from herbs that are said to protect him or her from evil -In Ndau the midwife (mbuya) delivers the baby. -The midwife gets a lot of presents for the arrival of the baby. -In Venda when a baby is born, the Makhadzi is the first to be informed. -She is the one who later blesses the baby. -In some Shona cultures soon after birth a child is given some herbs (mushonga wendongorongo) which helps clean his or her bowels. -The baby is also given chipande medicine. -Babies should also be breastfed and have no solids before they are six months old. -Nowadays babies go for immunisation at various stages. -For example the baby must be immunised against diphtheria, polio, whooping cough, tuberculosis (TB), measles and tetanus. -these can cause death or handicap if not treated. 21 2. Adolescence In Zimbabwe the different tribes have different ceremonies for the adolescence. For example girls are taken to the river early morning for virginity testing. They go with elderly women or aunts who will explain to them about womanhood. -this is usually done among the Ndebele. -In Tonga, Xangaan and other cultures boys are taken to the mountain for their initiation ceremony. -boys are taught how to become men and how to treat their wives. -they are also given herbs to make them strong as men. Changes in boys and girls at puberty Changes in boys -voice deepens -muscles grow larger -spots on face -hair starts to grow on arms, legs, underarm and male organs -penis becomes bigger -testicles drop a little and start to make sperms -show interest in girls Changes in girls -breasts start to develop -skin becomes oilier and develops spots/pimples -hips become wider -pubic hair grows around the vagina and underarms -shows interest in boys -menstruation starts Courtship 22 It is a practice done when people want to marry each other. Among the Ndebele and other cultures there is an exchange of love tokens between the two as a sign of their love. -Courtship’s main role is to build relations. It is done so that the couple who want to marry can take time to know each other. The people who play major roles in courtship are aunts and uncles. For example amongst the Kalanga the young man would tell his uncle (basekulu) and the girl her aunt (bamazi). -Amongst the Ndau the young man meets with the aunt before proposing to the young woman. -In the Shona culture the young man and woman exchange love tokens to establish a relationship. In the Kalanga and Ndebele cultures the young man gives the girl a token. -Not everyone who is courting gets married, Courtship is therefore a period of deciding if you still want to be with someone or not. -Courtship builds and cements relationships. -Aunts and uncles play major roles during courtship in guiding and counselling the two. -the young woman is taught her roles by aunts and the uncles teach the young man. Indigenous marriage customs -The different marriage practices among the different groups include:-Musengabere, Kutizira, kuzvarira, kutema ugariri, Kuganha, umthimba, ukwendiselwa and kutumira. -There are also modern ways of marriage customs, these include Christian weddings. -Within Christian groups after lobola the couple has a white wedding and they are joined in matrimony by a licenced church official. -Those who are not Christian have a celebration or matrimony and joined by a judge or marriage officer. Civil marriage -civil marriage under the customary Act/Christian marriage states that the man marries one wife and vows under a marriage officer or a magistrate. -A marriage certificate is given to the two show their union. -A marriage certificate is a very important document for a lot of reasons. -Some of the reasons are: .it helps a woman change her surname if she wants to take her husband’s surname. .it helps married couples travel together if they wish to, especially overseas. 23 .it helps if you want to jointly own a house. .it helps to prove that two people were married when one partner dies so as to hold on the property they got together. The customary marriage -This is marriage according to indigenous systems of customary laws which are found among indigenous people. -Under these laws a man can marry more than one wife. -there are other marriages also recognised like The Unregistered Customary Union where the man can marry more than one wife. The couple can stay together after lobola negotiations without a marriage certificate. -The other type of customary marriage is the living together, there are no formalities like lobola. The man and woman freely consent to live together. -In Shona it is kubika mapoto and in Ndebele it is ukuhlalisana. ASSESSEMENT 2 1. The umbilical cord is cut with a piece of grass called ---------------------------------------------------------2. Name two changes of a) girls b) boys at puberty. -------------------------------------------------------------------------3. What do we call the practice when a boy and girl want to marry? ---------------------------------------------------------------------------4. Couples exchange ------------as a sign of love. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------5. What is the role of an aunt or grandfather in marriage? ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6. A period reached by children between 11 and 15 years is called-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7. Which type of marriage allows a man and woman to live together without a marriage certificate -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8. When a person is legally married he or she should have a-------24 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9. Which marriage practice has been borrowed from English? -------------------------------------------------------------------------------10. Identify any four African marriage cultural practices. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------11. Who helps deliver children among the Ndau -------------------------------------------------------------------------12. Why is immunisation important ------------------------------------------------------------------------13. List any three diseases prevented by immunisation. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------14. Identify any practices done during courtship. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------15. Briefly explains what happens in Musengabere. -------------------------------------------------------------------16. What is civil marriage? -----------------------------------------------------------------17. Three reasons of having a marriage certificate are-----, -------- and -------------------------------------------------------------------------18. What is customary marriage? ---------------------------------------------------------------19. Who is involved in customary marriage NATIONAL HISTORY, SOVEREIGNITY AND GOVERNANCE The Pre-Colonial Kingdoms -The pre-colonial kingdoms were all kingdoms as they were ruled by Kings. -The following were pre-colonial states and their leaders: 25 1. The Great Zimbabwe led by the people of the Shiri (Hungwe) totem. 2. The Mutapa led by Nyatsimba Mutota and his successors. 3. The Rozvi by Changamire Dombo and his successors. 4. The Ndebele led by Mzilikazi and later Lobengula. - They were made up of people originally from Zimbabwe except for the Ndebele state which was originally made up of people who came from South Africa. -All the four states had a tribute payment system. -Tribute is a payment made time and again by the subjects to a ruler. -This was done as a sign of dependence and respect to the ruler. -The states were also involved in trade with other states and with whites. -All states kept cattle for food, trade and lobola payment. -Owning cattle was a sign of wealth and it gave the wealthy the power to lead others. -The Great Zimbabwe, Mutapa and Rozvi states were all involved in mining, farming, and trade and tribute collection. -The states believed in the existence of a God, whom they called Mwari except for the Ndebele who they called him uNkulunkulu/Somandla/Umlimu. -All the four states believed in life after death and some buried the deceased with their property so as to take it to the next life. -the people in the states were divided into different social classes. -there was: the royal family .the officials .the clergy .the subjects -the clergy were the religious leaders and they were made up of spirit mediums and n’angas. 26 -The Ndebele state had a different social life from the other three states. -It was made up of the Nguni (Khumalo people), people raided along the way and some of the people they raided when they got into Zimbabwe. -A person’s status in the Ndebele state was according to where the person came from. -Abehla were the raided Tswana, Pedi and others who joined willingly, the Zansi were the Khumalo who came with Mzilikazi from South Africa and the Hole were the Shona and the local tribes. Effects of first contact with Europeans -First group of Europeans to make contact with people in Zimbabwe were the Portuguese. -the Portuguese used the missionaries and their activities to trick the black people of Zimbabwe. -The Portuguese monarchy offered financial support to the church and its missions and in return the church was to help them with their grand dreams of controlling the indigenous people and their land. -The Portuguese tried to use missionaries in the Mutapa state to achieve their goals. -They manage to convert the King Mapunzagutu to Christianity. -The Portuguese managed to baptize about 300 people in Mutapa Kingdom. -In 1859 the London Missionary Society (LMS) was granted a station in Matabeleland by Mzilikazi. -This was because of the friendship between Mzilikazi and Robert Moffat. -Mzilikazi promised that the missionaries will be well protected and taken care of. -Lobengula his son also kept the promise. -The King Mzilikazi allowed missionaries to preach but never converted to Christianity. -Those who shows interest in the Religion were killed. -Lobengula also allowed the missionaries to settle but did not convert. -Lobengula allowed a mission station at Hope Fountain in 1870. 27 -In some of the missions the missionaries also taught the indigenous people skills in agriculture, carpentry, general hygiene, how to read and write. -the indigenous people were also taught mathematics. -all the mission were schools, clinics and preaching stations. -the European settlers also traded with the indigenous people. -The states, for example the Mutapa, increased as they needed ivory for trade. -the ivory was for external trade with Portuguese traders. -they would trade tusks for less valuable things like glass beads, cloth and porcelain. -Zimbabwe rich in minerals and livestock attracted many whites. -Lobengula King of the Ndebele, signed a lot of treaties that came with the white man. -The last treaty that led to the occupation of Zimbabwe was the Rudd Concession. -It was signed between Lobengula, Charles Rudd, Rotchford Maguire and Francis Robert Tompson. -These men were sent by Cecil John Rhodes. -This contract gave the white men mining rights among other things. -In return Lobengula would be given: 1. 100 pounds every month 2. 1000 guns 3. 10000 rounds of ammunition 4. a gunboat on the Zambezi River to protect him from his enemies. -in 1890 a group of white settlers called the pioneers settled in Mashonaland and started farming and mining. -On 12 September 1890 they hoisted their flag at Fort Salisbury now Harare. -Rhodes’s company was called the British South African Company (BSAC). -The company had about 200 men and the country was called Rhodesia after Rhodes. 28 Development of indigenous laws Rules and laws show the basic values within a society. -A rule is a guide or order to be followed. Laws are rules enforced by courts. -Iron Age people were governed by rules and laws. -Law breakers were made to pay fines in form of cattle, at time hard labour and corporal punishement.There were no policemen or policewomen like today but people still obeyed laws of the land. There were kings and chiefs who had their own courts where lawbreakers were tried. Traditional laws and courts King’s court (king presided) Chief’s court (chief presided) Headman’s court (headman presided) Village court (village head presided) Family (family elder presided) -Traditional courts were mainly meant to maintain social peace and harmony in the community. -the highest court was the King’s court which was attended by elderly men of the community, selected wise men, the king’s messengers, the disputing parties and their witnesses. -Nowadays there are local governments. -Communities live in large numbers like towns, cities and provinces. -Law breakers are taken to different courts like the Supreme Court and provincial courts. Local government -Local government refers mainly to urban councils or rural councils. 29 -The councillors are responsible for: 1. Making decisions 2. Distributing resources 3. Providing services at district and ward level. -Councils control many issues affecting the day to day lives of residents. -The councils get their authority from the Minister of Local Government, Rural and Urban Development. -Every by-law made by the councils should be approved by the ministry. -Urban councils are responsible for all the water functions for the city people. -They are also responsible for all dumping sites and waste in cities. -They are responsible for the control and prevention of the spread of any diseases in the cities -They also control the housing facilities, the recreational facilities, learning institutions, libraries among other things. -Rural councils provide land for resettlement -provide transport, health and educational facilities. -they also provide other services under their jurisdiction. -Rural councils are led by a Chief Executive Officer from the ministry. ASSESSEMENT 3 1. List the four pre-colonial states of Zimbabwe. ________________________________________ 2. Why were the four pre-colonial states called kingdoms? __________________________________________ 3. Write the four leaders of the four pre-colonial states. _____________________________________ 30 _________________________________________ ___________________________________________ _________________________________________________ 4. Tribute is _____________________________________________________ 5. Where did the Ndebele come from? _________________________________________________________ 6. What was the social structure of the Ndebele state? __________________________________________________________________ 7. Who were the first group of Europeans to make contact with the indigenous people of Zimbabwe? _____________________________________________________________________ 8. What was the role of the missionaries in Zimbabwe before colonisation? _____________________________________________________________________ 9. Which ruler killed people for converting to Christianity? _____________________________________________________________________ 10. Which King converted to Christianity? ________________________________________________________________________ 11. Who was the owner of the British South African Company? _________________________________________________________ 12. State two missions that were built in Zimbabwe before colonisation? _________________________________________________________________ 13. Who was given mining rights in Zimbabwe? ___________________________________________________________________ 14. What did the Mutapa use for trade with the Portuguese? _____________________________________________________________________ 15. List goods which the people in the Mutapa kingdom got from trading with the Portuguese? ___________________________________________________________ 31 16. -----was Lobengula’s father. __________________________________________________ 17. What are local governments? ____________________________________________________ 18. List four roles of the urban councils in the community. ______________________________________________________ 19. List three roles of rural councils. __________________________________________________________ 20. Which Ndebele king was cheated into signing the Rudd Concession? __________________________________________________________________ 21. What attracted white people to Zimbabwe? ____________________________________________ 22. Traditional courts include ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ______________________________________ 32 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 33 Human Body Digestion is the breaking down food to simple food substances that can be absorbed by the blood. Parts of the digestive system Mouth with teeth Stomach Duodenum Small intestines Large intestines Functions of the parts of the digestive system MouthDigestion of food begins in the mouth. Food is chewed in the mouth. There is a chemical called salivary amylase that can breakdown or digest cooked starch into simpler substance called maltose. Salivary amylase is an enzyme. Enzymes are chemicals that help in digesting food. As food is chewed it is mixed with saliva. Saliva softens and wets the food. The food is pushed by the tongue into the throat or food pipe known as the oesophagus Stomach food is digested into watery liquid by juices found in the stomach called gastric juices. The juices also help to kill the germs in the food. Gastric juices contain hydrochloric acid and some enzymes which kill bacteria in the stomach. The enzymes found in the stomach will help digest protein from foods such as milk and meat to simple substances called peptides. Duodenum from the stomach food enters the duodenum. In the duodenum food is mixed with pancreatic juice and bile. Pancreatic juice comes from the pancreas. Bile is a fluid that helps digestion. Small intestines 34 the final stage of digestion takes place in the small intestines. The liver, pancreas and gall bladder secrete juices into the small intestines. To secrete is to produce fluids for example saliva. Enzymes in the small intestines change all the proteins to amino acids. Starch and maltose are changed to glucose. The amino acids and glucose are absorbed into the blood vessels that are found inside the intestines. Blood carries the food to the rest of the body. Large intestines Undigested food left in the small intestines is passed to the large intestines. The large intestines absorbs water from the waste. The waste goes to the rectum from the large intestines and passed out of the body through the anus as faeces. ASSESSMENT 1 1. Name the parts of the digestive system ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ _________________________ ________________________. 2. Teeth help to ______________________________________________________ 3. The digestive juice found in the mouth is called ______________________________________________________ 4. The chemical that helps to digest food in the digestive system is called ____________________________________________________________ 5. After digestion amino acids and glucose are __________________________________________________________________ 6. Proteins are needed by the body for _______________________________________________________________________ 7. 35 Name two major sources of proteins. _______________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 8. Starch when digested in the mouth it becomes a simple substance called _________________________________________________________________________ 9. The digestive juice found in the stomach is called __________________________________________________________________________________ Nutrition Eating disorders Eating disorders are unhealthy eating habits that result in diseases, unwellness and even death. Obesity-caused by an eating disorder that results from eating too much food. Obesity is growing too fat due to eating too much food. Over eating can cause people to be overweight. Anorexia-starving oneself in order to look thin. Bulimia-over eating and then forcing oneself to vomit the food. Importance of proper eating habits -allows proper digestion of food -keeps your body healthy and fit -boosts your immunity to fight diseases -prevents one from diseases -gives you energy to work Deficiency diseases If your body lacks all the food nutrients required you will suffer deficiency diseases. Nutritional deficiency diseases -A nutritional deficiency disease is a disease that has been caused by a shortage of an important food nutrient in the body. 36 Deficiency diseases 1.Kwashiorkor Symtoms -slow growth -wasting away of muscles -swollen tummy -swollen legs and feet -rusty hair colour -depigmented skin Sources of nutrient -chicken -beans -eggs 2. Scurvy Nutrient lacking -Vitamin C Symptoms -swelling and bleeding gums -sores on lips Sources -vegetables not overcooked -citrus fruits -raw cabbage -fresh fruits -black currants -pepper 3. Rickets Vitamin D Symptoms -bended legs Source 37 -fish -milk - sunshine -margarine 4 .Night blindness Vitamin A Symptoms -dry eyes -blurred vision Sources -carrots, milk -avocado, paw-paw -spinach, eggs -maize, fish 5.Marasmus Severe lack of food Symptoms -severe loss of weight -loss of muscles -dry and brittle hair -chronic diarrhoea -respiratory infections -slow growth in children Source -balanced diet 6.Goitre Iodine Symptoms -swelling of the thyroid gland 38 -coughing -hoarseness in voice when speaking Sources -eating foods rich in iodine like: lemon -fish -milk -lettuce -cereals -eating iodised salt 7.Beri-beri Vitamin B1(also called thiamine) Symptoms -loss of appetite -weakness-swollen legs -mental confusion -tingling or loss of feeling in the feet and hands Sources of nutrient -whole wheat brown bread -oats -nuts ASSESSMENT 2 1. Which eating disorder is caused by over eating? __________________________________________________________________ 2. __________________ is an eating disorder caused by starving one’s self so as to lose weight. 3. Whenever Maggie gets excited she eats a lot of food. After that she forces herself to vomit the food. What type of eating disorder is she suffering from? _______________________________________________________________ 4. Nutritional deficiency is a condition whereby _____________________________________________________________________________ 5. A balanced diet is a diet which contains _____________________________________________________________________________________ 39 6. A child whose diet lacks proteins will suffer from a nutritional deficiency disease known as _____________________________________________________________________________________ 7. A major source of vitamin D is ____________________________________________________________________________ 8. A person whose diet lacks vitamin A will suffer from ___________________________________________________________________________________ 9. Iodised salt is salt which contains ___________________________________________________________ Diseases and prevention Harmful gut worms -Gut worms are parasites. -Parasites are organisms that depend on food that has been eaten by other organisms. -Gut worms live in the gut also known as intestines Examples of gut worms .tape worms .round worms .flukes Symptoms of gut worm infection People infected with gut worms become hungry soon after eating food They often suffer from diarrhoea They suffer from abdominal pains They often vomit Have severe weight loss Blood stained faeces Slow or stunted growth in children 40 Loss of appetite How gut worms enter the body Through eating contaminated uncooked food or under cooked food Drinking untreated water Eating unwashed raw fruits and vegetables Eating food with unwashed hands Ways of controlling gut worm infection Eating properly cooked food Always wash hands thoroughly in clean water before eating Wash fruits thoroughly in clean water before eating Avoid using bush toilets Repair burst sewage pipes Improve hygiene conditions Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) -STIs are diseases that can be spread from one person to another through sexual intercourse. -The most common STIs are Gonorrhoea and Syphilis How STIs spread -through unprotected sexual contact -Both Gonorrhoea and Syphilis are bacteria diseases Effects of STIs STIs Effects Gonorrhoea -irritation when passing urine -burning sensation when passing out urine -pus droplets come out through sexual organs - sores and wounds develop on sexual organs 41 Syphilis -painless sore develops on the sexual organs -rush on the skin -brain damage Preventive measures Abstain from sex before marriage Stick to one faithful partner after getting married Avoid having unprotected sexual intercourse Proper use of condoms Avoid many sexual partners Get treatment early HIV/AIDS -Caused by a virus called the Human Immuno deficiency Virus. -to find out whether one is infected by HIV one has to be tested -People having HIV virus are said to be HIV positive. Ways of getting HIV Having unprotected sex with an infected person Sharing razor blades, needles and syringes with an infected person. Getting in contact with the blood or other bodily fluids of someone infected Mothers can pass on the virus to their unborn child Mothers through breast feeding. Effects of HIV/AIDS HIV virus weakens the body’s ability to fight diseases Destroys the cells in the body that help to fight against diseases. Infected is easily attacked by diseases such as tuberculosis, cancer, pneumonia and other opportunistic diseases -Opportunistic diseases are diseases that find it easier to infect a person who is weak. Prevention of HIV Avoid sex before marriage 42 After getting married stick to one faithful partner Get tested for HIV before getting married Proper use of condoms Avoid sharing sharp objects -avoid getting in contact with other people’s blood Safety -Burns are injuries that can cause damage to the skin. -Burns can be caused by: . Fires from burning fuels . Chemicals .hot or boiling liquids Safety measures to be implemented to prevent burns -keep children out of the kitchen -turn pot handles towards the stove -have a fire extinguisher always -keep sand tins close -keep matches and lighters away from children -extinguish candles before going to bed -keep gas tanks out of children’s reach -have smoke detections First aid on burns DO: -put on gloves, remove shoes and all clothing from the injured person. -lie the injured person down comfortably -douse the burnt part with cold water to reduce pain -cover the injured part with a disinfectant dressing DO NOT: -apply ice to the burnt part -touch burnt parts unnecessarily -burst blisters 43 -apply lotions, fat or Vaseline ASSESSMENT 3 1. Gut worms are __________________________________________________ 2. Parasites can be described as organisms which ________________________________________________________ 3. Gut worms live in ____________________________________________________________ 4. Which gut worm lives in the intestines of people ____________________________________________________________________ 5. State any two symptoms of gut worms. ______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 6. List any 3 ways of preventing gut worms. ______________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 7. Sexually Transmitted Infections are diseases that can spread through ______________________________________________________________________ 8. Give two examples of sexually transmitted infections. _______________________________________________________________________ 9. Having protected sex means __________________________________________________ 10. Abstaining from sex means that you are ____________________________________________________________________________ 11. What are the signs that show you that you have been infected by the following sexually transmitted infections: 44 a)Syphilis b) Gonorrhoea 12. List 4 ways that can be used in order to control the spread of sexually transmitted infections. _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ 13. HIV/AIDS is caused by ___________________________________________ 14. The HIV virus can be spread through __________________________________________________ 15. The HIV virus can never be spread through ___________________________________________________ 16. An HIV positive person is one who ____________________________________________________________ 17. List three activities that can cause the spread of HIV virus. ____________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ 18. List two opportunistic diseases that can attack people who have HIV infection. _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ 19. What three things can you do to prevent getting infected by the HIV virus? ______________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 20. What is used to put out fires? _____________________________________________________________ 21. What two things are you supposed to do to someone who has burns? _______________________________________________________ 45 22. What are three don’ts to someone who has burns? _______________________________________ ___________________________________________ ________________________________________________ 25. List four types of burns. _______________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 46 Mathematics 47 1. Write the following numbers in words a] 12 000 b] 17 325 c] 6 005 2. Expand the following numbers a] 3 245 = 3000+200+40+5 b] 42 320 = c] 15 720 = d] 25 814 = 3. Write the following in descending and ascending order a] 4 999 4 900 4 899 4 009 b] 6 365 7 294 3 019 8 146 c] 51 242 50 000 6 000 70 000 4. Copy and complete using < /> / = a] 3 000 [ ] 31 000 b] 10 000 [ ] 1 000 + 1 c] 2 989 [ ] 2 899 48 d] 1250 d] 9 101 [ ] 9 000 + 100 + 1 e] 5 130 [ ] 5 009 + 3 000 +10 5. What is the value of the underlined digit a] 8 729 b] 75 883 c] 10 234 d] 47 384 e] 14 322 6. Round off to the nearest ten a. 1 244 b. 2 386 c. 1 577 d. 2 894 7. Round off to the nearest 100 a. 166 b. 299 c. 344 d. 572 49 8. Round off to the nearest 1 000 a. 7 253 b. 8 586 c. 6 084 d. 1 266 9. Round off to the nearest 10 000 a. 17 482 b. 26 009 c. 94 755 d. 66 981 10. //////////////////////////// ///////////////////////////// /////////////////////////// ///////////////////////////// i] What fraction is shaded? ii] What fraction is not shaded? iii] Reduce the shaded fraction to its lowest term 11. Compare 50 a. ½ [ ] ²/5 b. ⅔ [ ] ⅞ c. ³/5 [ ] ¾ d. ½ [ ] ⅝ e. ⅞ [ ] ²/10 f. ⅝ [ ] ⅔ 12. Simplify these fractions to their lowest terms a. 15/20 b. 13/26 c. 25/75 d. 75/100 e. 21/35 f. 6/10 13. Write the following improper fractions as mixed numbers a. 13/4 b. 54/4 c. 32/5 d. 27/4 e. 20/7 f. 19/5 51
