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ADAPTATION STRATEGIES OF PINEAPPLE FARMERS
TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN UPLAND, CAVITE
Angel C. Aveo
Trisha Nicole B. Diokno
Jenelyn R. Masangcay
Divine Heart M. Navarro
An undergraduate thesis proposal submitted to the faculty of the Department of
Economics, Management and Development Studies, Cavite State University, Indang,
Cavite in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science
in Economics, with Contribution No.__________________. Prepared under the
supervision of Prof. Reinalene Joy A. Casiano.
INTRODUCTION
Pineapples are grown in many tropical and subtropical countries worldwide, with the
Philippines being one of the top producers (Abainza, 2023). Moreover, pineapple is
propagated using slips, crowns, and suckers. According to the National Horticulture Board,
planting materials that are 5–6 months old produce flowers after 12 months of planting, except
for crowns, which produce blooms after 19–20 months. It is also possible to cultivate pineapple
plants using tissue culture.
The Philippines ranks second globally in total pineapple production as of 2019,
according to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The country
produced 2.74 million metric tons of pineapple, taking the next spot after Costa Rica, which
generated 3.33 million metric tons. According to the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), as
of the first quarter of 2021, the county has produced 662.50 thousand metric tons of
pineapples. The Philippines is known for producing different pineapple varieties, and the fruit
is often grown in large plantations. The country has played a significant role in the global
pineapple market, with both fresh and processed pineapple products being exported to various
parts of the world. Pineapple holds cultural, economic, and agricultural significance in the
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country, in addition to its many health advantages, pineapple is a great source of vitamins and
minerals. (Guieb, 2012).
Pineapple is produced dominantly in Cavite, sharing more than 80 percent of
production in the Region. Due to the increase in yield, the production has been increasing
year by year. Pineapple is a commercially important plant in the province, increasing income
in towns such as Silang, Indang, Alfonso, and Tagaytay City, which are big growers (CEP,
2021). Silang consistently led in pineapple production, contributing the majority to the total
output, followed by Tagaytay City and Alfonso. Mendez-Nunez and Indang also made notable
contributions, while the remaining percentage came from various other locations. (Office of
the Provincial Agriculturist, 2021).
The agriculture sector, particularly pineapple farming, is crucial for ensuring food
security and economic development. However, pineapple farming faces substantial
challenges such as altered rainfall patterns, temperature extremes, increased pest incidence,
extreme weather events, shifts in growing seasons, soil erosion, and water scarcity. Pineapple
farmers respond to climate change by adopting resilience-enhancing strategies aligned with
United Nations SDG 13, Climate Action, and SDG 15, Life on Land. Through sustainable
practices, agroforestry, and biodiversity preservation, they actively contribute to global efforts
to sustain and protect land ecosystems for future generations.
For the purpose of this study, the researchers will determine the adaptation strategies
of pineapple farmers to climate change in Upland, Cavite and its effects to the volume of
pineapple production.
Statement of the Problem
In general, the purpose of this study is to examine the adaptation strategies of
pineapple farmers to the volume of production in Upland, Cavite.
Specifically, this study sought to answer the following questions:
1. What is the socio-economic profile of pineapple farmers in terms of the following:
a.
age;
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2.
b.
sex;
c.
civil status;
d.
highest educational attainment;
e.
name of organization;
f.
number of family member working in pineapple farm;
g.
number of hired labor in pineapple farm;
h.
years of farming;
i.
tenure status;
j.
estimated annual income of the farmer; and
k.
other sources of income
What are the characteristics of pineapple farms in terms of the following:
a.
type of farming method;
b.
total size of farm and size of land planted with pineapple;
c.
variety of crown;
d.
farmgate price and market price of pineapple
e.
equipment and machinery; and
f.
estimated annual income of farm derived from pineapple farming
3. What are the strategies used by the farmers?
a.
planting date
b.
crop rotation
c.
intercropping
d.
mixed farming
e.
high density planting
f.
composting
g.
water impounding
h.
mulching
i.
fertilizer
j.
farming equipment
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4. What is the volume of pineapple production in Upland Cavite?
5. What are the effects of the adaptation strategy on pineapple production in Upland,
Cavite?
6. What is the policy for promoting food security by ensuring a stable and reliable supply
of pineapples for local consumption?
Objectives of the Study
The main purpose of this study is to analyze the adaptation strategies of pineapple
farmers to climate change in Upland, Cavite.
Specifically, this study aimed to:
1. To identify the socio-economic profile of pineapple farmers in terms of the following:
2.
a.
age;
b.
sex;
c.
civil status;
d.
highest educational attainment;
e.
name of organization;
f.
number of family member working in pineapple farm;
g.
number of hired labor in pineapple farm;
h.
years of farming;
i.
tenure status;
j.
estimated annual income of the farmer; and
k.
other sources of income
To determine the characteristics of pineapple farms in terms of the following:
a.
type of farming method;
b.
total size of farm and size of land planted with pineapple;
c.
variety of crown;
d.
farmgate price and market price of pineapple
e.
equipment and machinery; and
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f.
estimated annual income of farm derived from pineapple farming
3. To determine the strategies used by the farmers.
a.
planting date
b.
crop rotation
c.
intercropping
d.
mixed farming
e.
high density planting
f.
composting
g.
water impounding
h.
mulching
i.
fertilizer
j.
farming equipment
4. To determine the volume of pineapple production in Upland Cavite.
5. To identify the effects of adaptation strategies on pineapple production in Upland, Cavite.
6. To assess the policy for promoting food security by ensuring a stable and reliable supply
of pineapples for local consumption.
Significance of the Study
Generally, this study aims to provide valuable insights into the adaptation strategies of
pineapple farmers in Upland Cavite. Thus, the findings will benefit different entities such as
cavite state university, the department of agriculture, farmers, future researchers, and local
retail consumers which may be linked to this matter. The results of this study might have a
practical purpose that may help and great benefit to the following:
Cavite State University. When the farmers opt to invest in pineapple farming, the
school might use this study to improve their methods for climate change adaptation.
Additionally, the university can modify some of these tactics to apply them to other related
agricultural goods.
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Department of Agriculture. The study will offer important information on how
pineapple farmers in upland Cavite are adapting to climate change, helping in informed
decision-making and the formulation of policies for sustainable agricultural practices.
Farmers. This study will be able to use the information about how they can adapt their
farming ways according to the adaptation mechanisms seen among Cavite's upland pineapple
farmers, eventually promoting more durable and sustainable pineapple production techniques.
Future researchers. This study will provide them with a better understanding of the
adaptation strategies of pineapple farmers in Upland Cavite and will serve as a basis for further
research and analysis.
Local Retail Consumers. The study will provide valuable insights as it ensures a
consistent supply of high-quality pineapples, aligns with consumer preferences, and helps
keep farming sustainable in upland Cavite.
Time and Place of the Study
This study will be conducted in Upland, Cavite, specifically in Alfonso, Amadeo,
Indang, Mendez, Magallanes, Tagaytay, and Silang between October 2023 and May 2024.
Primary data will be gathered by producing survey questionnaires to farmer respondents in
Upland, Cavite.
Scope and Limitation of the Study
The main purpose of this study is to determine the adaptation strategies of pineapple
farmers to climate change in Upland Cavite. The participants of the study are the owners or
the ones who generally manage the pineapple farms in Upland, Cavite, namely: Alfonso,
Amadeo, Indang, Mendez, Magallanes, Tagaytay and Silang. According to the Municipal
Agriculturist Mr. Regino S. Reyes, pineapple farms in Maragondon have been excluded due
to unfavorable climate change and most of pineapple farmers convert to other crops and a
solar company purchase most of the pineapple land. These municipalities will be chosen
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because pineapples are commonly planted in these places that require even moisture for
proper fruit development, and the municipalities in Upland Cavite have the said temperature.
Definition of Terms
The following terms were given their operational meaning for a better understanding
of this study:
Adaptation Strategy. An adaptation strategy is a program, project, or approach that
has been developed to respond to anticipated climate change impacts in a specific area of
potential concern (Environmental Resilience Institute, 2022).
Climate change. This refers to a long-term shift in temperatures and weather patterns
(Turrentine, 2021).
Composting. It is the natural process of recycling organic matter, such as leaves and
food scraps, into a valuable fertilizer that can enrich soil and plants (Hu, 2020).
Crop Rotation. It is defined as the intentional planting of different types of crops in
different parts of the field and at different seasons sequentially (Rinkesh, 2024).
Crown. This refers to a short stem and leaves that bud from the apex of the fruit after
about 24 months of planting, typically producing the pineapple fruit and leaf (Okoli, 2021).
Farmer. It is a person engaged in agriculture, raising living organisms for food or raw
materials (Weldon 2019).
Farming Method. Practices and techniques employed in agriculture to improve yields
and productivity (Tarun, 2014).
Fertilizer. It is defined as the natural or artificial substance containing the chemical
elements that improve growth and productiveness of plants (Stewart, 2023).
High Density Planting. It means to increase the plantation of the same species of
plants per unit area without affecting the quality of fruits (kraft, 2020).
Intercropping. It is defined as the agronomic practice of growing two or more crops
on the same field at the same time (Cammarano, 2014).
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Irrigation. It is the process of artificially applying water to plants when rainfall is not
sufficient enough to maintain a reliable source of crops (Denomme, 2023).
Lease Holder. This refers to a person who is allowed to use a property according to
the terms of a lease (Somekh, 2022).
Mixed Farming. It is a type of farming which involves both the growing of crops and
the raising of livestock (Ballinger, 2017).
Mulching. It is the process of applying natural or artificial layer of plant residue or other
materials on the soil surface (Tiwari, 2020).
Owner Operator. This refers to a person who runs the farm, making day-to-day
management decisions. An owner-operator could be an owner, hired manager, cash tenant,
share tenant, and/or partner (USDA, 2023).
Pineapple. This refers to a large oval fruit that grows in hot countries. It is sweet, juicy,
and yellow inside, and it has a thick brownish skin (Morales, 2023).
Planting Date. It is defined as selecting the right time to plant is crucial for optimizing
environmental conditions in cotton cultivation (Abbas et al., 2019).
Production. This refers to the action of making or manufacturing from components or
raw materials or the process of being so manufactured (Tomasetti, 2023).
Technology. It is machinery and equipment developed from the application of
scientific knowledge (Lane, 2019).
Tenant. This refers to someone who occupies the property or land of another person,
by signing a rent or lease agreement (Aman, 2021).
Upland. This refers to the area of land that is high up, such as on a hill or mountain
(Wyclif, 1926).
Theoretical Framework
Production Theory. It describes how producers determine the amount of output to
generate in response to demand. Additionally, a company can generate one unit of output for
each unit of labor or capital that it utilizes. The resources used for manufacturing are referred
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to as inputs or components of production (Thunen, 1840). The formula to get the production
theory is shown below:
Q=K+L
Where:
Q = quantity of output
K = amount of capital
L = amount of labor used in production
Production theory in economics outlines the concepts that guide a business's decisionmaking regarding the quantity of each item it sells, manufactures, and uses as raw material,
including labor and fixed capital (Dorfman, n.d).
Cobb-Douglas Production Function. Paul Douglas and Charles Cobb developed the
theory which primarily used to describe the relationship between the quantity of output and
two factors of production, physical capital and labor. The capital, K, represents the monetary
value of physical assets necessary for production, such as buildings, machinery, and
equipment. The labor, L, represents the productive effort of the workforce, measured in
person-hours (Lewis, 2023). The formula to get the cobb-douglas production function is shown
below:
Q=Kβ,Lα,α+β=1
Where:
Q = output; and
K and L = capital and labor inputs
In addition, This theory acts as a framework, explaining how products are made and
resources are distributed. It helps assess how well adaptation measures work in dealing with
climate changes, particularly in variable weather conditions. Essentially, it aids in
understanding the effectiveness of strategies in adapting to changing weather. This research
is based on this theory; therefore, this is going to be explored, but in more detail. Additionally,
to determine the volume of pineapple production in Upland, Cavite
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Conceptual Framework
The conceptual framework that will be used in the study is the Regression Framework
model as shown in Figure 2. The Regression Framework model provided the general structure
and guide for the direction of the study. Substituting the variables of this study on the
Regression Framework model, the researchers came up with the following model.
The figure below will be used to visualize the adaptation strategies of pineapple farmers to
climate change in Upland Cavite. The pineapple production represents the dependent variable
while the independent variable are the pineapple inputs, namely: total farm size planted with
pineapple, family labor, hired labor, highest educational attainment and adaptation strategies,
namely: planting date, crop rotation, intercropping, mixed farming, high density planting,
composting, water impounding, mulching, fertilizer, irrigation, and farming equipment.
Figure 2. The conceptual framework on the adaptation strategies of pineapple farmers to
climate change in Upland, Cavite
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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This section shows reviews and articles on the adaptation strategies of pineapple
farmers to climate change. Facts and insights were obtained from research, dissertations, and
multiple search engines on the internet. These literatures were collated to provide further
insights.
Pineapple Industry
Pineapple is a tropical fruit that is seasonal and extremely perishable. It can be eaten
or served fresh, cooked, juiced, or preserved. The refreshing fruit flavor varies according to
harvest time, location, harvest season, harvesting method, acidity, and sugar balance.
Thailand, the Philippines, Brazil, and China are the top four pineapple-producing countries in
the world, accounting for almost half of the global production (Hossain, 2016).
In the Philippines, Pineapple farming plays a significant role in the agricultural industry.
The country is one of the top producers of pineapples globally, with an annual production
output reaching up to 2.5 million metric tons (Braganza, 2023).
According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). As of 2019,
the Philippines is the second-largest pineapple producer in the world. Pineapples are one of
the main crops and most important agricultural products in the Philippines. The pineapple
industry has experienced rapid growth, driven by the widespread utilization of pineapple in
food processing products and the efficient management of waste processing on a global scale.
As of the first quarter of 2021, the county produced 662.50 thousand metric tons of pineapples,
per the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA). More than 70,000 hectares of pineapple farms
can be found in the nation. In 2022, the volume of pineapples produced in the Philippines
amounted to approximately 2.91 million metric tons, reflecting an increase from the previous
year. This was equivalent to around 44.94 billion Philippine pesos in production value and
67.72 thousand hectares of land were utilized for pineapple farming. Over the previous ten
years, the amount of pineapple produced in the nation has been steadily rising (Stipp, 2023).
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Farming Method
Traditional. Traditional farming represents a primitive form of food production and
farming that heavily relies on indigenous knowledge, land utilization, traditional tools, natural
resources, organic fertilizers, and the cultural values of farmers. These farming methods
extensively employ human labor, capital, and equipment like winnowing machines, threshers,
and harvesters. Rooted in centuries-old wisdom and experience, traditional farming practices
persist today and encompass techniques such as agroforestry, intercropping, crop rotation,
cover cropping, traditional organic composting, integrated crop-animal farming, shifting
cultivation, and slash-and-burn farming. Despite the longevity of these practices and their
associated benefits, such as enhanced soil fertility, carbon sequestration, efficient resource
utilization, biodiversity conservation, sustainability, and environmental protection, certain
negative implications exist, particularly in practices like slash-and-burn activities within shifting
agriculture. Nevertheless, traditional farming is gaining global recognition as a viable source
of sustainable food production, especially in the face of environmental degradation and the
increasing demand for safe food production (Hamadani et al., 2021).
Organic. Organic farming is an environmentally sustainable agricultural system that
employs ecologically friendly pest controls and relies on biological fertilizers primarily derived
from animal and plant wastes, as well as nitrogen-fixing cover crops. It emerged as a response
to the environmental damage associated with the use of chemical pesticides and synthetic
fertilizers in conventional agriculture, showcasing several ecological advantages. In
comparison to conventional agriculture, organic farming employs fewer pesticides, mitigates
soil erosion, minimizes nitrate leaching into groundwater and surface water, and incorporates
the recycling of animal wastes within the farm. Despite these benefits, consumers often face
higher food costs, and organic farming generally yields lower crop production. Research
indicates that organic crop yields are approximately 25 percent lower on average than
conventionally grown crops, though variations exist based on crop types. The ongoing
challenge for the future of organic agriculture lies in maintaining its environmental advantages,
increasing yields, and reducing prices, all while addressing the challenges posed by climate
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change and a growing global population. (Adamchak, 2023), Organic farming is widely
considered to be a far more sustainable alternative when it comes to food production. The
lack of pesticides and wider variety of plants enhances biodiversity and results in better soil
quality and reduced pollution from fertilizer or pesticide run-off (Varanasi, 2019).
Hybrid. The Hawaiian Pineapple Research Institute (PRI) conducted a highly
successful pineapple breeding program, specifically targeting the creation of alternative
varieties to Smooth Cayenne for both fresh consumption and processing purposes. The
pineapple variety (PRI hybrid 73–114), resulting from hybrid breeding with Smooth Cayenne
as one of its parents, holds significant importance as one of the foremost fresh pineapple
varieties globally. It exhibits a yield comparable to that of Smooth Cayenne and maintains a
favorable sugar profile, effectively balancing acidity during winter months (Li et al, 2023). 'Md2'
is a hybrid developed by the Hawaiian Pineapple Research Institute. It gives a medium to
large (1.3-2.5 kg) cylindrical, square-shouldered fruit, with large flat eyes, and an intense
orange-yellow colour. The clear yellow pulp is sweet, compact, and fibrous. It is high in sugar
(15-17°Brix) and ascorbic acid but lower in total acid than 'Smooth Cayenne'. 'MD2' is resistant
to internal browning, but susceptible to fruitlet core rot, and more sensitive to Phytophthora
than 'Smooth Cayenne'.
Conventional. Conventional farming methods, which use synthetic fertilizers,
pesticides, and other inputs, can often produce higher yields than organic farming methods.
This is because these inputs are designed to enhance plant growth and control pests and
diseases, leading to greater crop productivity. Conventional farming is frequently more costeffective than organic farming due to its dependence on synthetic inputs, which are more
economical to manufacture and utilize compared to organic inputs like compost and cover
crops (Nichepon, 2023). Conventional farming proves to be more land-efficient as it enables
farmers to yield a higher Two alternative cultivars of pineapple produced by two different
farming practices, namely, conventional and integrated practices, were compared and
considered in the sustainable farm planning model. However, integrated farming generally
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yields superior quality fruits compared to conventional farming, resulting in a 15% higher
selling price (Phrommarat et al., 2021).
Farming Strategies
Composting. Composting is the biological degradation of organic materials by
microbes under-regulated, aerobic conditions to produce compost, which is a relatively stable
humus-like material. Composting can be done in a variety of ways, with various materials,
methods, equipment, and scales of operation. Compostable materials or feed stocks used in
agricultural operations include livestock manures and bedding, as well as different residual
plant materials (straw, culls, on-farm processing wastes, and so on). Traditionally, some
farmers let manure pile up and decay until they were ready to use it. This has been referred
to as composting by some. Composting is a science that is much more than just aged waste.
The breakdown takes place in a well-managed process to achieve particular good
consequences - a useful product - with the least amount of negative environmental impact
(Martin, 2019).
Crop Rotation. Crop rotation played a crucial role in traditional agriculture prior to the
widespread adoption of intensive chemical practices. It served as a method to prevent soil
erosion, control weeds, and occasionally combat pests and diseases. Although less commonly
practiced today, the ecological and agronomic benefits of crop rotation remain undeniable.
Positive outcomes include enhanced soil fertility, reduced pests and diseases, and increased
yields. However, implementing crop rotation requires considerable knowledge and attention
to detail at each stage. Different plant species interact uniquely with soil nutrients, influencing
nutrient cycling and balancing levels in a well-planned rotation strategy. This approach also
impacts the recycling of plant residues, bio pore formation, and the development of beneficial
microbes, ultimately reducing soil compaction and promoting optimal conditions for seed
germination, root growth, and water permeation. Crop rotation contributes to water use
efficiency by boosting organic matter, improving soil structure, and enhancing water-holding
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capacity. Additionally, it helps retain moisture in deeper soil layers, aiding plants during
droughts and allowing farmers to reduce irrigation water usage (Cherlinka, 2023).
Farming Equipment. Farming Equipment also known as agricultural tech, is an
essential tool for improving agricultural production. It helps farmers to grow more crops in less
time and with greater efficiency. It can include anything from tractors and harvesters to animal
feed mixers or field-wide weed removers. Aside from traditional tools like rakes and shovels,
modern farm machines have multiple functions that make harvesting fields easier. They range
from automated sorting and conveyor systems to self-driving vehicles that monitor and
optimize plant processes. Furthermore, some cutting-edge models feature advanced sensing
technology that lets farmers detect crop ripeness and soil fertility levels much more accurately
than through manual inspection.
Ultimately, these technological advancements have given farmers worldwide the power
to cultivate their land more effectively and efficiently than ever before. Using suitable
agricultural machines can make even a tiny plot of land manageable with unprecedented
success (Paredes, 2023).
Fertilizer. A fertilizer is a material that is added to soil to provide nutrients. Plants
benefit from the nutrients. Fertilizer is classified into three types: primary nutrients, secondary
nutrients, and metals. Primary nutrients include nitrogen, phosphorus, and kalium; secondary
nutrients include sulfur, magnesium, calcium, and natrium; and metals include boron, copper,
cuprum, ferum, manganese, and zinc. Metals are necessary for plant growth, though in
modest amounts compared to main and secondary nutrients. Organic fertilizers are natural
resources derived from plants or animals, such as livestock manure, green manures,
agricultural leftovers, domestic trash, compost, and woodland litter (Husain, 2014).
High-Density Planting. HDP is one of the important methods to achieve high
productivity per unit area both in short-duration and perennial horticultural crops. High-Density
Planting (HDP) is a very intensive form of fruit production that has high relevance to the food
and nutritional security of our ever-increasing population. High-density planting technique is a
modern method of fruit cultivation involving fruit trees densely, allowing small or dwarf trees
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with modified canopies for better light interception and distribution and ease of mechanized
field operation. HDP gives higher yield as well as return/ unit area (Ahmed et al., 2022).
High-density planting entails increasing the plantation of the same species of plants per
unit area while maintaining fruit quality. It boosts productivity and return per unit area; it is
environmentally benign; it makes efficient use of land and resources such as light, water, and
fertilizers; and it makes pesticide application more efficient.
The primary goal of high-density planting is to achieve critical production requirements
by balancing vegetative and productive development without compromising fruit quality. The
main premise is to maximize the use of vertical and horizontal space per unit of time, as well
as the return on inputs and natural resources per unit (Kraft, 2020).
Intercropping. Intercropping is a farming method where two or more crop types grow
together for a certain period. It's crucial in less advanced agricultural systems with limited
resources. Intercropping can enhance yields without needing more inputs or make yields more
consistent while using fewer resources. Intercropping is implemented globally in diverse
environmental conditions, soil types, and crop combinations. Diversifying farming systems
through intercropping can provide significant ecological and economic benefits and thus
enhance the sustainability and resiliency of agriculture. This method is prevalent in places with
subsistence farming and minimal machinery, especially where farmers work with small plots
of land (Brooker et al, 2014).
Mixed Farming. A mixed farming system is one way of handling such problems
because it provides better income returns to farm owners as well as higher productivity.
offering improved income returns and heightened productivity for farm owners. Unlike farmers
engaged in monoculture, those practicing diverse farming activities face fewer threats,
especially under specific market and environmental conditions. Mixed farming is characterized
by integrating two or more independent agricultural activities within the same farm. It
encompasses a system where farmers engage in various agricultural practices concurrently,
such as cultivating cash crops and raising livestock. The goal is to augment income through
diverse sources and efficiently manage land and labor demands throughout the year. This
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approach proves beneficial in reducing production costs per unit area, amplifying income and
productivity, and mitigating risks for farmers. Mixed farming has a very significant role to play
in the sustainability of farming in the future (Ray et al, 2020).
Mulching. Mulching is defined as the application of various covering materials to the
soil's surface to reduce moisture loss, weed population, and crop productivity (Nalayini, 2007;
Kader et al. 2019). Mulches have the potential to reduce water runoff, improve soil infiltration
capacity, constrain weed development through shading, and act as an evapotranspiration
barrier (Rathore et al., 1998). Mulching has several important environmental benefits,
including temperature regulation of soil and plant roots, reduced nutrient losses, reduced soil
erosion and compactness, and enhanced physical soil conditions (Ngouajio and McGiffen,
2004; Lamont, 2005). Mulching is an important practice in pineapple production. Film mulching
can modify the microclimate, reduce water evaporation from soil and maintain the soil
humidity. It can also efficiently inhibit the growth of weeds, promote the plants growth and
increase the yield and quality of crops. Film mulching could also increase some physiological
properties, such as contents of chlorophyll, soluble sugar, and protein of pineapple leaves and
roots.
Water Impounding. A small water impounding system is an earth fill constructed over
a narrow depression or valley to catch and store rainfall and runoff for immediate and many
uses. It has a service area of 25 ha to 150 ha and a height of 5 m to a maximum of 15 m (PNS,
2017). Hydroelectric facilities are classified into numerous types. An impoundment facility is
the most prevalent type. These large-scale projects employ dams to store river water in
reservoirs. The reservoir's discharged water runs through a turbine, turning it and powering a
generator, which produces electricity. A run-of-river facility directs a section of a river through
a canal or penstock without the need of a dam. During periods when the cost of generating
electricity is low, a pumped storage plant stores energy by pumping water from a lower
reservoir to an upper reservoir. During times of heavy demand, the water is returned to the
lower reservoir to generate energy (McCarthy, 2010).
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Planting Date. Selecting the right time to plant is crucial for optimizing environmental
conditions in cotton cultivation. The ideal planting period for cotton depends on factors like soil
temperature, water availability, the presence of diseases, pests, and weeds, as well as the
timing of crop rotations. Determining the planting date involves considering attacks from
weeds, diseases, and pests, as well as monitoring soil and environmental temperatures
throughout various growth stages. Choosing the appropriate planting date is a key factor in
improving resource efficiency. Furthermore, selecting the right planting date in a specific
ecological context allows for the accumulation of the necessary thermal time required for the
proper growth and development of agronomic crops (Abbas et al, 2019).
The Effects of Adaptation Strategy on Volume of Production
For farmers, adaptation involves using appropriate technological advancements to
increase agricultural and livestock productivity amid climate change. The risk of agricultural
failure and reduced productivity of crops and livestock can be reduced with adaptation and
improved resilience of plants, animals, and agricultural systems to climate change's
consequences (Sen et al, 2015).
Learning about threats, assessing possible responses, determining adaptation
measures, assembling resources, implementing adaptation measures, and modifying
alternatives to correspond with particular situations are all part of the adaptation process.
Many studies have found farmers often used some common adaptation measures to respond
to climate change, including the use of crop switching, improved crop varieties, mixed
cropping, crop rotation, changing planting dates, changing production techniques, applying
soil conservation techniques, using irrigation, and income source diversification (FosuMensah et al, 2012; Hoa et al, 2013).
To boost farmer awareness, adaption methods should be planned and implemented
with asset formation and access to climate information in mind. This improves adaptability,
and thus crop productivity (Woldie, 2019). Reduction in pineapple farm size, which ranked as
the topmost climate adaption measure equally contributes to this future threat to the industry.
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Varying area cultivated as an adaptation strategy concurs with other studies (Gbetibouo, 2009;
Molua and Lambi, 2006). A very recent study by Williams et al. (2017) confirms that climate
variability impacts pineapple production and has consequences for both fruit quality and
quantity produced. Adapting to climate projections therefore will require a new paradigm, as
the adaptation actions taken so far by farmers are likely not to sustain and improve the
pineapple production industry. Adapting to impacts from projected climatic changes may even
require structural changes such as irrigation facilities, which would demand government
intervention.
Policies on Pineapple Farming
The focus on the local fruit industry has been heightened to address the increasing
demand for fruits. The policy underscores the exploration of market potential for exotic or
uncommon fruits, particularly to meet export requirements. Anticipated growth indicates a rise
in local fruit demands from 2.7 million tons in 2010 to 3.4 million tons in 2020, with an annual
growth rate of 2.3%. Additionally, fruit production is expected to surge from 1.8 million tons to
2.6 million tons by 2020, boasting a 3.8% annual growth rate. Fruit exports are projected to
escalate from 830,000 tons in 2010 to 1.04 million tons in 2020. This policy has been
formulated to devise strategies aimed at fortifying the fruit industry, particularly concerning
export-oriented fruits. The National Agro-Food Policy (2011-2020) specifically targets the
expansion of commercial fruit production areas, such as pineapples, by introducing a new
area of 7,120 hectares by 2020. Moreover, the policy strives to enhance the marketing network
for fruits by establishing the National Fruit Council. This council will coordinate the production
of fruit clusters, as well as oversee marketing and promotional activities in both domestic and
export markets. Besides that, three fruit production strategies on export markets are
developed as follows (MOA, 2016): intensifying the development of fruit varieties and clones
meeting global market demands, capitalizing on seasonal differences in export market
production, and ensuring the quality of exported fresh fruits through minimal processing
technology, freezing, and modified environment packaging (Halim, 2020).
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Synthesis
The global significance of the pineapple industry, characterized by cultivating a tropical
fruit with a short shelf life, is evident. Thailand, the Philippines, Brazil, and China together
account for nearly half of the world's pineapple production. The Philippines stands out as a
major global producer, contributing approximately 2.5 million metric tons annually. The United
Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) recognizes the Philippines as the secondlargest pineapple producer worldwide, underscoring the fruit's vital role in the country's
agriculture. The industry has experienced substantial growth, fueled by its widespread use in
food processing and effective waste management. Pineapple farming employs various
methods, including traditional, organic, hybrid, and conventional approaches. Traditional
farming relies on local knowledge and natural resources, while organic farming emphasizes
environmentally sustainable practices with fewer synthetic inputs. Hybrid breeding programs
in countries like the Philippines and Brazil have resulted in resilient and high-yielding pineapple
varieties. Conventional farming, using synthetic inputs, often achieves higher productivity but
may have environmental downsides. Diverse farming strategies, such as crop rotation,
intercropping, mixed farming, high-density planting, composting, mulching, and the use of
fertilizers, contribute to sustainable pineapple cultivation. These approaches aim to improve
soil fertility, reduce pests and diseases, and optimize resource utilization. Additionally,
irrigation, modern farming equipment, and water impounding systems are crucial for
enhancing productivity and adapting to changing environmental conditions. Policies related to
pineapple farming focus on meeting growing fruit demand, exploring market potential, and
strengthening the industry, particularly for export-oriented fruits. The National Argo-Food
Policy aims to expand commercial fruit production areas, including pineapples, and enhance
marketing networks through the establishment of the National Fruit Council.
In the context of climate change, farmers are adapting various adaptation measures,
including technological advancements, to boost agricultural productivity and mitigate the risks
of crop and livestock failure. However, challenges related to limited technology experience
and management skills can impede the effective integration of technology in farming practices.
21
Despite these challenges, the pineapple industry continues to evolve, driven by advancements
in farming methods, strategies, and policies, contributing to sustainable and resilient
agricultural practices.
22
METHODOLOGY
This section of the study presents the research design, participants of the study,
sources of data, sampling technique, data to be gathered, statistical treatment used in the
study, and the research instrument in gathering the data.
Research Design
The study will employ quantitative research methods to gather all the data and
information from the participants. Utilizing quantitative methods, a researcher can guarantee
timely data collection and obtain precise data from the farmers. Further, a descriptive research
design will be used in this study; it aims to gather data methodically to characterize a condition,
population, or phenomenon (Manuel and Medel, 1998). This study aims to determine the
adaptation strategies of pineapple farmers to climate change in Upland, Cavite.
Participants of the Study
The subjects of the study are either the owner or a person who supervises the
pineapple farms in Upland Cavite, mainly in Alfonso, Amadeo, Indang, Mendez, Magallanes,
Tagaytay, and Silang.
Sources of Data
Primary data will be used in this study. The primary sources of data will be gathered
through survey questionnaires given to the farmers in Upland Cavite, namely: Alfonso,
Amadeo, Indang, Mendez, Magallanes, Tagaytay, and Silang.
Data to be Gathered
The researchers will gather primary data to accomplish the study. Primary data will be
the socio-economic profile of the respondents, namely: age, sex, civil status, highest
educational attainment, name of organization, number of family member working in pineapple
23
farm, years of farming, tenure status, estimated annual income of the farmer, and other 24
sources of income. Also, part of the primary data is the characteristics of their farms, namely:
type of farming method, farm size, variety of crown, sizes of pineapple, farm gate price and
market price of pineapple, number of workers in the farm, equipment and machinery, and
estimated annual income of farm derived from pineapple farming.
To get the primary data needed for the study, the researchers will produce survey
questionnaires for farmer's respondents. The informant should be the owner or the person
who has the position of managing the farm. Then, based on the answers that will be collected,
the researchers will conclude the socio-economic characteristics, strategies, and technologies
used, as well as the problems encountered by the pineapple farmers. Additionally, the
researchers will retrieve and summarize the information from the website, journals, articles,
and previous research or thesis.
Hypothesis of the study
Ho1: The adaptation strategies of climate change have no significant effect on the
farmers such as hired labor, family labor, and highest educational attainment; and farms to its
size in pineapple production in Upland, Cavite.
Ho2: The adaptation strategies of climate change have no significant effect on the
pineapple efficiency in Upland, Cavite.
Sampling Technique
The researchers will use stratified proportional sampling technique to equally select
the number of participants per municipality in Upland, Cavite. The first formula utilized
calculates the proportion of the population in each municipality. The second formula is
designed to ascertain the number of participants within each municipality.
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Formula:
Percentage sample size of the strata =
𝑛
𝑥100%
𝑁
𝑛
Sample size of the strata = 𝑁 𝑥%
Where:
n = population
N = total population
Upland, Cavite
Number of Pineapple
Farmers
Percentage
Sample Size
(%)
Alfonso
141
8
11
Amadeo
114
7
8
Indang
57
3
2
Magallanes
23
1
1
Mendez
174
10
17
Silang
722
42
303
Tagaytay
482
28
135
TOTAL:
1, 713
99
477
Statistical Treatment of Data
Quantitative analysis will be used to interpret the data collected through numeric
variables and statistics. The statistical tools that will be used are frequency, percentage, mean,
and cross–sectional regression.
25
Moreover, ranking, distribution tables, charts, and graphs will be used to present the
socio – economic of pineapple farmers and the characteristics of the farms.
Frequency
The number of farms that fall into a particular category or the frequency at which a
particular characteristic occurs is determined by the tally or frequency count. The absolute or
actual number is used to explain this computation.
Percentage
This will be used to determine the percentage of the data gathered.
p=xn100%
Where:
p
=
percentage
x
=
total number of answers in each category
n
=
total number of respondents
Mean
This will be used to measure the respondents’ average response in terms of sociodemographic profile and adaptation strategies.
x=xn
Where:
x
=
mean
x
=
represents the value of each term.
26
n
=
total number of respondents
Cross-sectional Regression
In this study, cross-sectional regression will be used to see how different adaptation
strategies relate to pineapple production in various places at a specific point in time. It helps
to understand the effect of the different strategies on production across different locations in
Upland, Cavite.
Diagnostic Test
The researcher will use the Variance Inflation Factor (VIF), Autocorrelation (DurbinWatson), Normal Distribution (Jarque-bera), and the Heteroskedasticity (ARCH) will be utilized
to test the variables.
Test for Multicollinearity
The presence of substantial intercorrelations between two or more independent
variables in a multiple regression model is referred to as multicollinearity. When a researcher
or analyst attempts to identify how well each independent variable can be used most
effectively to predict or comprehend the dependent variable in a statistical model,
multicollinearity can lead to unbalanced or misleading conclusions
Variance Inflation Factor (VIF)
In this research, the Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) can be employed to assess or
measure multicollinearity among predictor variables included in regression models. The VIF
for a particular predictor variable measure how much the variance of the estimated regression
coefficient is inflated due to multicollinearity with other predictor variables.
27
Test of Independence
Autocorrelation (Durbin-Watson)
A value between 0 and 4 will always be assumed by the Durban-Watson statistic.
When DW = 2, it is obvious that there is no autocorrelation. Positive autocorrelation is indicated
by a number less than 2, and negative serial correlation by a value greater than 2. The formula
will be:
D.W = ∑ (𝑒𝑡− 𝑒𝑡−1 )2
∑ 𝑒2𝑡
Test of Normality of Residuals
Normal Distribution (Jarque-bera)
The Lagrange multiplier test is a particular kind of normalcy test. Many statistical tests,
such the t test and the F test, make normality one of its presumptions. The Jarque-Bera test
is typically conducted before to one of these tests to ensure normality. Due to the unreliability
of other normality tests when n is big, it is typically used for huge data sets.
JB = n [(√b1)2 / 6 + (b2 – 3)2 / 24]
Where:
n
=
sample size
√b1
=
sample skewness coefficient,
b2
=
kurtosis coefficient
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Test of Homoscedasticity
Breusch-Pagan
The Breusch-Pagan test is used to assess homoscedasticity. The Breusch-Pagan test
regresses the residuals on the fitted values or predictors and checks whether they can explain
any of the residual variance. A small p-value, then, indicates that residual variance is nonconstant (heteroscedastic).
Econometric Model
The researchers will be utilizing two models to test the hypothesis. The first model will
measure the pineapple production in Upland, Cavite, while the second model will measure the
efficiency.
The model will use pineapple production as the dependent variable, while the
independent variables are planting date, crop rotation, intercropping, mixed farming, high
density planting, composting, water impounding, mulching, fertilizer, and farming equipment.
Therefore, the researchers will utilize the second model to measure pineapple production in
Upland, Cavite
Pineapple Production = β0 + β1 Total Farm Size + β2 Family Labor + β3 Hired Labor + β4
Highest Educational Attainment
Efficiency = β0 + β1 Planting Date + β2 Crop Rotation + β3 Intercropping + β4 Mixed Farming
+ β5 High Density Planting + β6 Composting + β7 Water Impounding + β8 Mulching + β9
Fertilizer + β10 Farming Equipment