BMED 105:
INTRODUCTION TO
HUMAN ANATOMY
& PHYSIOLOGY
by: Hazel B. Ancajas, LPT
FOCUS
1
Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
2
Cell & Tissue
3
Levels of Structural Organization
4
Language of Anatomy
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ANATOMY
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The word “anatomy” comes from a Greek
root that means “to cut apart.”
Human anatomy was first studied by
observing the exterior of the body and
observing the wounds of soldiers and other
injuries.
Later, physicians were allowed to dissect
bodies of the dead to augment their
knowledge.
Laparoscopy is a
type of surgical
procedure that allows
a surgeon to access
the inside of the
abdomen (tummy)
and pelvis without
having to make large
incisions in the skin.
KEYHOLE SURGERY
Definition:
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Human anatomy
is the scientific
study of the
body’s structures.
Definition: Human physiology is the
scientific study of the
chemistry and physics of the
structures of the body and
the ways in which they work
together to support the
functions of life.
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Much of the
study of
physiology
centers on the
body’s tendency
toward
homeostasis.
HOMEOSTASIS
the state of steady internal, physical,
and chemical conditions maintained
by living systems.
This is the condition of optimal
functioning for the organism and
includes many variables, such as body
temperature and fluid balance,
pH of extracellular fluid, the
concentrations of sodium,
potassium and calcium ions, as well as
that of the blood sugar level, and
these need to be regulated despite
changes in the environment, diet, or
level of activity. Each of these
variables is controlled by one or more
regulators or homeostatic
mechanisms, which together maintain
life.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
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• Organization
• The condition in which the parts of an organism
have specific relationships to each other and the
parts interact to perform specific functions
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
• Organization
• Metabolism
• The ability to use energy to perform vital functions,
such as growth, movement, and reproduction
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0
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
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• Organization
• Metabolism
• Responsiveness
• The ability of an organism to sense changes in the
environment and make adjustments that help
maintain its life
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
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•
•
•
•
Organization
Metabolism
Responsiveness
Growth
• results in an increase in size of all or part of the
organism
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
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•
•
•
•
•
Organization
Metabolism
Responsiveness
Growth
Development
• Includes the changes an organism undergoes
through time; it begins with fertilization and ends at
death
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
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•
•
•
•
•
•
Organization
Metabolism
Responsiveness
Growth
Development
Reproduction
• Formation of new cells or new organisms
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STRUCTURAL
AND
FUNCTIONAL
ORGANIZATION
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
Chemical
• Involves interactions among atoms and their
combinations into molecules
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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
Chemical
Cell
• Basic living units of all plants and
animals
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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
Chemical
Cell
Tissue
• Group of similar cells and the materials
surrounding them
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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
Chemical
Cell
Tissue
Organ
• Composed of two or more
tissue types that together perform
one or more common functions
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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
Chemical
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
• Any living thing considered as a whole
• The human organism is a complex of
organ systems that are mutually
dependent on one another
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ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE BODY
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INTEGUMENTARY
SYSTEM
 Provides protection
 Regulates body
temperature
 Synthesizes vitamin D
 Prevents water loss
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SKELETAL SYSTEM
 Provides support and
protection
 Stores calcium and
phosphorus
 Allows for body
movement
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MUSCULAR
SYSTEM
 Produces body movement
NERVOUS SYSTEM
 A regulatory system that
controls body movement
 Responds to sensory stimuli
 Helps control all other systems
of the body
 Also responsible for
consciousness, intelligence,
memory
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CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
 Consists of a pump (the heart) that
moves blood through blood vessels
in order to distribute hormones,
nutrients, gases, and pick up waste
products
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LYMPHATIC
SYSTEM
 Transports and filters
lymph (interstitial fluid)
 Initiates an immune
response when necessary
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RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
 Responsible for exchange of
gases (oxygen and carbon
dioxide) between blood and
the air in the lungs
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DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM
 Mechanically and chemically
digests food materials
 Absorbs nutrients
 Expels waste products
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URINARY SYSTEM
 Filters the blood and
removes waste products
from the blood
 Concentrates waste
products in the form of
urine, and expels urine from
the body
MALE
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
 Produces male sex cells
(sperm) and male
hormones (e.g.,
testosterone)
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FEMALE
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
 Produces female sex cells
(oocytes) and female hormones
(e.g., estrogen and progesterone)
 Receives sperm from male
 Site of fertilization of oocyte
 Site of growth and development of
embryo and fetus
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Andreas
Vesalius
1514-1564
 ‘father of medical knowledge’.
 pioneer of Human Anatomy
 applied a methodical scientific
approach to the study of
anatomy
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LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY
has universal terms to ensure precision, consistency and accuracy of description
ANATOMICAL POSITION
i. the human body is erect,
ii. neck neutral (bent neither forwards nor backwards)
iii. the feet are slightly apart
iv. head and toes pointed forward
v. arms hanging at the side
vi. palms facing forward
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Axial: Relating to head, neck,
and trunk, the axis of the body
Appendicular: Relating to
limbs and their attachments to
the axis
ANTERIOR & POSTERIOR
ANTERIOR
VENTRAL
POSTERIOR
DORSAL
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INFERIOR & SUPERIOR
INFERIOR
“away from the head”
or lower/under”
CAUDAL
SUPERIOR
“toward the head end of
the body” or higher/above
CRANIAL
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SUPERFICIAL & DEEP
SUPERFICIAL
DEEP
(external) means
nearest to the
surface of the
body
(internal) means
the opposite: away
from the outside of
the body.
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DISTAL & PROXIMAL
DISTAL means “away
from” or “farthest
from” the attachment
point of the structure,
such as hip for legs or
shoulders for arms.
PROXIMAL “closest
to” or “nearest” the
point of origin of a
structure, such as
your limb in relation
to your trunk.
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MEDIAL, LATERAL & INTERMEDIATE
Your knee is intermediate
between your ankles and
hip. Your sternum is
medial to your humerus
and your deltoid (shoulder
muscle) is lateral to your
pectoral (chest) muscles.
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BODY PLANES AND SECTIONS
Sagittal (median)
Oblique (angular)
Frontal (coronal)
Transverse (horizontal)
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BODY PLANES AND SECTIONS
Sagittal Plane
Frontal (Coronal)
Plane
2 VERTICAL PLANES
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BODY PLANES AND SECTIONS
Transverse (Horizontal) Plane
1 VERTICAL PLANE
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BODY PLANES AND SECTIONS
These plane runs diagonally
between the horizontal and
the vertical planes.
OBLIQUE PLANE
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BODY PLANES AND SECTIONS
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BODY PARTS AND REGIONS
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PLANES OF SECTION THROUGH AN ORGAN
Longitudinal Section:
Cut along the length of an organ
Transverse/Cross Section:
Cut at right angle to length of
the organ
Oblique Section:
Cut at any but a right angle
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BODY CAVITIES
A body cavity is a
fluid-filled space inside
the body that holds and
protects internal organs.
Human body cavities are
separated by membranes
and other structures.
The two largest human
body cavities are
the ventral cavity and
the dorsal cavity
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BODY CAVITIES AND REGIONS
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BODY CAVITIES AND REGIONS
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BODY CAVITIES AND REGIONS
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ANATOMICAL MOVEMENTS
The common types of movements:
Angular Movement
Circular Movements
Special movements
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Without challenges, the human body will soften. We thrive when
we push our boundaries, reach goals, and blast personal records.
We perform better, we look better, and we feel alive.
-Dan John