ART APP FINALS MEDIEVAL PERIOD - Also known as the Dark Ages: 5th century to the 15th century - Saw massive social and economic change coupled with developments in agriculture and medicine. - Childbirth, famine, and bad weather threatened the survival of ordinary people. - Ognissanti Madonna – Giotto Petrarch - He argued that the dark age was a period a period of intellectual darkness due to loss of classical learning - Period in which Christianity flourished in Europe - Art in this period saw many developments - Adoration of the Magi Illuminated Manuscripts - Religious texts embellished with rich colors which often featured the use of gold and silver - The Book of Kells (Latin: Codex Cenannensis) is an illuminated manuscript Gospel book in Latin, containing the four Gospels of the New Testament together with various prefatory texts and tables. Metal Work - Adornment made of either metal or bronze used to create religious artifacts. - Sainte Foy Paintings - Iconography, fresco, and panel painting - Ascension – Dosso Dossi Fresco - Executed in plaster on walls or ceilings - Saint Lucy Giving Alms Panel Painting - Painting on a panel made of a single or several pieces of wood joined together. - Madonna and Child Embroidery - Decorative fabric created through needle thread or yarn - Opus Anglicanum Ceramics - Hand-shaped wheel-turned to produce cooking pots and jars. Jugs, and pitchers. Mosaic - Images with small pieces if colored glass, stone or other material. Tessera - Individual tile in a mosaic Sculptures - Stiff and elongated style of statues used in Romanesque art - Pieta – Michelangelo Heraldry - Practice of designing and recording coats of arms and badges. Artists from the Medieval Period: - Donatello - Filippo Brunelleschi – Italian designer and a key figure in architecture - Giotto - Fra Angelico - Leon Battista Alberti - Lorenzo Ghiberti - Cimabue – Italian painter and designer of mosaics from Florence. - Hildegard of Bingen RENAISSANCE PERIOD - Means rebirth or awakening - Began in Italy in the late 14th century - Renewed interest in ancient Greece and Rome, philosophy, literature and arts - Vitruvian Man – Leonardo da Vinci - Development of new technologies like the printing press - New system of astronomy - Discovery and exploration of new continents - Mona Lisa – Leonardo da Vinci Early Renaissance (1401-1490s) - Artists believed that art should be developing and moving - Emphasis on color, space, and light elements - focused on the human body and people doing mundane activities - realism dominated the art expression - The Holy Trinity – Masaccio High Renaissance (1490s-1527) - Painting is the most dominant form - Focused on human anatomy putting emphasis on beauty and aesthetics - Humanism prevailed in the art works - Venus of Urbino – Titian Late Renaissance - Mannerism was developed to focus on style or manner and less on substance - Roman rule was depicted through painting or anguished people - Perseus and Andromeda – Titian Renaissance Period - Gothic style was also developed from this period - Spread to other European nations as well - Symbolism was widely used - Martyrdom of Saint Eulalia Mannerism - A style in European art that emerged in the later years of Italian High Renaissance. Gothic - A style that was included in Northern renaissance art Individualism - Showed individual people instead of groups - St. John the Baptist – Leonardo da Vinci Secularism - Fewer church paintings - A belief system that rejects religion - The Ambassadors – Hans Holbein Classicism - Characterized by classic Roman and Greek influences - Bacchus and Ariadne – Titian Nature - Depicted outdoor scenarios - Landscape with Charon Crossing Styx Anatomy - Focused on defined and precise human anatomy - Astronomicum Caesareum Linear Perspective - The appearance of things relative to one another as determined by their distance from the viewer - Lamentation of Christ – Andrea Mantegna Depth - Used light and shading to create the illusion of space and depth - Portrait of Doge Leonard Loredan – Giovanni Ballini Realism - Artistic representation that aimed for visual accuracy. Characteristics of Renaissance Arts: Humanism - Turned away from medieval scholasticism and renewed interest in Greek and roman thought. - Belief system that prevailed in the works of high renaissance artists. - Arnolfini Portrait – Jan van Eyck Artists from Renaissance Period: - L’Ultima Cena – Leonardo da Vinci Michelangelo Buonarroti Simoni (1475-1564) - Works focused on the human body - Most notable for sculptures but is also known for his paintings - Pieta Raphael Sanzio - The youngest of the Three Great High Renaissance Masters - Skillfully demonstrated the classical ideas of beauty, serenity, and harmony - St. Michael Vanquishing Satan Leonardo da Vinci - He was considered Renaissance Man as the ultimate THE ASIAN ARTS Portrait of Bada Shanren - Also known as Mountain Man od the Eight Greats by Tan Swie Hian - Sold for $4.4 million at the 2014 Poly Auction in Beijing - Created using ink on rice Religious Context of Asian Art: 1. Time is cyclical 2. The universe is created and destroyed in endless cycles 3. The world is transitory and the appearance of permanence is illusion 4. All living beings are born and reborn in different lives and bodies 5. One’s good and bad deeds (karma) accumulate from life to life and determine the form in which one is reborn Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism - Shares a holistic view of life in which all forms of life are integrally connected - Incorporated a variety of physical disciplines and magical practices such as yoga, meditation, trance, breath control, and the repetition of mantras (words of power) in religious practices - Vitruvian Man Art in India - Earlier religious practices include the worship of spirits believed to dwell in trees, rivers, and rocks - Worships the yakshas and yakshis - Shown in horned animal figures, phallic sculptures, and many female figurines - Brass figure of Lakshmi Asian Ideal Human Body in Art - Religious roots depict ideal human forms to symbolize their transcendence and divine natures - The ideal human body is portrayed depending upon the beliefs of the culture in which the art is made Context of Nature in Asian Art - The Gupta Period (mid-4th to 6th century) had artists create ideals of the human form by using inspirations from nature - Artists identify the ideal human form with deities and spiritual beings Lotus - Indian symbol of par excellence and spiritual perfection - Appears in art both as a complete blossom and as stylized petals that form the pedestal upon which beings sit or stand Wheel - Represents the doctrine preached by Buddha in his first sermon after attaining enlightenment – “turning the wheel of the law” - Symbolizes time and the cycles of creation and destruction that form successive universes Halo - Signifies transcendent radiance Originated somewhere in Western or Central Asia and spread eastward to India Further signifies a deity spirituality Adornment - Symbol of learning and the transition to adulthood worn the upper castes - Crosses the left shoulder and falls in a curve across the torso and around the right hip Multiple Appendages - Express the multiple powers and responsibilities of the gods - Several hands display the deity’s attributes and to make gestures that symbolize concepts associated with the deity Expressions - Ugly and horrific expressions protect people against evil and ignorance - May also represent human failings such as greed, hatred, and ignorance Education - Narrative reliefs on temple walls perform an education role by instructing worshippers about religious and historical events - Taman Wisata Candi Borobudur Foreign Elements of Asian Art - Resounded by the large amount of historical, architectural, and cultural references - Remain the same due to lasting influence of cross-religious influences among neighboring countries THE PHILIPPINE ARTS Emphasis on Volume - Anatomy of figures does not emphasize the internal structure of muscle and bone - Expresses a body purifies of these elements and instead filled with spirituality - Yamauba Yokai – Hokusai Measured Proportions - Proportionate bodies were used to symbolize the ideal human anatomy - Earlier artworks tend to be shorter and stockier than later ones Scale and Placement - Used hierarchy of proportion to clarify each figure’s relative spiritual importance - Size indicates the relative importance of a deity - Inao – Chakrabhand Posayakrit - Sarimanok – Abdulmari Imao Pre-Colonization Art: Iron Age - Armlets, bracelets, rings, headbands, and tattoos became fashionable especially to royal families and to those who hold key social functions in the community - Weaving also became a preoccupation for women during this time - Apo Whang Od Influences from Various Regions - Negrito influence are seen on zigzag designs on ancient lime tubes and ornamental carvings - Indonesian influence can be seen in the apparel of the people of Kalinga, Maranao, the Manobo, and the Bagobo - Malay influence can be traced to the wood carvings found in utensils boats and wooden shiels of the people pf Sulu and the Mountain Province Worship - Majority of temples were meant to be places of worship - Sculptures of deities are placed in the interior of temples and shrined - Wat Pho Malong - Draws heavy influence from Malay sultanate clothing styles - Used as garment by numerous tribes in Maguindanao an the T’boli - Handwoven malong is costly; thus, only used at social functions to display the social and economic status of the wearer Glorification of the Royals - Kings transmitted divine will through their relationship with a particular god - Images of deities were constructed by earlier kings to symbolize the god’s approval of their right to rule - Temple of the Emerald Buddha Indigenous Arts - The Ifugao Funeral Dance serves as an example of the dances in pure indigenous form - Shields, spoons, ladles, bowls, and figurines in the Mountain Province are infused with art through woodcarving Colonial Art - Spanish art forms brought about profound changes in the life and art of the Filipino people - Spanish missionaries used colorful pageantry of the Roman Catholic Church in enchanting the natives in the ‘new faith’ Sculptures - Carvings of anito was replaced with carvings of santos, images of Christ and the saints - Santos commissioned by the church were usually large, carved from hardwood such as molave. - Santo Nino de Cebu Print - First book printed in the country – Doctrina Christiana en Lengua Espanola y Tagala - Litography was developed to replace copperplate engraving - Doctrina Christiana – Juan de Plasencia Furniture - The baul, aparador, and comoda were reproduced locally - Filipino homes had furniture resembling those used in churches and conventos Metal Casting - Practiced in foundries; earliest are those found in Intramuros and the port of Cavite - Bells were also cast to supply the great number of churches rising all over the Philippines islands - Sancta Maria Bell Textile - The Visayan nipis, woven from stalks of the abaca planta, fascinated Spaniards - The jusi, camisa, and panuelos were introduced and developed
